6.

002

CIRCUITS AND
ELECTRONICS

Basic Circuit Analysis Method

(KVL and KCL method)

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Review
Lumped Matter Discipline LMD:

Constraints we impose on ourselves to simplify

our analysis

B
=0
t
q
=0
t

Outside elements
Inside elements
wires resistors sources

Allows us to create the lumped circuit

abstraction

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Review

LMD allows us to create the

lumped circuit abstraction
i

Lumped circuit element

power consumed by element = vi

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Review
Review
Maxwells equations simplify to
algebraic KVL and KCL under LMD!
KVL:

j j = 0
loop

KCL:

jij = 0
node

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Review
a
R1

R4

R3

R2

d
R5

DEMO

6.002 Fall 2000

vca + vab + vbc = 0

KVL

ica + ida + iba = 0

KCL

Lecture 2

Method 1: Basic KVL, KCL method of

Circuit analysis
Goal: Find all element vs and is
1. write element v-i relationships
(from lumped circuit abstraction)
2. write KCL for all nodes
3. write KVL for all loops

lots of unknowns
lots of equations
lots of fun
solve

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Method 1: Basic KVL, KCL method of

Circuit analysis

Element Relationships
For R,

V = IR

For voltage source, V = V0

R
+

V0
For current source, I = I 0
J
Io
3 lumped circuit elements

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

KVL, KCL Example

a
+

1
+

0 = V0

R1

R3

+ 3
R2

R4

d
+

R5

c
The Demo Circuit

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Associated variables discipline

i

Element e

Current is taken to be positive going

into the positive voltage terminal

Then power consumed

by element e

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

= i is positive

KVL, KCL Example

a
+

0 = V0

i0

L1

i4
i1 L 2
+
R1
4 R4

R3
b i3
d
+ 3
i2
i5
+
R2
5 R5
L3

c
The Demo Circuit

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

L4

10

Analyze
0 5 ,0 5
1. Element relationships (v, i )
given v3 = i3 R3
v0 = V0
v4 = i4 R4
v1 = i1 R1
v5 = i5 R5
v2 = i2 R2

12 unknowns
6 equations

2. KCL at the nodes

a: i0 + i1 + i4 = 0
3 independent
b: i2 + i3 i1 = 0
equations
d: i5 i3 i4 = 0
e: i0 i2 i5 = 0 redundant
3. KVL for loops
L1: v0 + v1 + v2 = 0
3 independent
equations
L2: v1 + v3 v4 = 0
L3: v3 + v5 v2 = 0
s
L4: v0 + v4 + v5 = 0 redundant
n
o
i
t
ns
a
w
u
o
n
k
eq
n
u
1 2 12

ugh @#!
6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

11

Other Analysis Methods

Method 2 Apply element combination rules

A
B

R1

R2 R3

G1

G2

V1

V2

GN

R1 + R2 +

G1 + G2

1
Gi =
Ri

+ RN

+ GN

V1 + V2
+

I2

I1

RN

I1 + I 2

Surprisingly, these rules (along with superposition, which

you will learn about later) can solve the circuit on page 8

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

12

Other Analysis Methods

Method 2 Apply element combination rules

I =?

Example

R1

V +

R3

R2

I
V +

R1

R2 R3
R2 + R3

V +

R = R1 +

R
R2 R3
R2 + R3

V
I=
R
6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

13

Method 3Node analysis

Particular application of KVL, KCL method
1. Select reference node ( ground)
from which voltages are measured.
2. Label voltages of remaining nodes
with respect to ground.
These are the primary unknowns.
3. Write KCL for all but the ground
node, substituting device laws and
KVL.
4. Solve for node voltages.
5. Back solve for branch voltages and
currents (i.e., the secondary unknowns)

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

14

Example: Old Faithful

plus current source

V0

Step 1

6.002 Fall 2000

e2

R2

R5

+ V e1
0

R4

R1 R
3

I1

Step 2

Lecture 2

15

Example: Old Faithful

plus current source

V0

R2

R4
e2

R5

+ V e1
0

R1 R
3

for
I1 convenience,
write
1
Gi =
Ri

KCL at e1
(e1 V0 )G1 + (e1 e2 )G3 + (e1 )G2 = 0

KCL at e2
(e2 e1 )G3 + (e2 V0 )G4 + (e2 )G5 I1 = 0
Step 3

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

16

Example: Old Faithful

plus current source

V0
e2

R2

R5

+ V e1
0

R4

R1 R
3

I1

Gi =

KCL at e1
(e1 V0 )G1 + (e1 e2 )G3 + (e1 )G2 = 0

1
Ri

KCL at l2
(e2 e1 )G3 + (e2 V0 )G4 + (e2 )G5 I1 = 0
move constant terms to RHS & collect unknowns

e1 (G1 + G2 + G3 ) + e2 (G3 ) = V0 (G1 )

e1 (G3 ) + e2 (G3 + G4 + G5 ) = V0 (G4 ) + I1
2 equations, 2 unknowns
(compare units)
6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Solve for es
Step 4
17

In matrix form:
G1 + G2 + G3

G3

G3
e1
G1V0
=
G V + I
G3 + G4 + G5 e2
4 0 1

conductivity
matrix

sources

unknown
node
voltages

Solve
G3
G3 + G4 + G5
G1V0
G3
G1 + G2 + G3 G4V0 + I1
e1
e =
(G1 + G2 + G3 )(G3 + G4 + G5 ) G3 2
2

)(

) ( )(

G +G +G G V + G G V + I
3
4
5 1 0
3 4 0 1
e =
1 G G +G G +G G +G G +G G +G G +G 2 +G G +G G
1 3
1 4
1 5
2 3
2 4
2 5
3
3 4
3 5
e2 =

(G3 )(G1V0 ) + (G1 + G2 + G3 )(G4V0 + I 1 )

2

G1G3 + G1G4 + G1G5 + G2G3 + G2G4 + G2 G5 + G3 + G3G4 + G3G5

(same denominator)

Notice: linear in V0 , I1 , no negatives

in denominator
6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

18

Solve, given
G1
1
=

G5 8.2 K

G2
1
=
G4 3.9 K

1
G3 =
1.5 K

I1 = 0

)(

G G V + G +G +G G V + I
e = 3 10 1 2 3 40 1
2 G + G + G + G + G + G G 2
1 2 3
3 4 5 3
1
1
1
G +G +G =
+
+
=1
1
2
3 8.2 3.9 1.5

G3 + G4 + G5 =

)(

1
1
1
+
+
=1
1.5 3.9 8.2

1
1
1

+ 1
3.9 V
e2 = 8.2 1.5
0
1
1 2
1.5

Check out the

DEMO

e2 = 0.6V0

If V0 = 3V , then e2 = 1.8V0
6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

19