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In 2.000 cuon, kho 14,5 x 20,5cm. Tai ban lan 4, ngay 1 thang 12 nam
2006. Lu hanh noi bo.
am phan kinh doanh quoc te gia cac nen van hoa khac nhau.
Trang 3
Getting to Yes.
Trang 4
c on tap trung, tai o cac ban se c gap trc tiep giang vien
hng dan va c giai ap moi thac mac.
Van dung tot nhng phng phap tren chac chan ban se thanh
cong.
5. KET CAU MON HOC
Mon hoc c gii thieu trong 12 buoi, va chia lam 3 phan:
Cu the:
phan trong kinh doanh Gii thieu cac giai oan am phan noi
chung va tap trung gii thieu giai oan chuan b.
Buoi 7 : Gii thieu phan 2 cua bai Cac giai oan am phan
trong kinh doanh. Tap trung gii thieu tiep 4 giai oan con
lai cua qua trnh am phan trong kinh doanh. Giai oan tiep
Trang 5
Trang 6
BAI 1
Trang 7
Phai biet ket hp hai hoa gia bao ve li ch cua pha mnh vi
viec duy tr va phat trien moi quan he vi cac oi tac;
anh gia mot cuoc am phan thanh cong hay that bai khong
phai la lay viec thc hien muc tieu d nh cua mot ben nao o
lam tieu chuan duy nhat, ma phai s dung mot loat cac tieu
chuan anh gia tong hp;
Trang 8
am phan la mot viec lam t nguyen, theo ngha bat c ben nao
cung co the thoai lui hay t choi tham d am phan vao bat c
luc nao;
Khong kiem soat c nhng yeu to quan trong nh: thi gian,
nhng van e can giai quyet... ma e oi tac keo i theo y muon
cua ho;
Co kha nang nhn the gii nh ngi khac nhn va hieu hanh vi
cua ngi khac t quan iem cua ho.
Pham chat, nang lc, ky nang, thai o va tnh cam cua nhng
ngi ngoi tren ban am phan co anh hng quyet nh en tien
trnh am phan.
Nhay cam vi nen van hoa cua ngi khac va biet ieu chnh e
ngh cua mnh cho phu hp vi gii han va sc ep hien tai.
Trang 9
Trang 10
Hoat bat nhng khong phai la gap au noi ay, hanh ong ba
bai;
BAI 2
Tom lai:
1.
Trnh bay khai niem va vai tro cua am phan trong kinh doanh.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. DAN NHAP
Trong ieu kien hoi nhap va toan cau hoa e at c thanh
cong trong hoat ong kinh doanh noi chung, trong am phan, noi
rieng, can hieu biet ve van hoa dan toc, van hoa to chc va tnh cach
ca nhan. V vay, trong chng nay chung ta se nghien cu ve van
hoa dan toc, van hoa to chc va tnh cach ca nhan, cung nhng tac
ong cua chung en am phan trong kinh doanh; Tren c s o
nghien cu nhng giai phap van dung cac yeu to van hoa trong am
phan kinh doanh
2. KHAI NIEM VAN HOA VA ANH HNG CUA VAN HOA EN
AM PHAN
Van hoa co anh hng sau rong en nhan thc va hanh ong
cua con ngi tren thng trng, noi rieng, va trong cuoc song, noi
chung. Vay van hoa la g?
2.1.
Theo nh ngha van hoa cua UNESCO th "Van hoa bao gom tat
ca nhng g lam cho dan toc nay khac vi dan toc khac, t nhng san
pham tinh vi hien ai nhat cho en tn ngng, phong tuc, tap quan, loi
song va lao ong."
Van hoa la mot tong the phc hp ve nhng gia tr vat chat va tinh
than do con ngi kien tao nen va mang tnh ac thu rieng cua moi mot
dan toc.
Trang 11
Trang 12
2.2.
584 Asians
124 Africans
Tham my (Asthetics)
84 Latin Americans
52 North Americans
3.1.1.
165 Mandarin
86 English
83 Hindu/Urdu
64 Spanish
58 Russian
37 Arabic
Ngon ng
Ngon ng (Language)
Trang 13
3.1.2.
