BG Hoa Phan Tich Trong Truong Pho Thong TH Duc 2 PDF

CHNG 1
I TNG NHIM V HA HC PHN TCH V MI LIN H

VI VIC GING DY HA HC TRNG PH THNG
1.1. i tng, nhim v ca ha hc phn tch
Ha phn tch l b mn ca ngnh ha hc nghin cu v thnh phn cu to v
hm lng cc thnh phn ca nhng mu kho st. Ha phn tch thng c chia
thnh ha phn tch nh tnh v ha phn tch nh lng.
Nh phn tch nh tnh, ta xc nh c cht hay mu phn tch gm nhng
nguyn t no, nhng ion, nhng nhm nguyn t hoc phn t no hoc cc phn t
no tham gia vo phn ng phn tch.
Phn tch nh lng cho ta kh nng xc nh hm lng ca cc hp phn
ring l trong mu phn tch. Khi tin hnh phn tch nn phn tch nh tnh trc sau
chn phng php phn tch nh lng ph hp.
Nhim v ch yu ca ha hc phn tch nh sau:
- Pht trin v hon thin l thuyt v cc phng php phn tch ha hc v ha
l trn c s khoa hc, nghin cu, hon thin cc th thut, cc phng php nghin
cu, k c phng php t ng ha.
- Nghin cu cc phng php tch cht ra khi hn hp phc tp sau nh
lng chng, nghin cu cc phng php lm giu vi cu t.
- Nghin cu v hon thin cc phng php phn tch cc hp cht t nhin ca
mi trng xung quanh, cc vt liu k thut
- Gip cc ngnh khoa hc k thut khc nhau dng phn tch ha hc
kim tra cc qu trnh nghin cu.
- Xy dng phng php t ng phn tch, kim tra cc qu trnh k thut ngay
trc tip trong hin trng, iu khin cc qu trnh bng cch ng dng my tnh
iu khin s hot ng ca cc my mc phn tch vi nhng phn mm thch hp
- i vi trng trung hc ph thng, ha hc phn tch lm cho hc sinh nm
vng mt cch t gic v c h thng nhng s kin in hnh, nhng khi nim, nhng
nh lut v l thuyt c bn v p dng nhng hiu bit vo vic hc tp, lao ng
v thc tin cuc sng.
- Ha hc phn tch lm cho hc sinh lnh hi c kin thc v cc nguyn tc
khoa hc ca nn sn xut ho hc, v ng dng ca ho hc trong cc ngnh sn xut
v quc phng.
1
- Ha hc phn tch lm cho hc sinh rn k nng c tnh cht k thut tng hp

v ho hc nh cn, ong, pha ch, m t, ghi chp, tra cu,
- Ha hc phn tch c vai tr ln trong vic rn luyn thc bo v mi trng,
khai thc ti nguyn mi trng phc v cho s pht trin, cng nghip ho v hin i
ho t nc
Nh vy ha hc phn tch l mt mn hc cung cp cho HS mt vn hiu bit
v ho hc phn tch mc trung hc v tng i hon chnh, c tnh cht k thut
tng hp trn c s , sau khi tt nghip PT c th tham gia c hiu qu vo cng
cuc lao ng, bo v t quc hoc tip tc hc thm.
1.2. Ni dung ch yu ca ha hc phn tch trng ph thng
Ho phn tch trng ph thng ch yu cng 3 phn: phn tch nh tnh, phn
tch nh lng v phn tch cng c
1.2.1. phn tch nh tnh
C t lp 8 n lp 12 thng qua cc bi tp nhn bit, tch ring, iu ch.
Chng s in li cng l ni dung quan trng ca lp 11
1.2.2. Phn tch nh lng
Tri di t chng trnh lp 8 n lp 12 thng qua cc bi bi tp xc nh hm
lng, tnh %, tnh hiu sut, xc nh cng thc phn t, tnh ton mt i lng khi c
cc d kin.
1.2.3. Phn tch cng c
Ch yu tp trung chng trnh 12 bi in phn v dy in ha
1.3. Mi quan h gia ha hc phn tch v ha hc trng ph thng
Ho hc phn tch c quan h mt thit vi chng trnh ho hc ph thng, c
th phn tch nh tnh l nn tng ca cc bi tp nhn bit, tch ring, iu ch, xc
nh thnh phn ca cht, dung dch, hn hpPhn tch nh lung l c s lm
cc bi tp mang tnh cht nh lung, xc nh hm lng cc cht.
CHNG 2
L THUYT CN BNG ION TRONG GING DY PH THNG
2.1. Cht in li l cc cht b ion ha trong dung dch to ra mi trng dn in.
2.1.1. Cht in li mnh
Cc cht in li mnh b ion ha hon ton, a s cc mui tan, kim v axit
mnh, mui khng tan u l cht in li mnh.
2.1.2. Cht in li yu
Cc cht in li yu ch b ion ha mt phn, cc axit yu , baz yu v phc
cht l cht in li yu.
H2SO4 b ion ha hon ton thnh HSO4- v H3O+ cho nn n l cht in li
mnh. Trong khi HSO4- l cht in li yu v n ch phn li mt phn (K2 = 10-2).
c trng cho kh nng phn li ca cc cht trong dung dch, ngi ta dng
hai i lng: in li v hng s in li K ( hng s cn bng ). in li ca
mt cht ph thuc vo nhit , bn cht v nng ca cht in li trong dung dch.
in li v hng s cn bng c mi lin h vi nhau qua h thc sau ( Ch xt cht
in li yu 1 nc )
K=
C 2
1-
( C : Nng ban u ca cht tan )
2.2. L thuyt ARRHENIUS v axit-baz

Axit l cht trong phn t c cha hiro v phn li trong nc to thnh ion H+
v anion.
Baz l cht c cha nhm hiroxil v phn li trong nc to ra cc ion OH- v
cc cation.
Thuyt ny cho php h thng ha cc axit v baz, gii thch tnh cht chung
ca cc axit v baz ( phn ng trung ha, lm i mu cc cht ch th mu,), nghin
cu cc c s nh lng ca l thuyt cc axit v cc baz.
Tuy nhin thuyt ny cn mc phi mt s nhc im sau:
- Tnh cht axit baz ch c xt trong dung mi nc
- Khng nh gi c dung mi trong qu trnh phn li
- Mt s phn ng c bn cht axit- baz nhng thuyt ny khng gii thch
c nh:
NH3(Kh) + HCl(kh) NH4Cl(rn)
3
Phn ng trong NH3 lng:

NaNH2 + NH4Cl NaCl + 2 NH3
khc phc cc nhc im trn BRONSTED - LOWRRY a ra l thuyt
mi v axit-baz
2.3. L thuyt BRONSTED - LOWRRY v phn ng axit-baz
2.3.1. Cc nh ngha
1. Axit: l cht c kh nng nhng proton (H+).
Vy axit c th l cc phn t trung ha hay cc ion mang in tch.
V d: HCl, NH4+, Al3+, Fe3+
2. Baz: l cht c kh nng nhn proton (H+).
Vy baz c th l cc phn t trung ha hay cc ion mang in tch.
V d: NaOH, CH3COO-, CO32-, F3. Cht lng tnh: l nhng cht va c kh nng nhng proton H+ va c kh
nng nhn proton H+.
V d: HCO3-, H2PO4-, HPO424. Cp axit-baz lin hp: l cp cht axit-baz khc nhau 1ion H+. Mi mt
axit sau khi cho mt proton tr thnh baz gi l baz lin hp vi axit . Mi mt
baz sau khi nhn mt proton tr thnh axit gi l axit lin hp vi baz .
V d: CH3COOH/CH3COO- ; NH4+ /NH3
Mt cp-axit baz lin hp c th biu din bng h thc sau:
Axit
Baz + H+
5. Phn ng axit-baz : L phn ng trong c s cho v nhn proton H+. Vy

c phn ng axit-baz th ti thiu phi c 2 cp axit-baz lin hp.
Proton khng c kh nng tn ti trng thi c lp trong nc nn s phn li
ca cc axit v baz trong nc c xem nh tng tc ha hc ca nc vi axit v
baz.
+
H2 O
Baz +
H3 O+
Baz +
H2 O
Axit
HO-
CH3COOH
H2 O
CH3COO-
H3 O+
NH4+
H2 O
NH3
H3 O+
HPO42-
H2 O
PO43-
H3 O+
NH3
H2 O
NH4+
OH-
Axit
Th d:
CH3COO-
H2 O
CH3COOH
OH-
CN-
H2 O
HCN
OH-
Theo quan nim c in th NH4+ khng phi l axit v CN- khng phi l baz
m l cation v anion ca cc mui thy phn, nhng theo nh ngha ca Bronsted th
NH4+ l axit v CN- l baz v phn ng thu phn chnh l phn ng ca axt NH4+ hay
baz CN- vi nc.
Ty theo bn cht ca dung mi, mt cht c th th hin tnh axt hay baz.
Trong chng ny chng ta cp ch yu n cc phn ng axt hay baz trong
dung mi l nc.
2.3.2. Hng s axt Ka . Hng s baz Kb
1. Cng axt. Hng s axt Ka
Nc l dung mi lng tnh c th cho hoc nhn proton. Mt axit khi c ha
tan trong nc s nhng proton cho nc theo phn ng:
A
H2 O
H3 O+
(a)
Trong A l axit, B l baz lin hp vi A, axit cng mnh tc l nhng

proton cho nc cng nhiu, cn bng (a) chuyn dch sang bn phi cng nhiu nn
hng s cn bng ca cn bng cng ln.
B H O
K=
A H O
+
Trong 1 lt nc c 1000/18 = 55,5 mol/l, khi dung dch long c th coi nng
ca H2O khng i v bng 55,5 mol, ta c th vit:
B H O
K H O =
A
3
=K
(2.1)
Trong Ka c gi l hng s axit v biu th cng ca axt, Ka cng ln

axit cng mnh. Ngi ta xc nh cc hng s axit cho mi axit ri lit k trong cc
bng tra hay trong cc s tay ha hc.
C nhng axt m phn t cha hai hay nhiu hn hai proton c th tch ra trong
nc. Nhng axit c gi l cc a axit. Trong dung dch nc, phn t cc a axt
phn li ln lt theo nhiu nc v trong mi mt nc cho mt proton. ng vi mi nc
c mt hng s axt. Th d: axt H2CO3 phn li theo hai nc v c hai hng s axt l
Ka1 v Ka2.
H2CO3
HCO3-
+
5
H+
HCO3-
CO32-
H+
H + HCO3-
K a1 =
=10-6,4
H 2CO3
H + CO 32-
K a2 =
=10-10,3
HCO 3
i vi a axit sau khi nc mt phn li th phn t tr thnh anion mang mt
in tch m v anion gi H+ cn li cng cht ch hn, v th cn bng phn li nc
mt bao gi cng xy ra mnh hn nc hai, nc hai mnh hn nc ba,do i vi
cc a axt Ka1 >> Ka2 >> Ka3
2. Cng baz. Hng s baz Kb
Mt baz cng mnh khi ha tan trong nc s nhn proton ca nc cng nhiu, hng
s cn bng ca cn bng cng ln, c biu din:
B
H2 O
OH-
(a)
A OH
K=
B H O
-
Trong cc dung dch long, nng ca H2O coi nh khng i nn c th vit:
A OH
K H O =
=K
B
-
(2.2)
Kb c gi l hng s baz v biu th cng baz, Kb cng ln th tnh baz

cng mnh. Ngi ta xc nh cc hng s baz cho mi baz ri lit k trong cc bng
tra, s tay ha hc.
Trong thc t, tin cho vic tnh ton v biu din bng th ngi ta hay
dng cc i lng thay th, chuyn i nh sau:
pKa
= - lgKa
pKb
= - lgKb
pK H O lgK H O
2
pH
= - lg[H+]
pOH = - lg[OH-]
3. Quan h gia hng s Ka v hng s Kb ca mt cp axit- baz lin hp
T hai h thc (2.1) v (2.2) ta c phng trnh.
Ka.Kb = [B].[H3O+ ].[A].[OH- ]/[A].[B]
6
Ka.Kb = [H3O+ ].[OH- ]

hoc pKa + pKb = p K H
= KH O
(2.3)
= 14 ( 250C)
2O
Nh vy tch s ca hng s axit v hng s baz ca mt cp axit-baz lin hp

bng tch s ion ca nc. V tch s ion ca nc l mt hng s nn: nu hng s axt
Ka cng ln, ngha l axit A cnh mnh th hng s Kb ca baz cng nh ngha l baz
cng yu.
V d: HCl l mt s axit mnh Ka = + th baz lin hp ca n Cl- l baz v
cng yu c Kb = 0, thng c coi nh trung tnh.
HCN l mt axit yu c Ka= 10-4,6 th baz lin hp CN- th hin tnh baz, c trng
bng hng s baz: Kb = 10-14/Ka = 10-14/10-4,6 = 10-9,4
2.3.3. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch axit , baz, mui
2.3.3.1. Cng thc tng qut tnh nng ion H+ cho dung dch hn hp axit v
baz lin hp
Gi s ha tan vo nc mt axit HA c nng ban u l CA v baz lin hp
vi n (A-) l mui NaA c nng CB. Trong dung dch s c hai cn bng:
HA
H+ + A-
H2 O
H+ + OH-
V phng trnh phn li hon ton ca mui NaA

Na+ + A-
NaA
t hai phng trnh trn ta c th vit :

[H+].[A-]/[HA]
Ka
(a)
[H+].[OH-]
K H 2O
(b)
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng i vi ion A- c h thc:

[HA] + [A-]
CA + CB
(c)
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch trong dung dch nn ta c:

[A-]
+ [OH-]
[H+]
+ [Na+]
(d)
Mui NaA phn li hon ton nn:

[Na+] = CB
(e)
t 5 phng trnh a, b, c, d, e ta c:
+
CA - H + + OH -
H =K a
CB + H + + OH -
(2.4)
Cng thc (2.4) c th c thit lp nh sau:

