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Unit1 RK
Unit1 RK
CONTENT:
WHATS A CURVED BEAM
BEAM?
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A STRAIGHT BEAM AND A
CURVED BEAM
WHY STRESS CONCENTRA
CONCENTRATION
TION OCCUR AT INNER SIDE OR
CONCAVE SIDE OF CURV
CURVED BEAM?
DERIVATION FOR STRES
STRESSES IN CURVED BEAM
PROBLEMS.
Assumption
The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous and isotropic.
The cross section has an axis of symmetry in a plane along the
length of the beam.
The material of the beam obeys Hookes law.
The transverse sections which are plane before bending remain
plane after bending also.
Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract, independent of
the layer above or below it.
Youngs modulus is same in tension & compression.
Consider a portion of beam between sections AB and CD as shown in
the figure.
Let e1f1 be the neutral axis and g1h1 an
element at a distance y from neutral
axis. Figure shows the same portion
after bending. Let r be the
radius of curvature and is the angle
subtended by a1b1 and c1d1at centre of
radius of curvature. Since it is a neutral
axis, there is no change in its length (at
neutral axis stresses are zero.)
EF = E1F1 = R
G1H1 = (R+Y)
GH = R
R
Also Stress
OR
dF = 0
there is no direct force acting on the element considered.
is the
distance of centroid from neutral axis. Thus neutral axis coincides with
centroid of the cross section. Cross sec
sectional
tional area coincides with neutral
axis.
CURVED BEAM
Curved beams are the parts of machine members found in C clamps, crane hooks, frames of presses, riveters, punches, shears, boring
machines, planers etc. In straight beams the neutral axis of the section
coincides with its centroidal axis and the stress distribution in the beam
is linear. But in the case of curved beams the neutral axis of the section
is shifted towards the centre of curvature of the beam causing a nonnon
linear [hyperbolic] distribution of stress. The neutral axis lies between
the centroidal axis and the centre of curvature and will always be present
within the curved beams.
co
c2
ci
c1
CA
NA
F
F
Mb
Mb
ri
C
L
rn
rc
ro
In the above figure the lines 'ab' and 'cd' represent two such planes
before bending. i.e., when there are no stresses induced. When a bending
moment 'Mb' is applied to the beam the plane cd rotates with respect to
'ab' through an angle 'd
'd'' to the position 'fg' and the outer fibers are
shortened while the inner fiberss are elongated. The original length of a
strip at a distance 'y' from the neutral axis is (y + rn). It is shortened by
the amount yd and the stress in this fiber is,
= E.e
Where = stress, e = strain and E = Young's Modulus
i.e.,
=E
..... (i)
i.e.
As
=0
=0
..... (ii)
The neutral axis radius 'rn' can be determined from the above equation.
If the moments are taken about the neutral axis,
Mb = ydF
Substituting the value of dF, we get
Mb =
dA
y ! " dA
ydA
#$
0%
Mb =
A.e
..... (iii)
. A. e.
&'
..... (iv)
This is the general equation for the stress in a fiber at a distance 'y' from
neutral axis.
At the outer fiber, y = co
Bending stress at the outer fiber bo
i.e.,
bo= !
&' ()
)
($ rn + co = ro)
..... (v)
bi =
&' ( *
+(*
&' ( *
*
($ rn ci = ri)
..... (vi)
straight beam
In Straight beams the neutral
axis of the section coincides
with its centroidal axis and the
stress distribution in the beam
is linear.
curved beam
In case of curved beams the
neutral axis of the section is
shifted towards the center of
curvature of the beam causing
a
non-linear
stress
distribution.
Since length of inner element is smaller than outer element, the strain
induced and stress developed are higher for inner element than outer
element as shown.
Thus stress concentration occur at inner side or concave side of curved
beam
The actual magnitude of stress in the curved beam would be influenced
by magnitude of curvature However, for a general comparison the stress
distribution for the same section and same bending moment for the
straight beam and the curved beam are shown in figure.
It is observed that the neutral axis shifts inwards for the curved beam.
This results in stress to be zero at this position, rather than at the centre
of gravity.
In cases where holes and discontinuities are provided in the beam, they
should be preferably placed at the neutral axis, rather than that at the
centroidal axis. This results in a better stress distribution.
