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February 12 Homework Solutions: Mechanical Engineering 390 Fluid Mechanics
February 12 Homework Solutions: Mechanical Engineering 390 Fluid Mechanics
FR y c A sin
62.4 lb f
ft 3
13 ft 30
ft 2 sin 60 o 2.11x10 4 lb f
yCP
I xc
90 ft 4
yc
13 ft 13.23 ft We can now use a moment balance
yc A
13 ft 30 ft 2
around the
the right. The
ft). Note that
relative to the
have which is
find P =
P =1.14x104
lbf
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8348
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Page 2
FR y c A sin
62.4 lb f
ft
3 ft 24
In order to find the location of the center of pressure we need to find the moment of inertia about
the x axis. As shown in the diagram for problem 49, I xc = ba3/12 where a is the dimension along
the y axis that is exposed to the fluid. In this case a = 6 ft and b = 4 ft so I xc = (4 ft)(6 ft)3/12 =
72 ft4. We then use the formula for the center of pressure to find y R = yCP as follows.
y CP
I xc
72 ft 4
yc
3 ft 4 ft
yc A
3 ft 24 ft 2
We next take a moment balance around the hinge as shown in the freebody diagram to the left. The resultant force is normal to the gate at a
location 2 ft above the hinge. The cable tension, T, acts 8 ft above the
hinge and the component normal to the gate is Tsin60 o. The weight acts
4 ft above the hinge and has a component Wcos60o normal to the gate.
Using these results gives the following moment balance.
FR 2 ft Wcos 60 o 4 ft T sin 60 o 8 ft
Solving this equation for T and substituting the values for weight and
resultant force gives the desired numerical result.
sin 60 o 8 ft
sin 60 o 8 ft
T =1.35x103 lbf
Page 3
FR yc A sin
9.80 kN
m
yc 24 m 2 sin 90 o
232 yc
kN
m
The location of the resultant force requires the calculation of the moment of inertia about the x
axis through the centroid. See the solution to problem 49 for a discussion of this calculation. For
the rectangular gate here the moment of inertia, Ixc = ba3/12 = (3 m)(8 m)3/12 = 128 m4. We can
now obtain an equation for yCP from the usual equation.
yCP
I xc
128 m 4
5.333 m 2
yc
yc
c
yc A
yc
y c 24 m 2
The free-body diagram to the left shows that there are two forces on
the gate. The first is the resultant pressure force that is a distance
above the hinge and the opposing force, FH that is 4 m above the
hinge. The distance from the surface of the liquid to the bottom of
the liquid is yc + 4 m from the diagram. The distance, , is the
difference between this distance to the bottom and yCP so, = yc +
(4 m) yCP. With these dimensions a momentum balance about the
hinge gives:
5.333 m 2
5.333 m 2
kN
kN
FH 4 m FR 232 y c
y c 232 y c
4m
y c 4 m
m
yc
m
yc
When FH has its maximum value of 3500 kN, the value of yc = h is given by the following equation.
5.333 m 2
kN
FH 4 m 3500 kN 4 m 232 y c
4m
m
yc
y c FH 4 m
918 y c kN 1237 kN m
Page 4
h = yc = 16.6 mf
The free-body diagram at the left shows the forces when the gate is
hinged at the top. Here the length, 1 = yCP (yc 4) = (5.333 m2)/yc + yc
(yc 4 m) = (5.333 m2)/yc + 4m. Applying this length to the momentum
balance gives.
Solving gives y c
FH 4 m 3500 m 4 kN 14000 kN m FR
kN 5.333 m 2
232 y c
4 m 1237 kN m 928 y c kN
m
yc
14000 kN m 1237 kN m
13.8 m ; so h = yc = 13.8 m.
928 kN
The depth is less when the gate is hinged at the top because the pressure distribution creates
more momentum on the gate then. When the gate is hinged at the bottom, the center of
momentum is closer to the greater pressures. When the gate is hinged at the top it is further from
these greater pressures so more momentum is exerted by the pressure distribution.
