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CH 23
CH 23
Problems
1041
22.2 Using the higher-order terms in the series (22.3.23), show that the input impedance Zin =
R + jX of a small dipole is given as follows to order (kl)4 , where L = ln(2a/l):
R=
1
1
(kl)2 +
(kl)4 ,
12
360
X=
4(1 + L)
kl
1
3
23
2
1
11
L+
(kl)
L
(kh)3
3
180
30
Appendices
22.3 Consider a small dipole with a linear current given by Eq. (22.3.25). Determine the radiation
vector, and the radiated electric and magnetic elds at a far distance r from the dipole. Calculate the radiated power Prad by integrating the radial Poynting vector over a large sphere.
Then identify the radiation resistance R through the denition:
Prad =
1
R|I0 |2
2
A. Physical Constants
We use SI units throughout this text. Simple ways to convert between SI and other
popular units, such as Gaussian, may be found in Refs. [123126].
The Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) of NIST maintains
the values of many physical constants [112]. The most current values can be obtained
from the CODATA web site [1433]. Some commonly used constants are listed below:
quantity
symbol
value
units
c0 , c
0
0
0 , Z0
m s1
F m1
H m 1
e
me
C
kg
k
NA , L
h
J K1
mol1
J/Hz
6.672 59 1011
5.972 1024
6378
m3 kg1 s2
kg
km
G
M
ae
In the table, the constants c, 0 are taken to be exact, whereas 0 , 0 are derived
from the relationships:
1
0
0 =
0 c2
0 =
0
= 0 c
The energy unit of electron volt (eV) is dened to be the work done by an electron
in moving across a voltage of one volt, that is, 1 eV = 1.602 176 462 1019 C 1 V, or
1 eV = 1.602 176 462 1019 J
1043
frequency
30300
3003000
330
30300
3003000
330
30300
3003000
330
30300
300-3000
Telecommunication Union.
23. Appendices
The SHF microwave band is used in radar (trafc control, surveillance, tracking, missile guidance, mapping, weather), satellite communications, direct-broadcast satellite
(DBS), and microwave relay systems. Multipoint multichannel (MMDS) and local multipoint (LMDS) distribution services, fall within UHF and SHF at 2.5 GHz and 30 GHz.
Industrial, scientic, and medical (ISM) bands are within the UHF and low SHF, at 900
MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. Radio astronomy occupies several bands, from UHF to LW
microwave bands.
Beyond RF, come the infrared (IR), visible, ultraviolet (UV), X-ray, and -ray bands.
The IR range extends over 3300 THz, or 1100 m. Many IR applications fall in the
120 m band. For example, optical ber communications typically use laser light at
1.55 m or 193 THz because of the low ber losses at that frequency. The UV range lies
beyond the visible band, extending typically over 10400 nm.
wavelength
Hz
Hz
kHz
kHz
kHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
GHz
GHz
GHz
110
1001000
10100
110
1001000
10100
110
10100
110
110
1001000
Mm
km
km
km
m
m
m
cm
cm
mm
m
band
infrared
ultraviolet
X-Ray
-ray
L
S
C
X
Ku
K
Ka
V
W
GHz
GHz
GHz
GHz
GHz
GHz
GHz
GHz
GHz
frequency
energy
1001 m
40010 nm
10 nm100 pm
< 100 pm
3300 THz
750 THz30 PHz
30 PHz3 EHz
> 3 EHz
0.124124 keV
> 124 keV
Visible Spectrum
frequency
12
24
48
812
1218
1827
2740
4075
80100
wavelength
The CIE denes the visible spectrum to be the wavelength range 380780 nm, or
385789 THz. Colors fall within the following typical wavelength/frequency ranges:
Microwave Bands
band
1044
color
wavelength
red
orange
yellow
green
blue
violet
780620
620600
600580
580490
490450
450380
nm
nm
nm
nm
nm
nm
frequency
385484
484500
500517
517612
612667
667789
THz
THz
THz
THz
THz
THz
X-ray frequencies fall in the PHz (petahertz) range and -ray frequencies in the EHz
(exahertz) range. X-rays and -rays are best described in terms of their energy, which is
related to frequency through Plancks relationship, E = hf . X-rays have typical energies
of the order of keV, and -rays, of the order of MeV and beyond. By comparison, photons
in the visible spectrum have energies of a couple of eV.
The earths atmosphere is mostly opaque to electromagnetic radiation, except for
three signicant windows, the visible, the infrared, and the radio windows. These
three bands span the wavelength ranges of 380-780 nm, 1-12 m, and 5 mm20 m,
respectively.
Within the 1-10 m infrared band there are some narrow transparent windows. For
the rest of the IR range (11000 m), water and carbon dioxide molecules absorb infrared
radiationthis is responsible for the Greenhouse effect. There are also some minor
transparent windows for 1740 and 330370 m.
Commission
1
1045
Beyond the visible band, ultraviolet and X-ray radiation are absorbed by ozone and
molecular oxygen (except for the ozone holes.)