Example:
For numerical analysis, consider the depth of the section ass twice
the inner radius.
h=2ri
e = rc - rn = h 0.910h = 0.0898h
co = ro - rn= h 0.910h = 0590h
ci = rn - ri = 0.910h -
= 0.410h
Comparing the stresses at the inner most fiber based on (1) and (3), we
observe that the stress at the inner most fiber in this case is:
bci = 1.522BSi
Thus the stress at the inner most fiber for this case is 1.522 times greater
than that for a straight beam.
From the stress distribution it is observed that the maximum stress in a
curved beam is higher than the straight beam.
Comparing the stresses at the outer most fiber based on (2) and (4), we
observe that the stress at the outer most fiber in this case is:
bco = 1.522BSi
Thus the stress at the inner most fiber for this case is 0.730 times that for
a straight beam.
The curvatures thus introduce a non linear stress distribution.
This is due to the change in force flow lines, resulting in stress
concentration on the inner side.
To achieve a better stress distribution, section where the centroidal axis
is the shifted towards the insides must be chosen, this tends to equalize
the stress variation on the inside and outside fibers for a curved beam.
Such sections are trapeziums, non symmetrical I section, and T sections.
It should be noted that these sections should always be placed in a
manner such that the centroidal axis is inwards.
Problem no.1
Plot the stress distribution about section A-B of the hook as shown in
figure.
Given data:
ri = 50mm
ro = 150mm
F = 22X103N
b = 20mm
h = 150-50 = 100mm
A = bh = 20X100 = 2000mm2
y = rn r = 91.024 r
Mb = 22X103X100 = 2.2X106 N-mm
Problem no.2
Determine the value of t in the cross section of a curved beam as
shown in fig such that the normal stress due to bending at the extreme
fibers are numerically equal.
Given data;
Inner radius ri=150mm
Outer radius ro=150+40+100
=290mm
Solution;
From Figure Ci + CO = 40 + 100
= 140mm (1)
Since the normal stresses due to bending at
the extreme fiber are numerically equal we
have,
i.e
Ci=
= 0.51724Co (2)
rn =197.727 mm
ai = 40mm; bi = 100mm; b2 =t;
ao = 0; bo = 0; ri = 150mm; ro = 290mm;
i.e.,
+83.61t = 4000+100t;
4674.069+83.61t
t = 41.126mm
Problem no.3
Determine the stresses at point A and B of the split ring shown in the
figure.
Solution:
The figure shows the critical section of the split
ring.
Radius of centroidal axis
rc = 80mm
Inner radius of curved beam
ri = 80
= 50mm
ro = 80 +
= 110mm
rn =
=
Applied force
= 77.081mm
F = 20kN = 20,000N (compressive)
A = d2 =
x602 = 2827.433mm2
d = !
/0000
/1/2.,44
=! 7.0736N/mm2 (comp.)
Bending stress at the inner fiber bi = !
=
&' *
*
+ 567508 7/2.015
/1/2.,447/.9597:0
= ! 105N/mm2 (compressive)
Bending stress at the outer fiber bo =
&' )
)
567508 74/.959
/1/2.,447/.9597550
= 58.016N/mm2 (tensile)
Combined stress at the inner fiber
ri = d + bi
= ! 7.0736! 105.00
= - 112.0736N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at the outer fiber
ro = d + bo
= ! 7.0736+58.016
= 50.9424N/mm2 (tensile)
Maximum shear stress
max = 0.5x max
= 0.5x112.0736
= 56.0368N/mm2, at B
The figure.
Problem No. 4
Curved bar of rectangular section 40x60mm and a mean radius of
100mm is subjected to a bending moment of 2KN
2KN-m
m tending to
straighten the bar. Find the position of the Neutral axis and draw a
diagram to show the variation of stress across the section.
Solution
Given data:
b= 40mm
h= 60mm
rc=100mm
Mb= 2x106 N-mm
C1=C2= 30mm
rn=
=130 =(ri+c1+c2)
ro= rc+h/2=100+30=130
ri= rc- h/2 = 100 - 30= 70mm (rc-c1)
rn= 96.924mm
Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis
e = rc - rn= 100-96.924
=3.075mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner radius
ci= rn- ri = (c1-e)
e) = 26.925mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer radius
co=c2+e= (ro-rn) = 33.075mm
Area
A= bxh = 40x60 = 2400 mm2
Bending stress at the inner fiber bi =
&' )
)
+/;50< ;44.02:
/,00;4.02:;540
+&'
=
+/;50<
/,00;500
Problem No. 5
The section of a crane hook is a trapezium; the inner face is b and is at a
distance of 120mm from the centre line of curvature. The outer face is
25mm and depth of trapezium =120mm.Find the proper value of b, if the
extreme fiber stresses due to pure bending are numerically equal, if the
section is subjected to a couple which develop a maximum fiber stress of
60Mpa.Determine the magnitude of the couple.