7
t phng trnh (a) ta c:
HA
H + =K a . A
(a)
Trong [HA] l nng cn bng ca HA. Nng bng nng ban u

ca HA(CA) tr i nng [H+] do HA phn li ra, nng ny li bng nng H+
chung trong dung dch [H+] tr i nng H+ do nc phn li ra, mt khc nng H+
do nc phn li ra bng nng OH-, vy:
[HA] = CA ([H+] - [OH-]) = CA [H+] + [OH-]
(f)
Cn nng cn bng [A-] bng nng ca A- do NaA phn li ra (CB) cng vi nng
ca A- do HA phn li ra, mt khc nng ny bng nng H+ do HA phn li ra,
m nng H+ do HA phn li ra bng nng H+ chung trong dung dch tr i nng
OH-, vy:
[A-]
= CB + [H+] - [OH-]
(g)
Thay [HA] v [A- ] vo (a) ta c cng thc (2.4) :
C A - H + + OH -
H =K a .
C B + H + - OH -
Cng thc tng qut ny c th s dng tnh pH ca mi dung dch axit, baz
hay mui. Tuy nhin trong tng trng hp c th ta li c th n gin bt cc thnh
phn tnh gn ng cho n gin hn nhng vi chnh xc chp nhn c. Di
y ta xem xt cch tnh pH cho cc trng hp theo vic s dng cng thc ny.
2.3.3.2. pH ca dung dch n axit rt mnh HA c nng CA
HA l mt axit rt mnh nn trong nc coi nh phn li hon ton:
HA
H+ + A-
Ka
t cng thc (2.4) ta c:
H + . C B + H + - OH -
H + OH =
Ka
+
Ka = ; v [H+ ]. (CB + [H+ ] - [OH- ] 0
Nn
CA - [H+ ] - [OH- ] = 0 rt ra [H+ ] = CA + [OH- ]
(2.5)
cng thc (2.5) cng c th suy ra t cng thc (f), do HA phn li hon ton nn [HA]
= 0, t cng thc (f) ta c CA - [H+ ] - [OH- ] = 0 => [H+ ] = CA + [OH- ]. Cng thc
(2.5) bao gm c H+ do axit HA phn li ra v H+ do nc phn li ra.
8
[H+ ] = CA +
KH O
=> H + -C A . H + -K H O =0
+
H
2
(2.5)
Khi nng axit HA ln hn 10-7M th H+ do nc phn li ra khng ng k, tc

l c th b qua s phn li ca nc, ngha l H+ trong dung dch l do H+ ca HA phn
li. Khi
CA = [H+] v pH = -lg[H+] = - lgCA
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch HCl 1M v 5.10-3M.
- i vi dung dch HCl nng 1M th ta c pH = - lg1 = 0
- i vi dung dch HCl5.10-3M th pH = - lg(5.10-3) = 2,3.
Khi nng axit CA 10-7M th phi tnh pH t phng trnh (2.5) hay (2.5).
Gii phng trnh bc hai ny, c 2 nghim, ta s ly nghim dng.
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch HCl 10-8M.
Nu b qua H+ do nc phn li ra th pH ca dung dch l 8. iu ny khng
ng, ta phi dng cng thc (2.5) tnh pH, khi pH ca dung dch s l:
[H+]2 10-8 [H+ ] 10-14 = 0
Gii phng trnh ny s tnh c [H+ ] = 10-6,9 suy ra pH = 6,9.
Nu CA << 10-7 c th b qua CA cnh [OH- ] trong cng thc (2.5) v khi :
[OH- ] = [H+ ] =
K H O , mi trng khi ny coi nh l trung tnh.

2
2.3.4.3. pH ca dung dch n baz rt mnh c nng CB

Cc n baz mnh thng l hiroxit ca cc kim loi kim, trong nc chng
phn li coi nh hon ton theo phng trnh:
BOH
B+
+ OH-
Lp lun tng t nh i vi dung dch axt mnh ta c:

[OH- ] = CB + [H+]
(2.6)
CB l nng ban u ca baz . Thay gi tr ca [OH-] =

[H+ ] + CB [H+] - K H O = 0
2
KH O
2
ta c:
(2.6)
Phng trnh ny dng tnh chnh xc pH ca dung dch n baz rt mnh c

nng CB v hng s baz Kb =
Nu nng CB ca baz ln hn 10-7M th lng OH- do nc phn li ra khng
ng k v c th b qua c. Do [OH- ] = CB
9
V [H+ ] =
KH O
2
KH O
2
CB
=> pH = 14 pOH = 14 + lgCB.
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch NaOH 0,1M

[OH-] = 10-1 => pOH = -lg[OH-] = 1 => pH = 14 pOH = 14 -1 =13.
Nu CB 10-7 th phi tnh pH theo cng thc (2.6).
Nu CB << 10-7 c th b qua CB cnh [H+] trong cng thc (2.6) v khi
: [OH- ] = [H+ ] =

2
2.3.4.4. pH ca dung dch n axit yu HA c hng s axt Ka v nng ban u CA

Trong dung dch ch c axit yu HA nn nng baz lin hp ca n CB trong
cng thc (2.4) rt nh, c th coi bng khng v cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch axit
yu l:
+
H =K a .
C A - H + + OH -
(2.7)
H + - OH -
Tu tng trng hp c th li c th n gin ho cng thc (2.7) nh sau:

- Nu [OH-] << [H+] ngha l c th b qua s phn li ca nc, tc l b qua
nng ion H+ do nc phn li ra, khi ta c th b qua [OH- ] bn cnh [H+]. Cng
thc (2.7) s c n gin cn:
+
C A - H +
H =K a .
H +
H +
, ta c Ka =
C A - H +
(2.7)
y l phng trnh bc hai vi [H+]

- Nu coi [H+ ] << CA (tc l axt phn li yu, nng ion H+ do axit phn li ra
nh hn nng ban u ca axit) th phng trnh (2.7) s l:
2
H +
Ka =
hay H + = K a .CA
CA
pH = -lg[H+ ] = 0,5pKa 0,5.lgCA
(2.7)
(2.7)
V d: - Tnh pH ca dung dch axit CH3COOH 0,1M.

Bit K CH COOH = 10-4,75
3
S dng cng thc (2.7) th

pH = -0,5.lg10-4,75 0,5.lg0,1 = 2,375 + 0,5 = 2,875
- Tnh pH ca dung dch NH4Cl 0,1M, bit NH3 l baz yu c pKb = 4,75
S dng cng thc (2.7)
10
NH4Cl
NH4+ + Cl-
NH4+ + H2O
NH3 + H3O+ suy ra NH4+ l mt axit yu.
pK NH+ = 14 - pK NH3 = 9,25

4
nn pH = 0,5.9,25 + 0,5 = 5,13

- Nu nng ban u ca axit CA nh, hay axit c hng s Ka tng i ln
(ngha l axt khng yu lm) th khng th b qua H+ cnh CA c. Khi mun tnh
pH chnh xc ta phi dng cng thc (2.7). Ngi ta thng quy c ngng tnh
l: nu axit c Ka< 10-4 hoc t s (CA / Ka) > 400 th s dng cng thc (2.7)
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COOH 10-4 M, bit K CH COOH = 10-4,75. Nng
3
CA nh nn tnh pH chnh xc ta khng th b qua [H+] cnh CA c m phi p

dng cng thc (2.7), tc l phi gii phng trnh:
[H+]2 = 10-4,75.10-4 10-4,75. [H+]
[H+]2 + 10-4,75. [H+] 10-4,75 = 0
Gii ra ta c [H+] = 0,81. 10-4,38 v pH = -lg[H+] = 4,470. Nhng nu b qua
[H+] cnh CA th pH = 0,5 . 4.75 0,5.lg10-4 = 2, 375 + 2 = 4,375.
Nu CA kh nh [A- ] << [OH- ] tc l H+ do axit HA phn li ra khng ng
k so vi H+ do nc phn li ra th H+ trong dung dch hu ht do nc phn li ra. Do
: [H+ ] = [OH- ] =

2
2.3.3.5. pH ca dung dch n baz yu c hng s baz Kb v nng ban u CB

Lp lun tng t nh dung dch n axit yu trn, trong dung dch ch c
baz yu nn CA trong cng thc (2.4) rt nh, coi nh bng khng, vy cng thc tnh
pH ca mt dung dch baz yu l:
OH - - H +
H =K a .
C B - OH - + H +
(2.8)
OH -
[H ] << [OH ] th [H ] = Ka.
C B - OH -
(2.8)
Nu
hoc K H O /OH
2
K . C OH
OH
OH
K H 2O
Ka
C OH
K b C B OH
Nu [OH+] << CB c th b qua gi tr CB cnh [OH-] , khi ny li c:

11
[OH-]= K b .C B pOH = 0,5pKb 0,5lgCB v pH = 14 pOH
(2.8)
Nu nng ban u ca baz CB nh, hay baz c hng s Kb tng i ln

(ngha l baz khng yu lm) th khng th b qua OH- cnh CB c. Khi mun
tnh pH chnh xc ta phi dng cng thc (2.8). Ngi ta thng quy c ngng
tnh l: nu baz c Kb< 10-4 hoc t s (CB / Kb) > 400 th s dng cng thc (2.8).
Nu CB kh nh, CB << 10-7 M, th li coi nh [H+ ] = [OH- ] =
K H 2O hay mi
trng khi ny l trung tnh.

V d: - Tnh pH ca dung dch NH3 0,1M, bit Kb = 1,75.10-5
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OHpOH = 0,5.4,75 0,5.lg0,1 = 2,38 + 0,5 = 2,88 v pH = 14 2,88 = 11,12
- Tnh pH ca dung dch KCN 0,1 M, bit y l mui ca axt yu HCN
c pKa = 9,21.
Trong dung dch nc KCN phn li hon ton:
KCN
CN- + H2O
K+ + CN
HCN + OH-
CN- l baz lin hp ca axt HCN nn pKCN = 14 pKHCN = 14 9,21 = 4,79.

Vy:
pOH = 0,5.4,79 0,5.lg 0,1 = 2,4 + 0,5 = 2,9.
pH = 14 2,9 = 11,1
2.3.3.6. pH ca dung dch hn hp n axit yu v baz lin hp vi n
Thit lp cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch cha axit yu HA vi nng ban
u l CA v baz lin hp vi n l A- ( trong mui NaA c nng ban u l CB).
tnh chnh xc pH ca dung dch cha HA v NaA vi nng ban u l CA
v CB, s dng cng thc sau:
C A H OH
Ka.
C B H OH
Nhng thng [H+] v [OH-] khng ng k so vi CA v CB v HA v A- ngn

cn ln nhau lm cho chng ion ho theo phng trnh sau:
HA + H2O
A- + H3 O+
A- + H2 O
HA+ HO-
Nn H3O+ v HO- sinh ra khng c nhiu, do pH ca dung dch thc t

c tnh theo cng thc:
12
H K
CA
CB
tc l
pH = pKa lgCA/CB
(2.9)
nu CA = CB th
pH = pKa
(2.9)
V d: - Tnh pH ca dung dch cha hn hp CH3COOH 0,2M v CH3COONa

0,1M. Bit pK CH COOH = 4,75.
3
Theo u bi th CA = 0,2 v CB = 0,1.

Vy: pH = 4,75 lg0,2 + lg0,1 = 4,45
- Tnh pH ca dung dch cha hn hp NH4OH 0,2M v NH4Cl 0,1M. Bit
pK NH3 = 4,75.
Nh vy axit yu trong hn hp l NH4+ v baz lin hp vi n l NH3.

pKa =14 - pKb = 14 4,75 = 9,25.
pH = 9,25 lg(0,1/0,2) = 9,25 + 0,3 = 9,25.
2.3.3.7. pH ca dung dch hn hp axit yu v baz khng lin hp vi n
Gi s c mt hn hp axit HA1 c nng CA ca h HA1/A-1 v baz A-2 nng
CB ca h HA2/A-2, cc hng s axit ca hai h l K1 v K2.
tnh pH ca dung dch ny ta lp phng trnh bo ton proton xut pht t
HA-, A-2, H2O.
[HA2] + [H+] = [OH-] + [A1-].
Nu [H+] v [OH-] khng ng k, th [HA2] = [A-1]
Hoc
CB . H
C A .K 1
K2 H
K1 H
V vi axit HA1 th HA1 H+ + A-1 nn [HA1] + [A-1] = CA
H . A
V
T (b):
K1 =
(b)
HA1
A K v nh vy A K
HA H
HA A H K
Cn c vo (a):
CA
HC .K K
C .H
H K

A1
K1
, t suy ra
H K1
HA1
(a)
13
H +
K1
Nu CA = CB th
=
hoc [H+]2 = K1.K2
+
+
K 2 + H K1 + H
V
pH = 0,5.(pK1 + pK2).
(2.10)
Nu cc nng CA v CB khng bng nhau, CA = m CB th phi gii phng trnh:
CB . H
m.C B .K 1
m.K 1
H
hoc
K2. H
K1 H
K2 H
K1 H
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch mui NH4CN 0,1M. Bit HCN c pKHCN = 9,21 v NH3
c pK NH = 4,76.
3
pH NH =pK H O -pK NH =14-4,76=9,24

+
4
pH=0,5.(pK HCN +pK NH )=0,5.(9,21+9,24)=9,23

+
4
2.3.3.8. pH ca cc dung dch hn hp cc n axit

pH ca cc dung dch hn hp axit mnh HAm v axt yu HAy
Trong dung dch c cc cn bng sau:
HAm H+ + A-m
vi
HAy
H+ + Ay
H2 O
H+ + OH- vi
Ka =
(a)
vi Ka
(b)
KH2O
(c)
tnh chnh xc nng H+ ca dung dch, phi tnh lng H+ do c 3 phng

trnh trn sinh ra. Nhng trong tuyt i s cc trng hp c th b qua H+ do nc
phn li v nc phn li yu, ion H+ do hai axit phn li ra ngn chn cn s phn li
ca nc cho nn H+ trong dung dch coi nh ch do hai axit phn li.
Phn ng (a) chuyn dch hon ton v pha bn phi v [H+] do phn ng ny
sinh ra lm cho phn ng cn bng (b) chuyn dch v pha bn tri tc l lm km
hm s phn li ca axit do . Khi ny c th chia lm cc trng hp:
Trng hp 1: Nu nng ban u ca axt yu nh hn, bng hoc khng ln
hn nhiu so vi nng ca axit mnh, th pH ch do axit mnh nht quyt nh.
V d: Tnh pH ca hn hp cha hai axit HCl v CH3COOH nng mi axit
tng ng l 0,1M.
Khi ny c th b qua s phn li ca CH3COOH, nng ca ion H+ s l 10-1
ion g/l, v HCl phn li hon ton, nn pH = 1.
Trng hp 2: Nu nng ca axit yu ln hn rt nhiu nng ca axit
mnh th phi k n s phn li ca axit yu.
14
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch gm hai axit HCl nng 10-2 M v axit