|A| |B| = |A B| + |A B|
(C.1)
(C.2)
A (B C) = B (A C)C (A B)
(BAC-CAB rule)
1046
23. Appendices
Differential Identities
) = 0
(
(C.12)
A) = 0
(
(C.13)
A
(A) = A +
(C.14)
A + A
(A) =
(C.15)
B)+B (
A)
(A B) = (A )B + (B )A + A (
A)A (
B)
(A B) = B (
B)B(
A)+(B )A (A )B
(A B) = A(
(C.18)
(C.4)
A) = (
A) A
(
(C.19)
(C.6)
ax
a = ay
bz
B)
Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz = (A )B + A (
(C.20)
A)
Bx Ax + By Ay + Bz Az = (B )A + B (
(C.21)
A)+(n
A)
)A = n
(
)A n
(
(n
(C.22)
(C.7)
)E E (n
)= (n
)(E)+ n
(E) n
(E)
(n
n
E)(n
E (n
E)
(
E)
+ n
Consequently, the dot and cross products may be represented in matrix form:
bx
a b = [ax , ay , az ] by = ax bx + ay by + az bz
bz
bx
ay bz az by
0
az
ay
0
ax by = az bx ax bz
Ab = az
ay
ax
0
bz
ax by ay bx
ab
ab
(C.8)
A2 = aaT (aTa)I
2 ,
n
T N
I=n
where
x
n
y ,
=n
n
z
n
=
N
0
z
n
y
n
0
x
n
x2 + y2 + z2 , and the unit vector
r = r/r , we have:
r2
r = 3,
r = 0,
r=
(C.24)
V
y
n
x ,
n
(C.23)
(C.10)
z
n
r 2 = 2r ,
(C.9)
+yy
+ z
z, r = |r| =
With r = x x
r =
r,
(C.17)
(C.3)
(C.5)
(A n
)+(n
A)n
= A + A
A = n
+ ay y
+ az
z
a = ax x
(C.16)
Tn
= 1 (C.11)
n
A dV =
dS
An
(C.25)
is the outward normal to the surface. Greens rst and second identities are:
where n
2 + dV =
dS
n
dS
2 2 dV =
n
n
V
S
V
(C.26)
(C.27)
where
1047
dS =
dS
2 dV =
(C.28)
n
V
S
S n
dS
dV =
n
(C.29)
V
V
2 A dV =
)A dS =
(n
)A dS =
(n
(C.30)
(C.31)
A dV =
A dS
n
(C.32)
E
E
dS =
n
n
n
E)(n
E (n
E)
(
E) dS
=
n
S
dS =
n
A B A B) dV =
(
(B A A B) dV =
(A B) dS
n
(C.34)
(A B B A) dS
n
(C.35)
(C.40)
(C.41)
(C.42)
A dS =
n
A dl
(Stokes theorem)
(C.36)
dS =
A (n
A)
n
C
dS =
) n
A (n
A)
(
)A dl
(
dS =
n
dl
C
g(z)=
ejkr
4r
(D.2)
ej|z|
2j
(D.3)
3xi xj r 2 ij
g(r)
i, j = 1, 2, 3
(D.4)
r4
where i = /xi and xi stands for any of x, y, z. By summing the i, j indices, Eq. (D.4)
reduces to (D.1). Using this identity, we nd for the Greens function G(r)= ejkr /4r :
1
1 3xi xj r 2 ij
2 xi xj
i j G(r)= ij (3) (r)+ jk +
k
(D.5)
G(r)
3
r
r3
r2
2
1 3
r(
r p)p
p G(r) = p (3) (r)+ jk +
+ k2
r (p
r) G(r) (D.6)
2
3
r
r
(C.38)
The second term on the right is simply the left-hand side evaluated at points away
from the origin, thus, we may write:
C
G(r)=
(D.1)
(C.37)
S
A d l
1
4r
This reduces to Eq. (D.2) upon summing the indices. For any xed vector p, Eq. (D.5)
is equivalent to the vectorial identity:
where dl is the tangential path length around C. Some related theorems are:
g(r)=
where r = |r|. Eqs. (D.2) and (D.3) are appropriate for describing outgoing waves. We
considered other versions of (D.3) in Sec. 21.3. A more general identity satised by the
Greens function g(r) of Eq. (D.1) is as follows (for a proof, see Refs. [134,135]):
1
3
r dl
2z + 2 g(z)= (z)
dl A
D. Greens Functions
E
dS +
E d l =
E
n
n
C
n
E)(n
E (n
E)
(
E) dS
=
n
2
+ k2 G(r)= (3) (r)
(C.33)
1
2
A)+(n
A) dS =
(
)A n
(
n
The Greens functions for the Laplace, Helmholtz, and one-dimensional Helmholtz equations are listed below:
)A dS =
(n
A)+(n
A) dS = 0
(
)A n
(
n
Eq. (C.41) is a special case of (C.40). Using Eqs. (C.23) and (C.40) we nd:
A
dS
n
23. Appendices
S
1048
(C.39)
2
p G(r) = p (3) (r) + p G(r)
3
r=0
(D.7)
D. Greens Functions
1049
Then, Eq. (D.7) implies the following integrated identity, where is with respect to r :
2
P(r )G(r r )
P(r )G(r r ) dV = P(r)+
3
r =r
dV (D.8)
and r is assumed to lie within V. If r is outside V, then the term 2P(r)/3 is absent.
Technically, the integrals in (D.8) are principal-value integrals, that is, the limits as
0 of the integrals over VV (r), where V (r) is an excluded small sphere of radius
centered about r. The 2P(r)/3 term has a different form if the excluded volume V (r)
has shape other than a sphere or a cube. See Refs. [1282,486,498,624] and [129133]
for the denitions and properties of such principal value integrals.
Another useful result is the so-called Weyl representation or plane-wave-spectrum
representation [22,26,1282,27,541] of the outgoing Helmholtz Greens function G(r):
jkr
G(r)=
4r
2jkz
dkx dky
(2)2
(D.9)
1050
23. Appendices
kx x + ky y = k cos( ). Setting dx dy = d d = r dr d
, the latter following
from r 2 = 2 + z2 , we obtain from Eq. (D.11) after replacing = r 2 z2 :
jkr
ejkr j(kx x+ky y)
e
dx dy =
e
ejk cos() r dr d
4r
4r
2
1
d jk cos()
1
=
e
dr ejkr
=
dr ejkr J0 k r 2 z2
2 |z|
2
2
|z|
0
g(kx , ky , z) =
where we used the integral representation (17.9.2) of the Bessel function J0 (x). Looking
up the last integral in the table of integrals [1402], we nd:
g(kx , ky , z)=
k2 k2 ,
kz =
j k2 k2 ,
if
k k ,
(propagating modes)
if
k > k ,
(evanescent modes)
G(x, y, z) =
j(kx x+ky y)
g(kx , ky , z)e
ejkz |z|
2jkz
(x)(y)=
ej(kx x+ky y)
(D.11)
dkx dky
(2)2
dkx dky
,
(2)2
2z + k2z g(kx , ky , z)= (z)
ejkz |zz |
2jkz
(D.14)
0
ejkz z
ejkz |zz |
2jkz
ejkz z
ejkz z
ejkz z
,
2kz (kz + kz )
for
z0
(D.15)
for
z<0
The proof is obtained by splitting the integral over the sub-intervals [0, z] and
[z, ). To handle the limits at innity, kz must be assumed to be slightly lossy, that is,
kz = z jz , with z > 0. Eqs. (D.14) and (D.15) can be combined into:
ej k r
ej kr
2
2
k k
2kz (kz kz )
ej k r G(r r ) dV =
V+
ej k r
,
2kz (kz + kz )
for z 0
(D.16)
for z < 0
we nd from Eq. (D.2) that g(kx , ky , z) must satisfy the one-dimensional Helmholtz
Greens function equation (D.3), with k2z = k2 k2x k2y = k2 k2 , that is,
(D.13)
Writing (3) (r)= (x)(y)(z) and using the inverse Fourier transform:
ejkz |z|
dr ejkr J0 k r 2 z2 =
2jkz
|z|
(D.10)
The propagating modes are important in radiation problems and conventional imaging systems, such as Fourier optics [1285]. The evanescent modes are important in the
new subject of near-eld optics, in which objects can be probed and imaged at nanometer
scales improving the resolution of optical microscopy by factors of ten. Some near-eld
optics references are [520540].