Solution
ri = 120mm; bi = b; bo= 25mm; h = 120mm
bi = bo = 60MPa
Since the extreme fibers stresses due to pure bending are numerically
equal we have,
& ' * & ' )
=
*
)
We have,
Ci/ri =co/ro =ci/co =120/240
2ci=co
But
h= ci + co
120 = ci+2ci
Ci=40mm;
co=80mm
rn= ri + ci = 120+40 =160 mm
b=150.34mm
To find the centroidal axis, (C2)
bo= 125.84mm; b=25mm; h=120mm
= 74.313mm.
But C1=C2
rc= ro-c2 =240 - 74.313 =165.687mm
e=rc- rn = 165.687 - 160 = 5.6869 mm
Bending stress in the outer fiber,
>?
M> c
Aer
5:0.1,/:5/0
A=
/
= 1050.4mm
60 =
&' ;10
50::0.,;:.612;/,0
Mb=10.8x106 N-mm
Problem no.6
Determine the stresses at point A and B of the split ring shown in
fig.1.9a
Solution:
Redraw the critical section as shown in the figure.
Radius of centroidal axis rc = 80mm
Inner radius of curved beam ri = 80!
60
/
= 50mm
60
/
= 110mm
=
Applied force
CD) D* E
C550:0E
,
=77.081mm
x602 = 2827.433mm2
d =!
/0000
/1/2.,44
=! 7.0736N/mm2 (comp.)
Bending stress at the inner fiber bi = !
&' *
*
+ 567508 7/2.015
/1/2.,447/.9597:0
= ! 105N/mm2 (compressive)
Bending stress at the outer fiber bo =
&' )
)
567508 74/.959
/1/2.,447/.9597550
= 58.016N/mm2 (tensile)
Combined stress at the inner fiber
ri = d + bi =! 7.0736! 105.00
=! 112.0736N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at the outer fiber
ro = d + b = ! 7.0736+58.016
= 50.9424N/mm2 (tensile)
Maximum shear stress
Gmax = 0.5x max = 0.5x112.0736
= 56.0368N/mm2, at B
Problem no.7
Determine the maximum tensile, compressive and shear stress induced
in a c frame of a hydraulic portable riveter shown in fig.1.6a
Solution:
50
R1
00
9000N
in
80
175 mm
c2
I)
# I* %
10
JK?
#J?%
= 136.1038mm
Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis
e = rc - rn = 140-136.1038 = 3.8962mm
Critical
Section
co
ri = 100mm
ci
175mm
ro
CA
NA
= 140mm
c1
b = 50 mm
F
h = 80mm
e
rn
rc
CL
F = 9000N
d =
9000
,000
= 2.25N/mm2 (tensile)
&' *
*
/14:000746.5041
,00074.196/7500
= 65.676N/mm2 (tensile)
Bending stress at the outer fiber bo = !
&' )
)
=!
/14:0007,4.196/
,00074.196/7510
= ! 44.326N/mm2 (compressive)
ri=67.926 N/mm2
2
bi=65.676 N/mm2
Bending stress bo=-44.362 N/mm2
d=2.25 N/mm
NA
CA
b = 50 mm
h =80 mm
Problem no.8
The frame punch press is shown in fig. 1.7s. Find the stress in inner and
outer surface at section A-B the frame if F = 5000N
Solution:
bi = 18 mm
c1
bo = 6 mm
c2
h = 40mm
e
co
ci
ri = 25mm
100mm
rc
ro
rn
CA
NA
C
L
= 65mm
Distance of centroidal axis from inner fiber c1 =
=
,0 51/76
4
516
>* />)
4
>* >)
" = 16.667mm
"
J
>* >)
'* I) L ') I* I)
+ >* +>)
M
I*
J
7,0516
= JKN<8L<N8
<8
+ 51+6
O?
