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Giao Trinh Thiet Ke Xay Dung Mang Lan Wan
Giao Trinh Thiet Ke Xay Dung Mang Lan Wan
GIO TRNH
THIT K V XY DNG MNG LAN V WAN
H ni, 01/2004
MC LC
Li m u ............................................................................................................... 1
1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
1.1.5.1
1.1.5.2
1.1.5.3
1.1.6
1.2
1.1.6.1
TCP/IP ...................................................................................... 14
1.1.6.2
NetBEUI ................................................................................... 14
1.1.6.3
IPX/SPX ................................................................................... 14
1.1.6.4
DECnet...................................................................................... 14
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.3
1.2.2.1
1.2.2.2
1.2.2.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
Dch v WAIS.................................................................................. 33
1.3.5
1.3.6
1.4
Tm tt chng 1..................................................................................... 35
1.5
Bi tp thc hnh:.................................................................................... 36
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.5.4
2.1.1
Cu trc tp ca mng.................................................................... 40
2.1.1.1
2.1.1.2
2.1.1.3
2.1.1.4
2.1.2
2.1.2.1
2.1.2.3
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.4.1
Cp xon ................................................................................... 47
2.1.4.2
Cp ng trc............................................................................ 47
2.1.4.3
2.1.4.4
2.1.4.5
2.1.5
2.1.5.1
B lp tn hiu (Repeater)......................................................... 52
2.1.5.2
B tp trung (Hub).................................................................... 53
2.1.5.3
Cu (Bridge) ............................................................................. 54
2.1.5.4
2.1.5.5
B nh tuyn(Router) .............................................................. 58
2.1.5.6
2.1.6
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.2.1
II
2.2.2.2
2.2.2.3
2.2.2.4
2.2.3
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.1.1
2.3.1.2
2.3.1.3
2.3.1.4
2.3.1.5
2.3.2
2.3.2.1
2.3.2.2
2.3.3
2.4
2.3.3.1
2.3.3.2
2.3.3.3
2.3.3.4
2.4.1
2.4.1.1
2.4.1.2
2.4.2
Cc yu cu thit k ......................................................................... 80
2.4.3
Cc bc thit k.............................................................................. 81
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.1.1
2.5.1.2
2.5.1.3
2.5.2
2.6
Tm tt chng 2..................................................................................... 90
2.7
Bi tp thc hnh..................................................................................... 91
2.7.1
III
2.7.2
2.7.3
2.7.4
2.7.5
3.1.1
3.1.1.1
3.1.1.2
3.1.1.3
3.1.2
3.1.2.1
3.1.2.2
3.1.2.3
3.1.3
3.1.3.1
3.1.4
3.1.4.2
3.1.4.3
3.1.4.4
3.1.4.5
3.1.4.6
3.2.1
3.2.1.1
3.2.1.2
3.2.2
3.3
3.1.4.1
3.1.5
3.2
3.2.2.1
3.2.2.2
3.2.2.3
3.2.2.4
IV
3.4
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
Li m u
Ngy nay h tng mng my tnh(HTMMT) l phn khng th thiu trong cc h
thng thng tin phc v vn hnh cc t chc hay cc cng ty. phc v cho
vic hun luyn cc kin thc c bn v HTMMT cho cc cn b xy dng v
qun l cc d n cng ngh thng tin(CNTT), cc cn b ph trch CNTT v cc
chuyn vin tin hc trong khun kh n 112. chng ti t chc thc hin vic
bin son ti liu v Thit k v xy dng cc mng LAN v WAN.
Ti liu c bin son m bo cc yu cu:
Gip hc vin hiu c cc kin thc c bn v mng, c bit v mng
chy trn b giao thc TCP/IP. Trnh by c bn v cc kiu truyn thng v
cc phng php iu khin truy cp trong LAN v WAN.
Sau khi kt thc kha hc, hc vin c th tham gia thit k, qun l thit
k v xy dng cc mng LAN v WAN phc v cho mc tiu ca n 112.
Ti liu ny cng l phn kin thc c bn gip hc vin hc tip cc gio trnh
v qun tr mng LAN v WAN.
Trong khun kh hp ng ca Vin Cng ngh thng tin - Vin khoa hc v
cng ngh Vit nam vi ban iu hnh n tin hc ho qun l hnh chnh nh
nc giai on 2001-2005(BH n 112). Ti liu ny c nhm chuyn gia
v mng my tnh Phng h thng mng v h tng CNTT v cng ty NetNam Vin cng ngh thng tin - Vin khoa hc v cng ngh Vit nam t chc bin
son. Phn phn bin do cc chuyn gia v mng my tnh Vin cng ngh thng
tin i hc quc gia thc hin.
Qu trnh bin son c tin hnh theo hai bc:
Bc 1: bin son cng chi tit, thc hin phn bin gp , ph duyt
ca BH n 112.
Bc 2: thc hin bin son theo cng chi tit c duyt.
bin son ti liu ny cc tc gi tham kho cc ti liu ca cc cng ty ln
v mng nh CISCO, Nortel,... cc ti liu ging dy v thit k LAN v WAN
ca cc trung tm o to ln trn th gii v trong nc. ti liu n gin, d
hiu, va , hng thc hnh, cp nht, v ph hp vi iu kin Vit nam,
chng ti cht lc v b sung nhng yu t v cng ngh v k thut , ang
v s trin khai trong tng lai gn Vit nam.
Ti liu c b cc lm ba chng:
Mng my tnh ra i xut pht t nhu cu mun chia s v dng chung d liu.
Khng c h thng mng th d liu trn cc my tnh c lp mun chia s vi
nhau phi thng qua vic in n hay sao chp qua a mm, CD ROM, iu ny
a phng hot ng
o Mng LAN s dng trong mt khu vc a l nh.
o Mng WAN cho php kt ni cc my tnh cc khu vc a l khc
nhau, trn mt phm vi rng.
Tc kt ni v t l li bit
o Mng LAN c tc kt ni v tin cy cao.
o Mng WAN c tc kt ni khng th qu cao m bo t l li
bit c th chp nhn c.
Phng thc truyn thng:
o Mng LAN ch yu s dng cng ngh Ethernet, Token Ring, ATM
o Mng WAN s dng nhiu cng ngh nh Chuyn mch vng
(Circuit Switching Network), chuyn mch gi (Packet Switching
Network), ATM (Cell relay), chuyn mch khung (Frame Relay),
Trn quan im m hnh mng phn tng tng mi tng ch thc hin mt chc
nng l nhn d liu t tng bn trn chuyn giao xung cho tng bn di v
ngc li. Chc nng ny thc cht l gn thm v g b phn u (header) i
vi cc gi tin trc khi chuyn n i. Ni cch khc, tng gi tin bao gm phn
u (header) v phn d liu. Khi i n mt tng mi gi tin s c ng thm
mt phn u khc v c xem nh l gi tin ca tng mi, cng vic trn tip
din cho ti khi gi tin c truyn ln ng dy mng n bn nhn.
Ti bn nhn cc gi tin c g b phn u trn tng tng tng ng v y
cng l nguyn l ca bt c m hnh phn tng no.
1.1.5.2 Cc chc nng ch yu ca cc tng ca m hnh OSI.
Tng Vt l (Physical)
Tng vt l (Physical layer) l tng di cng ca m hnh OSI l. N m t cc
c trng vt l ca mng: Cc loi cp c dng ni cc thit b, cc loi u
ni c dng , cc dy cp c th di bao nhiu v.v... Mt khc cc tng vt l
Tng mng (network layer) nhm n vic kt ni cc mng vi nhau bng cch
tm ng (routing) cho cc gi tin t mt mng ny n mt mng khc. N xc
nh vic chuyn hng, vch ng cc gi tin trong mng, cc gi ny c th
phi i qua nhiu chng trc khi n c ch cui cng. N lun tm cc tuyn
truyn thng khng tc nghn a cc gi tin n ch.
Tng mng cung cc cc phng tin truyn cc gi tin qua mng, thm ch qua
mt mng ca mng (network of network). Bi vy n cn phi p ng vi nhiu
kiu mng v nhiu kiu dch v cung cp bi cc mng khc nhau. hai chc nng
ch yu ca tng mng l chn ng (routing) v chuyn tip (relaying). Tng
mng l quan trng nht khi lin kt hai loi mng khc nhau nh mng Ethernet
vi mng Token Ring khi phi dng mt b tm ng (quy nh bi tng
mng) chuyn cc gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc v ngc li.
i vi mt mng chuyn mch gi (packet - switched network) - gm tp hp
cc nt chuyn mch gi ni vi nhau bi cc lin kt d liu. Cc gi d liu
c truyn t mt h thng m ti mt h thng m khc trn mng phi c
chuyn qua mt chui cc nt. Mi nt nhn gi d liu t mt ng vo
(incoming link) ri chuyn tip n ti mt ng ra (outgoing link) hng n
ch ca d liu. Nh vy mi nt trung gian n phi thc hin cc chc nng
chn ng v chuyn tip.