CH3COOH nng 1M.
Gi nng ca CH3COO- trong dung dch l x th [CH3COOH] = 1-x, [H+] = x
+ 0,01. S dng nh lut bo ton khi lng cho cn bng (b) th:
[H+] = Ka.
CH 3COOH
CH
COO
hay 10-2 + x = 10-4,75.(1-x)/x
V gii phng trnh tng ng vi x2 + (10-2 + 10-4,75). x = 0, b 10-4,75 bn

cnh 10-2 th phng trnh tr thnh x2 + 10-2.x 10-4,75 = 0. Gii phng trnh ny
nghim x nhn c l x = 1,3.10-2 t suy ra gi tr pH = 1,64.
pH ca cc dung dch hn hp axit yu HAy1 v HAy2
Trong dung dch ca hn hp ny c cc cn bng sau:
HAy1
H+ + A-y1
HAy2
H+ + A-y2
H2 O
H+ + OH-
C 3 trng hp thng gp:

Trng hp 1: Hai axit c hng s axit v nng gn bng nhau. Khi gi
nng mi axit l C, nng H+ do axit HAy1 phn li ra l (x), nng H+ do axit
HAy2 phn li ra l (y), nu b qua s phn li ca nc th:
HAy1
Cx
HAy2
Cy
H+
x+y
H+
A-y1
x
x+y
KHAy1 = x. (x + y)/(C-x);
A-y2
y
KHAy2 = y.(x-y)/(C-y)
Thng thng th x v y nh hn C rt nhiu nn c th b qua chng bn cnh

C, khi :
KHAy1 = x. (x + y)/C; KHAy2 = y.(x-y)/C
KHAy1 + KHAy2 = (x + y) (x + y)/C = (x+y)2/C
[H+] = C.(KHAy1 + KHAy2 ) [H+] = C. K HA K HA

y1
y2
(2.11)
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch gm axit meta asen HAsO2 c Ka = 6.10-10 v

axt xianhiric HCN c Ka = 7.10-10, bit nng ca mi axt tng ng u bng
0,2M.
[H+] =
0,2.(6.10 10 7.10 10 ) = 10-4,8
pH = 4,8.
15
Trng hp 2: Nng cc axit xp x bng nhau nhng hng s axit khc nhau
nhiu.
V nng cc axit xp x nhau nn nng [H+] do axit c hng s phn li ln
hn phn li ra s ln hn nhiu nng [H+] do axt c hng s phn li nh phn li ra,
v vy pH trong dung dch hn hp ny trn thc t s bng pH ca dung dch c hng
s phn li ln hn.
V d: Tnh pH ca hn hp axt CH3COOH 0,1M c pKCH3COOH = 4,75 v HCN
0,1M c pKHCN = 9,21.
Trong dung dch s c cc cn bng sau:
H+ + CH3COO-
(a)
HCN
H+ + CN-
(b)
H2 O
H+ + OH-
(c)
CH3COOH
V nng ca hai axit bng nhau v hng s axit ca CH3COOH ln hn hng

s axit ca HCN rt nhiu (104,45 ln), nn c th b qua nng H+ do cn bng (b)
sinh ra so vi nng H+ do cn bng (a) sinh ra. Nh vy, trn thc t pH ca hn hp
chnh l pH ca dung dch CH3COOH.
Trong trng hp ny c th tnh pH ca dung dch theo cng thc (2.7):
pH = 0,5. pKCH COOH 0,5.lgCA = 0,5. 4,75 0,5.lg0,1 = 2,86
3
Trng hp 3: Hng s axit ca hai axit xp x nhau, nhng nng khc nhau
nhiu.
pH ca dung dch hn hp trong trng hp ny c th c xem nh pH ca
dung dch axt c nng ln hn.
2.3.3.9. pH ca cc dung dch a axit v a baz
Khi ha tan mt a axit vo nc th n phn li theo nhiu nc v mi nc cho
mt proton, c trng bi mt hng s axit tng ng. i vi cc axit thng gp th
hng s axit tng nc khc nhau rt nhiu, hng s axit ca nc th nht thng ln hn
rt nhiu hng s axit nc sau .
V d: - Phng trnh phn li ca H2CO3 s l:
H2CO3
H+ + HCO3- vi hng s axit
K1 = 10-6,4
HCO-3
H+ + CO32- vi hng s axit
K2 = 10-10,3
Ta thy: K1/K2 = 10-6,4/10-10,3 = 104
16
- H3PO4 phn li theo ba nc c 3 hng s axit tng ng c cc gi tr l pK1 =

2,12; pK2 = 7,21; pK3 = 12,36. Nh vy i vi axit ny, cc hng s phn li trc bao
gi cng ln hn hng s phn li ngy sau n khong 100 nghn ln.
i vi cc a axt c cc hng s axit khc nhau rt nhiu, do vy khi tnh pH
ca dung dch th c th b qua c s phn li ca cc nc sau, ch k ti s phn li
ca cc nc th nht, tc l pH ca mt n axit, hoc l pH ca hn hp n axt c
nng bng nhau nhng c hng s phn li khc nhau.
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch H2S 0,025M. Bit K1 = 5,7.10-8 v K2 = 1,2. 10-15.
Nh vy K1 >> K2 hng triu ln, nn khi tnh pH ca dung dch ta c th b qua s
phn li ca cc nc hai v nu b qua s phn li ca nc th c th tnh pH theo cng
thc tnh pH ca n axit yu.
H2 S
H
H+ + HS-
K .C K1.C 5, 7.108.2,5.10 2 104,43 pH 4, 43
Ngi ta cng xt tng t vi cc a baz. Anion ca cc a axit c th coi nh

cc a baz. Th d ion S- (Na2S) c th coi nh mt a baz bi v n c th nhn ln
lt tng proton to thnh axit theo phng trnh sau:
S2-
+ H+
HS-
HS-
+ H+
H2 S
Nu bit c cc hng s ca cc a axit th c th tnh c cc hng s ca

cc a baz lin hp vi chng.
C th: Hng s Kb ca S2- = 10-14/Ka/HS- = 10-14/1,2.10-5
Nu nh a axit c hng s axit khc nhau nhiu th cc a baz tng ng cng
c hng s baz khc nhau nhiu v vic tnh ton pH ca cc dung dch a baz cng
ch tnh ti s phn li ca nc th nht m thi, nh vy vic tnh pH cng tin hnh
tng t nh tnh pH ca mt n baz yu, khi ny dng cng thc:
[OH-] =
K b .C v pH = 14 - pOH
2.3.4. Dung dch m

Trong thc tin phn tch, nhiu phn ng phn tch ch xy ra ti u nhng
mi trng pH nht nh. Khi ny to mi trng pH xc nh, ngi ta s dng mt
loi dung dch c gi l dung dch m.
2.3.4.1. Khi nim
17
Dung dch m l dung dch hn hp axit yu v baz lin hp ca n hoc dung

dch hn hp baz yu v axit lin hp ca n. Nhng dung dch ny gi c pH n
nh hoc hu nh khng i khi thm mt lng nh axit mnh hoc baz hoc khi
pha long.
Gi tr pH ca dung dch m c tnh theo cng thc (2.9):
H K
CA
CB
hay pH = pKa lg(CA/CB)
Trong : Ka l hng s axit, CA v CB l nng ca cc dng axit v baz ca dung

dch hn hp m.
T cng thc trn ta cng thy rng pH ca cc dung dch hn hp m ph
thuc vo bn cht ca hn hp ( thng qua hng s Ka ) v nng ca 2 dng ( thng
qua t l CA/CB ).
2.3.4.2. m nng ( kh nng m ca dung dch m )
m nng l khi nim c s dng biu th kh nng ca dung dch m
chng li s thay i pH khi thm axit mnh hoc baz mnh vo, k hiu bng ch .
C th nh ngha m nng nh sau: m nng ca mt dung dch m bng s
mol ca mt baz mnh ( hoc mt axit mnh ) thm vo 1 lt dung dch m pH
ca n tng ln ( hoc gim i ) 1 n v.
Cng c th nh ngha m nng ca mt dung dch m mt cch chnh xc
di dng phng trnh vi phn nh sau:
= d(b)/d(pH) = - d(a)/ d(pH)
trong d(a) , d(b) ln lt l s mol baz mnh hoc mt axit mnh thm vo 1 lt
dung dch m pH ca n tng ln ( hoc gim i ) mt lng bng d(pH).
Cng t cng thc nh ngha, ngi ta thit lp c cng thc tnh m nng
cho mt dung dch m c nng CA v CB l:
= 2,303. CA.CB / (CA + CB )
i vi mt dung dch m xc nh, nu tng CA + CB = C l khng i th kh
nng m ln nht l khi CA = CB = C/2. Hay:max = 0,576.C
2.3.4.3. Cch pha ch chun b dung dch m
Trong phn tch nh tnh cng nh phn tch nh lng, nht l trong cc
phng php chun complexon ( chun to phc ), thng xuyn phi s dng
dung dch hn hp m to mi trng pH xc nh. Khi ny ta phi pha ch cc
dung dch m c pH theo yu cu, theo nguyn tc sau:
18
- La chn cc hn hp c pKa gn vi gi tr pH yu cu.

- Tnh t s nng CA, CB ca 2 dng cn c trong dung dch m yu cu theo biu
thc:
lg(CA/CB) = pKa pH
Vi 1 gi tr nht nh ca CA (hoc CB ) t la chn, tnh nng ca CB (hoc
CA ) cn li. Sau da vo th tch ca dung dch m cn pha m ta tnh ton lng
cn nguyn cht hay th tch dung dch u ca cc thnh phn cn ly cho th tch ca
dung dch m cn pha ch.
2.4. Cn bng to kt ta
2.4.1. iu kin to thnh kt ta Tch s tan

2.4.1.1. Tch s tan
Tc c cc cht kh tan u c tan mt phn d l rt nh
AgCl phn li theo phng trnh sau: AgCl rn Ag+ + ClTAgCl = [Ag+].[Cl-]
gi l tch s tan ca AgCl, l i lng c trng cho kt ta AgCl, l tch s
nng ca cc ion trong dung dch bo ho ca AgCl mt nhit xc nh
Trng hp tng qut i vi kt ta c cng thc l AmBn th tch s tan l:
AmBn mAn+ + nBmm
TAmBn = A . B
Ngi ta xc nh tch s tan cho tt c cc kt ta (cht in li kh tan) iu

kin tiu chun (250C) ri lit k vo cc bng tra, vo s tay ha hc. Tch s tan cng
nh th kt ta cng kh tan.
V d: - Tch s tan ca cht in li t tan AgI l 8,3.10-17 25 0C ngha l
Ag + . I- =8,3.10-17 khi dung dch bo ho AgI.

- Tch s tan ca cht in li t tan Ba3(PO4)2 bng 6,3. 10-39 25 0C
3
ngha l Ba 2+ . PO 43- =6,03.10-39 khi dung dch bo ho Ba3(PO4)2

chnh xc hn, chng ta phi thay cc gi tr nng bng gi tr hot .
2.4.1.2. iu kin to thnh kt ta
Xt qu trnh to kt ta AmBn :
mA + nB AmBn
Khi Am B n < TAmBn dung dch trng thi ny gi l dung dch cha bo ho,
kt ta cha to thnh.
19
Khi
A B
TAn Bm gi l th dung dch bo ha, ni cch khc, tc ha tan
bng tc kt ta.
Khi Am B n > TAmBn A v B s ho hp vi nhau to thnh AmBn cho n khi
t trng thi cn bng, tc l trng thi ca dung dch bo ha, Am B n = TAmBn . y
cng chnh l iu kin to thnh kt ta, cn gi l quy tc tch s tan
iu kin to thnh kt ta ca cht in li t tan l tch s nng ca cc ion
to nn cht in li t tan ( vi s m thch hp ) ln hn tch s tan ca cht in li
t tan ( nhit nht nh).
Qu trnh to thnh v n nh kt ta rt phc tp, bao gm nhiu giai on, b
nh hng bi nhiu yu t, chng ta s nghin cu k hn phn sau.
2.4.1.3. tan, quan h gia tan v tch s tan
tan ca mt cht l khi nim cho ta bit kh nng tan ca cht trong dung
mi nht nh. Thng k hiu bng ch S
Ngi ta thng biu din tan bng s gam cht tan c trong 100g dung mi
ca dung dch bo ha hoc s gam cht tan c trong 100g dung dch bo ha.
tan ca mt cht l nng cht trong dung dch bo ha
Tch s tan nh bit, l tch s nng cc ion trong dung dch bo ha.
Tch s tan l hng s khng ph thuc vo nng ion, ch ph thuc vo nhit ,
cn tan ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc.
tan v tch s tan u l cc i lng c trng cho dung dch bo ho nn
c th tnh tch s tan t tan hoc ngc li. Quan h gia tan v tch s tan ca
kt ta AmBn nh sau:
S ( mn )
TAm Bn
m m .n n
V d 1: Tnh tan ca Ca3(PO4)2 trong nc bit TCa
3 (PO 4 ) 2
3Ca2+ + 2PO43-
Ca3(PO4)2
TCa3 ( PO4 ) 2 Ca 2
PO
3 2
Gi tan ca n l S th : Ca 2 3.S v PO43 =2.S

Vy:
TCa3 ( PO4 )2 (3.S )3 .(2.S ) 2 33.22.S 5
20
= 10-32,5
TCa3 ( PO4 )2
33 22
1032,5
3322
S 1,3.10 7 M
V d 2: Tnh tch s tan ca Mg(OH)2 200C bit rng 100ml dung dch bo
ho nhit ny cha 0,84 mg Mg(OH)2.
Mg(OH)2 Mg 2+ +2OH 2
2+
TMg(OH)2 = Mg . OH
tan ca Mg(OH)2 bng : 0,84.10/1000.58=1,4.10-4 mol/l

Nh th
Mg = 1,4.10-4 mol/l.
OH = 2.1,4.10-4 =2,8.10-4 mol/l.
2
Vy:
-4
-4 2
TMg(OH)2 = 1,4.10 .(2,8.10 ) = 1,1.10
-11
2.4.2. Cc yu t nh hng n tan ca cht t tan

tan v tch s tan u l cc i lng c trng cho kt ta, tan cng nh
th kt ta cng kh tan, phn ng phn tch xy ra cng hon ton. Tuy nhin tan
ca kt ta ngoi vic ph thuc vo bn cht ca kt ta cn ph thuc vo cc yu t
khc nh s c mt ca cc ion, mi trng pH, do cc ion ny c th tc dng vi ion
kt ta do nh hng ti tan ca kt ta. Sau y chng ta xt mt s yu t nh
hng,
2.4.2.1. nh hng ca ion chung
Ion chung cn gi l ion cng tn, l ion c mt trong thnh phn ca kt ta. S
c mt ca ion cng tn trong dung dch bo ha ca kt ta lm cho tan gim. Bi
v theo quy lut tch tan th tch s nng ca cc ion ca kt ta trong dung dch bo
ha lun lun l mt hng s nhit nht nh. Nu nng ca mt trong cc ion
tng th nng ca cc ion kia phi gim. Ta xem xt c th trong v d sau:
V d: Tnh tan ca BaSO4 trong dung dch Na2SO4 0,01M v so snh vi
tan ca n trong nc. Bit TBaSO 1,1.10 10 .
4
tan ca BaSO4 trong nc nguyn cht l: S 1,1.10 10 1,05.10 5 M