8
=38.8175mm
= 1.667!38.8175
=2.8495mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn! ri
= 38.8175!25=13.8175mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro! rn
= 65-38.8175=26.1825mm
Distance from centroidal axis to force l = 100+ rc = 100+41.667
= 141.667mm
Applied force
F = 5000N
5
Direct stress
d =
:000
,10
= 10.417N/mm2 (tensile)
&' *
*
20144:754.152:
,107/.1,9:7/:
= 286.232N/mm2 (tensile)
Bending stress at the outer fiber bo =
&' )
)
20144:7/6.51/:
,107/.1,9:76:
= !208.606N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at the inner fiber ri = d + bi = 10.417+286.232
= 296.649N/mm2 (tensile)
ri=296.649 N/mm2
2
bi=286.232 N/mm2
Bending stress bo =-208.606 N/mm2
d=10.417 N/mm2
NA
CA
bo = 6 mm
bi = 18 mm
h =40 mm
Problem no.9
Figure shows a frame of a punching machine and its various dimensions.
Determine the maximum stress in the frame, if it has to resist a force of
85kN
75
300
250
75
750 mm
85 kN
550
225 mm
F
B
a1
b2 =75mm
b=
300mm
i
ai =75mm
Solution:
a2
ci
X
e
A
ri = 250 mm
rn
I Y
I Y
>* W *X * Z > [ )L ) \>)
I)XY
*
I)
"
I) LY)
400
4942:
8?X]8
88?L?
"2:
"0
8?
8?X]8
750
C
L
I*
NA
CA
rc
ro=550 mm
= 333.217mm
x^
J 7J 7
J
]8
8
"
= 101.785mm
F = 85kN
d =
1:000
4942:
= 2.16N/mm2 (tensile)
&' *
*
946:52/:714./52
4942:751.:617/:0
= 42.64N/mm2 (tensile)
&' )
)
=!
946:52/:7/56.214
4942:751.:617::0
= ! 50.49N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at the inner fiber ri = d + bi = 2.16+42.64
= 44.8N/mm2 (tensile)
Combined stress at the outer fiber ro = d + bo = 2.16! 50.49
= ! 48.33N/mm2 (compressive)
ri=44.8 N/mm
Combined stress ro=-48.33 N/mm2
bi=42.64 N/mm2
Bending stress bo=-50.49 N/mm2
d=2.16 N/mm2
NA
CA
Direct stress ( d)
ai=75mm
b2 = 75 mm
a2
225
bi =300mm
a1
Problem no.10
0
10
Compute the combined stress at the inner and outer fibers in the critical
cross section of a crane hook is required to lift loads up to 25kN. The
hook has trapezoidal cross section with parallel sides 60mm and 30mm,
the distance between them being 90mm .The inner radius of the hook is
100mm. The load line is nearer to the surface of the hook by 25 mm the
centre of curvature at the critical
section. What will be the stress at inner
and outer fiber, if the beam is treated as
straight beam for the given load?
90mm
m
m
30mm
60mm 25mm
Solution:
NA
CA
F = 25 kN
h = 90 mm
c2
c1
>* />)
4
>* >)
= 40mm
" =
90
4
60/740
6040
ci
co
"
ri
rn
rc
ro
l
F
C
L
J
>* >)
'* I)L ') I* I)
+ >* +>)
M
I*
J
79076040
<?NJ_? L `?NJ?? J_?
J?? + 60+40
_?
= 135.42mm
= 140! 135.42=4.58mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn ! ri = 135.42! 100
=35.42mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro ! rn = 190! 135.42
= 54.58mm
Distance from centroidal axis to force l = rc ! 25= 140! 25
= 115mm
Applied force
F = 25,000N = 25kN
5
d =
/:000
,0:0
= 6.173N/mm2 (tensile)
&' *
*
/12:00074:.,/
,0:07,.:17500
&' )
)
=!
/12:0007:,.:1
,0:07,.:17590
= ! 44.524N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at the inner fiber ri = d + bi = 6.173+54.9
= 61.073N/mm2 (tensile)
Combined stress at the outer fiber ro = d + bo = 6.173! 44.524
= ! 38.351N/mm2 (compressive)
Maximum shear stress
4>/>) 7
47/>>)
C2 =
4740/740790
47/74040
= 50mm
c1 = 90-50= 40mm
Moment of inertia I =
=
= 2632500mm4
Direct stress
b =
/:000
,0:0
= 6.173N/mm2 (tensile)
&' J
e
/12:0007,0
2632500
&'
e
2875000x50
/64/:00
= -54.606N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at the inner fiber ri = d + bi = 6.173+43.685
= 49.858N/mm2 (tensile)
Combined stress at the outer fiber ro = d + bo = 6.173-54.606
= -48.433N/mm2 (compressive)
The stress distribution on the straight beam is as shown in the figure.