Ton giao
An o giao (Hinduism)
3.1.3.
Gia tr va thai o
Gia tr la nhng quan niem lam can c e con ngi anh gia
ung va sai, tot va xau, quan trong va khong quan trong.
Trang 14
3.1.4.
Phong tuc la nep song, thoi quen, la nhng le thoi trong xa hoi
cua mot nc hay mot a phng. Nhng nep song, thoi quen
nay c xem la pho bien va a hnh thanh t trc.
Cach c x la nhng hanh vi c xem la ung an, phu hp
trong mot xa hoi ac thu.
3.1.5.
Van hoa vat chat (hay nhng yeu to vat chat cua van hoa) la
nhng san pham do con ngi lam ra. Khi nghien cu van hoa vat
chat, chung ta xem xet cach con ngi lam ra nhng san vat (kha
canh ky thuat), ai a lam ra chung va tai sao lai lam (kha canh kinh
te).
3.1.6.
Tham my
anh gia cach xa hoi phan ng lai nhng ieu khong chac chan,
nhng rui ro, bat trac trong cuoc song hang ngay.
nhng xa hoi dam chu rui ro, nh an Mach, Thuy ien,
Hong Kong, Singapore, Anh, My, Canada, con ngi co the chap
nhan va oi pho vi nhng rui ro, bat trac ma khong qua lo lang, s
hai; Ho on nhan rui ro kha de dang, do o se khoan dung hn oi
vi nhng y kien va cach c x khong giong ho.
nhng xa hoi t dam chu rui ro, nh: B, Hy Lap, Uruguay,
Guatemala, Bo ao Nha, Nhat Ban, Han Quoc ngi ta nhan manh
s can thiet phai kiem soat moi trng, kiem soat cac s kien va
tnh huong.
3.2.2.
Giao duc
Bang phng phap nghien cu thc nghiem, ieu tra, phan tch
nh lng rat cong phu (vi tren 116.000 bang cau hoi c lay t
70 nc khac nhau) Geert Hofstede, mot nha nghien cu ngi Ha
Lan a rut ra 4 kha canh van hoa.
Mo hnh cua G. Hofstede vi 4 kha canh van hoa:
Trang 15
Trang 16
3.3.
Nhng tieu chuan Nam tnh: s quyet oan, ton trong ngi
thanh at, giau co. anh gia con ngi da vao tien tai, a v.
Nhng xa hoi co Nam tnh cao, nh: Nhat Ban, Uc, Y, My, Anh
Nhng tieu chuan N tnh, bao gom: s quan tam en cac van
e y te, giao duc, bao ve moi trng, moi sinh, giup ngi ngheo
kho, hng en cong bang xa hoi nhng ni o gia tr truyen
thong la Long nhan ao va chat lng cuoc song. Nhng xa hoi co
N tnh cao ien hnh, nh: Na Uy, Thuy ien, an Mach, Ha Lan
3.2.3.
3.2.4.
Thi gian
Tuan thu theo luat le quy nh hay hanh ong theo ca tnh
Trang 18
Tnh cach co anh hng trc tiep va sau sac en tat ca cac moi
quan he gia ngi vi ngi, ke ca quan he trong am phan kinh
doanh.
Tom lai; Van hoa dan toc, van hoa to chc va tnh cach ca nhan
co moi quan he mat thiet vi nhau va co anh hng rat ln en am
phan trong kinh doanh. Chnh do anh hng bi van hoa, ma cung
mot van e nhng ngi khac nhau se co cach tiep can, giai quyet
rat khac nhau, theo Thomas va Kilmann co the chia thanh 5 nhom
chnh:
Kieu hp tac;
Van hoa dan toc va anh hng cua van hoa dan toc en am
phan trong kinh doanh.
2.
3.
1.
Trang 19
2.
3.
4.
am phan kinh doanh quoc te tai cac nc EU (co the chon mot
hoac mot nhom nc trong so cac nc EU m rong).
5.
Trang 20
BAI 3
am phan theo nguyen tac hay con goi la am phan theo noi
dung (principled negotiation or negotiation on the merits).