Vic chn ng l s la chn mt con ng truyn mt n v d liu (mt
gi tin chng hn) t trm ngun ti trm ch ca n. Mt k thut chn ng
phi thc hin hai chc nng chnh sau y:
Quyt nh chn ng ti u da trn cc thng tin c v mng ti
thi im thng qua nhng tiu chun ti u nht nh.
Cp nht cc thng tin v mng, tc l thng tin dng cho vic chn
ng, trn mng lun c s thay i thng xuyn nn vic cp nht l
vic cn thit.
Ngi ta c hai phng thc p ng cho vic chn ng l phng thc x l
tp trung v x l ti ch.
Phng thc chn ng x l tp trung c c trng bi s tn ti ca
mt (hoc vi) trung tm iu khin mng, chng thc hin vic lp ra cc
bng ng i ti tng thi im cho cc nt v sau gi cc bng chn
ng ti tng nt dc theo con ng c chn . Thng tin tng
10
11
liu c truyn trn mng, tng giao dch m bo cho cc giao dch c thit
lp v duy tr theo ng qui nh.
Tng giao dch cn cung cp cho ngi s dng cc chc nng cn thit qun
tr cc giao dnh ng dng ca h, c th l:
iu phi vic trao i d liu gia cc ng dng bng cch thit lp v
gii phng (mt cch lgic) cc phin (hay cn gi l cc hi thoi dialogues)
Cung cp cc im ng b kim sot vic trao i d liu.
p t cc qui tc cho cc tng tc gia cc ng dng ca ngi s dng.
Cung cp c ch "ly lt" (nm quyn) trong qu trnh trao i d liu.
Trong trng hp mng l hai chiu lun phin th ny sinh vn : hai ngi s
dng lun phin phi "ly lt" truyn d liu. Tng giao dch duy tr tng tc
lun phin bng cch bo cho mi ngi s dng khi n lt h c truyn d
liu. Vn ng b ha trong tng giao dch cng c thc hin nh c ch
kim tra/phc hi, dch v ny cho php ngi s dng xc nh cc im ng b
ha trong dng d liu ang chuyn vn v khi cn thit c th khi phc vic hi
thoi bt u t mt trong cc im
mt thi im ch c mt ngi s dng quyn c bit c gi cc dch v
nht nh ca tng giao dch, vic phn b cc quyn ny thng qua trao i th
bi (token). V d: Ai c c token s c quyn truyn d liu, v khi ngi gi
token trao token cho ngi khc thi cng c ngha trao quyn truyn d liu cho
ngi .
Tng giao dch c cc hm c bn sau:
Give Token cho php ngi s dng chuyn mt token cho mt ngi s
dng khc ca mt lin kt giao dch.
Please Token cho php mt ngi s dng cha c token c th yu cu
token .
Give Control dng chuyn tt c cc token t mt ngi s dng sang
mt ngi s dng khc.
Tng Th hin (Presentation)
Trong giao tip gia cc ng dng thng qua mng vi cng mt d liu c th c
nhiu cch biu din khc nhau. Thng thng dng biu din dng bi ng dng
ngun v dng biu din dng bi ng dng ch c th khc nhau do cc ng
dng c chy trn cc h thng hon ton khc nhau (nh h my Intel v h
12
my Motorola). Tng th hin (Presentation layer) phi chu trch nhim chuyn
i d liu gi i trn mng t mt loi biu din ny sang mt loi khc. t
c iu n cung cp mt dng biu din chung dng truyn thng v cho
php chuyn i t dng biu din cc b sang biu din chung v ngc li.
Tng th hin cng c th c dng k thut m ha xo trn cc d liu trc
khi c truyn i v gii m u n bo mt. Ngoi ra tng th hin cng
c th dng cc k thut nn sao cho ch cn mt t byte d liu th hin thng
tin khi n c truyn trn mng, u nhn, tng trnh by bung tr li c
d liu ban u.
Tng ng dng (Application)
Tng ng dng (Application layer) l tng cao nht ca m hnh OSI, n xc nh
giao din gia ngi s dng v mi trng OSI v gii quyt cc k thut m cc
chng trnh ng dng dng giao tip vi mng.
1.1.5.3 Lung d liu trong OSI
Hnh 1-4: lung d liu trong OSI (PDU: protocol data unit)
13
14
15
dng c cung cp trong tng ny, m ph bin l: Telnet: s dng trong vic
truy cp mng t xa, FTP (File Transfer Protocol): dch v truyn tp, Email: dch
v th tn in t, WWW (World Wide Web).
Cng tng t nh trong m hnh OSI, khi truyn d liu, qu trnh tin hnh t
tng trn xung tng di, qua mi tng d liu c thm vo mt thng tin iu
khin c gi l phn header. Khi nhn d liu th qu trnh xy ra ngc li, d
liu c truyn t tng di ln v qua mi tng th phn header tng ng c
ly i v khi n tng trn cng th d liu khng cn phn header na. Hnh v
1.7 cho ta thy lc d liu qua cc tng. Trong hnh v ny ta thy ti cc tng
khc nhau d liu c mang nhng thut ng khc nhau:
Trong tng ng dng d liu l cc lung c gi l stream.
Trong tng giao vn, n v d liu m TCP gi xung tng di gi l
TCP segment.
Trong tng mng, d liu m IP gi ti tng di c gi l IP datagram.
Trong tng lin kt, d liu c truyn i gi l frame.
16
TCP/IP
Network Layer
Internet Layer
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
Session
Layer,
Presentation
Application Layer
S khc nhau gia TCP/IP v OSI ch l:
Tng ng dng trong m hnh TCP/IP bao gm lun c 3 tng trn ca m
hnh OSI
Tng giao vn trong m hnh TCP/IP khng phi lun m bo tin cy
ca vic truyn tin nh trong tng giao vn ca m hnh OSI m cho
php thm mt la chn khc l UDP
17
2
MF
18
19
7-bits
Class A
Class B
24-bits
netid
hostid
1 0
Class C
14-bits
16-bits
netid
hostid
1 1 0
21-bits
8-bits
netid
hostid
28-bits
Class D
1 1 1 0
multicast group ID
27-bits
Class E
1 1 1 1 0
Khong a ch
0.0.0.0 n 127.255.255.255
128.0.0.0 n 191.255.255.255
192.0.0.0 n 223.255.255.255
224.0.0.0 n 239.255.255.255
240.0.0.0 n 247.255.255.255
Bng cc lp a ch Internet
Ngoi ra cn mt s a ch c quy nh dng ring (private address). Cc a
ch ny ch c ngha trong mng ca tng t chc nht nh m khng c nh
tuyn trn Internet. Vic s dng cc a ch ny khng cn phi xin cp php.
V d: 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
Cch chuyn i a ch IP t dng nh phn sang thp phn:
V d:
Dng Thp phn
Dng Nh phn
11001011
10100010
00000111
01011100
203.162.7.92
20
00001001
01000011
00100110
00000001
9.67.38.1
11001011.10100010.00000111.01011100 203.162.7.92
11001011
27 + 26 + 23 + 21 + 20 = 128 + 64 + 8 +2 + 1 = 203
10100010
27 + 25 +21 = 128 + 32 + 2 = 162
00000111
22 + 21 +20 = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7
01011100
26 + 24 + 23 + 22 = 64 + 16 + 8 + 4 = 92
a ch mng con:
i vi cc a ch lp A, B s trm trong mt mng l qu ln v trong thc t
thng khng c mt s lng trm ln nh vy kt ni vo mt mng n l. a
ch mng con cho php chia mt mng ln thnh cc mng con nh hn. Ngi
qun tr mng c th dng mt s bit u tin ca trng hostid trong a ch IP
t a ch mng con. Chng hn i vi mt a ch thuc lp A, vic chia a ch
mng con c th c thc hin nh sau:
21
Mt n a ch mng con:
Bn cnh a ch IP, mt trm cng cn c bit vic nh dng a ch mng
con: bao nhiu bit trong trng hostid c dng cho phn a ch mng con
(subnetid). Thng tin ny c ch ra trong mt n a ch mng con (subnet mask).
Subnet mask cng l mt s 32 bit vi cc bit tng ng vi phn netid v
subnetid c dt bng 1 cn cc bit cn li c t bng 0.
Nh vy, a ch thc ca mt trm s l hp ca a ch IP v subnet mask.
V d vi a ch lp C: 203.162.7.92, trong :
203.162.7
a ch mng
92
a ch IP ca trm
203.162.7.64
(Subnet address)
a ch trm: trm th 28 trong Subnet 203.162.7.64
Trong thc t subnet mask thng c vit km vi a ch IP theo dng thu gn
sau: 203.162.7.92/27; trong 27 chnh l s bit c t gi tr l 1 (gm cc bit
thuc a ch mng v cc bit dng cho Subnet). Nh vy y ta c th hiu ngay
c vi subnet mask l 27 th tng ng vi 11111111.11111111.11111111.111
- - - - -.