bo =-54.606 N/mm
d= 6.173 N/mm2
d
c1=40mm
c2 =50mm
60 mm
b = 30 mm
NA, CA
bo/2 = 15
bo/2 = 15
h =90 mm
Problem no.11
The section of a crane hook is rectangular in shape whose width is
30mm and depth is 60mm. The centre of curvature of the section is at
distance of 125mm from the inside section and the load line is 100mm
from the same point. Find the capacity of hook if the allowable stress in
tension is 75N/mm2
5
12
m
m
h=60mm
100
b=30mm
Solution:
F=?
I)
#I* %
Load line
100
co
60
rn
rc
= ln
ri = 125mm
ci
ro
l
CA
NA
= 130mm
c1
b = 30 mm
c2
h = 60mm
e
60
JK8
#J8%
CL
d =
5100
&' *
*
5100
5407.7/1.0,:
510075.9::75/:
5100
Problem no.12
Design of steel crane hook to have a capacity of 100kN. Assume factor
of safety (FS) = 2 and trapezoidal section.
M =bi
bo
Z
h = 111 mm
c2
c1
bi= M = 7133
bo = 2xZ = 2x14 = 28 mm
r1 = =
/
559
/
h = 111mm
= 59.5mm
bo=28
bi=71
ci
co
e
CL
ri=59.5 mm
rn
rc= l
ro
F
Assume the load line passes through the centre of hook. Draw the
critical section as shown in the figure.
Inner radius of curved beam ri = 59.5mm
Outer radius of curved beam ro = 59.5+111 = 170.5mm
Radius of neutral axis rn =
J
>* >)
'* I)L ') I* I)
+ >* >)
I*
M
J
7555725/1
]JNJ]?.8LKN8_.8 J]?.8
+ 25/1
O?
8_.8
= 98.095mm
Distance of centroidal axis from inner fiber c1 =
=
>* />)
4
>* >)
"
555 25/7/1
4
25/1
" = 47.465mm
Applied force
F = 105N
5
d =
500000
:,9,.:
= 18.2N/mm2 (tensile)
Bending stress at the inner fiber bi =
&' *
*
506.96:7508 741.:9:
:,9,.:71.127:9.:
= 142.365/mm2 (tensile)
Bending stress at the outer fiber bo =
&' )
)
506.96:7508 72/.,0:
:,9,.5x8.127520.:
ri=160.565 N/mm
ro =-75 N/mm2
bi=142,365 N/mm2
bo=-93.2 N/mm2
d =18.2 N/mm2
bo = 28 mm
NA
CA
h = 111 mm
bi = 71 mm
Problem no.13
The figure shows a loaded offset bar. What is the maximum offset
distance x if the allowable stress in tension is limited to 50N/mm2
Solution:
Draw the critical section as shown in the figure.
Radius of centroidal axis
rc = 100mm
Inner radius
Outer radius
Dr r
W o iZ
4
2
15050
"=
4
A = x d2 = x 1002 = 7853.98mm2
,
Mb = Fx = 5000 x
Combined maximum stress at the inner fiber
(i.e., at B)
= Q
50
:000
21:4.91
&' *
*
:0007,4.4
21:4.91j6.2j:0
Solution:
(I)
rc =100mm
= 87.5mm
Outer radius ro
= 112.5mm
= 100+
rn =
= 99.6mm
Distance of neutral axis from centroidal axis e =rc - rn
=100 - 99.6 = 0.4mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner fiber ci = rn ri
= 99.6 87.5 =12.1 mm
A=
I = rc = 100mm
F
A
M b Co
Aeo
1000
490.87
100000 X12.9
490.87 X 0.4 X 112.5
F
A
M b ci
Aeri
1000
490.87
100000 X 12.1
rc = 75mm
ri = 75 -
25
2
=62.5 mm
ro = 75 +
A=
25
2
d2 =
rn =
=
= 87.5 mm
2
Dro ri
W
Z
4
2
87.5 62.5
"
4
=74.4755 mm
e = rc - rn = 75 -74.4755 =0.5254 mm
ci = rn - ri =74.4755 62.5 =11.9755 mm
co = ro - rn = 87.5 74.4755 = 13.0245 mm
l = rc = 75 mm
Mb = Fl = 1000 X 75 = 75000 Nmm
Combined stress at the outer fibre (at R) = Direct stress + Bending stress
F
M b co
Aero
ro =
1000
490.87
75000 X13.0245
490.87 X 0.5245 X 62.5
Combined stress at the inner fiber (at S) = Direct stress + Bending stress
ri =
F
A
M b co
Aero
1000
490.87
75000 X 11.9755
490.87 X 0.5245 X 62.5
= 36.233 N/mm2 at P
.(1)
..(2)
And,
ds = Rd
\
As per Castiglianos theorem
At = 0
B bending moment at inner and outer side of the fiber is
At section B-B
At section A-A
A the load point, i.e., at = p/2, the maximum value of
bending moment occurs (numerically), as it is observed that the second
part of the equation is much greater than the first part.