To prove (D.9), we consider the two-dimensional spatial Fourier transform of G(r)
and its inverse. Indicating explicitly the dependence on the coordinates x, y, z, we have:
g(kx , ky , z) =
where kz must be dened exactly as in Eq. (D.10). A direct consequence of Eq. (D.11)
and the even-ness of G(r) in r and of g(kx , ky , z) in kx , ky , is the following result:
1
2
+ ky y
kz
k = kx x
z
+ ky y
+
k = kx x
(D.17)
kz
z
(D.12)
where we note that k2 k2 = (k2x + k2y + kz2 )(k2x + k2y + k2z )= kz2 k2z .
The Greens function results (D.8)(D.17) are used in the discussion of the EwaldOseen extinction theorem in Sec. 14.6.
E. Coordinate Systems
1051
A related Weyl-type representation is obtained by differentiating Eq. (D.9) with respect to z. Assuming that z 0 and interchanging differentiation and integration (and
multiplying by 2), we obtain the identity:
2
z
ejkr
4r
=
dkx dky
,
(2)2
z0
(D.18)
This just means that the left-hand side is the two-dimensional inverse Fourier transform of ejkz z with kz given by Eq. (D.10). Replacing r by r r , and r by R = |r r |,
and noting that z = z , we also obtain:
2
z
ejkR
4R
=
dkx dky
,
(2)2
z z (D.19)
ejkr
4r
=
23. Appendices
Cylindrical Coordinates
1 +
+
z
z
1
1 2
2
2 =
+
+ 2
2
z2
(E.2a)
(E.2b)
1 A
Az
(E.2c)
+
z
A
A
1 Az
1 (A )
A Az +
A=
(E.2d)
z
z
z
A=
1 (A )
(3) (r r )=
This result establishes the equivalence between the Kirchhoff-Fresnel diffraction formula and the plane-wave spectrum representation as discussed in Sec. 17.17. For the
vector diffraction case, we also need the derivatives of G with respect to the transverse
coordinates x, y. Differentiating (D.9) with respect to x (or with respect to y), we have:
2
x
1052
( )( )(z z )
(E.2e)
Spherical Coordinates
1
1
+
+
r
r
r sin
1
1
2
+ 2
r2
2 = 2
sin
+ 2
2
r
r sin
r r
r sin 2
r
=
z0
(D.20)
(E.3a)
(E.3b)
E. Coordinate Systems
The denitions of cylindrical and spherical coordinates were given in Sec. 14.8. The
expressions of the gradient, divergence, curl, Laplacian operators, and delta functions
are given below in cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates.
A=
1 (r 2 Ar )
r2
A =
r
r
r sin
A
(sin A )
1
(E.3c)
+
r sin
(sin A )
(rA )
1 Ar
A
1
(E.3d)
r sin
r
+
r sin
Cartesian Coordinates
= x
2 =
+y
+
z
x
y
z
(3) (r r )=
2
2
2
+
+
x2
y2
z2
Ay
Az
Ax
+
+
x
y
z
Ay
Ay
Ax
Az
Ax
Az
A=x
+y
z
y
z
z
x
x
y
x
y
z
=
x y z
Ax Ay Az
(rA )
Ar
(r r )( )( )
(E.3e)
A=
r 2 sin
Ax + y
Ay +
A=x
z Az
A +
A +
=
z Az
(E.4)
A +
A
=
r Ar +
The components in one coordinate system can be expressed in terms of the components of another by using the following relationships between the unit vectors, which
1053
(E.5)
sin
r cos
z =
r sin + cos
(E.6)
=x
cos + y
sin
= x
sin + y
cos
x = cos
y = sin
sin
r=
z cos +
=
cos
z sin +
= r sin
z = r cos
cos sin + y
sin sin +
r=x
z cos
=x
cos cos + y
sin cos
z sin
= x
sin + y
cos
x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos
1054
23. Appendices
C(x) =
S(x) =
(E.7)
x
C2 (x)=
(E.8)
sin
r cos
z =
A=
(x
x
y
Ax + y
Ay +
) Ax + (
) Ay + (
A =
z Az )= (
z) A z
(E.9)
A +
A )= sin Ar + cos A
A=
(
A =
r Ar +
A +
A )= cos Ar cos A
Az =
zA=
z (
r Ar +
(E.10)
x
S(x)=
sin
t2 dt
x2
2t
x
dt ,
S2 (x)=
sin t
2t
dt
(F.5)
x
F(x)= C(x)jS(x)=
x2
(F.2)
(F.6)
x2
F(x)= F2
x2
(F.7)
if
0x4
if
x>4
(F.8)
The ordinary Fresnel integral F(x) can be computed with the help of Eq. (F.7). The
MATLAB function fcs calculates F(x) for any vector of values x by calling fcs2:
% Fresnel integrals F(x) = C(x)jS(x)
C(x), S(x), and F(x) are odd functions of x and have the asymptotic values:
1j
F()=
2
S(x)= S2
ejt
dt
2t
n
11
x
x
jx
(an + jbn )
,
e
4 n=0
4
F2 (x)=
n
11
4
4
1j
jx
+
e
(c
+
jd
)
,
n
n
2
x n=0
x
F = fcs(x);
ej(/2)t dt
F2 = fcs2(x);
(F.1)
1
C()= S()= ,
2
(F.4)
where the coefcients an , bn , cn , dn are given in [1259]. Consistency with the small- and
x2
x
C(x)= C2
Similarly, using Eq. (E.6) the cylindrical components A , Az can be expressed in terms
of spherical components as:
The dot products can be read off Eq. (E.7), resulting in:
cos t
A=
(x
x
y
Ax + y
Ay +
) Ax + (
) Ay + (
A =
z Az )= (
z) Az
cos
1
1
cos
2
x
x
Associated with C(x) and S(x) are the type-2 Fresnel integrals:
cos cos
sin
=
x
r sin cos +
C(x)=
1
1
+
sin
2
x
1
(F.3)
F0 (v, )=
ejv ej(/2)
(F.9)
1055
F0 (v, )=
ej(/2)(v
/ 2 )
F
v
v
+ F
(F.10)
where we also used the oddness of F(x). The value of Eq. (F.9) at v = 0 is:
1
F()
F0 (0, )=
F()F() = 2
(F.11)
F1 (v, )=
cos
ejv ej(/2)
1
F0 (v + 0.5, )+F0 (v 0.5, )
2
(F.13)
F1 (0, )= F0 (0.5, )=