Cc a ch IP c bit: c 7 loi a ch IP c bit c m t nh trong bng
sau:
a ch IP
Vai tr
ch
ch
ngun
ch
M t
khng
hostID
khng
127
Bt k
a ch phn hi
khng
22
c chuyn tip)
netID
khng
netID subnetID 1
khng
netID 1
khng
Bng cc a ch IP c bit
Trong bng trn, 0 ngha l tt c cc bit ca trng u bng 0, cn 1 ngha l tt
c cc bit ca trng u bng 1.
Phn mnh v hp nht cc gi IP
Phn mnh d liu l mt trong nhng chc nng quan trng ca giao thc IP. Khi
tng IP nhn c IP datagram gi i, IP s so snh kch thc ca datagram
vi kch thc cc i cho php MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit), v tng d liu
qui nh kch thc ln nht ca Frame c th truyn ti c, v s phn mnh
nu ln hn. Mt IP datagram b phn mnh s c ghp li bi tng IP ca trm
nhn vi cc thng tin t phn header nh identification, flag v fragment offset.
Tuy nhin nu mt phn ca datagram b mt trn ng truyn th ton b
datagram phi c truyn li.
Mt s giao thc iu khin
Giao thc ICMP
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) l mt giao thc ca lp IP,
c dng trao i cc thng tin iu khin dng s liu, thng bo li
v cc thng tin trng thi khc ca TCP/IP. V d:
iu khin dng truyn (Flow Control): khi cc gi d liu n qu nhanh,
trm ch hoc mt gateway gia s gi mt thng ip ICMP tr li ni
gi, yu cu ni gi tm thi dng vic gi d liu.
Thng bo li: trong trng hp a ch ch l khng ti c th h
thng s gi mt thng bo li Destination Unreachable.
nh hng cc tuyn ng: mt gateway s gi mt thng ip ICMP
Redirect Router ni vi mt trm l nn dng gateway khc. Thng
ip ny c th ch c dng khi m trm ngun trn cng mt mng
vi c hai gateway.
Kim tra cc trm xa: mt trm c th gi mt thng ip ICMP Echo
i bit c liu mt trm xa c hot ng hay khng.
23
24
25
26
27
28
Cc a ch IPv6 di 128 bit, khi vit mi nhm 16 bit c biu din thnh
mt s nguyn khng du di dng h 16 v c phn tch bi du hai
chm (:),
V d: FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210
Trn thc t a ch IPv6 thng c nhiu s 0, v d a ch:
1080:0000:0000:0000:0008:0800:200C:417A. Do c ch nn a ch
c dng biu din d dng hn cc loi a ch dng ny. Ta khng
cn vit cc s 0 u mi nhm, v d 0 thay cho 0000, 20 thay cho 0020.
a ch trong v d trn s tr thnh 1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A.
Hn na ta c th s dng k hiu :: ch mt chui s 0. a ch trong v
d trn s tr thnh: 1080::8:800:200C:417A. Do a ch IPv6 c di c
nh, ta c th tnh c s cc bit 0 m k hiu biu din.
Tin t a ch IPv6 c biu din theo k php CIDR nh IPv4 nh sau:
IPv6-address/prefix length
trong IPv6-address l bt k kiu biu din no, cn prefix length l
di tin t theo bit.
V d: biu din mng con c tin t 80 bit: 1080:0:0:0:8::/80.
Vi node address: 12AB:0:0:CD30:123:4567:89AB:CDEF,
prefix: 12AB:0:0:CD30::/60 c th vit tt thnh
12AB:0:0:CD30:123:4567:89AB:CDEF/60
1.2.2.2 Giao thc UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
UDP l giao thc khng lin kt, cung cp dch v giao vn khng tin cy c,
s dng thay th cho TCP trong tng giao vn . Khc vi TCP, UDP khng c
chc nng thit lp v gii phng lin kt, khng c c ch bo nhn (ACK),
khng sp xp tun t cc n v d liu (datagram) n v c th dn n tnh
trng mt hoc trng d liu m khng h c thng bo li cho ngi gi. Khun
dng ca UDP datagram c m t nh sau :
29
30
31
32
33
giao tip vi mt FTP server th trnh duyt Web hot ng nh mt FTP client v
dng giao thc FTP. Trnh duyt Web c th thc hin cc cng vic khc nh ghi
trang Web vo a, gi Email, tm kim xu k t trn trang Web, hin th tp
HTML ngun ca trang Web, v.v Hin nay c hai trnh duyt Web c s
dng nhiu nht l Internet Explorer v Netscape, ngoi ra cn mt s trnh duyt
khc nh Opera, Mozila,
34
1.4 Tm tt chng 1
Trong chng ny gii thiu cc kin thc v khi nim c bn v h thng mng
nh:
Cc kin thc v khi nim c bn v LAN/WAN,
Cc kin thc v khi nim c bn v mng ton cu Internet,
Cc kin thc tng quan v m hnh OSI,
Cc kin thc tng quan v b giao thc TCP/IP, v c bit gii thiu su
v giao thc lin mng IP (IPv4), to c s nn tng cho cc hc vin
trc khi i vo phn thit k LAN/WAN trong cc phn sau.
35
Chng ny cng gii thiu v giao thc lin mng th h mi IPv6, gip
cho hc vin nm bt c cc xu hng mi trong vic pht trin cc b
giao thc mng.
Trong chng ny cng gii thiu mt s cc dch v c bn trn mng
v ang c ng dng rng ri.
Trn c s kin thc ca chng 1, phn tip theo ca gio trnh s i su
trnh by cc kin thc v cc vn lin quan khi thit k mng LAN,
mng WAN.
36
7-bits
Class A
Class B
Class C
24-bits
netid
1 0
hostid
14-bits
16-bits
netid
hostid
1 1 0
21-bits
8-bits
netid
hostid
28-bits
Class D
1 1 1 0
multicast group ID
27-bits
Class E
1 1 1 1 0
Lp
Khong a ch
0.0.0.0 n 127.255.255.255
128.0.0.0 n 191.255.255.255
192.0.0.0 n 223.255.255.255
224.0.0.0 n 239.255.255.255
240.0.0.0 n 247.255.255.255
37
01011100
26 + 24 + 23 + 22 = 64 + 16 + 8 + 4 = 92
Hng dn cch nh a ch IP v Subnet mask. a ra cc lp a ch IP v cc
yu cu chia nh lp a ch hc vin thc hnh.
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 = 255.255.0.0 16
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 = 255.255.255.0 24
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 = 255.255.255.224 27
Yu cu hc vin: nm vng cch nh IP v Subnet mask. Thc hnh thnh tho
vic nh IP v Subnet mask.
38
Gateway
Genmask
*
*
255.255.255.224 U
255.0.0.0
203.162.7.65 0.0.0.0
0
0
UG 0
0
0
0 eth0
0 eth0
0 lo
0
0 eth0
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Chun 802.5 dng cho mng dng xoay vng v trn c s dng tn hiu thm d
token. Mi trm khi nhn c tn hiu thm d token th tip nhn token v bt
u qu trnh truyn thng tin di dng cc khung tn hiu. Cc khung c cu trc
tng t nh ca chun 802.4. Phng php xm nhp mng ny quy nh nhiu
mc u tin khc nhau cho ton mng v cho mi trm, vic quy nh ny va cho
ngi thit k va do ngi s dng t quy nh.
46
47
Chiu
Cp xon cp
Cp ng trc
Cp ng trc
mng
dy
Bng ng, 2
Bng ng, 2
Thy tinh, 2
c 4 cp dy
dy,
dy,
si
(loi 3, 4, 5)
knh 5mm
knh 10mm
100m
185m
500m
1000m
30
100
Bng
di
ng,
ng
ng
Cp quang
on ti a
S u ni ti
a trn 1 on
Chy
10
Mbit/s
48
Chy
100
Khng
Khng
Chng nhiu
Tt
Tt
Rt tt
Hon ton
Bo mt
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Hon ton
tin cy
Tt
Trung bnh
Tt
Tt
Lp t
D dng
Trung bnh
Kh
Kh
Khc phc li
Tt
Tt
Qun l
D dng
Kh
Kh
Trung bnh
Chi ph cho 1
Rt thp
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
Mbit/s
trm
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
ring l 6000 bytes do vy nu mt trm trn mng token ring gi mt gi tin cho
trm trn mng Ethernet vi kch thc ln hn 1500 bytes th khi qua cu ni s
lng byte d s b cht b.
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
my tnh c th trao i thng tin trc tip vi nhau m khng cn qua my tnh
trung tm. M hnh mi ny lm thay i th gii cng ngh truyn thng.
Chun Ethernet 10Mbps u tin c xut bn nm 1980 bi s phi hp pht
trin ca 3 hng : DEC, Intel v Xerox. Chun ny c tn DIX Ethernet ( ly tn
theo 3 ch ci u ca tn cc hng).
U ban 802.3 ca IEEE ly DIX Ethernet lm nn tng pht trin. Nm 1985,
chun 802.3 u tin ra i vi tn IEEE 802.3 Carrier Sense Multiple
Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method vesus Physical
Layer Specification. Mc d khng s dng tn Ethernet nhng hu ht mi
ngi u hiu l chun ca cng ngh Ethernet. Ngy nay chun IEEE 802.3
l chun chnh thc ca Ethernet.