The stress at inner fiber 1Bi and outer fiber 1Bo and at section B-B
B will
be (at = 0):
The stress at inner fiber 1Ai and outer fiber 1Ao and at section A-A
A
0
will be (at the loading point = 90 ):
Problem 15
Determine the stress induced in a circular ring of circular cross section
of 25 mm diameter subjected to a tensile load 6500N. The inner
diameter of the ring is 60 mm.
Solution: the circular ring and its critical section are as shown in fig.
1.29a and 1.29b respectively.
Inner radius ri =
= 30mm
= 42.5mm
=42.5mm
. k
/
d =
. k 90
/
=0
&' *
*
=!
121,2.:755.:6
,90.12,70.9,740
= - 73.36N/mm2 (compressive)
Maximum stress at outer fiber l = Direct stress + Bending stress
=0+
&' )
)
121,2.:754.,,
,90.12,70.9,7::
= 46.52N/mm2 (tensile)
Consider the cross section B B
d =
. k 0
2A
6:007 cos 0
/7,90.12,
= 6.621 N/mm2
&' *
*
= 6.621 +
:0/22.:755.:6
,90.874x0.9,740
&' )
)
=6.621+
:0/22.:754.,,
,90.12,70.9,7::
Problem 16
Determine the stress induced in a circular ring of circular cross section
of 50 mm diameter rod subjected to a compressive load of 20kNN. The
mean diameter of the ring is 100 mm.
Solution: the circular ring and its critical section are as shown in fig.
1.30a and 1.30b respectively.
Inner radius ri =
Outer radius =
= 25mm
= 75mm
= 50mm
= 46.65mm
p qrs t
/u
d =
p qrs 90
/u
=0
|} q ~
uz~
31800021.6:
5964.:4.4:/:
|} q
uz
=-
451000/1.35
5964.:4.4:2:
d =
. k 0
/
/00007 k 0
/75964.:
&' *
Aer*
= -5.093 +
51/0007/5.6:
5964.5x3.4:7/:
&' )
)
= -5.093 +
51/0007/1.4:
5964.:74.4:72:
Problem 17
A chain link is made of 40 mm diameter rod is circular at each end the
mean diameter of which is 80mm. The straight sides of the link are also
80mm. The straight sides of the link are also 80mm.If the link carries a
load of 90kN; estimate the tensile and compress
compressive
ive stress in the link
along the section of load line. Also find the stress at a section 900 away
from the load line
Solution: refer figure
= 80mm; dc = 80mm;
rc = 40mm;
F = 90kN = 90000N
Draw the critical cross section as shown in fig.1.32
Inner radius ri = 40 Outer radius =
= 20mm
= 60mm
= 37.32mm
. k
/
d =
. k 90
/
900007,07/7,010
/7,010
=0
.I /
/
where r = rc,
= 1.4x106N-mm
This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile
stress at the at outer fiber
Maximum stress at the inner fiber l =Direct stress + Bending stress
=0+
&' *
*
5.,750< 752.4/
7,0 7/.617/0
&' )
)
5.,750< 7//.61
=-
7,0 7/.61760
Consider the cross section B B [i.e., 900 away from the load line]
At section B B, = 00 with respect to horizontal
Direct stress
d =
. k /
/
5.,750< 7 k 0
(compressive)
Bending moment M>l = M>l =
.I /+
/
900007,07/7,0+710
/7,010
/7 7,0
O
= 35.81 N/mm2
where r = rc,
= - 399655.7N-mm
This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile
stress at the at outer fiber
Maximum stress at the inner fiber o =Direct stress + Bending stress
= d -
&' *
*
= 35.81 +
4996::.2752.4/
/7O7,0 7/.617/0
&' )
)
= 35.81 -
4996::.27//.61
/7O7,0 7/.61760
Figure
Consider the arc of circle JK located at a distance y above the neutral
surface. Let r1 and r2 be the radius of this arc before and after bending
couples have been applied. Now, the deformation of JK,
.... (ii)
From Fig. 1.2 a and c, r1 = R1 y; r2 = R2 y
..... (iii)
[ ' = + = ]
..... (iv)
The normal strain x in the element of JK is obtained by dividing
the deformation by the original length r1 of arc JK.
