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Desm Mathematics PDF
CLASS XI
CHAPTER 3
3.6. Proofs and Simple Applications of sine and cosine formulae
Let ABC be a triangle. By angle A we mean the angle between
the sides AB and AC which lies between 0 and 180. The angles
B and C are similarly defined. The sides AB, BC and CA opposite
to the vertices C, A and B will be denoted by c, a and b,
respectively (see Fig. 3.15).
Fig. 3.15
c
a
(i)
(ii)
Fig. 3.16
The altitude h is drawn from the vertex B to meet the side AC in point D [in (i) AC is produced to meet the
altitude in D]. From the right angled triangle ABD in Fig. 3.16(i), we have
h
sin A = , i.e., h = c sin A
c
and
sin (180 C) =
(1)
h
h = a sin C
a
(2)
sin A sin C
=
a
c
(3)
(4)
For triangle ABC in Fig. 3.16 (ii), equations (3) and (4) follow similarly.
Theorem 2 (Cosine formulae) Let A, B and C be angles of a triangle and a, b and c be lengths of sides
opposite to angles A, B and C, respectively, then
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A
b 2 = c 2 + a 2 2ca cos B
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C
Proof Let ABC be triangle as given in Fig. 3.17 (i) and (ii)
B
a h
(i)
(ii)
Fig. 3.17
and
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C
Same equations can be obtained for Fig. 3.17 (i), where C is obtuse.
A convenient form of the cosine formulae, when angles are to be found are as follows:
b2 + c2 a 2
2bc
2
c + a 2 b2
cos B =
2ac
2
a + b2 c2
cos C =
2ab
cos A =
Therefore,
b c k (sin B sin C)
=
b + c k (sin B + sin C)
B+C
BC
sin
2
2
=
B+C
BC
2sin
cos
2
2
2 cos
= cot
(B+C)
(B C)
tan
2
2
A
BC
= cot tan
2 2
2
BC
2
A
cot
2
tan
B C bc
A
=
cot
2
b+c
2
Similarly, we can prove other results. These results are well known as Napiers Analogies.
Example 26 In any triangle ABC, prove that
a sin (B C) + b sin (C A) + C sin (A B) = 0
Solution
Consider
a sin (B C) = a [sinB cosC cosB sinC]
(1)
Therefore,
tan
Now
a 2 + b2 c2
c2 + a 2 b2
a sin(B C) = a bk
ck
2ab
2ac
k 2
a + b2 c2 c2 a 2 + b2
2
= k (b 2 c 2 )
h
60
B
d
45
A
Clearly
30
H
Q
Fig. 3.18
APQ = 45, BPH = 30, giving APB = 15
Again
PAB = 15 ABP = 150
From triangle APQ, we have AP2 = h2 + h2 = 2h2 (Why ?)
or
AP = 2h
Applying sine formula in ABP, we get
AB
AP
d
2h
=
=
sin15 sin150 sin15 sin150
i.e.,
d=
2h sin15
sin 30
(why?)
= h( 3 1)
Example 28 A lamp post is situated at the middle point M of the side AC of a triangular plot ABC with
BC = 7m, CA = 8m and AB = 9 m. Lamp post subtends an angle 15 at the point B.
Determine the height of the lamp post.
Solution
From the Fig. 3.19, we have AB = 9 = c, BC = 7 = a and AC = 8 = b.
Fig.3.19
M is the mid point of the side AC at which lamp post MP of height h (say) is located. Again, it is given
that lamp post subtends an angle (say) at B which is 15.
Applying cosine formula in ABC, we have
a 2 + b 2 c 2 49 + 64 81 2
=
=
2ab
278
7
Similarly using cosine formula in BMC, we get
BM2 = BC2 + CM2 2 BC CM cos C.
cos C =
(1)
1
Here CM= CA=4 , since M is the mid point of AC.
2
Therefore, using (1), we get
BM2
= 49 + 16 2 7 4
2
7
= 49
or
BM
=7
Thus, from BMP right angled at M, we have
tan =
PM h
=
BM 7
or
h
= tan(15) = 2
7
or
h = 7(2 3) m .
(why ?)
EXERCISE 3.5
In any triangle ABC, if a = 18, b = 24, c = 30, find
4 3
, , 0)
5 5
For any triangle ABC, prove that
(Ans.