IEEE pht trin chun Ethernet trn nhiu cng ngh truyn dn khc nhau v
th c nhiu loi mng Ethernet.
64
65
+ Cc trm khc sau khi so snh a ch s b qua khng tip tc x l khung na.
Cc khung broadcast
Cc khung broadcast c a ch MAC ch l FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF ( 48 bit 1). Khi
nhn c cc khung ny, mc d khng trng vi a ch MAC ca giao tip
mng ca mnh nhng cc trm u phi nhn khung v tip tc x l.
Giao thc ARP s dng cc khung broadcast ny tm a ch MAC tng ng
vi mt a ch IP cho trc.
Mt s giao thc nh tuyn cng s dng cc khung broadcast cc router trao
i bng nh tuyn.
Cc khung multicast
Trm ngun gi khung ti mt s trm nht nh ch khng phi l tt c. a ch
MAC ch ca khung l a ch c bit m ch cc trm trong cng nhm mi
chp nhn cc khung gi ti a ch ny.
Note: a ch MAC ngun ca khung lun l a ch MAC ca giao tip mng to
ra khung. Trong khi a ch MAC ch ca khung th ph thuc vo mt trong
ba loi khung nu trn.
2.2.2.4 Hot ng ca Ethernet
Phng thc iu khin truy nhp CSMA/CD quy nh hot ng ca h thng
Ethernet.
Mt s khi nim c bn lin quan n qu trnh truyn khung Ethernet:
Khi tn hiu ang c truyn trn knh truyn, knh truyn lc ny bn v
ta gi trng thi ny l c sng mang carrier.
Khi ng truyn ri: khng c sng mang absence carrier.
Nu hai trm cng truyn khung ng thi th chng s pht hin ra s
xung t v phi thc hin li qu trnh truyn khung.
Khong thi gian mt giao tip mng khi phc li sau mi ln nhn
khung c gi l khong trng lin khung ( interframe gap) k hiu IFG.
Gi tr ca IFG bng 96 ln thi gian ca mt bit.
Ethernet 10Mb/s: IFG = 9,6 s
Ethernet 100Mb/s: IFG = 960 ns
Ethernet 1000Mb/s: IFG = 96 ns
Cch thc truyn khung v pht hin xung t din ra nh sau:
66
67
Hnh 2-18: Hai trm hai pha xa nht trong mng Ethernet 10Mb/s
Trong v d ny, trm 1 v trm 2 c xem nh hai trm hai pha xa nht ca
mng. Trm 1 truyn khung ti trm 2, ngay trc khi khung ny ti trm 2, trm
2 cng quyt nh truyn khung ( v n thy ng truyn ri).
mng Ethernet hot ng ng, mi my trm phi pht hin v thng bo s
xung t ti trm xa nht trong mng trc khi mt trm ngun hon thnh vic
truyn khung.
Khung Ethernet kch c nh nht l 512 bit (64 octet), do khong thi gian nh
nht pht hin v thng bo xung t l 512 ln thi gian mt bit.
Ethernet 10Mb/s : slot Time = 51,2 s
Ethernet 100Mb/s : slot Time = 5,12 s
Ethernet 1000Mb/s : slot Time = 512 ns
Trng hp vi phm thi gian slotTime, mng Ethernet s hot ng khng ng
na. Mi ln truyn khung, my trm s lu khung cn truyn trong b m cho
n khi n truyn thnh cng. Gi s mng khng p ng ng tham s slotTime.
Trm 1 truyn 512 bit thnh cng khng h b xung t, lc ny khung c xem
l truyn thnh cng v b xo khi b m. Do s pht hin xung t b tr, trm
1 lc ny mun truyn li khung cng khng c na v khung b xo khi b
m ri. Mng s khng hot ng ng.
Mt mng Ethernet c thit k ng phi tho mn iu kin sau:
Thi gian tr tng cng ln nht truyn khung Ethernet t trm ny ti trm
khc trn mng phi nh hn mt na slotTime.
Thi gian tr tng cng ni ti y bao gm tr qua cc thnh phn truyn
khung: tr truyn tn hiu trn cp ni, tr qua b repeater. Thi gian tr ca tng
thnh phn ph thuc vo c tnh ring ca chng. Cc nh sn xut thit b ghi
68
69
70
Hnh 2-20: Min xung t v min qung b khi phn on mng bng Repeater
71
Hnh 2-21: Lut 5-4-3 quy nh vic s dng Repeater lin kt mng
Hnh 2-22: Vic truyn khung tin din ra pha A khng xut hin bn pha B
72
73
74
Bng tng kt thc hin phn on mng bng cc thit b kt ni khc nhau:
Thit b
Min xung t
Min qung b
Repeater
Mt
Mt
Bridge
Nhiu
Mt
Router
Nhiu
Nhiu
Switch
Nhiu
Mt hoc nhiu
75
Khung tin c chuyn ngay thm ch trc khi b chuyn mch nhn dng bit
d liu. Khung tin i ra khi b chuyn mch trc khi n c nhn .
Cc b chuyn mch i mi c kh nng gim st cc cng ca n v quyt nh
s s dng phng php no thch hp nht. Chng c th t ng chuyn t
phng php chuyn ngay sang phng php lu-v-chuyn nu s li trn cng
vt qu mt ngng xc nh.
76
Hnh 2-28: Cu hnh cc b chuyn mch to thnh cc min qung b cho cc mng LAN o
77
Theo m hnh ny, cc thnh vin trong mng LAN o l cc my tnh cng thc
hin mt chc nng, ngi s dng trong cng mt nhm cng vic. Cc mng
LAN o thng c chia theo cc phng ban, v d Phng k ton, phng Bn
hng, Phng nghin cu... Cc ti nguyn khc chung ca mng s thuc v mt
hoc nhiu mng LAN o.
M hnh dch v.
Theo m hnh ny, cc mng LAN o c phn chia theo loi hnh dch v c th.
V d, tt c cc my tnh cn truy nhp ti dch v c th no s l thnh vin
ca cng mt mng LAN o. Cc my tnh c th l thnh vin ca nhiu mng
LAN o khc nhau tu thuc vo cc dch v m n cn truy nhp ti.
2.3.3.4 u im v nhc im ca mng LAN o
u im:
C th to ra mng LAN o, to ra cc nhm lm vic khng ph thuc
vo v tr ca thit b, chng hn, nhng ngi thuc cng nhm nghin
cu khng cn ngi cng mt phng hay cng mt tng trong to nh m
vn l cc thnh vin trong mt mng LAN o.
C th d dng di chuyn thit b t mng LAN o ny sang mng LAN
o khc.
Mng LAN o cho php kim sot kim sot cc min qung b v kim
sot tnh bo mt.
u im khc l bng vic s dng cc b chuyn mch thay cho cc b
nh tuyn, hiu nng lm vic t c cao hn, gi thnh r hn, kh
nng qun tr tt hn.
Nhc im:
Hin nay, chun chnh thc cho VLAN ( U ban IEEE 802.1q ang son tho)
cha c ph chun mc d chun ny c h tr bi nhiu nh cung cp. Do
cc thit lp v cu hnh VLAN ph thuc vo nh sn xut thit b.
78
Cu trc
Lp li (Core Layer): y l trc xng sng ca mng(backbone)
thng dng cc b chuyn mch c tc cao(high-speed switching),
thng c cc c tnh nh tin cy cao, c cng sut d tha, c kh
nng t khc phc li, c kh nng thch nghi cao, p ng nhanh, d qun
l, c kh nng lc gi, hay lc cc tin trnh ang truyn trong mng.
Lp phn tn (Distribution Layer) Lp phn tn l ranh gii gia lp truy
nhp v lp li ca mng. lp phn tn thc hin cc chc nng nh m
bo gi d liu n tng phn on mng, m bo an ninh-an ton, phn
on mng theo nhm cng tc, chia min Broadcast/multicast, nh tuyn
gia cc LAN o (VLAN), chuyn mi trng truyn dn, nh tuyn gia
cc min, to bin gii gia cc min trong nh tuyn tnh v ng, thc
hin cc b lc gi(theo a ch, theo s hiu cng,...), thc hin cc c
ch m bo cht lng dch v QoS.
Lp truy nhp(Access Layer) Lp truy nhp cung cp cc kh nng truy
nhp cho ngi dng cc b hay t xa truy nhp vo mng. Thng c
thc hin bng cc b chuyn mch(switch) trong mi trng campus, hay
cc cng ngh WAN.
79
nh gi m hnh
Gi thnh thp
d ci t
d m rng
d c lp li.
2.4.1.2 M hnh an ninh-an ton(Secure models).
H thng tng la 3 phn (Three-Part Firewall System), c bit quan trng trong
thit k WAN, chng ti s trnh by trong chng 3. y, chng ti ch nu
mt s kha cnh chung nht cu trc ca m hnh s dng trong thit k mng
LAN.
2.4.2 Cc yu cu thit k
Cc yu cu thit k ca LAN v mt cu trc cng tng t nh thit k WAN,
y chng ti ch nu mc bao gm cc yu cu:
Yu cu k thut.