Trong dung dch Na2SO4 0,01M: nng ion Ba2+ bng tan S ca BaSO4 cn
nng ca ion SO42- bng tng nng ca SO42- do BaSO4 v Na2SO4 phn ly ra.
[SO42-] = S + 0,01
21
V tan ca BaSO4 rt b, khi c Na2SO4 li cng b hn nn SO42- do BaSO4

phn ly ra khng ng k, vy c th coi [SO42-] = 0,01.
Vy: TBaSO S ( S 0,01) 0,01S 1,1.10 10 ;
4
S = 1,1.10-8mol/lit.
Nh vy tan ca BaSO4 trong Na2SO4 0,01M nh hn trong nc nguyn

cht:
1,05.10 5
950 ln
1,1.10 8
T ta thy tan ca cht t tan b gim i khi thm vo dung dch ca n
cht in ly no c ion cng tn (ion chung) vi cht t tan. iu ny c ng dng
trong thc tin phn tch nh sau:
- Trong phng php phn tch khi lng, khi thc hin phn ng to kt ta
cht cn phn tch bng mt thuc th kt ta nht nh, ngi ta phi thm d lng
thuc th kt ta.
- Khi lc, ra thu kt ta, ta nn ra bng nc ct c thm mt lng ion
cng loi lm gim tan ca kt ta, trnh cho kt ta tan trong nc ra s dn
n sai s.
22
2.4.2.2. nh hng ca ion l

Ion l l ion khng c mt trong thnh phn ca kt ta. Cc ion l lm tng
tan cu kt ta v s lm tng lc ion ca dung dch, ngha l lm gim h s hot f
trong biu thc tch s tan, do nng ion ca kt ta s tng, nh hng ny cn
gi l hiu ng mui. Ta xem xt c th trong v d sau:
V d: Tnh tan ca kt ta AgCl trong dung dch KNO3 0,1M
Nu tnh n h s hot : TAgCl = S2.f2
T
f2
lg f
0,5. 0,1
0,88 ; f 0,76
1 0,1
1
(0,1 0,1) -0,1
2
Vy tan ca AgCl trong nc nguyn cht l: 1,05.10-5 v tan ca AgCl

trong KNO3 0,1M ln hn trong nc nguyn cht:
1,4.10 5
1,33 ln.
1,05.10 5
T ta thy tan ca cht in li t tan tng ln khi thm vo dung dch ca n cht
in ly no . iu ny cng c ng dng trong phng php phn tch khi lng
nh sau: Sau khi thc hin phn ng to kt ta cht cn phn tch bng mt thuc th
kt ta nht nh, ngi ta khng lc ngay m mt thi gian nht nh lm mui
kt ta, ngha l c nguyn kt ta trong dung dch, ng thi c th thm cht in
li cha ion khc loi, khi ny cc kt ta tinh th ht nh c th tan ra, nhng do tha
mn quy tc tch s tan nn s li to thnh kt ta, cc kt ta to thnh s c ht to
hn, s d lc, ra v t nhim bn hn. Cng cn ch rng s lm mui kt ta ch p
dng cho loi kt ta tinh th.
2.4.2.3. nh hng ca ion H+
tan ca kt ta to thnh bi cc ion kim loi vi anion ca gc axit mnh
nh AgCl, AgI, BaSO4 ni chung t thay i khi pH ca dung dch thay i. Nhng
i vi cc kt ta l mui ca axit yu nh BaCO3, NiS, FeS th tan trong dung dch
axit.
Nu c kt ta MAn m A- l gc ca axit yu th trong dung dch c cn bng:
MAn M n nA
(a)
nA nH nHA
(b)
23
Nu gi tan ca kt ta MAn l S th:
S M n
n.S A HA
A . H
T (b) ta c:
Ka
HA
K a .HA K a (n.S A )
A
H
H
A KK.nS
H
K a .nS
n
T A M n S .
Ka H
T
S n1 n
n
Rt ra
H
1
Ka
V d : Tnh tan ca CaF2 trong HCl 0,01M nu KHF = 6.10-4 v TCaF = 4.10-11
2
V H 10 2 nn
S 3
4 11
.10 2,9.10 4 M , r rng trong HCl 0,01 M th
4
CaF2 tan gp 10 ln trong nc ct. nu anion ca kt ta l gc ca mt a axit th:

-3
Khi A :
T
S n 1 n
n
2
3
H
H
H
v v.v
. 1
K
K
.
K
K
.
K
.
K
1
1
2
1
2
3
2.4.2.4. Cc nh hng khc

Ngoi ra tan ca mt cht cn ph thuc vo nhit , kch thc ca ht kt
ta Nhng kt ta c ht nh th tan nhiu hn nhng kt ta c ht ln.
Thng kt ta khng th tch ra dng tinh khit m thng c km theo tp
cht c ln trong dung dch. Khi tp cht kt ta ng thi vi kt ta chnh th gi l
hin tng cng kt, tp cht kt ta trn bn mt kt ta chnh gi l hin tng cng
kt ngoi hoc nm trong lng kt ta gi l hin tng cng kt trong. Khi ny phi c
bin php thch hp loi b hoc lm gim n mc thp nht lng tp cht.
2.4.3. Kt ta phn on
Nu trong dung dch c cha hai hay nhiu ion c kh nng to thnh kt ta vi
mt ion th ba, nhng cc kt ta c tan khc nhau nhiu, th khi thm ion
24
th ba vo dung dch, cc kt ta ln lt to thnh. Hin tng c gi l s kt

ta phn on, c ngha quan trng trong ha phn tch.
V d: Nu thm dung dch AgNO3 vo dung dch cha hai mui clorua Cl- v
ioua I-, khi c Ag+ th u tin trn AgI kt ta, kt ta ny c tch s tan TAgI = 1016
, khi AgI kt ta hon ton th AgCl bt u kt ta, kt ta ny c tch s tan TAgCl =
10-10 . y chnh l hin tng kt ta phn on. Ta c th gii thch hin tng
nh sau:
Khi c hai mui AgCl v AgI cng kt ta trong dung dch th ta c:
Ag . Cl T
Ag . I T
AgCl
AgI
10 16
(1)
10 10
(2)
Chia c hai v ca (1), (2) cho nhau ta c:
Cl / I 1010 / 1016 106

C ngha l khi ion Cl- cn li trong dung dch tham gia to kt ta AgCl th
nng ion I- trong dung dch ch cn bng mt phn triu nng ca ion Cl-. Nh
th khi AgCl bt u kt ta th ioua thc t kt ta hon ton.
2.3. V tr ca phn ng ion trong ging dy trng HSP v trng ph
thng
2.3.1. Tc dng ch o l thuyt cn bng ion trong ging dy ha hc phn tch
trng HSP
Pht trin t duy cho sinh vin, pht trin k nng, k xo cho sinh vin trong vic
tnh ton v pha ch ha cht. Gip sinh vin gii thch c mt s hin tng ha
hc.
2.3.2. V tr ca phn ng ion trong ging dy trng ph thng
V tr chng cn bng ion trong dung dch tri u t chng trnh lp 8 n
lp 12 v tp trung nhiu nht chng 1: ( S in li ) ca lp 11. y l chng lm
nn tng hc sinh i vn dng gii quyt mt s vn khi hc n cc bi v cht
sau ny. Qua chng ny hc sinh nm c khi nim v s in li, cht in li mnh,
cht in li yu, cn bng in li, nh ngha c axit, baz, hiroxit lng tnh v
mui theo Bronsted. Bit c tch s ion ca nc, ngha tch s ion ca nc, khi
nim pH, cht ch th mu. Bit c bn cht ca phn ng xy ra trong dung dch cc
cht in li l phn ng gia cc ion, iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i ion. Hc sinh
phi hnh thnh c mt s k nng nht nh nh: Phn bit c cht
25
in li mnh, cht in li yu, cht khng in li, vit c phng trnh in li, nhn
bit c mt s ion c tnh axit, baz, trung tnh, lng tnh theo Bronsted; Tnh c
nng ca cc ion trong dung dch, tnh pH, bit c kt qu phn ng trao i ion
trong dung dch, gii c v nhanh mt s bi tp lin quan.
2.4. Vn dng l thuyt cn bng ion vo vic ging dy ha hc ph thng
2.4.1. D on, bn cht phn ng trong dung dch cht in li
iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i trong dung dch cht in li:
- Phn ng to thnh cht kt ta
- Phn ng to thnh cht in li yu
- Phn ng to thnh cht kh
Bn cht phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch l cc ion kt hp vi nhau to
thnh kt ta, kh, cht in li yu nhm mc ch gim nng cc ion trong dung
dch.
2.4.2. Mt s vn l thuyt v bi tp quan trng hc sinh ph thng cn nm
vng trong chng ny.
VN 1: BN CHT PHN NG TRONG DUNG DCH
Bn cht phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch l cc ion kt hp vi nhau
to thnh cht kt ta, cht kh, cht in li yu nhm mc ch gim nng cc
ion trong dung dch.
Mt s bi tp vn dng:
Cu 1: Vit phng trnh phn t v ion rt gn :
a/ NaHCO3 +
Ba(OH)2 d
b/ NaHCO3d +
Ba(OH)2
c/ NaHCO3
BaCl2
d/ NaHSO4
Ba(OH)2
e/ NaHSO4
BaCl2
f/ NaHSO4
NaHCO3
g/ Cu
HNO3 long
h/ Dd Fe2(SO4)3 +
NH3
i/ HNO3
Ba(OH)2
k/ H3PO4
NaOH
l/ Fe2O3
HNO3
26
m/ K2CO3
Ca(NO3)2
n/ Na2HPO4 +
NaOH
o/ Ca(H2PO4)2
Ca(OH)2 (t l 1:1)
p/ Ca(H2PO4)2
Ca(OH)2 (t l 1:2)
q/ BaCl2
NaH2PO4
Cu 2: Hon thnh cc phn ng sau y di dng phng trnh phn t:

a/ Ba2+
CO32 BaCO3
b/ Fe3+
3OH Fe(OH)3
c/ NH4+
OH
NH3
d/ S2
2H+
H2 S
e/ PO43
3H+
H3PO4
f/ H3O+
OH
2H2O
H2 O
Cu 3: Vit cc phng trnh ha hc c th xy ra khi cho:

a/ dung dch cha: NH4+, CO32, Na+ vo dung dch cha: Na+, K+, OH
b/ dung dch cha: Na+, Ba2+, OH vo dung dch cha: H+, Cl, SO42
c/ dung dch cha: NH4+, H+, SO42 vo dung dch cha: Ba2+, Na+, OH
d/ dung dch cha: Ba2+, Ca2+, HCO3 vo dung dch cha: Na+, K+, OH
Cu 4: Trong dung dch c th tn ti ng thi cc ion sau y c khng ? Gii
thch.
a) Na+, Cu2+, Cl v OH .
b) K+, Ba 2 , Cl v SO 24 .
c) K+, Fe2+, Cl v SO 24 .
d) HCO3 , H+ (H3O+), Na+ v Cl .
Cu 5: C 3 ng nghim ng cc dung dch long, mi ng nghim cha 2 anion v 2
cation (khng trng lp gia cc ng nghim). Hy xc nh cc cation v anion trong
tng ng nghim, bit chng gm cc ion sau : NH 4 ; Na+; Ag+; Ba2+; Mg2+; Al3+; Cl;
Br; NO3 ; SO 24 ; PO34 ; CO32 .
Cu 6: Kt qu xc nh nng mol ca cc ion trong mt dung dch nh sau : Na+ :
0,05M ; Ca2+ : 0,01M ; NO3 : 0,01M ; Cl : 0,04M v HCO3 : 0,025M. Hi kt qu
ng hay sai, ti sao?
27
Cu 7: Cho 2 dung dch A v B, mi dung dch ch cha 2 loi cation v 2 loi anion
trong s cc ion sau:
K+ (0,15 mol), Mg2+ (0,1 mol), NH4+ (0,25 mol), H+ (0,2 mol)
Cl (0,1 mol), SO42 (0,075 mol), NO3 (0,25 mol), CO32 (0,15 mol)
Hy lp lun xc nh cc ion c trong mi dung dch.
Cu 8: Mt dung dch c cha 2 loi cation l Fe2+ (0,1 mol) v Al3+ (0,2 mol) cng 2
loi anion l Cl (x mol) v SO42 (y mol). Tnh x v y bit rng khi c cn dung dch
thu c 46,9 gam cht rn khan.
Cu 9: Nu hin tng, gii thch 3 th nghim sau:
TN1: Cho Cu vo dung dch HCl
TN2: Cho Cu vo dung dch NaNO3
TN3: Cho Cu vo dung dch hn hp HCl, NaNO3
Cu 10: Thc hin hai th nghim:
- Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80ml dung dch HNO3 1M thot ra V1 lt NO.
- Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch HNO3 1M v H2SO4 0,5M thot ra V2
lt NO. Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht, cc th tch kh o dng iu kin. Tnh
V1 v V2.
Cu 11: Cho Cu v dung dch H2SO4 long tc dng vi cht X (mt loi phn bn
ha hc), thy thot ra kh khng mu ha nu trong khng kh. Mt khc, khi X tc
dng vi dung dch NaOH th c kh mi khai thot ra, cht X t trn ngn la c mu
vng. Xc nh X
Cu 12: Thm m gam kali vo 300ml dung dch cha Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M
thu c dung dch X. Cho t t dung dch X vo 200ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 0,1M
thu c kt ta Y. thu c lng kt ta Y ln nht th gi tr ca m l bao
nhiu
Cu 13: Cho dung dch X cha 0,1 mol Al3+, 0,2 mol Mg2+, 0,2 mol NO3-, x mol Cl-, y
mol Cu2+
- Nu cho dung dch X tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 d th thu c 86,1 gam kt ta
- Nu cho 850 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo dung dch X tnh khi lng kt ta thu
c
Cu 14: Nung m gam hn hp X gm 2 mui cacbonat trung tnh ca 2 kim loi N v
M u c ha tr 2. Sau mt thi gian thu c 3,36 lt CO2 (iu kin tiu chun) v
28
cn li hn hp rn Y. Cho Y tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl d thu thm c 3,36 lt