AB
cos
a+b
2
3. c =
C
sin
2
AB
sin
a b
2
4. c =
C
cos
2
(Ans.
3 4
, , 1)
5 5
5. sin
BC bc
A
=
cos
2
a
2
6. a (b cos C c cos B) = b2 c2
A
7. a (cos C cos B) = 2 (b c) cos
2
2
9. (b + c) cos
B+C
BC
= a cos
2
2
15.
16.
sin(B C) b 2 c 2
=
8.
sin(B + C)
a2
12. (b2 c2) cotA + (c2 a2) cotB + (a2 b2) cotC = 0
b2 c2
c2 a2
a2 b2
sin
2A
+
sin
2B
+
sin 2C = 0
a2
b2
c2
A tree stands vertically on a hill side which makes an angle of 15 with the horizontal. From a point
on the ground 35m down the hill from the base of the tree, the angle of elevation of the top of the tree
is 60. Find the height of the tree.
(Ans. 35 2m )
Two ships leave a port at the same time. One goes 24 km per hour in the direction N45E and other
travels 32 km per hour in the direction S75E. Find the distance between the ships at the end of
3 hours.
(Ans. 86.4 km (approx.))
Two trees, A and B are on the same side of a river. From a point C in the river the distance of the
trees A and B is 250m and 300m, respectively. If the angle C is 45, find the distance between the
trees (use
2 =1.44).
(Ans. 215.5 m)
CHAPTER 5
5.7. Square-root of a Complex Number
We have discussed solving of quadratic equations involving complex roots on page 108-109 of textbook.
Here we explain the particular procedure for finding square root of a complex number expressed in the
standard form. We illustrate the same by an example.
Example 12 Find the square root of 7 24i
Solution
Then
Let x + iy = 7 24i
(x + iy )2 = 7 24i
or
x 2 y 2 + 2 xyi = 7 24i
Equating real and imaginary parts, we have
x2 y2 = 7
2xy = 24
We know the identity
(x
(1)
+ y 2 ) = ( x 2 y 2 ) + (2 xy ) 2
2
= 49 + 576
= 625
Thus, x2 + y2 = 25
(2)
6
5.
1 i
(Ans.
1
1
i)
(Ans.
2
2
2 +1
2. 8 6i (Ans. 1 3i, 1 + 3 i)
2 1
i
2 )
4. i
1
1
m i )
(Ans.
2
2
6. 1 + i
(Ans.
2 +1
2 1
i
2 )
CHAPTER 9
9.7. Infinite G.P. and its Sum
G. P. of the form a, ar, ar2, ar3, ... is called infinite G. P. Now, to find the formula for finding sum to infinity
of a G. P., we begin with an example.
Let us consider the G. P.,
2 4
1, , ,...
3 9
Here
2
a = 1, r = . We have
3
n
2
1
2 n
3
Sn = = 3 1
2
3
1
3
n
2
Let us study the behaviour of as n becomes larger and larger:
3
n
1
5
10
2
3
20
0.6667
0.1316872428
0.01734152992
0.00030072866
2
We observer that as n becomes larger and larger, becomes closer and closer to zero. Mathemati3
n
2
cally, we say that as n becomes sufficiently large, becomes sufficiently small. In other words as
3
2
n , 0. Consequently, we find that the sum of infinitely many terms is given by S = 3.
3
Now, for a geometric progression, a, ar, ar2, ..., if numerical value of common ratio r is less than 1, then
Sn =
a (1 r n )
a
ar n
=
(1 r ) 1 r 1 r
a
1 r
For examples
(i)
(ii)
1 1 1
1
1 + + 2 + 3 + ... =
= 2.
1
2 2 2
1
2
1 1 1
1 + 2 3 + ... =
2 2 2
1
1
2
=
=
1 3
1
1 1+
2
2
EXERCISE 9.4
Find the sum to infinity in each of the following Geometric Progression.
1.
1,
1 1
, , ... (Ans. 1.5)
3 9
3.
5,
20 80
35
, ,... (Ans.
)
7 49
3
4.
5.
6.
3 3 3
, , ,...
4 16 64
(Ans. 7.5)
(Ans.