Yu cu v hiu nng.
80
Yu cu v ng dng.
Yu cu v qun l mng.
Yu cu v an ninh-an ton mng.
Yu cu rng buc v ti chnh, thi gian thc hin, yu cu v chnh tr
ca d n, xc nh ngun nhn lc, xc nh cc ti nguyn c v c
th ti s dng.
2.4.3 Cc bc thit k.
Phn tch yu cu
Xc nh mc tiu s dng LAN: ai s dng LAN v yu cu dung lng
trao i d liu, loi hnh dch v, thi gian p ng,...; yu cu pht trin
ca LAN trong tng lai; xc nh ch s hu v qun tr LAN.
Xc nh s lng nt mng hin thi v tng lai (rt ln trn 1000 nt,
va trn 100 nt v nh di 10 nt). Trn c s s lng nt mng,
chng ta c phng thc phn cp, chn k thut chuyn mch, v chn
thit b chuyn mch.
Da vo m hnh phng ban phn on vt l m bo hai yu cu an
ninh v m bo cht lng dch v.
Da vo m hnh topo la chn cng ngh i cp.
D bo cc yu cu m rng.
La chn phn cng (thit b, cp, cng ngh kt ni,...)
Da trn cc phn tch yu cu v kinh ph d kin cho vic trin khai, chng ta s
la chn nh cung cp thit b tt nht nh l Cisco, Nortel, 3COM, Intel ...
Cc cng ngh tin tin nht ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam (kinh t v k thut)
hin c trn th trng, v s c trong tng lai gn.
Cc cng ngh c kh nng m rng.
Phn cng chia lm 3 phn: h tng kt ni (h thng cp), cc thit b kt ni
(hub, switch, bridge, router), cc thit b x l (cc loi server, cc loi my in, cc
thit b lu tr,..)
La chn phn mm
La chn h iu hnh Unix (AIX, OSF, HP, Solaris, ...), Linux ,
Windows da trn yu cu v x l s lng giao dch, p ng thi gian
thc, kinh ph, an ninh an ton.
81
82
83
ban. LAN o l cng ngh dng trong mng ni b cho php s dng cng
mt nn tng mng ni b vt l bao gm nhiu switch c phn chia v
mt logic theo cc cng trn switch thnh cc phn mng nh khc nhau v
c lp hot ng. Nh vy, ngay trong mng LAN ti to nh iu hnh ta
c th thc hin phn chia thnh cc phn mng nh hn na cho cc khoa,
phng banMy tnh trong 1 phn mng chia nh thuc v mt
broadcasting domain v cc phn mng ny phi lin h vi nhau qua b
nh tuyn router. Ngoi ra, mng iu hnh cng p dng cng ngh nh
tuyn mi khin vic lin kt gia cc phn mng LAN ca cc vn phng,
khoa c th thc hin bng nhng lin kt tc cao trong cc switch c
tnh nng nh tuyn (Layer 3) thay cho m hnh nh tuyn truyn thng s
dng b nh tuyn router
Vic phn chia cc phn mng LAN o cho php cc Phng ban t chc c
cc phn mng my tnh c lp tin cho vic pht trin cc ng dng
ni b cng nh tng cng tnh bo mt gia cc phn mng my tnh ca
cc phng ban khc nhau. Tuy nhin, LAN o cng cho php qun l tp
trung ton b h thng mng my tnh nht l h thng my ch thay v
pht trin rt nhiu phn mng mt cch ring r. iu ny to ra mi
trng lm vic tp trung cho ngi qun tr cng nh ct gim cc chi ph
do tp hp c cc thit b mng li v my ch dich v hot ng 24/24
vo mt s phng c iu kin h tng y (in ngun n nh, iu
ho hot ng tt) thay v nm ri rc trn cc phng ban khc nhau. Cng
ngh mng LAN o gii quyt ng thi c hai bi ton v qun tr tp
trung v ring r cho mng my tnh ca t chc.
Mng m bo kh nng nh tuyn trao i thng tin gia cc phn mng
LAN o khc nhau, cho php cc phn mng khc nhau c th kt ni n
nhau thng qua mi trng mng dng chung. Tuy nhin, do phn cch cc
mng LAN bng switch c tnh nng nh tuyn (hay cn gi l switch c
chc nng Layer 3) nn cc gi tin broadcasting trn ton mng c hn
ch t i v lm cho bng thng ca mng c s dng hiu qu hn so
vi trng hp ton b mng ca Trng xy dng thnh mt mng LAN
khng phn cp (flat network). Ngoi ra, khi s dng chc nng nh tuyn
cho php ngi qun tr mng c php nh ngha cc lut hn ch hay
cho php cc phn mng c kt ni vi nhau bng cc b lc (access-list)
84
tng cng tnh bo mt cho cc phn mng quan trng cng nh kh nng
qun tr h thng d dng hn.
2.5.1.3 Thit k h thng
H thng chuyn mch v nh tuyn trung tm cho LAN
H thng chuyn mch chnh bao gm cc switch c kh nng x l tc
cao c cu trc phn thnh 2 lp l lp phn tn (distribution) v lp cung
cp truy nhp (access) cho cc u cui my tnh. Switch phn tn l
switch tc cao, bng thng ln c kh nng x l n hng trm triu
bt/giy. Switch phn phi cn c c chc nng nh tuyn cho cc phn
mng LAN o khc nhau thit lp trn mng v tng cng bo mt cho
cc phn mng ring r. Switch truy cp lm nhim v cung cp cng truy
nhp cho cc u cui my tnh v tch hp cng truy cp vi mt cao.
Cc kt ni gia switch truy cp v switch phn phi l cc kt ni truyn
ti d liu qua li cho cc LAN o nn phi c tc cao 100/1000Mbps.
Cc switch truy cp cung cp cc cng truy cp cho my tnh mng c tc
thp hn nn cn c cng 10/100Mbps
H thng switch phn phi theo cu hnh chun s bao gm 2 switch c
cu hnh mnh p ng c nhu cu chuyn mch d liu tc cao v
tp trung l lng n t cc access switch. Switch phn phi cng m
nhn chc nng nh tuyn. Cu hnh 2 switch phn phi cho php mng
li c d phng cao (d phng nng 1:1) tuy nhin trong trng hp
quy m mng ban u khng ln v kinh ph hn ch vn c th trin khai
mng vi 1 switch phn phi p ng c yu cu hot ng. T chc
hon ton c kh nng nng cp ln 2 switch phn phi trong tng lai do
thit k mng cp m bo yu cu trn.
H thng cc switch truy cp cung cp cho cc my tnh ng kt ni
vo mng d liu. Do phn ln cc giao tip mng cho my tnh u cui
cng nh server hin ti c bng thng 10/100Mbps nn cc switch truy
cp cng s dng cng ngh 10/100 BaseTX FastEthernet v p ng
c mc tiu cung cp s lng cng truy nhp ln cho php m rng
s lng ngi truy cp mng trong tng lai. Cc switch truy cp s kt
ni vi switch phn phi tp trung lu lng v thng qua switch phn
phi vi lm tc v tp trung v lu chuyn qua li lu lng d liu s
85
ni uplink
86
87
88
uplink t cc switch trong closet th hai sang switch phn phi s dng cp UTP
25 i. Cc cp uplink t cc switch trong closet 1 do nm cng vi switch phn
phi s l cp nhy 4 i. Ti cc phng t cc thit b switch s c cc patch
panel AMP vi 24 cng RJ-45/1 patch panel tp trung u ni cho cp mng.
Cp UTP ni gia my tnh v switch truy cp l cp 4 i ko thng t cc patch
panel AMP ti mt trong 2 phng t thit b switch n cc outlet ring r t gn
trn tng phng gn ni t cc my tnh ca ngi s dng. Do dy cp c 4 i
nn c th s dng 2 i tha lm dy d phng.
Qun l v cp pht a ch IP
Mng my tnh th vin l mng my tnh dng ring, do vy s c nh a ch
IP trong di a ch IP dng cho mng dng ring quy nh ti RFC1918 (Bao gm
cc a ch t 10.0.0.0 n 10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 n 172.31.255.255 v a
ch 192.168.0.0 n 192.168.255.255). S lng my tnh cho 1 segment mng
ng nht c tnh bng mt phn 4 s lng my tnh d tnh s c trong ton
nh (Khong vi chc my tnh). Nh vy, c th gn cho 2 segment my tnh
bng cc phn lp class C a ch IP t class C 192.168.0.0 n 192.168.255.0
H thng cc my ch s nm trong phn mng ring v c a ch IP gn trong
phn lp a ch 172.18.0.0. c th truy cp ra Internet, mt s cc my ch cn
c tnh nng che du a ch nh Firewall hay Proxy v cc my ch ny cn c
a ch IP tht. Cc my tnh bn trong mng s dng a ch ca cc my ch khi
kt ni ra Internet . Nu cc my ch cn cung cp thng tin cho ngi dng
Internet th cn phi nh li a ch IP cho cc my ch ny l a ch do IANA
cung cp.
kt ni vi cc phn mng my tnh ca trng v mng quc gia, cn tun th
mt qui nh nh a ch cht ch khi s dng trng vng a ch mng dng
ring. C th s dng cc k thut chuyn i a ch NAT trnh xung t a
ch khi kt ni 2 mng.
thun tin cho cng vic qun tr h thng, cc thit b switch vi kh nng h
tr DHCP v cng vi vic thit lp my ch DHCP, cc my tnh trm trong ta
nh s c cp pht a ch IP mt cch t ng v tin cy.