j/(8 2 )
=
1
1
F
+ F
2
2
1j
2 j/(8 2 )
,
e
2
(F.15)
F1 (v, 0)=
cos
ejv d =
for small
1
F0 (v + 0.5, 0)+F0 (v 0.5, 0)
2
c2
sin (v + 0.5)
sin (v 0.5)
4 cos(v)
=
+
=
(v + 0.5)
(v 0.5)
1 4v 2
cos
a
2
c1
ejv ej(/2)
(F.18)
For a = 0, we have:
F(v, , 0)=
ej(/2)(v
/ 2 )
v
v
F
c1 F
c2
(F.19)
F(v, , a)=
1
F(v + 0.5a, , 0)+F(v 0.5a, , 0)
2
(F.20)
sin (c2 c1 )v/2 j(c2 +c1 )v/2
ejvc2 ejvc1
e
= (c2 c1 )
jv
(c2 c1 )v/2
(F.21)
1
F = diffint(v,sigma,a,c1,c2);
F(v, 0, 0)=
Using the asymptotic expansion (F.4), we nd the expansion valid for small :
(F.14)
It can be veried easily that F0 (0.5, )= F0 (0.5, ), therefore, the value of F1 (v, )
at v = 0 will be given by:
1
F(v, , a)=
Writing cos(/2)= (ej/2 + ej/2 )/2, the integral F1 (v, s) can be expressed in
terms of F0 (v, ) as follows:
F1 (v, )=
The vectors v,sigma can be entered either as rows or columns, but the result will
be a matrix of size length(v) x length(sigma). The integral F0 (v, ) can also be
calculated by the simplied call:
(F.12)
F0 = diffint(v,sigma,0);
F1 = diffint(v,sigma,1);
sin(v)
From either (F.11) or (F.12), we nd F0 (0, 0)= 2. A related integral that is also
required in the theory of horns is the following:
1
23. Appendices
F0 = diffint(v,sigma);
Eq. (F.10) assumes that = 0. If = 0, the integral (F.9) reduces to the sinc function:
F0 (v, 0)= 2
1056
(F.17)
j(x)
f (x)e
dx
2j
f (x0 )ej(x0 )
(x0 )
(F.22)
where x0 is a stationary point of the phase (x), that is, the solution of (x0 )= 0,
where for simplicity we assume that there is only one such point (otherwise, one has a
sum of terms like (F.22), one for each solution of (x)= 0). Eq. (F.22) is obtained by
expanding (x) in Taylor series about the stationary point x = x0 and keeping only up
to the quadratic term:
1
2
1
2
(x) (x0 )+ (x0 )(x x0 )+ (x0 )(x x0 )2 = (x0 )+ (x0 )(x x0 )2
1057
Making this approximation in the integral and assuming that f (x) is slowly varying
in the neighborhood of x0 , we may replace f (x) by its value at x0 :
j(x)
dx
f (x)e
= f (x0 )e
while for z 0, we have Si (z)= Si (z) and Ci (z)= Ci (z)+j. Conversely, we have
for z > 0:
E1 (jz)= Ci (z)+j Si (z)
= ln(z)+Cin (z)+j Si (z)
2
dx
(x
ej
2
0 )(xx0 ) /2
dx =
Using F()F()
(x0 )
eju
/2
du =
dx
F()F()
(x0 )
y = Si(z);
y = Ci(z);
y = Cin(z);
A related integral that appears in calculating mutual and self impedances is what
may be called a Greens function integral:
h
Gi(d, z0 , h, s)=
h
Several antenna calculations, such as mutual impedances and directivities, can be reduced to the exponential integral, which is dened as follows [1401]:
E1 (z)=
(exponential integral)
z
Si (z)=
sin u
(sine integral)
Ci (z)= + ln z +
cos u 1
z
1 cos u
v0 = ju0 ,
v1 = ju1 ,
E1 (jz)E1 (jz)
+
Si (z)=
= Im E1 (jz) +
2j
2
2
E1 (jz)+E1 (jz)
2
= Re E1 (jz)
dv
dz
=
v
R
v1
v0
eu
du ,
u
or,
(F.29)
d2 + z20 sz0
u1 = k
d2 + (h z0 )2 + s(h z0 )
u0 = k
The function Gi evaluates Eq. (F.29), where z0 , s, and the resulting integral J, can be
vectors of the same dimension. Its usage is:
0
(F.30)
0
For z 0, the sine and cosine integrals are related to E1 (z) by [1401]:
Ci (z)=
where
(cosine integral)
du = + ln z Ci (z)
(F.24)
du
(F.28)
ejkR jksz
e
dz = sejksz0 E1 (ju0 )E1 (ju1 )
R
J = Gi(d,z0,h,s);
du
z
Cin (z)=
Gi(d, z0 , h, s)=
(F.23)
where z is a complex number with phase restricted such that |arg z| < . This range
allows pure imaginary zs. The built-in MATLAB function expint evaluates E1 (z) at an
array of zs. Related to E1 (z) are the sine and cosine integrals:
ejkR jksz
e
dz = sejksz0
R
h
et
dt
z+t
s = 1
which gives
R = d2 + (z z0 )2 ,
v = jk R + s(z z0 )
eu
du = ez
u
ejkR jksz
e
dz ,
R
This integral can be reduced to the exponential integral by the change of variables:
Normally, the phase depends on a positive parameter in the form (x)= (x),
and the stationary-phase approximation is justied in the limit .
(F.27)
The MATLAB functions Si, Ci, Cin evaluate the sine and cosine integrals at any
vector of zs by using the relations (F.26) and the built-in function expint:
The last integral can be reduced to the complex Fresnel integral by the change of
variables (x x0 )= / (x0 ) u:
23. Appendices
f (x0 )e
j(x0 )
1058
=
(F.26)
1
2
1
1
2
=
1
cos(z) cos
1
dz +
1+z
2
cos(u ) cos
cos(z) cos
dz
1 z2
1
cos(z) cos
dz =
1z
du = sin
2
0
sin u
du cos
1
1
2
0
cos(z) cos
dz
1+z
1 cos u
du
G. Gauss-Legendre Quadrature
1059
G. Gauss-Legendre Quadrature
f (x) dx
N
wi f (xi )
i=1
f (x1 )
f (x2 )
= wT f (x)
f (x) dx
wi f (xi )= [w1 , w2 , . . . , wN ]
.