CO2 (iu kin tiu chun). Phn dung dch em c cn thu c 32,5 gam mui khan.
Khi lng m ca hn hp X ban u l:
A. 22,9 g
B. 29,2 g
C. 35,8 g
D. 38,5 g
Cu 15: Mt dung dch X khng mu cha duy nht mt hp cht ion. Xc nh tn

hp cht, bit rng khi cho dung dch NaOH long vo X xut hin kt ta, kt ta ny
tan trong NaOH d. Thm bc axetat vo X to kt ta trng.
A. Ch sunfat
B. ng sunfat
C. Bari nitrat
D. Nhm clorua
Cu 15: Cho dung dch cha 0,1 mol (NH4)2CO3 tc dng vi dung dch cha 34,2
gam Ba(OH)2. Sau phn ng thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 39,4.
B. 19,7.
C. 15,5.
D. 17,1.
Cu 16: Dung dch X cha cc ion: Fe3+, SO42-, NH4+, Cl-. Chia dung dch X thnh hai
phn bng nhau:
- Phn mt tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaOH, un nng thu c 0,672 lt kh
( ktc) v 1,07 gam kt ta;
- Phn hai tc dng vi lng d dung dch BaCl2, thu c 4,66 gam kt ta.
Tng khi lng cc mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch X l (qu trnh c cn
ch c nc bay hi)
A. 3,73 gam.
B. 7,04 gam.
C. 7,46 gam.
D. 3,52 gam.
Cu 17: Cho dy cc cht: NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, NaCl, MgCl2, FeCl2, AlCl3. S cht
trong dy tc dng vi lng d dung dch Ba(OH)2 to thnh kt ta l
A. 1.
B. 3.
C. 5.
D. 4.
Cu 18: Hai cht c dng lm mm nc cng vnh cu l

A. NaCl v Ca(OH)2.
B. Na2CO3 v Na3PO4.
C. Na2CO3 v Ca(OH)2.
D. Na2CO3 v HCl.
Cu 19: Ho tan m gam hn hp gm Al, Fe vo dung dch H2SO4 long (d). Sau khi
cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch X. Cho dung dch Ba(OH)2 (d) vo
dung dch X, thu c kt ta Y. Nung Y trong khng kh n khi lng khng i,
thu c cht rn Z l
A. hn hp gm BaSO4 v FeO.
B. hn hp gm Al2O3 v Fe2O3.
C. hn hp gm BaSO4 v Fe2O3.
D. Fe2O3.
Cu 20: Cho dung dch cha 0,1 mol (NH4)2CO3 tc dng vi dung dch cha 34,2
29
gam Ba(OH)2. Sau phn ng thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l

A. 39,4.
B. 19,7.
C. 15,5.
D. 17,1.
Cu 21: Mt dung dch cha a mol NaHCO3 v b mol Na2CO3. Khi thm (a+b) mol
CaCl2 hoc (a+b) mol Ca(OH)2 vo dung dch th lng kt ta thu c trong hai
trng hp c bng nhau khng ?
A. Lng kt ta trong hai trng hp c bng nhau.
B. Lng kt ta trong trng hp 2 gp i vi trng hp 1.
C. Trng hp 1 c b mol kt ta, trng hp 2 c (a+b) mol kt ta.
D. Trng hp 1 c a mol kt ta, trng hp 2 c (a+b) mol kt ta.
Cu 22:Thm x ml dung dch Na2CO3 0,1M vo dung dch cha hn hp: Mg2+, Ba2+,
Ca2+, 0,01 mol HCO3, 0,02 mol NO3 th thu c lng kt ta ln nht. Gi tr ca x
l
A. 300
B. 400
C. 250
D. 150
VN 2: AXIT - BAZ LNG TNH

Cu 1: a. Theo nh ngha v axit-baz ca BRONSTED cc ion: Na+, NH4+, CO32,
CH3COO, HSO4, K+, Cl, H2PO4, HPO42, HCO3, l axt, baz, lng tnh hay trung
tnh? Ti sao?
b. Xc nh khong pH ca cc dung dch: Na2CO3, KCl, CH3COONa, NH4Cl,
NaHSO4. Gii thch?
Cu 2: Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch NaOH 1M vo dung dch cha 0,5 mol AlCl3
c 31,2 gam kt ta.
Gii
nOH 3.n 3.0, 4 V 1, 2l
nOH 4.nAl 3 n 2 0, 4 1,6mol V 1,6l
Cu 3: Cn cho mt th tch dung dch NaOH 1M ln nht l bao nhiu vo dung dch
cha ng thi 0,6 mol AlCl3 v 0,2 mol HCl xut hin 39 gam kt ta.
Gii Lu
rng trng hp ny cn thm mt lng NaOH trung ho HCl. Mt khc, tnh

th
tch
dung
dch
NaOH
ln
nht
n OH- (max) =4.n Al3+ -n

n OH- =n HCl +(4.n Al3+ -n ) 0, 2 (2, 4 0,5) 2,1 mol
V=2,1 lit
30
nn
ch
cn
xt
gi
tr
Cu 4: Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch HCl 1M vo dung dch cha 0,7mol
Na[Al(OH)4] thu c 39 gam kt ta?
Gii
n H n 0, 5 mol V 0, 5 lit
n H 4.n[ Al ( O H ) 4 ] 3.n 1, 3 mol V 1, 3lit

Cu 5: Th tch dung dch HCl 1M cc i cn vo dung dch cha ng thi 0,1mol
NaOH v 0,3 mol Na[Al(OH)4] l bao nhiu xut hin 15,6 gam kt ta?
Gii
nH nNaOH (4.n[ Al (OH )4 ] 3.n ) 0, 7 mol V 0, 7lit
Cu 6:
Hp th ht 7,84 lt CO2 (kc) vo 300 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1M. Tnh khi
lng kt ta thu c.
Gii
n C O 2 0, 35 m ol
n B a ( O H )2
n 0, 6 0, 35 0, 25 m ol
0, 3 m ol
m = 197.0,25 = 49,25 gam
Lu : y n 0, 25mol nCO 0,35mol , nn kt ta trn ph hp. Ta cn phi kim

2
tra li v nu Ba(OH)2 dng d th khi n nCO m khng ph thuc vo nOH . Tm
li, khi s dng cng thc trn, cn nh iu kin rng buc gia n v nCO l n nCO .
2
Cu 7: Hp th ht 6,72 lt CO2 (kc) vo 300 ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,1

M v Ba(OH)2 0,6 M. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c.
nCO2 0, 3mol
n NaOH 0, 03mol nCO 2 0, 39 0, 3 0, 09 mol

3
nBa ( OH )2 0,18 mol
M nBa 0,18mol nn n= 0,09mol. Vy m = 0,09.197 = 17,73gam.

2
Lu : Tng t nh cng thc trn, trong trung hp ny cng c iu kin rng

buc gia nCO32 v
nCO2 l nCO nCO

2
3
Cu 8: Hp th ht V lt CO2 (kc) vo 300ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1M c 19,7g kt

ta. Tm V
Gii
31
nCO2 n 0,1mol V 2, 24l
nCO2 nOH n 0,6 0,1 0,5mol V 11, 2l

Cu 9: Cn cho mt th tch dung dch NaOH 1M ln nht l bao nhiu vo dung dch
cha ng thi 0,6 mol AlCl3 v 0,2 mol HCl xut hin 39gam kt ta.
c 31,2 gam kt ta.
Gii
nOH 3.n 3.0,4 V 1,2 l
nOH 4.nAl3 n 20,4 1,6mol V 1,6 l

Cu 11: Lu rng trng hp ny cn thm mt lng NaOH trung ho HCl. Mt
khc, tnh th tch dung dch NaOH ln nht nn ch cn xt gi tr
n OH - (max) =4.n Al3+ -n

n OH - (can) =n HCl +(4.n Al3+ -n ) 0, 2 (2, 4 0, 5) 2,1mol
V=2,1lit
c 31,2 gam kt ta.
Gii
nOH 3.n 3.0, 4 V 1, 2 l
nOH 4.n Al 3 n 2 0, 4 1, 6 mol V 1, 6 l

Cu 13: Dy gm cc cht va tan trong dung dch HCl, va tan trong dung dch
NaOH l:
A. NaHCO3, ZnO, Mg(OH)2.
B. NaHCO3, MgO, Ca(HCO3)2.
C. Mg(OH)2, Al2O3, Ca(HCO3)2.
D. NaHCO3, Ca(HCO3)2, Al2O3
Cu 14: Pht biu khng ng l:

A. Cc hp cht CrO, Cr(OH)2 tc dng c vi dung dch HCl cn CrO3 tc dng
c vi dung dch NaOH.
B. Cc hp cht Cr2O3, Cr(OH)3, CrO, Cr(OH)2 u c tnh cht lng tnh.
C. Hp cht Cr(II) c tnh kh c trng cn hp cht Cr(VI) c tnh oxi ho mnh.
D. Thm dung dch kim vo mui icromat, mui ny chuyn thnh mui cromat.
Cu 15: Dy cht v ion no sau y c tnh cht trung tnh ?
A. Cl- , Na+ , Ca(NO3)2
B. Cl- , Na+ , NH4+

32
C. NH4+ , Cl- , H2O
D. ZnO, Al2O3 , Ca(NO3)2
Cu 16: Pht biu ng l :

A.Dung dch HCl 10-8M 250C c pH < 7
B. Dung dch mui trung ha lun c PH = 7,0
C.Dung dch mui axit lun c pH < 7,0
D. Nc nguyn cht lun c pH = 7,0
Cu 17: Thm m gam K vo 300 ml dung dch cha Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M
thu c dung dch X . Cho t t 200 ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 0,1M thu c kt ta Y .
thu uc lng kt ta Y ln nht th gi tr ca m l .
A.1,17
B.1,71
C.1,95
D.1,59
Cu 18: Thm 240 ml dung dch NaOH vo cc ng 100 ml dung dch AlCl3 nng
a mol , khuy u ti phn ng hon ton thy trong cc c 0,08 mol kt ta . Thm
vo cc 100 ml dung dch NaOH 1M khuy u thy phn ng xy ra hon ton thu
c 0,06 mol kt ta . Tnh nng a
A.2M
B.1,5M
C.1M
D.1,5M
Cu 19: Cho 1,62g nhm vo 200ml dung dch HCl 1M sau phn ng c dung dch
X. Ha tan ht 8,97g kim loi kim M vo dung dch X thy to thnh 2,34g kt ta.
Kim loi kim M l:
A. K
B. Li
C. Na
D. Rb
Cu 20: Hp th hon ton 3,584 lt CO2(ktc) vo 2 lt dung dch Ca(OH)2

0,05M thu kt ta X v dung dch Y . Khi khi lng ca dung dch Y so vi
khi lng ca dung dch Ca(OH)2 s
A. Tng 3,04 gam
B. Tng 7,04 gam
C. Gim 4 gam
D. Gim 3,04 gam
Cu 21: Hp th 4,48 lt CO2 (kc) vo 0,5 lt NaOH 0,4M v KOH 0,2M. Sau phn
ng c dung dch X. Ly dung dch X tc dng vi Ba(OH)2 d to m gam kt ta
m v tng khi lng mui khan sau khi c cn X ln lt l:
A. 19,7 v 20,6 g
B. 19,7 v 13,6 g
C. 39,4 v 20,6 g
D. 14,775 v 17,55 g
Cu 22: Ln men m gam glucoz vi hiu sut 90%, lng kh CO2 sinh ra hp th ht
vo dung dch nc vi trong, thu c 10 gam kt ta. Khi lng dung dch sau phn
ng gim 3,4 gam so vi khi lng dung dch nc vi trong ban u. Gi tr ca m l
A. 15,0.
B. 13,5.
C. 30,0.
33
D. 20,0.
Cu 23: Cho x hoc y mol CO2 ( y>x ) hp th vo dung dch c z mol Ba(OH)2 thy
lng kt ta sinh ra u nh nhau. Quan h x, y ,z l :
A. x + y = 2z
B. x + y = z
C. y x = z
D. 2y x = z
Cu 24: Ho tan hon ton m gam hn hp X gm Na2O v Al2O3 vo H2O thu

c 200 ml dung dch Y ch cha cht tan duy nht c nng 0,5M. Thi kh CO2
(d) vo Y thu c a gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m v a ln lt l
A. 8,3 v 7,2.
B. 8,2 v 7,8.
C. 13,3 v 3,9.
D. 11,3 v 7,8.
Cu 25: Hp th hon ton 8,96 lt CO2 (ktc) vo 200 ml dung dch hn hp KOH
2M v Ca(OH)2 0,5M thu c dung dch X. Dung dch X cha cht tan l
A. K2CO3
B. Ca(HCO3)2
C. KHCO3 v K2CO3
D. KHCO3 v Ca(HCO3)2
Cu 26: Ho tan hon ton 47,4 gam phn chua KAl(SO4)2.12H2O vo nc, thu c
dung dch X. Cho ton b X tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1M, sau phn
ng thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 62,2.
B. 7,8.
C. 46,6.
D. 54,4.
Cu 27: Nh t t 0,25 lt dung dch NaOH 1,04M vo dung dch gm 0,024 mol
FeCl3; 0,016 mol Al2(SO4)3 v 0,04 mol H2SO4 thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m
l
A. 1,560.
B. 2,568.
C. 5,064.
D. 4,128.
Cu 28: Mt dung dch Y cha cc ion Zn2+, Fe3+,v SO42. Bit rng dng ht 350ml
dung dch NaOH 2M th lm kt ta ht ion Zn2+ v Fe3+ trong 100mL dung dch Y.
Nu tip 200 mL dung dch NaOH trn vo th mt cht kt ta tan ht, cn li mt
cht kt ta mu nu. Tnh nng mol mi mui trong dung dch Y
Cu 29: Cho dung dch A gm HCl v H2SO4. Trung ho va ht 1 lt dung dch A cn
400 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. C cn dung dch to thnh th thu c 12,9 gam mui
khan.
a) Tnh nng mol ca cc axit c trong dung dch A.
b) Tnh pH ca dung dch A.
Cu 30: Cho Vml dung dch NaOH 0,5 M vo 400ml dung dch AlCl3 0,2M. Sau khi
phn ng kt thc thu c 3,9 gam kt ta. Tnh V
34
Cu 31: Ho tan ht 0,81 gam bt nhm vo 550 mL dung dch HCl 0,2M thu c
dung dch A. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 0,5 M cn thm vo dung dch A
thu c 0,78 gam kt ta.
Cu 32: Mt hn hp A gm Ba v Al.
Cho m gam A tc dng vi H2O d, thu c 1,344 lt kh, dung dch B v phn khng tan
C. Cho 2m gam A tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 d thu c 20,832 lt kh.
1. Tnh khi lng ca tng kim loi trong m gam A.
2. Cho 50 mL dung dch HCl vo dung dch B. Sau khi phn ng xong, thu c 0,78
gam kt ta. Xc nh nng mol/L ca dung dch HCl.
Cu 33: Trn 250ml dung dch hn hp HCl 0,08M v H2SO4 0,01M vi 250ml dung
dch Ba(OH)2 nng x M thu c m gam kt ta v 500ml dung dch c pH = 12.
Hy tnh m v x.
VN 3: TNH pH CA DUNG DCH - CHT IN LY YU
Mt s cng thc, ch hay gp
V2
10 pH l pH n
V1
Trong :
CM
10dC%
M
V1, V2 l th tch dung dch trc v sau khi pha long

pHl, pHn l pH ln v pH nh
[H+] = Co
Axit yu:
Ka
C0
[H + ] = Co K a
Ka.Kb = [H3O+ ].[OH- ] = KH2O
Gi tr pH ca dung dch m c tnh theo cng thc
H K
CA
CB
hay pH = pKa lg(CA/CB)
Cu 1: Cho cc dung dch c cng nng : Na2CO3 (1), H2SO4 (2), HCl (3), KNO3
(4). Gi tr pH ca cc dung dch c sp xp theo chiu tng t tri sang phi l:
A. (2), (3), (4), (1).
B. (3), (2), (4), (1).
C. (1), (2), (3), (4).
D. (4), (1), (2), (3).
Cu 2: Dung dch HCl v dung dch CH3COOH c cng nng mol/l, pH ca hai
dung dch tng ng l x v y. Quan h gia x v y l (gi thit, c 100 phn t
CH3COOH th c 1 phn t in li)
35
A. y = x - 2.
B. y = 2x.
C. y = 100x.
D. y = x + 2.
Cu 3: Cho m gam hn hp Mg, Al vo 250 ml dung dch X cha hn hp axit HCl