89
2.6 Tm tt chng 2
Chng ny trnh by kin thc v LAN bao gm:
Kin trc mng:
Cu trc tp
Phng php truy nhp
Phn h tng LAN:
Cc thit b kt ni mng, h thng cp ni.
Tp trung ch yu vo cng ngh mng Ethernet, l cng ngh c dng ph
bin hin nay v trong tng lai gn.
Cng ngh Ethernet:
Nguyn l hot ng v cc c tnh quan trng ca Ethernet
K thut chuyn mch LAN
90
Phn cui ca chng trnh by phng php thit k mng LAN s dng cng
ngh Ethernet.
Thit k mng LAN:
M hnh thit k c bn
Cc bc phn tch v thit k
Minh ho trong m hnh thc t.
91
Cc bc thc hin bm cp
92
o Phn bit loi v mng, tc , cch cm giao tip mng vo PC, loi
khe cm cp ca v mng.
o Ci t phn mm iu khin v mng (driver) vo h iu hnh.
o Cu hnh cc tham s cn thit v mng hot ng (a ch IP,
subnet mask, ...).
o Cm cp mng vo khe cm ca v mng v thc hin kim tra, chy
th.
Hub, Switch
o Tm hiu tnh nng c bn ca hub, switch.
o Phn bit s khc nhau gia hub v switch (lin h vi phn l
thuyt).
o Tm hiu cc loi hub, switch khc nhau. Cc c im c bn ca
hub, switch.
o Cch thc cu hnh hub, switch khi hot ng. i vi switch, khi
cha cu hnh VLAN v khi cu hnh VLAN phi thc hin nh th
no ? ...
o Cch kt ni cc my tnh vi hub, switch.
o Cch kt ni cc hub, switch vi nhau v vi router .
o Tm hiu quy tc s dng hub, switch m rng mng LAN. Tnh
ton cc khong cch ti a khi s dng hub, switch.
93
Gii thiu cch kim tra cc b tng thit b, cch kim tra cc thit b khi
kt ni
S dng ng h chuyn dng o cc thng s.
Kt ni my tnh vi hub, switch v chy th.
Yu cu v thit b:
Yu cu c bn nh chng 1.
Mt v mng i km a ci driver ca v mng.
Mt hub, switch cho mi nhm hc vin t 3 n 5 ngi.
ng h o mng chuyn dng.
Yu cu i vi gio vin:
Gii thiu c tnh nng v cch thc s dng, cu hnh ca cc loi thit b,
cch kim tra thit b.
Yu cu i vi hc vin:
T ci t c cc thit b. Nm c cch thc s dng hub, switch. Hiu c
cc tnh nng c bn ca cc thit b.
94
V cc kt ni mng.
Ghi a ch cc lp mng, a ch cc nt mng, nh tn cc thit b trong
bn v thit k.
Thc hin in n, bn v thit k.
Yu cu thit b:
Yu cu c bn nh chng 1.
Cc my PC c ci t phn mm Visio 2000/2003.
Yu cu i vi gio vin:
Trnh by cc li ch ca phn mm Visio em li cho ngi thit k mng. a ra
cc m hnh mu hc vin thc hnh v mng.
Yu cu i vi hc vin:
Nm c cc thnh phn ca mt bn v thit k.
S dng c cc cng c do phn mm cung cp v mt bn thit k mng.
95
Yu cu i vi gio vin:
Trn c s trnh by qu trnh phn tch, thit k mng LAN mu (phn 2.5), gio
vin cho hc vin thy r cc bc tin hnh phn tch, thit k LAN c th. Cc
kha cnh cn quan tm khi thit k LAN.
Yu cu i vi hc vin:
Nm c cc bc tin hnh phn tch v thit k mng LAN. Nm vng m
hnh thit k c bn v m hinh an ton an ninh.
96
97
98
99
Hnh 3-1: Cc chun v giao thc WAN trong m hnh ISO 7 tng
100
101
102
Mng chuyn mch thc hin vic lin kt gia hai im nt qua mt ng ni
tm thi hay ginh ring gia im nt ny v im nt kia. ng ni ny c
thit lp trong mng th hin di dng cuc gi thng qua cc thit b chuyn
mch.
Mt v d ca mng chuyn mch l hot ng ca mng in thoi, cc thu bao
khi bit s ca nhau c th gi cho nhau v c mt ng ni vt l tm thi c
thit lp gia hai thu bao.
Vi m hnh ny mi nt mng c th kt ni vi bt k mt nt khc. Thng qua
nhng ng ni v cc thit b chuyn dng ngi ta c th tao ra mt lin kt
tm thi t ni gi ti ni nhn, kt ni ny duy tr trong sut phin lm vic v
c gii phng ngay sau khi phin lm vic kt thc. thc hin mt phin lm
vic cn c cc th tc y cho vic thit lp lin kt trong c vic thng
bo cho mng bit a ch ca nt gi v nt nhn. Hin nay c 2 loi mng
chuyn mch l chuyn mch tng t (analog) v chuyn mch s (digital)
103
Kt ni PSTN
Thit b:
Dng modem tng t loi truyn khng ng b, hay truyn ng b,
kt ni thit b mng vo mng in thoi cng cng.
Phng thc kt ni:
Dng kt ni PPP t my trm hay t thit b nh tuyn qua modem, qua
mng in thoi cng cng.
Kt ni n tuyn- dng 1 ng in thoi.
104
Kt ni ISDN
Gii thiu
Dch v s ISDN - Intergrated Services Digital Network: ISDN l mt loi
mng vin thng s tch hp a dch v cho php s dng cng mt lc
nhiu dch v trn cng mt ng dy in thoi thng thng. Vi c s
in thoi c nh h tng hin c, ISDN l gii php cho php truyn dn
thoi, d liu v hnh nh tc cao. Ngi dng cng mt lc c th truy
cp WAN v gi in thoi, fax m ch cn mt ng dy in thoi duy
nht, thay v 3 ng nu dng theo kiu thng thng. Kt ni ISDN c
tc v cht lng cao hn hn dch v kt ni theo kiu quay s qua
mng in thoi thng (PSTN). Tc truy cp mng WAN c th ln
n 128 Kbps nu s dng ng ISDN 2 knh (2B+D) v tng ng
2.048 Mbps nu s dng ISDN 30 knh (30B+D).
Cc thit b dng cho kt ni ISDN
ISDN Adapter: Kt ni vi my tnh thng qua cc giao tip PCI, RS-232,
USB, PCMCIA v cho php my tnh kt ni vi mng WAN thng qua
mng a dch v tch hp ISDN vi tc 128Kbps n nh a dch v v
105
106
Gii thiu
Cch kt ni ph bin nht hin nay gia hai im c khong cch ln vn
l Leased Line (tm gi l ng thu bao).
Vi k thut chuyn mch gia cc nt ca mng (tng t hoc s) c mt
s lng ln ng dy truyn d liu, vi mi ng dy trong mt thi
im ch c nhiu nht mt phin giao dch, khi s lng cc trm s dng
tng cao ngi ta nhn thy vic s dng mng chuyn mch tr nn khng
kinh t. gim bt s lng cc ng dy kt ni gia cc nt mng
ngi ta a ra mt k thut gi l ghp knh.
107
108
109
Thng lng
Ghp knh
T0
56 Kbps
1 ng thoi
T1
1.544 Mbps
24 ng T0
T2
6.312 Mbps
4 ng T1
T3
44.736 Mbps
28 ng T1
T4
274.176 Mbps
168 ng T1
110
111
112
113
114
115
-->
Invert
Fast
Fourier
Transform
(IFFT)
-->
A/D
116
Tn y
Download Upload
DSL
Khong
S ng H
tr
cch *
in thoi in thoi
cn
**
800Kbps 5500m
Khng
Khng
2Mbps
2Mbps
8800m
Khng
Adaptive 7Mbps
1Mbps
5500m
2.3Mbps 6700m
Khng
16Mbps
ADSL
Asymetric DSL
HDSL
High
8Mbps
DSL
IDSL
Intergrated
Service
Digital
Network DSL
MSDSL Multirate
Symetric DSL
RADSL Rate
DSL
SDSL
Symetric DSL
2.3Mbps
VDSL
1200m
DSL
* Khong cch cp t thu bao n tng i, nu nm trong khong cch ny th
c th dng cng ngh xDSL.
** Kh nng dng in thoi bnh thng khi xDSL ang hot ng trn ng
cp.