..
i=1
f (xN )
wix =
ba
J=
f (x) dx = e2 e1 + ln 2 = 5.36392145
This produces the exact value with a 4.23107 percentage error. If the integration
interval is split in two, say, [1, 1.5] and [1.5, 2], then the second line above can be
replaced by
J. Stoer and R. Burlisch, Introduction to Numerical Analysis, Springer, NY, (1980); and, G. H. Golub and
J. H. Welsch, Calculation of Gauss Quadrature Rules, Math. Comput., 23, 221 (1969).
(G.3)
zi +
b+a
(G.4)
wi
P(z) dz =
N
wi P(zi )
(G.5)
i=1
1
(f , g)=
2
,
provided that the zi are the N roots of the Legendre polynomial PN (z).
The Legendre polynomials Pn (z) are obtained via the process of Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization of the non-orthogonal monomial basis {1, z, z2 , . . . , zn . . . }. Orthogonality is dened with respect to the following inner product over the interval [1, 1]:
f (x)= ex +
ba
1
single interval
two subintervals, [a, c] and [c, b]
three subintervals, [a, c], [c, d], and [d, b]
subintervals, [a, a+c, a+2c, . . . , a+Mc], with a + Mc = b
b+a
where the scaling of the weights follows from the scaling of the differentials dx =
dz(b a)/2, so the value of the integral (G.1) is preserved by the transformation.
Gauss-Legendre quadrature is nicely tied with the theory of orthogonal polynomials
over the interval [1, 1], which are the Legendre polynomials. For N-point quadrature,
the nodes zi , i = 1, 2, . . . , N are the N roots of the Legendre polynomial PN (z), which
all lie in the interval [1, 1]. The method is justied by the following theorem:
For any polynomial P(z) of degree at most 2N 1, the quadrature formula (G.1) is
satised exactly, that is,
z+
If wi and zi are the weights and nodes with respect to the interval [1, 1], then those
with respect to [a, b] can be constructed simply as follows, for i = 1, 2, . . . , N:
(G.2)
The function quadrs allows the splitting of the interval [a, b] into subintervals,
computes N weights and nodes in each subinterval, and concatenates them to form the
overall weight and node vectors w, x:
Gauss-Legendre quadrature
[w,x] = quadrs(ab,N);
ba
xi =
The function quadr returns the column vectors of weights w and nodes x, with usage:
[w,x] = quadr(a,b,N);
x=
N
which has a percentage error of 1.28109 . Next, we discuss the theoretical basis of
the method.
The interval [a, b] can be replaced by the standardized interval [1, 1] with the
transformation from a x b to 1 z 1:
(G.1)
where wi , xi are appropriate weights and evaluation points (nodes). This can be written
in the vectorial form:
b
23. Appendices
[w,x] = quadrs([1,1.5,2],N);
In many parts of this book it is necessary to perform numerical integration. GaussLegendre quadrature is one of the best integration methods, and we have implemented
it with the MATLAB functions quadr and quadrs. Below, we give a brief description of
the method. The integral over an interval [a, b] is approximated by a sum of the form:
b
1060
f (z)g(z)dz
(G.6)
Pn (z)=
1
2n n!
dn 2
(z 1)n ,
dzn
n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(G.7)
P0 (z) = 1
P1 (z) = z
P2 (z) = (3/2) z2 (1/3)
P3 (z) = (5/2) z3 (3/5)z
P4 (z) = (35/8) z4 (6/7)z2 + (3/35)
(G.8)
G. Gauss-Legendre Quadrature
1061
They are normalized such that Pn (1)= 1 and are mutually orthogonal with respect
to (G.6), but do not have unit norm:
1
(Pn , Pm )=
Pn (z)Pm (z)dz =
2
2n + 1
nm
23. Appendices
By introducing the same scaling factors into each term of the recurrence (G.10), we
nd that the renormalized Pn (z) satisfy:
1, z, z2 , . . . , zn
n
qk zk =
ck Pk (z)
k=0
P(z)= PN (z)Q(z)+R(z)
(f1 , P0 )
P0 (z)= z
(P0 , P0 )
(G.14)
where Q(z) and R(z) are the quotient and remainder of the division by the Legendre
polynomial PN (z), and both will have order N 1. Then, the integral of P(z) can be
written in inner-product notation as follows:
1
(f2 , P0 )
(f2 , P1 )
P0 (z)
P1 (z)
P2 (z)= f2 (z)
(P0 , P0 )
(P1 , P1 )
1
1
z2 dz =
z dz = 0, and
2
,
3
P(z)dz = (P, 1)= (PN Q + R, 1)= (PN Q, 1)+(R, 1)= (Q, PN )+(R, 1)
But (Q, PN )= 0 because Q(z) has order N 1 and PN (z) is orthogonal to all such
polynomials. Thus, the integral of P(z) can be expressed only in terms of the integral
of the remainder polynomial R(z), which has order N 1:
1
2
n
with the expansion coefcients calculated from ck = (Q, Pk ). This also implies that if
Q(z) has order n 1 then, it will be orthogonal to Pn (z).
Next, we turn to the proof of the basic Gauss-Legendre result (G.5). Given a polynomial P(z) of order 2N 1, we can expand it uniquely in the form:
(fn , Pk )
Pk (z)
(Pk , Pk )
1
1
k=0
Q(z)=
for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , do
P1 (z)= f1 (z)
Thus, any polynomial Q(z) of degree n can be expanded uniquely in either basis:
k=0
(G.13)
n
1
4n2 1
n
n+1
Pn1 (z)+
Pn+1 (z)
2n + 1
2n + 1
Pn (z)= fn (z)
n =
(G.9)
zPn (z)=
1062
1
(P0 , P0 )= (1, 1)=
1
1
dz = 2
R(z)dz
(G.15)
The right-hand side of the integration rule (G.5) can also be expressed in terms of R(z):
Therefore,
1
2/3
= z2
P2 (z)= z
2
3
2
N
Then, normalize it such that P2 (1)= 1, and so on. For our discussion, we are going
to renormalize the Legendre polynomials to unitnorm. Because of (G.9), this amounts
to multiplying the standard Pn (z) by the factor (2n + 1)/2. Thus, we re-dene:
Pn (z)=
2n + 1 1 dn 2
(z 1)n ,
2
2n n! dzn
1
2
i=1
n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(G.11)
N
wi PN (zi )Q(zi )+
i=1
N
wi R(zi )
(G.16)
i=1
wi P(zi )=
i=1
N
wi R(zi )
(G.17)
i=1
Thus, combining (G.15) and (G.17), we obtain the following condition, which is equivalent to Eq. (G.5),
P0 (z)=
wi P(zi )=
1
(G.12)
R(z)dz =
N
i=1
wi R(zi )
(G.18)
G. Gauss-Legendre Quadrature
1063
1
1
R(z)dz =
N
wi PN (zi )Q(zi )+
i=1
N
wi R(zi )
i=1
In order for this to be satised for all R(z) and all Q(z), then (G.18) must still be
satised by setting Q(z)= 0, which xes the weights wi . Therefore, the rst term in
the right-hand side must be zero for all polynomials Q(z) of degree N 1, and one can
show that this implies that PN (zi )= 0, that is, the zi must be the zeros of PN (z).