1M v axit H2SO4 0,5M, thu c 5,32 lt H2 ( ktc) v dung dch Y (coi th tch
dung dch khng i). Dung dch Y c pH l
A. 7.
B. 1.
C. 2.
D. 6.
Cu 4: Trn 100 ml dung dch hn hp gm H2SO4 0,05M v HCl 0,1M vi 100

ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,2M v Ba(OH)2 0,1M, thu c dung dch X.
Dung dch X c pH l
A. 13,0.
B. 1,2
C. 1,0.
D. 12,8.
Cu 5: Trn ln V ml dung dch NaOH 0,01M vi V ml dung dch HCl 0,03 M c

2V ml dung dch Y. Dung dch Y c pH l
A. 4.
B. 3.
C. 2.
D. 1.
Cu 6: Trn V1 ml dung dch gm NaOH 0,1M , v Ba(OH)2 0,2 M vi V2 ml gm

H2SO4 0,1 M v HCl 0,2 . M thu oc dung dch X c gi tr PH = 13 . Tnh t s V1 :
V2
A.4/5
B.5/4
C.3/4
D.4/3
Cu 7: Cho m gam hn hp Mg, Al vo 250 ml dung dch X cha hn hp axit

HCl 1M v axit H2SO4 0,5M, thu c 5,32 lt H2 ( ktc) v dung dch Y (coi th
tch dung dch khng i). Dung dch Y c pH l
A. 1.
B. 6.
C. 7.
D. 2.
Cu 8: Trn 100 ml dung dch (gm Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M) vi 400 ml
dung dch (gm H2SO4 0,0375M v HCl 0,0125M), thu c dung dch X. Gi tr pH
ca dung dch X l
A. 7.
B. 2.
C. 1.
D. 6.
Cu 9: Cho cc dung dch c cng nng : Na2CO3 (1), H2SO4 (2), HCl (3), KNO3
(4). Gi tr pH ca cc dung dch c sp xp theo chiu tng t tri sang phi l:
A. (3), (2), (4), (1). B. (4), (1), (2), (3). C. (1), (2), (3), (4). D. (2), (3), (4), (1).
Cu 10: Trn 100 ml dung dch c pH = 1 gm HCl v HNO3 vi 100 ml dung dch
NaOH nng a (mol/l) thu c 200 ml dung dch c pH = 12. Gi tr ca a l
A. 0,15.
B. 0,30.
C. 0,03.
36
D. 0,12.
Cu 11: Trn 100 ml dung dch hn hp gm H2SO4 0,05M v HCl 0,1M vi 100 ml
dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,2M v Ba(OH)2 0,1M, thu c dung dch X. Dung
dch X c pH l
A. 13,0.
B. 1,2.
C. 1,0.
D. 12,8.
Cu 12: Trn dung dch X cha NaOH 0,1M; Ba(OH)2 0,2M vi dung dch Y (HCl
0,2M; H2SO4 0,1M) theo t l no v th tch dung dch thu c c pH=13:

A. VX:VY=5:4
B. VX:VY=5:3
C.VX:VY=4:5
D. p n khc
Cu 13: X l dung dch HCl 0,4M. Y l dung dch H2SO4 0,1M. Trn X v Y theo
th tch 2:1, pH thu c l

A. 0,48
B. 0,58
C. 0,65
D. 0,56
Cu 14: Tnh pH ca dung dch HCOOH 0,092% c khi lng ring d =1gam/ml v c
in li =5%.
A. 6
B. 4
C. 5
D. p n khc
Cu 15: 50ml dung dch hn hp HCl 0,18M v H2SO4 0,08M vi 150ml dung dch
hn hp NaOH 0,05 M v Ba(OH)2 0,04M. Tnh pH
Cu 16: Cho dung dch A gm HCl v H2SO4. Trung ho va ht 1 lt dung dch A cn
400 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. C cn dung dch to thnh th thu c 12,9 gam mui
khan.
a) Tnh nng mol ca cc axit c trong dung dch A.
Cu 17: Pha long 10 ml dung dch HCl vo nc thnh 250 ml, dung dch thu c c
pH = 3. Hy tnh nng ca HCl trc khi pha long v pH ca dung dch .
Cu 18: Cho V1 ml dung dch NaOH c pH = 13. Pha long dung dch ny bng nc
ct thu c V2 ml dung dch NaOH c pH=10. Th tch V2 s ln hn th tch V1
bao nhiu ln ?
Cu 19: Tnh in li ca axit focmic HCOOH. Nu dung dch HCOOH 0,46% (d =
1g/ml) ca axit c pH = 3
Cu 20: Trn 300 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1 mol/lit v Ba(OH)2 0,025 mol/l vi 200 ml
dung dch H2SO4 nng x mol /lit Thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dung dch c
PH = 2 . Hy tnh m v x . Coi H2SO4 in li hon ton c hai nc
Cu 21: Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c khi trn:
a. 200 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,05M vi 300 ml dung dch NaOH 0,06M.
37
b. 2,75 lt dung dch Ba(OH)2 c pH = 13 vi 2,25 lt dung dch HCl c pH = 1.

c. nhng th tch bng nhau ca dung dch HNO3 0,02M v dung dch NaOH 0,01M.
d. 50ml dung dch hn hp HCl 0,18M v H2SO4 0,08M vi 150ml dung dch hn hp
NaOH 0,05 M v Ba(OH)2 0,04M.
Cu 22: Trong hai dung dch cc v d sau y, dung dch no c pH ln hn? Gii
thch vn tt cho tng trng hp.
a. Dung dch 0,1M ca mt axit c K = 1.104 v dung dch 0,1 M ca mt axit c K =
4.105
b. Dung dch HCl 0,1M v dung dch HCl 0,01M
c. Dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M v dung dch HCl 0,1M
Cu 23: Tnh pH cc dung dch sau:
a. CH3COOH 0,1M (Ka= 1,75.105).
b. NH3 0,1M (Kb = 1,8.105).
Cu 24: Tnh pH ca dung dch hn hp gm CH3COOH 1M, CH3COONa 1M bit Ka

= 1,75.105. Cho thm 0,1 mol HCl vo dung dch trn th pH thay i th no
Cu 25: Tnh pH ca dung dch hn hp gm NH4Cl 1M, NH3 1M bit Kb = 1,8.105.
Cho thm 0,1 mol HCl vo dung dch trn th pH thay i th no
Cu 26: Cho dung dch CH3COOH c pH = 4, bit in li = 1%. Xc nh nng
mol /lt ca dung dch axit ny
Cu 27: Trn 250 ml dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,08 M v H2SO4 0,01M vi 250
ml dung dch NaOH amol/lt thu c 500ml dung dch c pH = 12.
Cu 28:
Tnh a
Trn 3 dung dch H2SO4 0,1M; HNO3 0,2 M; HCl 0,3M vi nhng th tich
bng nhau c dung dch A. Ly 300 ml dung dch A cho tc dng vi mt dung dch
B gm NaOH 0,2M v KOH 0,29M. Tnh th tch dung dch B cn dng sau khi tc
dng vi 300ml dung dch A c dung dch c pH = 2.
Cu 29: Cho 40 ml dung dch HCl 0,75M vo 160 ml dung dch cha ng thi
Ba(OH)2 0,08M v KOH 0,04M. Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c.
Cu 30: Cho dung dch NaOH c pH = 13 (dung dch A).
a. Cn pha long dung dch A bao nhiu ln thu c dung dch B c pH = 12?
b. Cho 2,14 gam NH4Cl vo mt cc cha300 ml dung dch B. un si sau ngui
ri thm mt t qu tm vo cc. Qu tm c mu g? ti sao?

Cu 31: A l dung dch H2SO4 0,5M. B l dung dch NaOH 0,6M. Cn trn VA v VB
theo t l no c dung dch c pH = 1 v dung dch c pH = 13 (gi thit cc cht
phn ly hon ton ).
38
Cu 32:
Pha long 200 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 vi 1,3 lt H2O thu c dung dch c
pH = 12. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch Ba(OH)2 ban u, bit rng Ba(OH)2 phn li
hon ton
Cu 33: Tnh in li ca axit focmic HCOOH trong dung dch HCOOH
0,007M c pH = 3
Cu 34: Cho hai dung dch H2SO4 c pH = 1 v pH = 2. thm 100 ml dung dch KOH
0,1M vo 100 ml mi dung dch trn. Tnh nng mol / lt ca dung dch thu c?
Cu 35: Trn 3 dung dch H2SO4 0,1M; HNO3 0,2 M; HCl 0,3M vi nhng th tich
dng vi 300ml dung dch A c dung dch c pH = 2.
Cu 36: Cho dung dch A gm HCl v H2SO4. Trung ho 2 lt dd A cn 400ml dung
dch NaOH 0,5M . C cn dung dch to thnh th thu c 12,95 gam mui khan.
Tnh pH ca dung dch A?
Cu 37: Nung 6,58 gam Cu(NO3)2 trong bnh kn, sau mt thi gian thu c 4,96
gam cht rn v hn hp kh X. Hp th hon ton hn hp X vo nc, c 300 ml
dung dch Y. vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh pH ca dung dch Y.
Cu 38: Trn 3 dung dch H2SO4 0,1M; HNO3 0,2 M; HCl 0,3M vi nhng th tich
dng vi 300ml dung dch A c dung dch c pH = 2
Cu 39: Cho dung dch NaOH c pH = 13 (dung dch A).
a. Cn pha long dung dch A bao nhiu ln thu c dung dch B c pH = 12?
b. Cho 2,14 gam NH4Cl vo mt cc cha 300 ml dung dch B. un si sau ngui
ri thm mt t qu tm vo cc. Qu tm c mu g? ti sao?

Cu 40: Tnh pH ca dung dch hn hp gm NH3 1M, NH4Cl 1M bit Kb = 1,8.105.
Cho thm 0,1 mol HCl vo dung dch trn th pH thay i th no?
39
CHNG 3
VAI TR CA PHN TCH NH TNH TRONG VIC GING DY
HA HC TRNG PH THNG
3.1. Nhng nguyn l c bn ca phn tch nh tnh
Ha hc phn tch nh tnh l mt b phn ca phn tch ha hc, bao gm c
s l thuyt v cc phng php xc nh thnh phn nh tnh ca i tng phn
tch.
Nhim v ca phn tch nh tnh l ra cc phng php, xc nh thnh phn
nh tnh ca i tng phn tch tc l tr li cc cu hi i tng phn tch l cht g
hoc gm nhng nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t, ion no. Hin nay chng ta c cc
phng php phn tch bng cng c v cc phng php phn tch ha hc.
3.1.1. Phn ng phn tch
Phn ng phn tch l phn ng gia cht cn phn tch v thuc th no
dng xc nh nh tnh cht . Yu cu i vi phn ng phn tch nh tnh l
phi c hiu ng nht nh nh: to thnh cc sn phm c trng c mu, mi c bit
hay to cc cht kh, cht kt ta, c bit l kt ta c mu.
V d: Fe3+ + 3SCNPb2+ + 2I-
Fe(SCN)3 mu
PbI2
vng ti
l nhng phn ng nhn bit Fe3+, Pb2+. Cc dung dch cha SCN -, I - gi l thuc
th phn tch.
3.1.2. Phn tch theo phng php kh v phng php t
C hai phng php phn tch nh tnh gi l phn tch theo phng php
kh v phn tch theo phng php t.
Phn tch theo phng php kh: Phng php phn tch kh thng tin hnh
theo hai cch: phng php mu ngn la v phng php to ngc mu.
Trong phng php mu ngn la, cht phn tch thng dng cc mui d bay hi
nh cc mui clorua ri c chuyn ln trn mt vng nh lm bng Platin Pt v t
n trn mt ngn la n kh khng mu. Mt s nguyn t nhit cao to nn
nhng ngn la c mu c trng gip ta nhn ra nguyn t , v d: Na+ cho ngn la
mu vng; K+ cho ngn la mu tm.
Trong phng php to ngc mu, ngi ta trn cht phn tch vi nhng cht
chy thch hp ri em nung nhit cao, khi mt s kim loi to vi cht chy
40
nhng ngc mu c trng, gip ta nhn ra nguyn t . V d: vi cht chy l Borax