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Trang 22
Tach ri con ngi ra khoi van e, chu trng: oi vi ngi on hoa, oi vi viec - cng ran.
Lap luan va phan tch lai cac lap luan xem tieu chuan nao la
phu hp nhat va lam cach nao e at c chung.
Ket qua cua s thoa thuan can da tren nhng tieu chuan khach
quan khoa hoc.
Tom lai, ban nen kien nh, bao ve lap trng cua mnh, ong
thi cung phai biet linh hoat, nhay ben giai quyet van e da tren
nhng tieu chuan khach quan.
People:
Interests:
Options:
to do.
Criteria:
standard.
Xac nh c li ch;
Trao oi ve li ch.
Trang 23
Muc
tieu:
Gianh
thang li bang moi
gia.
Chu trng: Ep oi
tac nhng bo.
Tin oi tac.
Trang 24
am Phan Kieu
Nguyen Tac
Coi oi tac nh
cong s cung giai
quyet van e.
Muc
tieu:
Giai
quyet van e hieu
qua va than thien.
Chu trng: Tach
con ngi ra khoi
van e.
Mem mong vi con
ngi, cng vi
van e.
Giai quyet van e
oc lap vi long
tin.
De thay
trng.
oi
lap
a e ngh.
Khong giau gii han
cuoi cung.
Chap nhan thiet hai
n phng e at
c thoa thuan.
Ch i tm mot cau
tra li ma oi tac
chap nhan.
Co gang at thoa
thuan.
Co tranh phai au
tr.
Lui bc trc ap
lc.
Bam chat
trng.
lay
lap
3.
Tom lai, co rat nhieu kieu am phan, kieu cng, kieu mem, kieu
nguyen tac la nhng kieu am phan ien hnh trong kinh doanh.
Trong thc te can phai biet linh hoat, tuy vao tng hoan canh cu the
ma van dung nhng kieu am phan cu the, thch hp th mi mang
lai hieu qua cao. Nhng cng qua hoac mem: Qua eu khong tot,
am phan theo kieu nguyen tac la kieu co nhieu u the hn ca,
nen hien nhieu cong ty tren khap the gii nghien cu, ap dung.
CAU HOI ON TAP
1.
Trnh bay u, nhc iem cua cac kieu am phan: cng, mem,
nguyen tac.
2.
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BAI 4
1. DAN NHAP
Nh chung ta a biet, am phan trong kinh doanh, can at c
nhng yeu cau ro rang, do o can phai chuan b ky lng, phai xac
nh ro muc tieu am phan, la chon c kieu am phan thch hp
e at c ket qua mong muon. Qua trnh am phan trong kinh
doanh bao gom nhieu giai oan. Moi giai oan cua qua trnh am
phan lien quan en mot phan cu the cua qua trnh am phan. Moi
giai oan se ket thuc khi cac ben quyet nh chuyen sang giai oan
ke tiep hoac quyet nh t bo am phan bi nhan thay qua trnh nay
khong mang lai li ch g.
am Phan
Phan Bo
am Phan
Hp Nhat
Ra Quyet
nh
Co nhieu cach phan giai oan qua trnh am phan trong kinh
doanh.
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Trong hoat ong thng mai thng chia lam 5 giai oan:
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Giai
Giai
Giai
Giai
Giai
oan
oan
oan
oan
oan
chuan b.
tiep xuc.
am phan.
ket thuc - ky ket hp ong.
rut kinh nghiem.
a.
Ngon ng.
Thong tin.
Chuyen gia am phan can co kien thc va kha nang toan dien.
3.1.1. Ngon ng
Trong giao dch thng mai, ngon ng ong vai tro ac biet
quan trong. Do o ngi can bo am phan phai nam vng va s
dung thanh thao cac ngon ng co lien quan, t tieng me e cho en
cac ngoai ng, trong o hien nay tieng Anh ong vai tro ac biet
quan trong.
3.1.2. Thong tin
Phap luat
(Xem chi tiet tr.100 - 105, sach am phan trong kinh doanh quoc
Ky thuat
Thng mai
Thanh phan cua oan am phan hp ong thng mai can hoi
u chuyen gia ba lnh vc:
te)
Trong o chuyen gia thng mai gi v tr quan trong nhat thng lam trng oan.