Condition (G.18) can be used to determine the weights by expanding R(z) into either
the monomial basis or the Legendre basis, that is, because R(z) has degree N 1:
R(z)=
N
1
rk zk =
k=0
N
1
ck Pk (z)
1064
23. Appendices
Pw =
1
zki wi =
i=1
zk dz =
1 + (1)
,
k+1
k
k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1
2 (R, P0 )=
w = F1 u
N
1
(G.21)
ck (PK , P0 )=
k=0
N
1
ck k0 =
2 c0
k=0
The right-hand side of (G.18) may be written as follows. Dening the NN matrix Pki = Pk (zi ), i = 1, 2 . . . , N, and k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1, and the row vector cT =
[c0 , c1 , . . . , cN1 ] of expansion coefcients, we have,
N
i=1
wi R(zi )=
N
N
1
ck Pk (zi )wi = cT P w
k=0 i=1
2 c0 =
2 P1 u0
(G.22)
0
P0 (z)
P (z)
1
1
=
z
P2 (z) 0
0
P3 (z)
(G.20)
Alternatively, we may use the Legendre basis, which is more elegant. The left hand
side of (G.18) will receive contribution only from the k = 0 term because P0 is orthogonal
to all the succeeding Pk . Indeed, using the denition (G.12), we have:
1
Dening the matrix Fki = zki and the vector uk = 1 + (1)k /(k + 1), we may write
(G.20) in the compact matrix form:
Fw = u
w=
Inserting, for example, the monomial basis into (G.18) and matching the coefcients
of rk on either side, we obtain the system of N equations for the weights:
N
2 u0
The matrix P has some rather interesting properties. First, it has mutually orthogonal
columns. Second, these columns are the eigenvectors of a Hermitian tridiagonal matrix
whose eigenvalues are the zeros zi . Thus, the problem of nding both zi and wi is
reduced to an eigenvalue problem.
These eigenvalue properties follow from the recursion (G.13) of the normalized Legendre polynomials. For n = 0, 1, 2, 3, the recursion reads explicitly:
(G.19)
k=0
2 cT u0
0
P0 (z)
0
P1 (z)
0
3 P2 (z)
0
4 P4 (z)
P3 (z)
P0 (z)
0
P (z)
1
P2 (z) 0
= .
z
..
..
PN2 (z) 0
0
PN1 (z)
0
..
.
..
..
0
0
N2
N1
..
0
0
.
0
P0 (z)
P (z)
0
1
P2 (z)
..
..
.
.
0
N1
PN2 (z)
0
N PN (z)
PN1 (z)
0
0
0
..
.
Now, if z is replaced by the ith zero zi of PN (z), the last column will vanish and we
obtain the eigenvalue equation:
.
..
0
0
0
..
.
..
..
0
0
N2
N1
..
0
0
.
0
0
0
..
.
P0 (zi )
P1 (zi )
P2 (zi )
P0 (zi )
P1 (zi )
P2 (zi )
= zi
.
.
..
..
PN2 (zi )
N1 PN2 (zi )
0
PN1 (zi )
PN1 (zi )
(G.23)
H. Lorentz Transformations
1065
Thus, the eigenvalues of A are the zeros zi and the corresponding eigenvectors are
the columns pi of the matrix P that we introduced in (G.22). Because the zeros zi are
distinct and A is a Hermitian matrix, its eigenvectors will be mutually orthogonal:
2
pT
i pj = di ij
V = PD1
(G.26)
Replacing P in (G.22) by P = VD and using the orthogonality VT V = I of the eigenvector matrix, or V1 = VT , we obtain the solution:
w=
2D
V u0
wi =
1
T
2 d
i (vi u0 )
(G.27)
The matrix D can itself be expressed in terms of V by noting that the top entry of pi
is P0 (zi )= 1/ 2, and therefore, it follows from vi = pi /di that the top entry of vi will
T
1
T
be vi u0 = 1/( 2di ), or, d
i = 2(vi u0 ). It nally follows from Eq. (G.27) that
wi =
2
d
i
23. Appendices
where c is the speed of light in vacuum. Dening the scaled quantities = ct and
= v/c, the above transformation and its inverse, obtained by replacing by , may
be written as follows:
= ( z)
z = (z )
x = x
y = y
(G.25)
where di = pi are the norms of the vectors pi . It follows that the orthonormalized
eigenvectors of A will be vi = pi /di , and the orthogonal matrix of eigenvectors having
the vi as columns will be V = [v1 , v2 , . . . , vN ], or, expressed in terms of the matrix P
and the diagonal matrix D = diag{d1 , d2 , . . . , dN }:
1066
2
2(vT
i u0 )
= V(1, i), that is, the rst row of V. Because the eigenIn MATLAB language,
vectors of the Hermitian matrix A are real-valued and unique up to a sign, Eq. (G.28)
allows the unique determination of the weights from the eigenvector matrix V.
The above discussion leads to two possible implementations of the MATLAB function
quadr. In the rst, we obtain the coefcients of the Legendre polynomial PN (z), nd its
zeros using the built-in function root, and then solve the linear equation (G.21) for the
weights. The second approach, implemented by the function quadr2 and the related
function quadrs2, determines zi , wi from the eigenvalue problem of the matrix A.
x = Lx ,
x
where x = ,
y
z
v
t = t 2 z
c
z = (z vt)
x =x
y =y
1
where =
1 v2 /c2
(H.1)
x
x = ,
y
z
L=
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
(H.2)
Such transformations leave the quadratic form (c2 t2 x2 y2 z2 ) invariant, that is,
(H.3)
Introducing the diagonal metric matrix G = diag(1, 1, 1, 1), we may write the
quadratic form as follows, where xT denotes the transposed vector, that is, the row
vector xT = [, x, y, z]:
xT Gx = 2 x2 y2 z2 = c2 t2 x2 y2 z2
(H.4)
LT GL = G
H. Lorentz Transformations
According to Einsteins special theory of relativity [461], Lorentz transformations describe the transformation between the space-time coordinates of two coordinate systems moving relative to each other at constant velocity. Maxwells equations remain
invariant under Lorentz transformations. This is demonstrated below.