Na2B4O7, ion Cr3+ cho ngc mu tm, Co2+ cho ngc mu xanh.
Cc phng phng php phn tch kh c t rt lu, ngy nay t c s
dng v khng th dng phn tch cc i tng phc tp hoc phn tch vi lng.
Phn tch theo phng php t:
Trong phng php ny i tng phn tch c ho tan trong cc dung mi
thch hp nh H2O, dung dch axit hay baz chuyn cht phn tch sang trng thi
dung dch, khi ny cc nguyn t cn nhn bit ch yu di dng cc ion.
phn tch theo phng php t, yu cu ca phn ng phn tch l phi rt
c trng v rt chn lc, tuy nhin s cc phn ng c trng v chn lc l rt t
phn tch mt nguyn t no , v vy ngi ta phi s dng mt h thng phn tch
nhm tch cc ion tng t nh nhau, c mt s tnh cht ging nhau ra thnh tng
nhm, sau trong mi nhm li tm cch c lp tng ion mt v dng cc phn ng
c trng ca n nhn bit.
3.2. Tc dng ca bi tp nhn bit cc cht
- Pht trin cho hc sinh t duy phn tch, tng hp, bao qut ton b chng
trnh, nng cao kh nng lm th nghim, kh nng lp k hoch trong qu trnh lm
vic.
3.3. Mi lin h gia phn tch nh tnh vi vic nhn bit cc cht
3.3.1. Phn tch h thng
Trong phn tch h thng, ngi ta dng nhng thuc th nhm tch nhng
nhm nguyn t mang tnh cht ging nhau ra khi nhau. Khi , mu phn tch c
phn chia thnh nhng hn hp ion n gin hn, t nhng nhm nhn c chng ta
tip tc tch v nhn bit tng ion c trong nhm.
Hin nay, i vi cc cation, ngi ta tm ra nhiu h thng phn tch, mi h
thng c nhng u im v nhc im ring. H thng thng c dng l h thng
axit - baz
H thng cc cation theo phng php axit - baz: Phng php ny da trn
tc dng ca cc cation vi cc thuc th nhm l cc axit v cc baz nh HCl, H2SO4,
NaOH, NH4OH. Vic phn chia cc cation thnh tng nhm theo phng php ny
c trnh by trong bng sau:
41
Nhm
Thuc th nhm
HCl long
Cc cation
thuc nhm
Ag+, Pb2+,
Sn phm to thnh sau

khi tc dng vi thuc th
nhm
AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2
Nhm
Hg22+
axit
Ba2+, Sr2+,
BaSO4, SrSO4, CaSO4,
Ca2+, (Pb2+)
PbSO4
II
H2SO4 long
Al3+, Cr3+,
III
NaOHd + H2O2
Zn2+, Sn2+,
AlO22-, CrO42-, ZnO22-,
Sn4+, As3+,
SnO32-, AsO43-
As5+
Fe2+, Fe3+,
Nhm
IV
NaOH
Baz
Sb3+, Sb5+,
Bi3+, Mn2+,
Mg2+
Cu2+, Cd2+,
NH4OH c d
Hg2+, Co2+,
Ni
VI
Khng c thuc
th nhm
2+
Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3,
Sb(OH)3, Sb(OH)5, Bi(OH)3,
Mn(OH)2, Mg(OH)2
Cc phc amoniacat
Me( NH 3 ) x 2
Na+, K+, NH4
Trong phng php ny cc cation c phn thnh 6 nhm ln:

- Nhm I gm Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+, thuc th nhm l dung dch HCl long v
ngui.
- Nhm II gm Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, c Pb2+ lt xung t nhm I, thuc th nhm l
H2SO4 long v ru C2H5OH, thuc th to vi cc cation ny kt ta mu trng.
- Nhm III gm Cr3+, Al3+, Sn2+, Sn4+, Zn2+, As5+, thuc th nhm l NaOH d
v H2O2. Trong mi trng ny Al3+, Sn2+, Sn4+, to thnh hiroxit lng tnh tan trong
kim d: CrO2- s b oxi ho thnh CrO4- mu vng .
- Nhm IV gm Fe3+, Bi3+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Sb3+ , thuc th nhm l NaOH d v
H2O2. Trong mi trng ny cc cation s dng cc hiroxit khng tan.
42
- Nhm V gm Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, thuc th nhm l NH4OH c. Cc

cation s to vi thuc th nhm cc phc amoniacat tan c mu.
- Nhm VI gm K+, Na+, NH4+, nhng ion ny khng c thuc th nhm bi v
chng khng to thnh kt ta kh tan vi mt thuc th no.
p dng cho chng trnh ph thng:
Nhn bit cc ion K+, Na+ bng cch nhn bit mu ngn la
Dng Cl- nhn bit Ag+, Pb2+
Dng OH- nhn bit mt s ion: Vd: to kt ta xanh (Cu2+), to kt ta
nu ( Fe3+), to kt ta trng xanh chuyn thnh nu ( Fe2+), to kh mi khai

( NH4+), to kt ta ri tan li ( Al3+, Zn2+, Cr3+), to kt ta trng ( Mg2+)
Dng SO42- nhn bit Ba2+, Pb2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
3.3.2. Phn tch nh tnh cc cation nhm I Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+

Cc cation nhm I bao gm Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+, chng to vi anion Cl- thnh cc
mui clorua AgCl, Hg2Cl2, PbCl2 t tan. V vy, ngi ta dng HCl long, ngui lm
thuc th nhm tch cc cation Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+ ra khi cc cation khc c trong
dung dch phn tch.
Khng dng HCl c bi cc kt ta clorua ca cc cation ny tan trong HCl c
v dung dch c cha Cl- vi nng ln v to phc, cng khng dng thuc th nng
v nhit cao tan ca PbCl2 tan mnh, nh hng n qu trnh phn tch.
AgCl, Hg2Cl2, PbCl2 c nhng tnh cht chung v ring nh sau:
- u l kt ta mu trng.
- AgCl v Hg2Cl2 c tan nh hn PbCl2.
- PbCl2 tan nhiu trong nc nng, do dng cch un nng tch Pb2+ ra khi Ag+
v Hg22+.
- AgCl tan trong NH3 long to thnh phc [Ag(NH3)2]+. Li dng tnh cht ny
tch Ag+ ra khi Pb2+ v Hg22+.
Khi tc dng vi NH3 th Hg2Cl2 t mu trng bin thnh mu en v phn ng sinh ra
Hg kim loi, phn ng ny dng nhn bit Hg22+.
43
S phn tch cc nhm cation nhm I

Dung dch phn tch + HCl long lnh d
Dung dch cc nhm sau

sau
Kt1: AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2

+ H2O, un nng
Dung dch Pb2+
Kt2 : AgCl, Hg2Cl2
+ KI
+ NH3
Kt3: vng PbI2

Kt4: [NH2Hg], Hg
Mu en ca Hg
Dung dch Ag(NH3)2+

+ dd HNO3 long
Kt5: AgCl
Mu trng

Dng Cl- nhn bit Ag+, Pb2+
3.3.3. Phn tch nh tnh cc cation nhm II Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
Cc cation nhm II, c th bao gm c ion Pb2+ t nhm I lt xung, to vi ion
SO42+ trong ru thnh cc mui BaSO4, SrSO4, PbSO4, CaSO4 khng tan. V vy,
ngi ta dng H2SO4 long v C2H5OH lm thuc th nhm tch cc cation Ba2+,
Sr2+, Ca2+, Pb2+ ra khi cc cation khc c trong dung dch phn tch.
Khng dng H2SO4 c v s to thnh cc sunfat axit Me(HSO4)2 tan.
Trong cc mui sunfat th BaSO4 v CaSO4 d kt ta nht, SrSO4 kh kt ta
hn cn un nng nh.
CaSO4 c tan ln nht, rt kh kt ta, v vy ngi ta thng thm ru vo
gim bt tan ca n, khi CaSO4 d kt ta hn.
Trong tt c 4 kt ta sunfat ch c PbSO4 ho tan trong NaOH to thnh phc
PbO22- hoc tan trong CH3COONH4, v to phc Pb(CH3COO)3-, ta li dng tnh cht
ny tch ch ra khi hn hp cation nhm II. Cc kt ta sunfat ca Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
khng tan trong cc axt v c long, tch chng ra khi nhau, chng ta li phi
chuyn cc sunfat thnh hp cht tan, mun vy un kt ta sunfat vi dung dch
Na2CO3 bo ho nhiu ln chuyn kt ta sunfat thnh kt ta cacbonat ri ho tan
cc kt ta ccbonat bng axit CH3COOH, cc cation ca nhm II li tr v trng
thi ion trong dung dch.
44
Trong mi trng CH3COOH, khi thm cromat hoc dicromat vo th ch c

Ba2+ kt ta di dng BaCrO4 mu vng, ta li dng tnh cht ny tch Ba2+ ra khi
hn hp Sr2+ v Ca2+, sau dng dung dch ny tm Ca2+ v Sr2+.
Amoni oxalat tc dng vi dung dch Ca2+ cho kt ta tinh th CaC2O4 mu trng, tan
trong cc axit v c long nhng khng tan trong axit axetc, y l im khc so vi
cc oxalat nhm II khc, nn phn ng ny c dng nhn bit ion Ca2+ :
Ca2+ + C2O42- CaC2O4
Axit sunfuric long v amoni sunfat tc dng vi dung dch c cha ion Sr2+
nng to ra kt ta tinh th SrSO4 mu trng:
Sr2+ + SO42- BaSO4
Sr2+ + (NH4)2SO4 SrSO4 + 2NH4+
S phn tch cc nhm cation nhm II
Dung dch phn tch + H2SO4 long
Dung dch cc nhm sau

sau
Kt1: MSO4
+ CH3COONH4
Dd Pb(CH3COO)3-
Kt2 : BaSO4, SrSO4, CaSO4
+ KI
Kt3: vng PbI2
+ Na2CO3 bo ha 3 ln
Kt3 : BaCO3, SrCO3, CaCO3

+ CH3COOH long
2+
2+
Ba , Sr , Ca2+, CH3COOH
+ K2Cr2O7
Kt BaCrO4 mu vng
khng tan trong NaOH
Chia lm phn
P1 + (NH4)2SO4 SrSO4 mu trng

P2 + (NH4)2C2O4 CaC2O4 mu trng
Dng CO32- nhn bit Ba2+, Ca2+
Dng HOOC- COOH kt ta vi Ca(OH)2
Dng CrO42- hoc Cr2O72- nhn bit Ba2+ c kt ta vng

45
3.3.4. Phn tch nh tnh cc cation nhm III Al3+, Sn4+, Sn2+, Zn2+, As5+, Cr3+
Hiroxit ca cc ion Al3+, Cr3+, Sn4+, Zn2+ c tnh cht lng tnh, kt ta
hidroxit ca chng tan trong axit cng nh trong kim mnh nh KOH, NaOH, v vy
khi thm dung dch NaOH d vo hn hp cc hidroxit th c th tch c cc cation
ny khi cc cation nhm sau:
Al(OH)3 + NaOHd AlO2- (aluminat)
Cr(OH)3 + NaOHd CrO2- (cromit)
Sn(OH)2 + NaOHd SnO22- (stanit)
Zn(OH)2 + NaOHd ZnO22- (Zincat)
Cn ch rng ion cromit CrO2- thng kt hp vi mt s cation nh Mn2+,
Fe3+, Mg2+, Zn2+ to thnh nhng kt ta MnCrO2, MgCrO2, ZnCrO2 kh tan trong
mi trng kim d. V vy nu ch dng ring NaOH d lm thuc th th mt phn
Cr3+ c th vn cn li trong kt ta vi hiroxit ca nhm sau. Do , hn hp
NaOHd + H2O2 c dng lm thuc th nhm, khi Cr3+ s b oxi ho thnh CrO42theo phn ng:
2Cr3+ + 3H2O2 + 10 OH- 2 CrO42- + 8H2O
Ngoi ra cng cn lu rng, cc ion Pb2+ ( nhm II ), Sb3+ ( nhm IV ), Cu2+ (
nhm V ) cng to thnh mui tan trong kim d:
Pb(OH)2 + 2 NaOH Na2PbO2 + 2H2O ( natri plombit )
Cu(OH)2 + 2 NaOH Na2CuO2 + 2H2O ( natri cuprit )
Sb(OH)2 + 2 NaOH Na2SbO2 + 2H2O ( natri stibit )
Cc cation nhm III sau khi tch khi cc cation khc bng thuc th nhm u
nm dng mui tan AlO2-, CrO2-, SnO32- ( anion stanit SnO22- b oxiha thnh stanat
SnO32- ), ZnO22-. Ta c th dng NH4+ l mt axit yu, ly bt OH- i th Al(OH)3 v
Sn(OH)4 s kt ta tr li, cn km s dng cation phc tan amoniacat [Zn(NH3)42+]
v crom vn dng anion cromit CrO2- , nh vy s tch c nhm III thnh 2 phn:
AlO2- + NH4+ + 2 H2O Al(OH)3 + NH4OH
SnO32- + 2 NH4+ 3 H2O Sn(OH)4 + 2NH4OH
ZnO22- + 4NH4+ Zn(NH3)42+ + 2H2O
Ha tan kt ta Al(OH)3 v Sn(OH)4 bng dung dch HCl long. Cho tip km
vo dung dch thu c un nh kh Sn4+
Sn4+ + 2Zn Sn + Zn2+
46
Lc ly dung dch thu c dung dch cha Al3+, Zn2+, H+, cho tip NH3 d vo
dng my li tm thu kt ta Al(OH)3 cho tc dng vi alizarin S thu c kt ta sn
nhm mu da cam rt c trng.
Ly cht rn thu c ha tan trong HCl 6M un nng thu c dung dch cha
Zn2+, Sn2+. Thm t t dung dch HgCl2 vo dung dch theo thnh ng nghim tm
Sn2+(c kt ta trng)
SnCl2 + 2 HgCl2 Hg2Cl2(trng) + SnCl4
Phn ng c thc hin nh sau: Trong mi trng NaOH + H2O2, Cr3+ b oxi
ho thnh CrO42-; sau tm ion ny, phi axit ho dung dch bng H2SO4 hoc
HNO3 (khi CrO42- s chuyn sang dng Cr2O72-); thm vo y 5-7 git dietylete
(hay ru amylic) v 1 git H2O2 3% ri lc u mnh, trn lp ete (hoc lp ru
amilic) l axit H2CrO6 c mu xanh lam.
Thm vo dung dch cha CrO42-, Zn(NH3)42+ mt lng Na2S thy c kt ta trng ZnS
S phn tch cc nhm cation nhm III
Dung dch phn tch + H2O2 + NaOH d dun k
Al(OH)4-, CrO42-, SnO32-, Zn(OH)42-
Kt ta nhm IV, V
+ NH4Cl, t0
CrO42-, Zn(NH3)42+
Kt : Al(OH)3, Sn(OH)4
Chia 2 phn
+ HCl long
Al3+, Sn4+
P1+H2O2+ H2SO4l + Ru Amylic

To lp ru mu xanh H2CrO6
P2+ Na2S kt t trng ZnS
+ Zn ht
Al3+, Zn2+
Sn
+ NH3 Long d
Al(OH)3
+ HCl c
SnCl2
+ Alizarin
Sn nhm
mu c rt
+ HgCl2
Kt trng Hg2Cl2
Dng OH- nhn bit Al3+, Cr3+, Zn2+. C kt ta kt ta tan li