Phn ny chng ti cp ch yu v cng ngh ADSL, l cng ngh mi
ang c dng ph bin . c bit l i vi cc doanh nghip thng mi
in t v nn cng nghip thng tin l nn tng tng lai ca mi nn kinh
t. ADSL ni ring v broadband Internet ni chung khin thng mi in
t tr nn kh thi. Cc ca hng trn mng c th c thit k vi tnh
tng tc cao hn, cch trnh by sn phm hp dn hn vi ngi dng.
117
Mng chuyn mch gi hot ng theo nguyn tc sau : Khi mt trm trn mng
cn gi d liu n cn phi ng d liu thnh tng gi tin, cc gi tin c i
trn mng t nt ny ti nt khc ti khi n c ch. Do vic s dng k thut
trn nn khi mt trm khng gi tin th mi ti nguyn ca mng s dnh cho cc
trm khc, do vy mng tit kim c cc ti nguyn v c th s dng chng
mt cch tt nht.
Ngi ta chia cc phng thc chuyn mch gi ra lm 2 phng thc:
Phng thc chuyn mch gi theo s ri rc.
Phng thc chuyn mch gi theo ng i xc nh.
Vi phng thc chuyn mch gi theo s ri rc cc gi tin c chuyn i
trn mng mt cch c lp, mi gi tin u c mang a ch ni gi v ni nhn.
Mi nt trong mng khi tip nhn gi tin s quyt nh xem ng i ca gi tin
ph thuc vo thut ton tm ng ti nt v nhng thng tin v mng m nt
c. Vic truyn theo phng thc ny cho ta s mm do nht nh do ng i
vi mi gi tin tr nn mm do tuy nhin iu ny yu cu mt s lng tnh
ton rt ln ti mi nt nn hin nay phn ln cc mng chuyn sang dng phng
chuyn mch gi theo ng i xc nh.
118
Kt ni dng ATM
Gii thiu v cng ngh ATM
Mng ATM (Cell relay), hin nay k thut Cell Relay da trn phng thc
truyn thng khng ng b (ATM) c th cho php thng lng hng trm
Mbps. n v d liu dng trong ATM c gi l t bo (cell). cc t bo
trong ATM c di c nh l 53 bytes, trong 5 bytes dnh cho phn
cha thng tin iu khin (cell header) v 48 bytes cha d liu ca tng
trn.
Trong k thut ATM, cc t bo cha cc kiu d liu khc nhau c ghp
knh ti mt ng dn chung c gi l ng dn o (virtual path).
Trong ng dn o c th gm nhiu knh o (virtual chanell) khc
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
Gii thiu
Mng X25 c CCITT cng b ln u tin vo 1970, lc lnh vc vin
thng ln u tin tham gia vo th gii truyn d liu vi cc c tnh:
X25 cung cp quy trnh kim sot lung gia cc u cui em li cht
lng ng truyn cao cho d cht lng mng li ng dy truyn
thng khng cao. X25 c thit k cho c truyn thng chuyn mch ln
truyn thng kiu im ni im. c quan tm v trin khai nhanh chng
trn ton cu.
Trong X25 c chc nng dn knh (multiplexing) i vi lin kt logic
(virtual circuits) ch lm nhim v kim sot li cho cc frame i qua. iu
ny lm tng phc tp trong vic phi hp cc th tc gia hai tng k
nhau, dn n thng lng b hn ch do tng ph x l mi gi tin tng ln.
X25 kim tra li ti mi nt trc khi truyn tip, iu ny lm hn ch tc
trn ng truyn c cht lng rt cao nh mng cp quang . Tuy nhin
do vy khi lng tch ton ti mi nt kh ln, i vi nhng ng
truyn ca nhng nm 1970 th iu l cn thit nhng hin nay khi k
thut truyn dn t c nhng tin b rt cao th vic tr nn lng
ph. Do vy cng ngh X25 nhanh chng tr thnh lc hu.
nh gi khi dng k ni X.25
Hin nay khng cn ph hp vi cng ngh truyn s liu.
127
128
129
130
131
dch v ATM. Hay b chuyn mch DSLAM dng trong cng ngh ADSL,
G.SHDSL.
132
3.1.4.4 Modem
Modem l t ghp ca MOdulator/DEModulator (iu ch/gii iu ch), chuyn
tn hiu digital t my tnh thnh tn hiu analog c th truyn qua, ng in
thoi. Cn modem u nhn th chuyn tn hiu analog tr li thnh tn hiu
digital cho my tnh tip nhn c th hiu c.
133
Modem truyn s liu theo tc chun, biu hin bng n v bit truyn trong
mt giy (bits per second - bps) hoc o bng bt (baud rate). V mt k thut th
bps v baud khc nhau, nhng vic dng baud thay cho bps qu ph bin nn
hai n v ny c th thay th cho nhau.
Nu xt v tc th cng nhanh cng tt. V d truyn mt file 300K qua modem
c tc l 2400 bps th mt khong 22 pht, cn vi modem 9600 bps ch mt
5,5 pht. u th v tc cng th hin r khi truyn hoc nhn thng tin khong
cch xa. Ti Vit Nam, nht l cc thnh ph ln cht lng ng truyn rt tt
nn thng t c tc cao nht upload l 33.6 Kbps, download l 56 Kbps.
Vo thi im hin nay, modem c kh nhiu thng hiu nh Origo, Pine, Intel,
Acorp, Vern, GVC, Creative, Prolink, Creative v US Robotics, ph bin nht l
hai chun V90 v V92.
Modem loi gn trong (Internal) l mt v dng cm vo mt khe(slot) trong
my PC.
Loi dng cho modem tch hp trn mainboard, l bn mch c thit k tch hp
lun trn PC, do PC c cng cm line in thoi vo.
Loi modem gn ngoi (External) thng qua cng COM hoc USB kh phong ph
v chng loi, cc thng hiu c ting nh US Robotics (56K, V90,Voice, dng
chip 3COM), Creative (USB, V90/92), Hayes Accura 56Kbps V92 - External
(Com Port).
Modem loi PCMCIA (3COM, CNET, XIRCOM) dng cho my tnh xch tay
cm qua cng PCMCIA.
Theo kinh nghim s dng cht lng cc loi modem trong(internal) khng m
bo, ch dng c trong khong thi gian bo hnh (12 thng), sau khi ht bo
hnh vi tun hay thm ch sm hn l bt u c trc trc. Loi modem ngoi
(Ext) cht lng m bo hn, c kh nng kt ni vi tc cao, nht l nhng
loi modem ca cc hng ni ting nh US Robotics, Creative (USB, V90/92),
Hayes Accura 56Kbps V92.
Gii thiu mt s chun ph bin m cc modem ang dng: V42, X2,
K56Flex,V90 v chun V92
Chun V90:
Trc khi cng ngh V90 ra i th cng ngh K56Flex v x2 l hai cng
ngh m hai nh sn xut modem hng u a ra. Cng ngh K56Flex l
do cng ty Lucent Technologies v Rockwell Semiconductor Systems phi
134
135
136
137
khai cng ngh Frame Relay th vic xem xt chn gii php kt ni WAN dng
Frame relay l hon ton chp nhn c, cn c xem xt v trin khai.
Kt ni s dng cng ngh xDSL
Nh phn ln cng ngh khc, tim nng trn l thuyt ca cng ngh DSL c s
khc bit ng k i vi tc kt ni WAN cho cc t chc v gii doanh
nghip hin nay. c bit, cng ngh VDSL c th cung cp tc truy cp ln
n 52 Mbps tuy nhin phn ln cc kt ni vn dng tc ng truyn thp
hn nhiu 128 Kbps.
Cc chuyn gia cng ngh cho bit c nhng hon thin ng k trong cht
lng ng truyn theo cng ngh xDSL. V th lng khch hng thu bao s
dng dch v xDSL vn khng ngng tng ln.
Vic kt ni s dng xDSL nhng doanh nghip t khong 1999 l bc hu
thun cho vic s dng cng ngh ADSL hin nay (cng ngh DSL khng i
xng) vi tc truy cp t 512 Kbps n 8 Mbps.
Chuyn gia phn tch cp cao ca Gartner Dataquest ng Charles Carr ni tc
ca cng ngh xDSL c kh nng thay i cao v nhiu l do k thut khc nhau
nh cht lng ng truyn v khong cch gia cc vn phng trung tm. D
cng ngh vi tc truy cp nhanh hn bnh thng c th c trin khai ti
mt s khu vc nhng phn ln cc doanh nghip v khch hng s dng dch v
kt ni DSL l nhng ngi lm vic t xa v cm thy hi lng vi tc hin
hnh.
Trong nhng nm ti cng ngh nh VDSL c th phn phi tc kt ni hon
thin ng k t 26 Mbps n 52 Mbps. ng Carr cng ch ra rng ch c Qwest l
cng ty duy nht hin nay c th cung cp cng ngh ny. ng cho bit so vi tc
t c trn l thuyt, cng ngh VDSL thc s c tc kt ni trung bnh
mc thp gm hai ch s megabit.
Ngy nay cng ngh kt ni xDSL c xem l cng ngh c tc truy cp
nhanh hn, r hn, v tin cy, n s l la chn u tin ca cc nh thit k WAN.
