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Operational Amplifiers and Applications
Operational Amplifiers and Applications
Chapter Goals
Understand the magic of negative feedback and the
characteristics of ideal op amps.
Understand the conditions for non-ideal op amp behavior so
they can be avoided in circuit design.
Demonstrate circuit analysis techniques for ideal op amps.
Characterize inverting, non-inverting, summing and
instrumentation amplifiers, voltage follower and first order
filters.
Learn the factors involved in circuit design using op amps.
Find the gain characteristics of cascaded amplifiers.
Special Applications: The inverted ladder DAC and successive
approximation ADC
and
lim vid 0
A
vx i R i R
2 2 11
But i1=i2
vx i (R R )
1 2 1
vs
R R since v 0
in i
1
s
Rout 0
R R 20kW
1 in
R
Av 2 R 100R 2MW
2
1
R
1
R
1
v vo
1
R R
1 2
and
vs v v
id 1
vs v
1
R R
vo vs 1 2
R
1
R
v o R1 R2
Av
1 2
R
vs
R
1
1
vs
R
Since i+=0
in i
But vid =0
vo
1.53V
io
33.3A
R R 43kW 3kW
2 1
v s 1 A
A is called loop gain.
R
1 v v
v
o
1 R R o
1 2
R
1
is called the
R R
feedback factor.
1 2
For A >>1,
R
1
Av 1 2
R
1
This is the ideal voltage gain of
the amplifier. If A is not >>1,
there will be Gain Error.
Gain Error
Gain Error is given by
GE = (ideal gain) - (actual gain)
For the non-inverting amplifier,
GE
A
1
1 A (1 A )
1
1
FGE 1 A
1
1 A A
PGE
1
100%
A
6
A
10
Av
9.09x10 4
Analysis:
1 A
10 6
1
10 5
10 5 9.09x10 4
PGE
100% 9.09%
5
10
v
vo
v
io i i o
o
L F R
R R R
L
2 1
EQ
R
R (R R )
EQ L 1 2
R R
R
R
R 1
R
R 1
reduces to an inverting amplifier.
1
1
1
R R 2
1 2
Problem: Determine vo
Given Data: R1= 10kW, R2 =100kW, v1=5 V, v2=3 V
Assumptions: Ideal op amp. Hence, v-= v+ and i-= i+= 0.
Analysis: Using dc values,
R
100kW
A 2
10
dm
R
10kW
1
Vo A V V 10(5 3)
dm 1 2
Vo 20.0 V
Here Adm is called thedifferential mode voltage gain of the difference amplifier.
vo A (v ) Acm(v )
ic
dm id
Acm v
v
ic A v ic
vo A v
dm id
dm id CMRR
A
dm
A
CMRR dm
Acm
and CMRR(dB) 20log (CMRR)
10
v
5.000
ic
V 6.25V
vo A v
25000.002
dm id CMRR
10 4
In the "ideal" case, vo A v 5.00 V
dm id
6.255.00
% output error
100% 25%
5.00
The output error introduced by finite CMRR is 25% of the expected ideal
output.
3.125x104
Acm .032
CMRR(dB) 20log10 CMRR 89.9 dB
Instrumentation Amplifier
R
vo 4 (va v )
b
R
3
va iR i(2R ) iR v
2
1
2 b
v v
i 1 2
2R
1
R R
vo 4 1 2 (v v )
R R 1 2
3
1
NOTE
R R 30kW 150kW
1
22
A 4 1 2
dm R R 15kW 15kW
3
1
Vo A (V V )22(2.52.25)5.50V
dm 1 2
Z jw R
1
1
v( jw )
Z ( jw )
1
1
R
R
2 jwC
2
Z ( jw)
2
1
jwCR 1
R
2
2 jwC
R
R e j
1
Av 2
2
R (1 jwCR ) R (1 jw )
1
2
1
wc
wc 2fc 1 fc 1
RC
2R C
2
2
j
j
1(w /w )]
R
R
R
j[
tan
e
e
2
2
c
Av 2
e
1(w /w )
R (1 jw )
2
jtan
1
c
w
w
wc
phase
R 12 e
R 1 magnitude
1
1
w
w
c
c
159pF
2f R 2 (2kHz)(500kW)
H 2
The closest standard capacitor value of 160 pF lowers cutoff frequency
to 1.99 kHz.
Cascaded Amplifiers
model.
R
R
inB
inC
A
vo A vs
A
vC
vA R
R vBR
R
outA
inB outB inC
vo
Av A A A
SinceRout= 0
vA vB vC
vs
Rin= RinA and Rout= RoutC = 0
1 A1
2(CMRR)
v v
v s o
ic
2
v vs vo
id
vs vo
vo A vs vo
2(CMRR)
1
vo
2(CMRR)
Av
vs
1
1 A1
2(CMRR)
A 1