Let the two coordinate frames be S and S . By convention, we may think of S as
the xed laboratory frame with respect to which the frame S is moving at a constant
velocity v. For example, if v is in the z-direction, the space-time coordinates {t, x, y, z}
of S are related to the coordinates {t , x , y , z } of S by the Lorentz transformation:
These transformations are also referred to as Lorentz boosts to indicate the fact that
one frame is boosted to move relative to the other. Interchanging the roles of z and x, or
z and y, one obtains the Lorentz transformations for motion along the x or y directions,
respectively. Eqs. (H.1) may be expressed more compactly in matrix form:
(G.28)
vT
i u0
= ( + z )
z = (z + )
x = x
y = y
(H.5)
In addition to the Lorentz boosts of Eq. (H.1), the more general transformations
satisfying (H.5) include rotations of the three spatial coordinates, as well as time or
space reections. For example, a rotation has the form:
L=
0
0
where R is a 33 orthogonal rotation matrix, that is, RT R = I, where I is the 33
identity matrix. The most general Lorentz boost corresponding to arbitrary velocity
v = [vx , vy , vz ]T is given by:
L=
I+
2
T
+1
where =
=
1 T
(H.6)
H. Lorentz Transformations
1067
| =
When v = [0, 0, v]T , or = [0, 0, ]T , Eq. (H.6) reduces to (H.1). Dening = |
2 2
2
T
and the unit vector = /, and using the relationship = 1, it can be
veried that the spatial part of the matrix L can be written in the form:
I+
1 + 2
1 + 1 2
v=
23. Appendices
a =
(
a)
a =
(H.7)
a0
a
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1 1
0
1
0
0
1 1
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
2 2
(H.8)
a = La ,
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
a0
a
a = x
ay
az
a
a
= (a a0 )
= a
=
| ,
= |
2 2
0
0
a0 b0 a b = a0 b0 a b ,
where a =
a0
b=
b0
ct
/c
kx
ky
kz
E/c
px
py
pz
Jx
Jy
Jz
cAx
cAy
cAz
(H.12)
(H.13)
For example, under the z-directed boost of Eq. (H.1), the frequency-wavenumber
transformation will be as follows:
= ( ckz )
kz = kz
c
kx = kx
= ( + ckz )
kz = kz +
c
kx = kx
c = v ,
= 2
c
c
(H.14)
ky = ky
where we rewrote the rst equations in terms of instead of /c. The change in
frequency due to motion is the basis of the Doppler effect. The invariance property
(H.12) applied to the space-time and frequency-wavenumber four-vectors reads:
t k r = t k r
(H.15)
This implies that a uniform plane wave remains a uniform plane wave in all reference
frames moving at a constant velocity relative to each other. Similarly, the charge and
current densities transform as follows:
c = (c Jz )
Jz = (Jz c)
(H.11)
(H.10)
ky = ky
(a0 a )
a +
(a a0 )
a
az
a0 = (a0 a )
ay
(H.9)
a0 = (a0 + az )
az = (az + a0 )
ax = ax
ay = ay
a0
ax
For example, under the z-directed boost of Eq. (H.1), the four-vector a will transform as:
a0 = (a0 az )
az = (az a0 )
ax = ax
ay = ay
T
I + ( 1)
a0
a0
a
x
,
where a =
ay
az
four-vector
v1 + v2
1 + v1 v2 /c2
with = v/c. Eq. (H.8) is Einsteins relativistic velocity addition theorem. The same
group property implies also that L1 ()=
L(). The proof
of Eq. (H.8) follows from
a
and a = a a = a
T
T = I + ( 1)
+1
The set of matrices L satisfying Eq. (H.5) forms a group called the Lorentz group. In
particular, the z-directed boosts of Eq. (H.2) form a commutative subgroup. Denoting
these boosts by L(), the application of two successive boosts by velocity factors 1 =
v1 /c and 2 = v2 /c leads to the combined boost L()= L(1 )L(2 ), where:
1068
Jx
= Jx
Jy = Jy
c = (c + Jz )
Jz = (Jz + c )
Jx = Jx
Jy = Jy
(H.16)
H. Lorentz Transformations
1069
Because Eq. (H.5) implies that LT = GLG, we are led to dene four-vectors that
transform according to LT . Such four-vectors are referred to as being covariant. Given
= Ga. This operation
any contravariant 4-vector a, we dene its covariant version by a
simply reverses the sign of the spatial part of a:
= Ga =
a
1
0
a0
=
a0
a
1070
23. Appendices
F = LFLT
(H.17)
An antisymmetric rank-2 tensor F denes, and is completely dened by, two threedimensional vectors, say a = [ax , ay , az ]T and b = [bx , by , bz ]T . Its matrix form is:
transforms as follows:
The vector a
= Ga = GLa = (GLG)(Ga)= LT a
(H.18)
x
=
x =
y
z
Because x = Lx, it follows that
x
=L
xj
=
Lji
=
xi
xj
i
j
j
j
(H.19)
x = LT x
= ( + z )
= ( z )
z = (z )
x = x
y = y
x = x
(H.20)
bx
(H.24)
bx
b
x
=
F
by
bz
bx
0
az
ay
bz
ay
ax
ax
by
az
(H.25)
(H.21)
(H.22)
ax = (ax by )
bx = (bx + ay )
ay = (ay + bx )
by = (by ax )
az
bz = bz
= az
(H.27)
az
by
,
bx
ay
bz
bz
by
y = y
c
J
x
= T
t + J = [ , x , y , z ]
xJ
Jy
Jz
bz
by
az
by
bx
ay
bz
z = (z + )
ax
a
x
=
F
ay
az
x = LT x
ax
a
x
F=
ay
az
where we used the property that G2 = I4 , the 44 identity matrix. The most important
covariant vector is the four-dimensional gradient:
(H.23)
ax
a
0
x
ay
bz
az by
0
1
=
0
0
0
ay
bz
0
bx
0
0
1
0
az
by
=
bx
0
0
ax
0 ay
az
ax
0
bz
by
ay
bz
0
bx
az
by
0
bx 0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
H. Lorentz Transformations
1071
More generally, under the boost transformation (H.6), it can be veried that the
components of a, b parallel and perpendicular to v transform as follows:
a = (a + b )
b = (b a )
=
1 2
a = a
| ,
= |
(H.28)
1072
23. Appendices
Associated with a six-vector (a, b), there are two scalar invariants: the quantities
(a b) and (a a b b). Their invariance follows from Eq. (H.28). Thus, the scalars
(E B), (E E c2 B B), ( H), (c2 H H) remain invariant under Lorentz
transformations. In addition, it follows from (H.30) that the quantity (E B H) is
invariant.