3
)
5
xy
1 + ab + a2b2 + ... = x + y 1
CHAPTER 10
10.6 Equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines
Let the two intersecting lines l1 and l2 be given by
A1 x + B1 y + C1
= 0
(1)
and
A 2 x + B2 y + C 2 = 0
From the equations (1) and (2), we can form an equation
A1 x + B1 y + C1 + k ( A 2 x + B2 y + C2 )
= 0
(2)
(3)
where k is an arbitrary constant called parameter. For any value of k, the equation (3) is of first degree in
x and y. Hence it represents a family of lines. A particular member of this family can be obtained for some
value of k. This value of k may be obtained from other conditions.
Example 20 Find the equation of line parallel to the y-axis and drawn through the point of intersection of
x 7y + 5 = 0 and 3x + y 7 = 0
Soluion The equation of any line through the point of intersection of the given lines is of the form
x 7 y + 5 + k (3 x + y 7) = 0
i.e., (1 + 3k ) x + ( k 7) y + 5 7 k = 0
(1)
If this line is parallel to y-axis, then the coefficient of y should be zero, i.e., k 7 = 0 which gives
k = 7.
Substituting this value of k in the equation (1), we get
22x 44 = 0, i.e., x 2 = 0, which is the required equation.
EXERCISE 10.4
1.
Find the equation of the line through the intersection of lines 3x + 4y = 7 and x y + 2 = 0 and
whose slope is 5.
(Ans. 35x 7y + 18 = 0 )
2.
Find the equation of the line through the intersection of lines x + 2y 3 = 0 and 4x y + 7 =0 and
which is parallel to 5x + 4y 20 = 0
(Ans. 15x + 12y 7 = 0)
3.
Find the equation of the line through the intersection of the lines 2x + 3y 4 = 0 and
x 5y = 7 that has its x-intercept equal to 4.
(Ans. 10x + 93y + 40 = 0. )
4.
Find the equation of the line through the intersection of 5x 3y = 1 and 2x + 3y 23 = 0 and
perpendicular to the line 5x 3y 1 = 0.
(Ans. 63x + 105y 781 = 0.)
Y
Y'
2.
Find the new coordinates of the points in each of the following cases if the origin is shifted to the
point (3, 2) by a translation of axes.
(i) (1, 1)
(Ans (4, 3))
(ii) (0, 1)
(Ans. (3, 3))
(iii) (5, 0)
(Ans. (8, 2) )
(iv) (1, 2) (Ans. (2, 0))
(v) (3, 5)
(Ans. (6, 3))
Find what the following equations become when the origin is shifted to the point (1, 1)
(i) x 2 + xy 3 y 2 y + 2 = 0
(Ans. x 2 3 y 2 + xy + 3x 6 y + 1 = 0 )
(ii) xy y 2 x + y = 0
(Ans. xy y 2 = 0 )
(iii) xy x y + 1 = 0
(Ans. xy = 0 )
CHAPTER 13
10
Leonhard Euler (1707AD 1783AD), the great Swiss mathematician introduced the number e whose
value lies between 2 and 3. This number is useful in defining exponential function and is defined as
f (x) = ex, x R. Its domain is R, range is the set of positive real numbers. The graph of exponential
function, i.e., y = ex is as given in Fig.13.11.
Y
graph of y = e
Fig.13.11
Similarly, the logarithmic function expressed as log e : R + R is given by log e x = y , if and only
if ey = x. Its domain is R+ which is the set of all positive real numbers and range is R. The graph of
logarithmic function y = log e x is shown in Fig.13.12.
Y
graph of y = logex
Fig. 13.12
e x 1
= 1 , we make use of an inequality involving the expression
x
ex 1
which runs as follows:
x
x
1
e 1 1 + (e 2) |x| holds for all x in [1, 1] ~ {0}.