Trang 29
Trang 30
Chuan b thi gian: phu thuoc vao s thoa thuan cua hai ben va
phai thuan tien cho ca oi ben.
Chuan b a iem: phai am bao tam ly thoai mai va tien nghi
phu hp cho ca oi ben
3.2.
Nhap e tot
anh gia lai nhng iem manh, iem yeu cua chnh mnh;
a ra yeu cau va lang nghe oi tac trnh bay yeu cau cua ho
Nhan va a ra nhng bo
Tom tat lai y kien cua oi tac e xem mnh hieu co ung y cua
ho khong.
Tham do oi tac
Can dien at chnh xac y kien cua mnh, co gang lam cho li noi
co sc thuyet phuc. Nen dung cach dien giai cham rai, ro rang,
than thien, oi cho co the pha chut hai hc e tao bau khong
kh tot.
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Can lng trc nhng cau hoi ma oi tac co the at ra cho ban
va san sang tra li nhng cau hoi o.
Thoa thuan thong nhat vi nhau tat ca nhng ieu khoan can
thiet trc khi ky hp ong.
Muon am phan trong kinh doanh at hieu qua cao th can thc
hien tot nhng cong viec neu tren.
CAU HOI ON TAP
1.
2.
3.
Chuan b thong tin, tam quan trong va nhng cong viec can lam?
4.
Chuan b nang lc, tam quan trong va nhng cong viec can lam?
5.
Nhng cong viec can lam trong giai oan am phan, nhng
iem can lu y trong giai oan nay?
6.
7.
Giai oan rut kinh nghiem, tam quan trong va nhng cong viec
can lam trong giai oan nay?
Khi soan hp ong can trnh bay ro rang, chnh xac, tranh dung
nhng t map m, co the suy luan ra nhieu cach.
Hp ong thng do mot ben soan thao. Trc khi ky ket ben
kia can kiem tra that ky lng, oi chieu vi nhng thoa thuan
a at c trong am phan.
Trang 33
Qua trnh am phan trong kinh doanh tai cong ty (Ni ban
ang lam viec) Thc trang va giai phap hoan thien.
Trang 34
BAI 5
(Xem AM PHAN TRONG KINH DOANH QUOC TE, tr: 124 139)
2.1.
Hoi hang la viec ngi mua e ngh ngi ban cho biet gia ca va
moi ieu kien can thiet khac e mua hang.
Cach viet th hoi hang:
Trang 35
Phan m au:
Trang 36
Thong bao cho chu hang biet mnh ang can loai hang g, yeu
cau chu hang gi Catalog, mau hang... ong thi cho biet gia
ca, chat lng hang hoa, so lng co kha nang cung cap, thi
han giao hang, ieu kien thanh toan va moi ieu kien can thiet
khac.
Co the cho chu hang biet, sau lan yeu cau nay se m ra kha
nang phat trien quan he gia hai ben.
Phan ket:
Mong chu hang ap ng yeu cau cua mnh, mong th phuc ap.
2.2.
2.2.2. Neu can c vao s rang buoc trach nhiem cua ngi
chao hang ta co: Chao hang t do (Free offer).
Chao hang co nh (firm offer) la viec chao ban mot lo hang nhat
nh, trong o neu ro thi gian ma ngi chao hang b rang buoc
trach nhiem vao li e ngh cua mnh. Thi gian nay con goi la
thi gian hieu lc cua chao hang co nh. Trong thi gian hieu
lc, neu ngi mua chap nhan hoan toan li chao hang o th
hp ong coi nh c ky ket.
Chao hang t do (free offer) la loai chao hang khong rang buoc
trach nhiem ngi phat ra no, cung mot luc vi cung mot lo
hang ngi ta co the chao hang t do cho nhieu khach hang.
Trong chao hang t do can ghi ro chao hang khong cam ket Offer without engagement.
Trong buon ban, chao hang - bao gia la viec ngi ban the hien
ro y nh ban hang cua mnh.