2.58
Fside hc A
Page 5
62.4 lb f
ft
10 ft 25
ft 2 1.56 x10 4 lb f
To compute the location of this resultant force we use our usual formula for y CP, and we use the
distance along the hypothetical slanted wall with yc = 12.5 ft. The moment of inertia about the
centroid, Ixc = ba3/12 = (5 ft)(5 ft)3/12 = 52.08 ft4.
yCP
I xc
52.08 ft 4
yc
12.5 ft 12.67 ft
yc A
12.5 ft 25 ft 2
To find the reaction force at C we have to use a moment balance of all the moments about the
hinge at A. The point, relative to A, where the resultant pressure force acts is found by
subtracting the 10 ft distance along the hypothetical slanted wall above the gate. This gives the
location of the center of pressure as 2.67 ft. below the start of the gate. There is also a pressure
force on the bottom of the triangular gate. The water at this point is 12 ft deep and the area of the
lower portion of the triangular gate is (3 ft)(5 ft) = 15 ft2. So the upward force that the water
pressure gives on this surface is
62.4 lb f
ft
12 ft 15
ft 2 1.123 x10 4 lb f
This force acts at the centroid of the bottom plate which is 1.5 ft to the left of the line AC. We are
also told that the center of gravity for the 500-lbf weight of the gate is 1 ft to the left of the line AC.
With this information we can form the momentum balance around the hinge at A as follows.
FC
4 ft
ft ( 2.67 ft ) 1.123 x10 4 ft (1.5 ft ) 500 ft (1 ft )
4 ft
1.56 x10
4
Fc = 6.33x103 lbf
2.68
Page 6
FR y c A sin
9.80 kN
m
For force equilibrium in the x direction, the x component of the resultant force, F Rsin= (100.4
kN)sin(0.8931) = 78.40 kN, must equal the friction force, F f. Force equilibrium in the y direction
requires the weight of the dam, which is the product of the specific weight times the volume of the
unit length of the dam. The cross sectional area has two parts: (1) a rectangle with an area of (2
m)(5 m) = 10 m2 and (2) a triangle with an area of (4 m)(5 m)/2 = 10 m 2. The volume of a unit
length of the dam is thus (10 m2 + 10 m2)(1 m) = 20 m3. Thus the weight of concrete in the unit
length of he dam is (23.6 kN/m3)(20 m3) = 472 kN. With this weight we have the following force
balance in the y direction.
2.83
Ff
N
78.40 kN
534 kN
= 0.146
Page 7
gives FB = (9.80 kN/m3)(0.3235 m3) = 3.121 kN. Thus the cable force, T = FB W = 3.121 kN
2.4 kN = 0.721 kN
The vertical force balance on the concrete is shown in the figure on the left. (Here
the subscript c stands for concrete.) Both the weight and the buoyancy force are
proportional to the volume of the concrete. Using this result we can write the
vertical force balance as follows.
Vc
2.89
0.721 kN
c H 2O
0.721 kN
m3
m3
W FB1 H 2OV1
V1
0.042 lb f
W
6.73 x10 4 ft 3
62.4 lb f
H 2O
ft 3
V1
6.73x10 4 ft 3
6.12 x10 4 ft 3
SG
1.1
The difference between these two volumes is 6.73x10 -4 ft3 6.12x10-4 ft3 = 0.61x10-4 ft3. This
difference in volume displaced will elevate the hydrometer tip by exactly the same volume. Since
the hydrometer tip has a diameter of 0.30 in = 0.025 ft, giving it an area of (0.025 ft)2/2 =
0.000491 ft2, it will protrude an additional distance of (0.61x10 -4 ft3) / (0.000491 ft2) = 0.125 ft = 1.5
in. Since it originally protruded 3.15 in with water, the new height will be 4.65 in.