1+ x
x
11
e x 1
=1
Theorem 6 Prove that lim
x 0
x
Proof Using above inequality, we get
x
1
e 1 1 + | x| (e 2), x [1, 1] ~ {0}
1+ x
x
Also
lim
x 0
1
1
1
=
=
=1
1 + x 1 + lim x 1 + 0
x 0
and
x 0
lim
log e (1 + x )
=1
x
log e (1 + x)
= y . Then
x
log e (1 + x) = xy
1 + x = e xy
or
e xy 1
=1
x
e xy 1
.y = 1
xy
e xy 1
lim y = 1(since x 0 gives xy 0)
xy 0
xy x 0
lim
e xy 1
lim y = 1 as lim
= 1
x 0
xy 0 xy
log e (1 + x )
=1
x0
x
lim
e3 x 1
0
x
Solution We have
e3 x 1
e3 x 1
= lim
3
x 0
3 x 0
x
3x
e y 1
= 3 lim
, where y = 3 x
y 0 y
lim
= 3.1 = 3
12
e x sin x 1
Example 6 Compute lim
x 0
x
Solution We have lim
x 0
e x 1 sin x
e x sin x 1
= lim
x 0
x
x
x
ex 1
sin x
lim
= 11 = 0
x 0
x 0
x
x
= lim
log e x
x 1 x 1
Put x = 1 + h, then as x 1 h 0 . Therefore,
Example 7 Evaluate
Solution
lim
log e (1 + x)
log e x
log e (1 + h)
= 1 since lim
= 1
= lim
x0
x 1 x 1
h0
x
h
EXERCISE 13.2
Evaluate the following limits, if exist
lim
1.
e4 x 1
lim
x0
x
3.
e x e5
lim
x 5 x 5
5.
e x e3
lim
x 3 x 3
7.
lim
log e (1 + 2 x)
x 0
x
(Ans. 4)
5
(Ans. e )
3
(Ans. e )
(Ans. 2)
2.
lim
e 2+ x e 2
x 0
x
(Ans. e2)
4.
e sin x 1
lim
x 0
x
(Ans. 1)
6.
x(e x 1)
lim
x 0 1 cos x
(Ans. 2)
8.
lim
log (1 + x 3 )
x 0
sin 3 x
(Ans. 1)
13
Annexure II
CLASS XII
CHAPTER 5
Theorem 5 (To be inserted on page 173 under the heading theorem 5)
(i) Derivative of Exponential Function f(x) = ex.
If f(x) = ex, then
f '(x) = lim
x 0
f ( x + x) f ( x)
x
e x +x e x
= lim
x 0
x
ex 1
= e lim
x 0 x
x
eh 1
= e 1 [since lim
= 1]
h 0
h
x
Thus,
d x
(e ) = e x .
dx
log e ( x + x) log e x
x 0
x
f '(x) = lim
x
log e 1 +
= lim
x 0
x
x
log e 1 +
1
x
lim
= x0 x
x
x
=
Thus,
1
log e (1 + h)
[since lim
= 1]
h0
x
h
d
1
log e x =
dx
x
14
CHAPTER 7
( px + q)
7.6.3.
ax 2 + bx + c dx.
2
px + q = A ( ax + bx + c) + B
dx
= A(2ax + b) + B
Comparing the coefficients of x and the constant terms on both sides, we get
2aA = p and Ab + B = q
Solving these equations, the values of A and B are obtained. Thus, the integral reduces to
A (2ax + b) ax 2 + bx + c dx + B ax 2 + bx + c dx
= AI1 + BI 2
where
I1 =
(2ax + b)
ax 2 + bx + c dx
I1 =
3
2
(ax 2 + bx + c) 2 + C1
3
I2 =
ax 2 + bx + c dx
is found, using the integral formula discussed in [7.6.2, Page 328 of the textbook].
2
Thus ( px + q ) ax + bx + c dx is finally worked out.
2
Example 25 Find x 1+ x x dx
1 + x x2 + B
x = A
dx
= A (1 2x) + B
Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides,
We get 2A = 1 and A + B = 0
Solving these equations, we get A =
1
1
and B = . Thus the integral reduces to
2
2
15
2
x 1+ x x dx =
1
1
2
(1
2
)
1
+
+
1 + x x 2 dx
x
x
x
dx
2
2
1
2
= I1 +
Consider
I1 =
1
I2
2
(1 2 x)
(1)
1 + x x 2 dx
I1 =
2
(1 2 x) 1 + x x dx =
1
2 23
2
t
dt
=
t + C1
3
2
2 2
= (1 + x x ) + C1 , where C1 is some constant.