x =
..... (v)
The normal stress x may be obtained from Hooke's law x = Ex
x =E
i.e. x
..... (vi)
= E
( r1 = R1 y) .(vii)
Equation (vi) shows that the normal stress x does not vary linearly
with the distance y from the neutral surface. Plotting x versus y, we
obtain an arc of hyperbola as shown in Fig. 1.3.
J J "dA=0
t
Since
t
t
i.e.
zJ
R1
R1
i.e., .
! =0
z1
u
z1
J +zJ
zJ
"dA = 0
! =0
R1 = x
1
t J +zJ
t
zJ
"y dA =M
i.e.,
i.e.,
i.e.,
i.e.,
#5 /
t
t
t
t
t
t
u
#5 /
zJ
u
J +zJ /
zJ
" dA = M
/
CJ +/J zJ zJ E
zJ
($ r1 = R1 - y from iii)
dA = M
! 25 Q 1%= M
i.e.,
t
t
5 ! 25 Q 5 v
t
i.e.,
i.e.,
5 ! 5 =M
i.e.,
t
t
..... (xii)
^^^+
uz
1
1
u
Substituting
($e =
1 R1 from Fig. 1.2a)
xiii)
x =
u1 +
x=
Mz1 +1
uz1
..... (xiv)
($ r1 = R1 y
..... (xv)
5 t
J t
5 tt
J
"
u
"=
#1 Q
1Q
5
i.e.
References:
u
1
v
Q
5 5
M
EAeR1
M =EAe R1
Hence proved
"
ASSIGNMENT
1. What are the assumptions made in finding stress distribution for a curved flexural member? Also
give two differences between a straight and curved beam
2. Discuss the stress distribution pattern in curved beams when compared to straight beam with
sketches
3. Derive an expression for stress distribution due to bending moment in a curved beam
EXERCISES
1. Determine the force F that will produce a maximum tensile stress of 60N/mm2 in section
A - B and the corresponding stress at the section C - D
2. A crane hook has a section of trapezoidal. The area at the critical section is 115 mm2. The hook
carries a load of 10kN and the inner radius of curvature is 60 mm. calculate the maximum tensile,
compressive and shear stress.
Hint: bi = 75 mm; bo = 25 mm; h = 115 mm
3. A closed ring is made of 40 mm diameter rod bent to a mean radius of 85 mm. If the pull along
the diameter is 10,000 N, determine the stresses induced in the section of the ring along which it is
divided into two parts by the direction of pull.
4. Determine of value of t in the cross section of a curved beam shown in Figure such that the normal
stresses due to bending at the extreme fibers are numerically equal.
VTU,Jan/Feb.2005
Fig.1.35
5. Determine a safe value for load P for a machine element loaded as shown in Figure limiting the
maximum normal stress induced on the cross section XX to 120 MPa.
6. The section of a crane hook is trapezoidal, whose inner and outer sides are 90 mm and
25 mm respectively and has a depth of 116 mm. The center of curvature of the section is at a
distance of 65 mm from the inner side of the section and load line passes through the center of
curvature. Find the maximum load the hook can carry, if the maximum stress is not to exceed 70
MPa.
7. a) Differentiate between a straight beam and a curved beam with stress distribution in each of the
beam.
b) Figure shows a 100 kN crane hook with a trapezoidal section. Determine stress in the outer,
inner, Cg and also at the neutral fiber and draw the stress distribution across the section AB.
87.5
25
B
62
.5
m
m
112.5
F = 100kN
8.
A closed ring is made up of 50 mm diameter steel bar having allowable tensile stress of 200
MPa. The inner diameter of the ring is 100 mm. For load of 30 kN find the maximum stress in
the bar and specify the location. If the ring is cut as shown in part -B of
Fig. 1.40, check whether it is safe to support the applied load.
REFERENCE BOOKS