Co nhieu loai chao hang:
2.2.1. Neu xet theo mc o chu ong cua ngi xuat khau
co:
Chao hang thu ong: la chao hang cua ngi xuat khau neu
trc o nhan c nhng yeu cau (th hoi hang) cua ngi
nhap khau. (Chao hang thu ong con co ten goi la tra li th
hoi hang - Reply to enquiry). Cach viet th chao hang thu
ong:
Phan m au: cam n khach hang a gi th hoi hang en
cong ty mnh.
Phan noi dung chnh cua th: Tra li nhng cau hoi cua ngi
nhap khau. Gi cho ho Catalog, hang mau, bieu gia, thi han
giao hang, phng thc thanh toan, ieu kien giam gia.
Phan ket: To y mong i s tra li cua khach hang va ha
hen.
Trang 37
Chao hang chu ong: la ngi xuat khau chu ong chao hang
khi cha nhan c Th hoi hang cua ngi nhap khau. Cach
viet th chao hang chu ong:
Phan m au: trnh bay nguyen nhan la chon oi tng cua
mnh.
Phan noi dung chnh: T gii thieu ve cong ty cua mnh va cac
mat hang cua mnh san xuat kinh doanh. Gi kem theo
catalog, hang mau, gia bieu va cac ieu kien ma mnh mong
muon e ban hang.
Phan cuoi th: mong sm co th tra li.
Hoan gia la mot e ngh mi do mot ben mua (hoac ban) a ra,
sau khi a nhan c chao hang (hoac at hang) cua ben kia, nhng
khong chap nhan hoan toan chao hang (hoac at hang) o.
Trang 38
Phan noi dung chnh th: noi ro ve phieu xac nhan ban va ban
Khi hoan gia, chao gia trc o coi nh huy bo. Trong buon ban
quoc te, moi lan giao dch thng phai qua nhieu lan hoan gia mi
i en ket thuc.
hp ong gi kem theo th cho ben mua. Yeu cau ben mua
m th tn dung cho mnh.
Phan ket thuc: cam n ve n at hang, bao am se thc hien
tot nhat hp ong gia hai ben.
Phan m au: Cam n ben ban a bao gia cho cong ty mnh
Trang 39
AT HANG (Order)
Tren c s chao hang, bao gia hoac chap nhan gia do ben ban
a ra, ben mua se lap n at hang gi cho ben ban, thong thng,
mot n at hang ay u gom co cac muc sau: Ten hang, chat
lng, so lng, gia ca, thi han giao hang, phng thc thanh
toan...
Sau khi ben ban va ben mua qua nhng lan bao gia (chao hang)
va tra gia (hoan gia), at hang, cuoi cung i en ky ket hp ong
mua ban. Khi ay, trong Fax hoac Telex ch can viet ch chap nhan
ACCEPT la u. Nhng sau o van phai viet th chap nhan theo
ung nguyen tac.
2.5.
Phan noi dung chnh: neu ro nhng ieu kien mnh e ngh ve:
chat lng, bao b, thi gian giao hang, ieu kien thanh toan, van
chuyen...
Phan ket thuc: e ngh ben ban chap nhan n at hang cua
mnh.
2.6.
XAC NHAN
Sau khi thong nhat vi nhau cac ieu kien giao dch, hai ben
mua va ban ghi lai cac ket qua a at c, roi trao cho oi phng.
o la van kien xac nhan.
Van kien do ben ban lap goi la giay xac nhan ban hang, van
kien do ben mua lap goi la giay xac nhan mua hang.
Xac nhan thng lap thanh hai van ban, ben lap xac nhan ky
trc, roi gi ben kia, ben kia ky xong gi lai mot ban va gi tra lai
mot ban.
Trang 40
cach at cau hoi ban se khai thac c toi a nhng thong tin t oi
tac e phuc vu cho chien lc am phan cua mnh.
Tap trung am phan cac ieu khoan (cum ieu khoan sau):
Lap ke hoach at cac cau hoi mot cach ky lng, chi tiet.
Chuyen dan t cach hoi chung chung, cau hoi m sang hoi cu
the, vi pham vi thu hep dan.
Biet kheo leo khai thac va phat trien nhng ieu pha oi tac
trnh bay.