3
Further, consider
Put x
I2 =
1 + x x dx =
5
2
t dt
2
5
1
x dx
4
2
1
= t. Then dx = dt
2
2
Therefore,
I2 =
1 5 2 1 5 1 2t
t
t + sin
+ C2
2 4
2 4
5
1 ( 2 x 1) 5
1
5
2x 1
( x ) 2 + sin 1
+ C2
2
2
4
2
8
5
1
5
2x 1
(2 x 1) 1 + x x 2 + sin 1
+ C2 , where C2
4
8
5
is some constant.
(1
+
)
+ (2 x 1) 1 + x x 2
x
1+
x
x
dx
x
x
=
3
8
where
C =
5
2x 1
sin 1
+ C,
16
5
C1 + C 2
is another arbitrary constant.
2
16
12. x x + x 2
14. ( x + 3) 3 4 x x 2
Answers
12.
13.
14.
3
1 2
(2 x + 1) x 2 + x 1
1
2
( x + x)
+ log | x + + x 2 + x | + C
3
8
16
2
3
1
x
3 2
3
2
(2 x + 3) 2 +
2x2 + 3 +
log x + x 2 + + C
6
2
4
2
3
1
7 1 x + 2 ( x + 2) 3 4 x x 2
2 2
(3 4 x x ) + sin
+C
+
3
2
2
7
CHAPTER 10
10.7
r r
Scalar triple product Let a , b and c be any three vectors. The scalar product of a and
r r
r r
r r r
r
(b c ) , i.e., a (b c ) is called the scalar triple product of a , b and c in this order and is denoted by
rrr
r r r
[ a , b , c ] (or [ a b c ]). We thus have
r r r
r r
[ a , b , c ] = a (b c )
Observations
1.
r r
r r r
r r
2.
Geometrically, the magnitude of the scalar triple
product is the volume of a parallelopiped
formed by adjacent
r r
r
sides given by the three vectors a , b and c (Fig. 10.28).
Indeed, the area of the parallelogram forming the base of the
r
r
r
a along the normal to the plane containing b and c which is
r r
r
the magnitude of the component of a in the direction of b c
r r r
a .(b c )
i.e., r r . So the required volume of the parallelopiped
(b c )
Fig. 10.28
r r r
a .(b c ) r r r r r
is r r | b c | = a .(b c ) ,
(b c )
3.
r
r
r
If a = a1i + a2 j + a3k, b = b1i + b2 j + b3k and c = c1i + c2 j + c3k, then
17
k
b3
c3
i j
r r b1 b2
b c =
c1 c2
r r r
a.(b c ) = a1 (b2c3 b3c2 ) + a2 (b3c1 b1c3 ) + a3 (b1c2 b2c1 )
a1
= b1
c1
4.
a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3
r r
r r r
r r r
r r r
[ a, b , c ] = [ b , c , a ] = [ c , a, b ]
(cyclic permutation of three vectors does not change the value of the scalar triple product).
r
r
r
Let a = a1i + a2 j + a3 k, b = b1i + b2 j + b3k and c = c1i + c2 j3k. Then, just by observation
above, we have
a1
r
r r = b1
[ ab
, ,c]
c1
a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3
b1 b2 b3
= c1 c2 c3
a1 a2 a3
r r r
= [ b, c, a ]
Similarly, the reader may verify that
r r r
r r r
= [ a, b , c ] = [ c , a, b ]
Hence
r r r
r r r
r r r
[ a, b , c ] = [ b , c , a ] = [ c , a, b ]
r r r
5.
In scalar triple product a .(b c ) , the dot and cross can be interchanged. Indeed,
6.
r r r
r r r
r r r
r r r
r r r
r r r
a .(b c ) = [ a , b , c ] = [ b , c , a ] = [ c , a , b ] = c .( a b ) = ( a b ). c
r r r
r r r
= [ a , b , c ] = [ a , c , b ]. Indeed
18
r r r
r r r
= [ a , b , c ] = a .(b c )
r r
= a .( c b )
r r r
= ( a .(c b ))
r r r
= a , c , b
r r r
7.
[a , a , b ] = 0. Indeed
r r r
r r r
[a , a , b ] = [a , b , a , ]
r r r
= [b , a , a ]
r r r
= b .( a a )
r r
r r r
= b .0 = 0.
(as a a = 0)
Note: The result in 7 above is true irrespective of the position of two equal vectors.