Given a six-vector (a, b) and its dual (b, a), we may dene the following fourdimensional current vectors that are dual to each other:
b = b
J=
Thus, in contrast to Eq. (H.11) for a four-vector, the parallel components remain unchanged while the transverse components change. A pair of three-dimensional vectors
(a, b) transforming like Eq. (H.28) is referred to as a six-vector.
It is evident also that Eqs. (H.28) remain invariant under the duality transformation
a b and b a, which justies Eq. (H.26). Some examples of (a, b) six-vector pairs
dening an antisymmetric rank-2 tensor are as follows:
a
cB
c
cP
H
M
(H.29)
B = (B
E )
)
H = (H c
= ( +
E = E
H = H
B = B
=
H )
By = (By
c
c
Ey )
Dx = (Dx
Ex )
Dy = (Dy +
Ez = Ez
Hz = Hz
Bz = Bz
Dz = Dz
b
a b
(H.32)
J =
a
b a
J =
b
a b
(H.33)
The calculation is straightforward but tedious. For example, for the z-directed boost
(H.1), we may use Eqs. (H.20) and (H.27) and the identity 2 (1 2 )= 1 to show:
Jx = b a x = y bz z by ax
= y bz 2 (z + )(by ax )2 ( + z )(ax by )
= y bz z by ax = b a x = Jx
(H.30)
J =
Similarly, we have:
Bx = (Bx +
It can be shown that both J and J transform as four-vectors under Lorentz transformations, that is, J = LJ and J = LJ, where J , J are dened with respect to the
coordinates of the S frame:
where P, M are the polarization and magnetization densities dened through the relationships = 0 E + P and B = 0 (H + M). Thus, the (E, B) and (, H) elds have the
following Lorentz transformation properties:
B )
E = (E + c
a
b a
c
c
Hy )
(H.31)
Hx )
In this fashion, one can show that J and J satisfy the Lorentz transformation equations (H.10) for a four-vector. To see the signicance of this result, we rewrite Maxwells
equations, with magnetic charge and current densities m , Jm included, in the fourdimensional forms:
c
H c
=
,
cB
E cB
=
cm
(H.34)
Jm
Thus, applying the above result to the six-vector (c, H) and to the dual of (E, cB)
and assuming that the electric and magnetic current densities transform like fourvectors, it follows that Maxwells equations remain invariant under Lorentz transformations, that is, they retain their form in the moving system:
c
H c
=
c
J
,
cB
E cB
=
cm
Jm
(H.35)
I. MATLAB Functions
1073
I. MATLAB Functions
1074
23. Appendices
Plasmonic Waveguides
drude
dmda
dmds
dmdcut
pwg
pwga
pwgpower
Transmission Lines
g2z
z2g
lmin
mstripa
mstripr
mstrips
The MATLAB functions are grouped by category. They are available from the web page:
www.ece.rutgers.edu/~orfanidi/ewa.
Multilayer Dielectric Structures
brewster
fresnel
n2r
r2n
multidiel
multidiel1
multidiel2
omniband
omniband2
snel
swr
tsection
gprop
vprop
zprop
Impedance Matching
qwt1
qwt2
qwt3
- single-stub matching
- double-stub matching
- triple-stub matching
onesect
twosect
pi2t
t2pi
lmatch
pmatch
Pi to T transformation
Pi to T transformation
L-section reactive conjugate matching network
Pi-section reactive conjugate matching network
Quarter-Wavelength Transformers
bkwrec
frwrec
Dielectric Waveguides
dguide - TE modes in dielectric slab waveguide
dslab
- solves for the TE-mode cutoff wavenumbers in a dielectric slab
dguide3 - TE and TM modes in asymmetric 3-slab dielectric waveguide
S-Parameters
gin
gout
nfcirc
nfig
sgain
I. MATLAB Functions
sgcirc
smat
smatch
smith
smithcir
sparam
circint
circtan
1075
dipole directivity
computes directivity and beam solid angle of g(th) gain
gain of center-fed linear dipole of length L
gain of traveling-wave antenna of length L
gain of traveling-wave vee antenna
gain of traveling-wave rhombic antenna
king
kingeval
kingfit
kingprime
hbasis
hdelta
hfield
hmat
hwrap
kernel
pfield
pmat
1076
23. Appendices
dbp
dbz
dbp2
dbz2
abadd
abadd2
dbadd
dbadd2
addbwp
addbwz
addcirc
addline
addray
add
add
add
add
add
add
add
add
add
hband
heff
hgain
hopt
hsigma
c2p
p2c
d2r
r2d
- degrees to radians
- radians to degrees
dtft
I. MATLAB Functions
1077
I0
ellipse
etac
wavenum
poly2
quadr
quadrs
quadr2
quadrs2
Ci
Cin
Si
Gi
sinhc
asinhc
sqrte
flip
blockmat
upulse
ustep
dnv
snv
ellipK
ellipE
landenv
References
Books
[1] S. A. Schelkunoff, Electromagnetic Waves, Van Nostrand, New York, 1943.
[4] R. W. P. King, R. B. Mack, and S. S. Sandler, Arrays of Cylindrical Dipoles, Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, 1968.
[5] J. D. Kraus, Antennas, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988.
[6] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 1996.
[7] W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 1998.
[8] R. S. Elliott, Antenna Theory and Design, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1981.
[9] R. E. Collin and F. J. Zucker, eds., Antenna Theory, parts 1 and 2, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969.
[10] A. W. Rudge, K. Milne, A. D. Olver, and P. Knight, eds., The Handbook of Antenna Design, vols. 1 and
2, 2nd ed., Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London, 1986.
[11] R. C. Johnson, ed., Antenna Engineering Handbook, 3d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1993.
[12] T. S. M. Maclean, Principles of Antennas: Wire and Aperture, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge,
1986.
MATLAB Movies
grvmovie1
grvmovie2
pulsemovie
pulse2movie
RLCmovie
TDRmovie
xtalkmovie
dipmovie
[2] S. A. Schelkunoff and H. T. Friis, Antennas, Theory and Practice, Wiley, New York, 1952.
[3] R. W. P. King, The Theory of Linear Antennas, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1956.
[13] J. R. Wait, Introduction to Antennas and Propagation, Peter Peregrinus, Ltd, London, 1986.
-
pulse propagation with slow and negative group velocity (vg < 0)
pulse propagation with slow and fast group velocity (vg > c)
step and pulse propagation on terminated transmission lines
step propagation on two cascaded lines
step getting reflected off a reactive termination
fault location by time-domain reflectometry
crosstalk signals on coupled transmission lines
electric field pattern of radiating Hertzian dipole
1078