(Noi dung chi tiet cua tng ieu khoan xem chng VII GIAO
TRNH KY THUAT NGOAI THNG, NXB Thong Ke, cung tac
gia);
3.2.
Trang 41
Trang 42
The hien cho oi tac biet s tap trung chu y va quan tam cua
ban en ieu ho trnh bay;
Hay luon nh: khong the ong thi va nghe va noi tot c.
a.
b. Ky thuat giai quyet nhng tnh huong be tac (the gang) trong
am phan
a ra nhng tieu chuan khach quan. Can tuan thu nguyen tac:
Tap trung vao li ch ch khong tap trung vao lap trng. Can
lam:
Can nhan thc c li ch xac nh lap trng.
ang sau lap trng bat ong co the ton tai nhng li ch
chung.
Xac nh ro li ch cua mnh va cua oi tac.
Trao oi ve li ch gia cac ben.
Gan cac li ch khac nhau lai vi nhau.
Lam tran oi tng, em trach nhiem ve pha mnh quy cho can
bo am phan cu, du co ung la ho phai chu trach nhiem o hay
khong, con la vo hnh bat ho ong vai tro con de te than - sach lc
o giup mnh chu ong tr lai am phan, mn c c noi, xoa i
the gang tren ban am phan. Trng Tng.
Khi thay oi can bo am phan can lu y:
Trang 43
Trang 44
Tap trung vao nhan vat chu chot: Trong am phan can tm ra
nhan vat chu chot va ngi con cha ong y vi y kien cua ban,
can tap trung sc lc e thuyet phuc nhng ngi o th mi co
the at c ket qua.
Nam lay iem yeu chu chot e tan cong: Trong am phan can
nam c van e ban chat, nam lay cho s h cua oi phng,
tap trung tan cong vao iem yeu cua ho.
2.
3.
Hay thc hanh mot cuoc am phan bang th (Neu tnh huong,
viet cac th hoi hang, chao hang, hoan gia, nh a c hng
dan trong bai).
Trang 45
Trang 46
Offer
Counter Offer
Acceptance
BAI 6
3.2.
Lch s am phan cung dai lau nh lch s van minh nhan loai.
Cung vi qua trnh phat trien cua lch s, t vo so nhng cuoc am
phan thanh cong va ca nhng cuoc am phan that bai, cac doanh
nhan a uc ket c rat nhieu bai hoc quy bau.
Di ay uc ket mot so kinh nghien c ban giup cac ban am
phan thanh cong.
Nuoi dng thoi quen khong tham gia tranh luan ve nhng van
e chnh tr, ton giao, ao c, loi song, chung toc... trong qua
trnh am phan.
Han che trao oi, tranh luan rieng mang tnh chat noi bo, bi co
the b lo y nh neu ben oi tac hieu c tieng nc mnh.
ong thi, ieu nay con the hien s khong nhat quan gia cac
thanh vien trong oan.
Trang 47
1. DAN NHAP
Trang 48
Nhay ben anh gia tnh hnh dien bien cua cuoc am phan e
quyet nh mc nao la va phai.
TONG KET
1. TONG KET
Biet c nhng cong viec can lam, nhng ket qua can at c
trong moi giai oan cua qua tnh am phan:
1.
Hay phan tch nhng bai hoc kinh nghiem trong am phan kinh
doanh?
2.
Trang 49
Cham chu theo doi, lang nghe cac buoi phat song cua ai truyen
hnh Bnh Dng co lien quan en mon hoc;
Ghi nhan lai nhng thac mac e sau nay yeu cau giai ap;
Trang 50
MUC LUC
Ba lot;
BAI 1
BAI 2
Muc luc;
BAI 3
BAI 4
Ket luan;
BAI 5
BAI 6
: 20%
5. LI KET
In many ways, negotiation is like athletics: Some people have
more natural talent, and like the best athletes, they may gain the most
from preparation, practice, and coaching. Yet those with less natural
talent have more need for preparation, practice, and feedback, and
much to gain by it. Whichever you are, there is much to learn, and
hard work will pay off. It is up to you. (Roger Fisher and William
Ury Getting to yes).
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