10.7.1 Coplanarity of three vectors
r r
r
r r r
Theorem 1 Three vectors a , b and c are coplanar if and only if a (b c ) = 0 .
r r
r
Proof : Suppose first that the vectors a , b and c are coplanar.
r r r
r
r r r
r
If b and c are parallel vectors, then, b c = 0 and so a (b c ) = 0 .
r r
r r
r
r
r
r
If b and c are not parallel then, since a , b and c are coplanar, b c is perpendicular to a .
r r
So a (b c ) = 0 .
r r
Conversely, suppose that a (b c ) = 0 . If a and b cr are both non-zero, then we conclude that a
r
r r
r
r
r
r
and b cr are perpendicular vectors. But b c is perpendicular to both b and c . Therefore a and b
r
r
r
and c must lie in the plane, i.e. they are coplanar. If a = 0, then a is coplanar with any two vectors, in
r r
r r
particular with b and c . If (b c ) = 0 , then b and c are parallel vectors and so, a , b and c are
coplanar since any two vectors always lie in a plane determined by them and a vector which is parallel to
any one of it also lies in that plane.
Note: Coplanarity of four points can be discussed using coplanarity of three vectors. Indeed, the four
uuur uuur
uuur
points A, B, C and D are coplanar if the vectors AB, AC and AD are coplanar.
r
r r r
r
r
Example 26: Find a .(b c ), if a = 2i + j + 3k, b = i + 2 j + k and c = 3i + j + 2k .
2 1 3
r r r
Solution : We have a .(b c ) = 1 2 1 = 10.
3 1 2
r
r
r
Example 27: Show that the vectors a = i 2 j + 3k, b = 2i + 3 j 4 k and c = i 3 j + 5k are
coplanar.
1 2 3
r r r
Solution : We have a .(b c ) = 2 2 4 = 0.
1 3 5
19
r r
1 3 1
2 1 1 = 0.
1 ( 3 + 7) 3 (6 + ) + 1 ( 14 + ) = 0
= 0.
Example 29: Show that the four points A, B, C and D with position vectors
4i + 5 j + k, ( j + k ), 3i + 9 j + 4k and 4( i + j + k ) , respectively are coplanar.
uuur uuur
uuur
Solution : We know that the four points A, B, C and D are coplanar if the three vectors AB, AC and AD
are coplanar, i.e., if
uuur uuur uuur
AB, AC, AD = 0
uuur
Now AB = ( j + k) (4i + 5 j + k ) = 4i 6 j 2k)
uuur
AC = (3i + 9 j + 4k) (4i + 5 j + k) = i + 4 j + 3k
uuur
and
AD = 4( i + j + k ) (4i + 5 j + k ) = 8i j + 3k
Thus
4 6 2
uuur uuur uuur
AB, AC, AD = 1 4 3 = 0.
8 1
r r r r r r r r r r
= ( a + b ).(b c + b a + c c + c a )
r r r
r r r r r r r r
(as c c = 0 )
= (a + b ).(b c + b a + c a )
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
= a .(b c ) + a .(b a ) + a .(c a ) + b .(b c ) + b .(b a ) + b .( c a )
r r r
r r r
r r r
r r r
r r r
r r r
= a , b , c + a , b , a + [ a , c , a ] + b , b , c + b , b , a + b , c , a
20
r r r
= 2 a , b , c
(Why ?)
r r r r
r r r
r r r
Example 31 : Prove that a , b , c + d = a , b , c + [a , b , d ]
Solution We have
r
r
r
r
ar, b , cr + d = ar .(b (cr + d ))
r r r r r
= a .(b c + b d )
r r r r r r
= a .(b c ) + a .(b d )
r r r
r r r
= a , b , c + a , b , d
1.
EXERCISE 10.5
r
rrr
r
Find a b c if a = i 2 j + 3k, b = 2i 3 j + k and c = 3i + j 2k
(Answer : 24)
2.
3.
4.
5.
r
r
r
Show that the vectors a = i 2 j + 3k, b = 2i + 3 j 4k and c = i 3 j + 5k are coplanar.
r r
(a)
(b)
r r
6.
7.
Find x such that the four points A (3, 2, 1) B (4, x, 5), C (4, 2, 2) and D (6, 5, 1) are
coplanar.
(Answer x = 5)
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r r
Show that the vectors a , b and c coplanar if a + b , b + c and c + a are coplanar.
21
MATHEMATICS