138
139
140
141
142
143
Mng trong
B Lc
Vo
Gateway B Lc
Cng Vo/ra ra
Mng Ngoi
M hnh tng la
144
Mng 1
Mng 4
FW
Mng 3
FW
Mng 5
Mng 6
FW
Mng 17
Mng
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
Hnh 3-27: M hnh topo WAN kt ni tng hnh dinh vi cc chi nhnh
Dch v cung cp truy nhp t xa qua mng in thoi cng cng PSTN c thc
hin thng qua Access Server, ch yu cp cho cc thnh vin ca trung tm truy
cp t xa. Access Server cn phi la chn m bo tc kt ni v c th
c m rng c.
Cc kt ni qua ng Leased line ch yu phc v trao i thng tin gia cc chi
nhnh v trung tm. Dung lng leased line phh bin bt u t 64 Kbps v c
th nng cp tng bc n E1 (2,048 Mpbs) do vy cng phi chn thit b kt
ni(NTU,...) c th nng cp c tc . Trong trng hp yu cu kt ni c
tc cao hn th phi kho st kh nng dng h thng cp quang cng cc thit
156
157
158
159
160
tit kim chi ph hn. Tt c cc dng ADSL hot ng da trn nguyn tc tch
bng thng trn ng cp in thoi thnh hai: mt phn nh dnh cho truyn m,
phn ln dnh cho truyn ti d liu tc cao. Trn ng dy in thoi th
thc t ch dng mt khong tn s rt nh t 0KHz n 20KHz truyn d liu
m thanh (in thoi). Cng ngh ADSL tn dng c im ny truyn d liu
trn cng ng dy, nhng tn s 25.875 KHz n 1.104 MHz. Do vy ta va
c th kt ni truyn s liu va dng in thoi.
y l cng ngh rt mi cn c nh gi.
So snh nh gi cc phng thc kt ni WAN hin c ti Vit Nam:
Dch
WAN
Mt
cng
WAN c th S lng kt ni
ni ti:
Dial-Up
Nhiu ni
Mt
Analog
ISDN
Ni mt im ti mt im
Tc hn ch
Dial- Nhiu ni
Up (BRI)
1 ng (128K) hoc Ni mt im ti mt im
2 ng (mi ng Cha ph bin Vit Nam,
64K )
ISDN
c im chnh
Dial- Nhiu ni
Up (PRI)
Ch c H ni, Tp HCMC
30 ng (ti 64K mi
ng)
hnh
tp
trung
Nhiu kt ni ng thi
Cha ph bin Vit Nam
Leased Line
Mt ni
Mt
C nh im ti im
Bng
thng
bo
tin cy cao
Frame Relay Nhiu ni
Nhiu im
Mt im ti nhiu im
Bng
thng
bo
Nhiu ni
Nhiu im
Mt im ti nhiu im
Thng c dng vi cc h
tng vin thng lc hu
Mng
ring Nhiu ni
o VPN, qua
Nhiu im
Mt im ti nhiu im
Chi ph hp dn i vi cc
161
tng
Internet
Bng
thng
linh
hot
c lp vi cc dch v din
rng ni b
ADSL
Mt ni
Mt
C nh im ti im
Bng
thng
rt
cao
Chi ph ha hn
Hin ang l dch v th
nghim
Dch
WAN
Analog
Bng thng
Gi
Tc ti Ni ht th r, ng C khp mi ni
56K
ISDN
di v quc t cn t
Up (BRI)
mi
bo ti 128K
ISDN
sn c v a l
Dial-
64K
Up (PRI)
knh
Leased Line
la chn.
64K-2Mb
(E1)
45Mb (T3)
Frame Relay
X.25
(E1)
45Mb (T3)
truyn
Ti 64K
162
Mng
ring
o VPN trn
h
tng
internet
64K-2Mb ht ni ti ISP v
(for
45Mb (T3)
ADSL
(download)
chu , c H ni , Hi
phng, v TP HCMC
800Kb
(upload)
Cng
gn
tng i tc
cng cao
La chn thit b:
Thit b, vt t ti thiu xy dng kt ni WAN trung tm Trung tm Thng tin
ti ISP, v ti cc chi nhnh gm c:
B nh tuyn - Router
Thit b Router c la chn phi m bo:
o C s lng cng WAN nhiu hn cc im cn kt ni. C cc
cng LAN ni vi cc phn on mng cn thit. C nng lc x
l m bo khng qu 60% yu cu, c s RAM .
o C Router d phng cho Router chnh .
o Router phi c sn xut bi hng c uy tn trn Th gii, nh
Cisco, Nortel,... m bo n nh, tin cy cao.
o H tr cc giao thc nh tuyn ng nh RIP-1, OSPF, EIGRP,...
o C cc b giao tip cho php thit b
tng thch vi nhiu loi kt ni
trong iu kin h tng Vin thng
hin
ti
Ethernet/Fast
Vit
Nam
Ethernet,
nh
T1/E1,
163
164
165
Tp hp cc
module
trn
ngi ta gi l
1
Slot.
Mi
166
Ngoi ra, 3620 cng cho php ta lp t thm cc module modem k thut
s trong trrng hp h thng kt ni nng cp ln E1.
Chi tit v thit b c m t bi bng di y:
Cc tnh nng k thut
Chi tit
B vi x l
DRAM
4 64 MB
NVRAM
32 KB
4 32 MB
Flash
2 32 MB
memory
(PCMCIA)
Boot ROM
512 KB
Dimensions (H x W x D)
Weight
supply
1.0A
Current
47 to 63 Hz
Frequency
Input
surge
current
(AC)
167
supply
Operational between
3.0A
Current
65A, 250mS
Input
surge
current
(DC)
Power dissipation
60W (maximum)
RJ-45 connector
ports
Operating humidity
5 to 95%, noncondensing
Operating temperature
32 to 104\xb0 F (0 to 40\xb0 C)
Nonoperating
temperature
Noise level
45 dBA (maximum)
168
Internet
Router 2621
Mobile user
PSTN
username:password
Yes/No
TACACS Server
Access Server
System
Administrator
Hnh 3-29: Ngi dng xa kt ni v tng hnh dinh qua mng in thoi cng
Ngy
1
10
Cu hnh thit b
Kim tra v hon thin h thng
Bn giao k thut
169
Hnh 3-30: Minh ho Wan backbone dng chun G.SHDSL/ADSL trin khai ti cng ty NetNam
3.4 Tm tt chng 3
Phn u trnh by cc kin thc c bn v WAN, cc yu cu khi thit k WAN,
cc cng ngh v cc thit b dng cho kt ni WAN. ng thi a ra so snh v
nh gi cc cng ngh ny.
Phn hai trnh by phng php thit k WAN bao gm cc m hnh phc v cho
thit k v i su vo m hnh an ton an ninh, l mt vn c bit quan trng
khi thit k WAN. Trong phn ny chng ti cng a ra cc bc phn tch v
thit k WAN.
Phn cui trnh by chi tit mu thit k h thng WAN n gin nhng kh ph
bin cho cc c quan v t chc chnh ph Vit Nam hin nay, l thit k
WAN cho Trung tm Thng tin ca mt B, ngnh m chng ti trin khai
trong thc t.
170
Ni dung:
Tm hiu cu trc vt l tng loi thit b,
171
Tm hiu cc chun giao tip mng: RS232, X21, V35, G703, G704, RJ11
Tm hiu cc loi cp phc v kt ni RS232, V35, RJ11.
172
Yu cu c bn nh chng 1.
01 Switch, 01 Router, 05 Asyn Modem, 02 NTU, 01 WAN Switch, 01
ADSL router.
Yu cu gio vin:
Gii thiu cc tnh nng k thut, cc loi chun kt ni WAN,
Yu cu hc vin: nhn dng c thit b, bit cc tnh nng k thut ca cc
chun giao tip, so snh c u nhc im ca tng loi kt ni.
173
Dng VISIO v s WAN, bao gm c vic gn IP cho tng thit b cho mng
kt ni 3 LAN.
Yu cu v thit b:
Yu cu c bn nh chng 1.
B sung thm cc my c ci t b phn mm m phng ca Boson,
v phn mm VISIO 2000/2003.
Yu cu gio vin:
Thc hin cc bc phn tch mu
Gii thiu cch dng VISIO v s WAN
Gii thiu cch dng phn mm m phng ca Boson m phng kt
ni WAN n gin.
Yu cu hc vin:
Hiu c cc bc thit k WAN
Thit k c WAN mu n gin
174
175
4 Kt lun.
L mt n v nghin cu, ng thi l mt ISP, chng ti trc tip thit k v
trin khai nhiu h thng mng trong nhiu nm qua, chng ti c gng a vo
gio trnh nhng hiu bit ca mnh nhm gip hc vin cc kin thc c bn v
thc t khi thit k v xy dng h thng mng LAN, WAN.
Do phi vit gio trnh trong thi gian qu ngn nn khng trnh khi nhiu thiu
st mong cc ng nghip chn thnh gp .
176
177