47
Cr(OH)3 c kt ta xanh tan li trong kim d
C th dng Cl2, H2O2 v dung dch OH- oxi ha Cr3+ thnh CrO42- sau
nhn bit li bng Ba2+ ( c kt ta BaCrO4 vng )

3.3.5. Phn tch cc cation nhm IV Fe2+, Fe3+, Sb3+, Sb5+, Mn2+, Bi3+, Mg2+
c tnh chung ca cc cation nhm IV l to vi kim hay amoniac cc hiroxit
khng tan:
Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2
mu trng
Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe(OH)3
mu nu
Mg2+ + 2OH- Mg(OH)2
mu trng
Sb3+ + 3OH- Sb(OH)3
mu trng
Sb5+ + 5OH- Sb(OH)5
mu trng
Mn2+ + 2OH- Mn(OH)2
mu trng
Trong mi trng NaOH d + H2O2 th Mn2+ s b oxi ho thnh MnO2 mu en:

Mn(OH)2
+ H2O2 MnO2 + 2H2O
Trong cc hidroxit ca nhm IV th Sb(OH)3 tan c trong kim d v c trong

cacbonat ca kim loi kim, nn antimon khng lt xung nhm III, cn a Sb3+ ln
Sb5+, chnh v vy thuc th nhm vn l NaOH d v H2O2 .
Nh vy vi hn hp cation sau khi tch nhm I v nhm II, ta dng NaOH d
+ H2O2 tch nhm III, khi ny nhm IV v nhm V dng kt ta hidroxit, ring
mangan dng MnO2. Ta li cho tc dng vi NH4OH d + H2O2, th nhm IV c
tch ra dng kt ta, cn nhm V li trong dung dch di dng phc amoniact
Sau khi tch ring c nhm IV, ta dng axit ho tan cc kt ta ny, da
vo nhng tnh cht ha hc khc nhau ca tng ion tch v nhn bit chng.
Cc cation ca nhm IV, c bit l cc cation bitmut, st, antimon u d phn
ng vi nc to thnh cc kt ta, cho nn mun cho cc cation ny tn ti trong
dung dch th axit ca dung dch phi cao.
Nhn bit Mg2+
Sau khi tch nhm IV khi nhm V, Nhm IV tn tai di dng M(OH)n v
MnO2. Trong s Mg(OH)2 tan c trong dung dch NH4Cl,
Mg(OH)2 + 2NH4+ Mg2+ + 2NH3 + 2H2O
Dung dch ion Mg2+ khi tc dng vi HPO42- s to thnh kt ta mu trng:
48
Mg2+ + HPO42- MgHPO4
kt ta mu trng
Kt ta ny khng hon ton, nu c mt NH4Cl v NH4OH trong dung dch th s to

thnh kt ta MgNH4PO4 mu trng hon ton hn, y l phn ng rt c trng, c
s dng nhn bit ion Mg2+ khi khng c cc thuc th hu c Vng titan
C28H19O6N5Na2 hay Magneson I ( p-nitrobensolazoresocsin ) v Magneson II ( pnitrobenzolazo--naphtol) tm ion Mg2+ bng cc phn ng c trng.
Nhn bit Sb(III) v Sb(V)
Sau khi ha tan kt ta hiroxit cc kim loi IV v MnO2 bng dung dch HNO3
c mt t H2O2 ta c dung dch cha Sb(III) hoc Sb(V).
Chia dung dch thnh cc phn nh. tm Sb ngi ta thng dng dung dch thuc
th hu c rodamin B, dung dch nc ca thuc th ny c hunh quang mu vng.
Khi thm thuc th vo dung dch cha ion SbCl6 ta thu c mt dung dch mu
tm v mt phc ion lin hp c chit bng benzen to thnh dung dch mu cnh
sen trong benzen. Lc ta thy dung dch nc c hunh quang tm cn lp benzen
pha trn c mu cnh sen rt c trng.
Nhn bit Fe3+
Ly mt phn dung dch nhm IV cho tc dng vi dung dch KSCN hoc
NH4SCN ta c dung dch mu mu rt c trng.
Nhn bit Mn2+
Ly mt t dung dch nhm IV (vi git) cho tc dng vi mt dung dch gm
2ml dung dch (NH4)2S2O8 hoc K2S2O8 v vi git AgNO3 ( lm xc tc) v un nh,
ion Mn2+ s b oxi ha thnh MnO4- mu tm
Mn2+ + 5S2O82- + 8H2O 2MnO4- + 10SO42- + 16H+
Nhn bit Bi3+
Ly mt t dung dch nhm IV cho tc dng vi dung dch KI, c thm 1 ml
dung dch SnCl2 thu c dung dch mu vng ti ca ion BiI4- suy ra c Bi3+
Bi3+ + 4I- BiI-
Dng OH- nhn bit mt s ion: Fe3+ ( To kt ta nu ), Fe2+( to kt
ta trng xanh chuyn thnh nu ), NH4+ ( to kh mi khai ), Al3+, Zn2+, Cr3+ ( to

kt ta ri tan li ), to kt ta trng ( Mg2+)
C th dng SCN- nhn bit Fe3+ to phc mu mu

49
C th dng KMnO4 c mt H+ nhn bit Fe2+: lm mt mu thuc tm
3.3.6. Phn tch cation nhm V Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Hg2+
Cc cation nhm ny l cc ion kim loi chuyn tip, v vy tnh cht in hnh
ca nhm l kh nng to phc kh mnh, hiroxit ca chng tan trong hn hp NH4+
v NH3 to thnh phc tan amoniacat c s phi t NH3 t 4 n 6. Phc ca ng
c mu xanh da tri, ca coban v niken c mu xanh hi xm, ca caimi v thu
ngn khng c mu. V vy, thuc th nhm l hn hp NH4Cl + NH3.
Cc cation ca nhm V to c cc kt ta sunfua kh tan vi H2S hay
(NH4)2S, tan ca cc sunfua ph thuc vo axit ca mi trng, v vy tnh cht
ny c s dng tch ring, c lp tng cation trong nhm, sau s dng cc
phn ng c trng nhn bit.
Sau khi tch nhm V khi nhm IV ta c dung dch cha cc cation ny trong
mi trng NH3 + NH4+. Thm (NH4)2S vo kt ta ht cc ion ny, ra kt ta vi
ln bng dung dch NH4Cl bo ha loi thuc th d. un nng kt ta vi HCl thu
c dung dch cha Cd2+ cho H2S vo ta c kt ta vng ti CdS
Ha tan kt ta cn li v chia lm 4 phn
Phn 1: Tm Cu2+
Amniac to c vi dung dch ion Cu2+ kt ta mui baz mu xanh lc nht,
d tan trong thuc th d. Lc ny dung dch c mu xanh lam m do to thnh ion
phc [Cu(NH3)4]2+:
Cu2+ + 2NH4OH Cu2(OH)2 + 2NH4+
Cu2(OH)2 + 4NH3 2[Cu(NH3)4]2+
Phn 2: Tm Ni2+
Trong dung dch amniac, dimetylglyoxim to vi Ni2+ mui ni phc mu hng
ti dimetylglyoximat niken, rt t tan trong nc.
y l phn ng rt c trng nhn bit niken. Cc cation to hidroxit khng
tan trong nc cn tr phn ng.
Phn 3: Tm Co2+
Thm Na2S2O3 vo phn 3 thm vo dung dch SCN- v ru Isoamylic vo lc
u nu lp ru amylic s ha xanh
50
Co2+ + SCN- Co(SCN)42Phn 4: Tm Hg2+

Cho Cu vo phn 4 ng mu s chuyn sang sng nh bc do thy ngn b
y ra
Cu + Hg2+ Hg(Cu) + Cu2+
Dng dung dch NH3 lm thuc th nhn bit Cu2+, Ni2+ to kt ta xanh sau
tan li trong NH3 d to phc
Dng H2S hay (NH4)2S nhn bit Cu2+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Ag+ ( C kt ta en)
3.3.7. Phn tch cc anion

i vi vic phn tch, xc nh cc anion, ngi ta cng tm cch chia chng
thnh tng nhm ri mi nhn bit tng ion mt. Vic phn chia da trn tnh oxi hoakh; tnh axit-baz hoc tnh to cc hp cht t tan, tuy nhin vic phn chia ny cng
cha c hon chnh.
Thc t ngi ta hay dng bari clorua BaCl2 hoc canxi clorua CaCl2 v bc
nitrat AgNO3 lm thuc th nhm phn cc anion thnh 3 nhm nh trong bng di
y.
Nhm
Cc anion
phn tch
c tnh ca
thuc th nhm
nhm
Ion sunfat SO42-
Mui bari ca cc
BaCl2 trong mi
Ion sunft SO32-
anion ny t tan
trng trung
Ion thiosunfat S2O32-
trong nc nhng
tnh hay kim
Ion ccbonat CO32-
tan trong axit
yu
Ion phot phat PO42-
long (tr BaSO4)
Ion silicat SiO32Ion borat BO2- hay B4O72-
II
III
Ion clorua Cl-
mui bc ca cc
AgNO3 khi c
Ion bromua Br-
anion ny t tan
mt HNO3
Ion ioua I-
trong nc v
Ion sunfua S2-
trong HNO3
Ion nitrat NO3-
Mui bari v mui
51
Khng c thuc
Ion nitrit NO2-
bc ca cc anion
th nhm
ny tan trong nc
Vic tm mt s ln cc anion da trn s s dng cc phn ng ging nh s

dng pht hin cc cation. Nh khi pht hin cation Ba2+ c th dng ion SO42-, v
th tm SO42- c th s dng ion Ba2+.
Phn tch cc anion c nhng c im ring khc vi cc cation, do cc anion
thng khng cn tr nhau. Chnh v vy, i vi nhiu anion, ta c th s dng cc
phn ng c trng tm chng ngay trong cc phn ring ca dung dch nghin cu.
Vic s dng phn tch h thng ch thc hin trong cc trng hp phc tp khi trong
dung dch c mt cc anion ca cc cht kh hay ca cc cht oxi ho.
3.3.7.1. Phn tch anion nhm I
Nhm I bao gm cc anion SO42-, CO32-, PO43-, SiO32-, hay B4O72-, SO32-, S2O32 Cc anion nhm ny c cc c im l to vi Ba2+ cc mui t tan trong nc,
nhng d b ha tan trong cc axit v c long (tr BaSO4), v vy, thuc th nhm bari
clorua BaCl2 ch kt ta cc anion ni trn trong mi trng trung tnh hoc yu. Cc
phn ng quan trng ca cc anion nhm I c trnh by bng 3.1
Bng 3.1. Mt s phn ng c trng ca cc anion nhm I
Thuc th
BaCl2 trong mi
trng trung tnh
hay kim yu
SO42Kt
ta
mu
trng
BaSO4
Tc dng ca HCl
i vi cc mui
bari
Hn hp MgCl2 +
NH4OH +NH4Cl
Khng
tan
SO32-
S2O32-
CO32-
Kt ta Kt ta
Kt ta
mu
mu
mu
trng
trng
trng
BaSO3
BaS2O3
BaCO3
Tan v
Tan v
c kh
c SO2
SO2
v S
PO43-
Kt ta mu
trng
BaHPO4
Tan v
c CO2
mu
trng
BaSiO3
Tan
c
H2SiO3
tch ra
MgNH4PO4
mu trng
52
Kt ta
Tan v
Kt ta
-
SiO32-
Kt ta
mu
trng
MgSiO3
Dung dch
molipat
(NH4)2MO4 -
Kt ta mu
vng
HNO3
Cc axit
Kh
SO2
C SO2
v S
tch ra
Kh
CO2
Dung
Natrinitropruxua
Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]
dch
mu
hng
Bari clorua BaCl2 kt ta c cc anion ca nhm ny di dng kt ta tinh th

mu trng. Trong cc kt ta ny ch c kt ta BaSO4 khng tan trong axit HCl, nh
th c th dng phn ng ny tm ion SO42-.
Kt ta bari cacbonat BaCO3 tan trong axit HCl, c kh CO2 thot ra cn vi kt
ta sunfit v thiosunfat BaSO3 v BaS2O3 th c kh SO2 thot ra. Kt bari
hirophotphat khi tan trong HCl khng c kh thot ra. Axit HCl phn hu bari silicat
v to thnh kt ta ca v nh hnh ca axit silicic.
Vi dung dch molipat ch c ion PO33- cho kt ta mu vng amoni
photphomoliat.
T dung dch silicat, cc mui amoni lm tch ra kt ta v nh H2SiO3
Dng Ba2+ nhn bit SO42- to kt ta trng khng tan trong HCl
Dng H+ nhn bit dung dch CO32- to kh khng mu khng mi to kt
ta vi nc vi trong.
Dng H+ tc dng dung dch SO32- to kh khng mu, mi sc lm mt mu
dung dch Br2.
Dng Li+ to kt ta vi PO43-,
Dng Ag+ to kt ta vng vi PO43-
3.3.7.2. Phn tch anion nhm II
53
Cc anion nhm II gm Cl-, Br-, I-, S2- v mt s ion khc. Mui ca cc anion
ny vi Ag+ khng tan trong nc v trong axit HNO3 long.
a s cc anion nhm I cng to vi AgNO3 nhng mui khng tan trong nc.
Tuy nhin, tt c cc mui ny u tan trong HNO3 v th chng khng cn tr vic tm
cc anion nhm II.
Mt s phn ng c trng quan trng nht i vi cc anion nhm II c trnh
by bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2. Mt s phn ng c trng ca cc anion nhm II
Thuc th
Cl-
Br-
AgNO3 khi c
kt ta mu
Kt ta mu
mt HNO3
trng AgCl
vng AgBr
Tc dng ca cc
mui bc vi
dung dch NH3
IKt ta
mu vng
m AgI
S2Kt ta mu en
Ag2S
Tan r rt, to
Thc t
thnh
khng b
[Ag(NH3)2]Br
ha tan
Thot ra Cl2
Thot ra Br2
Thot ra I2
Thot ra S
Mu nu Br2
Mu tm I2
Thot ra I2
Thot ra kh H2S
Tan, to thnh
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl
Khng tan
Cc cht oxi ha
mnh (KMnO4,
K2Cr2O7)
Nc clo (khi c
mt ca benzen)
NaNO2 hay
KNO2 khi c mt ca H2SO4
H2SO4
Tinh th
Pb(CH3COO)2
mu vng
PbI2
CdCO3

54
Kt ta mu en
PbS
Kt ta vng
CdS
AgNO3 khi c mt HNO3 nhn bit Cl- (Kt ta trng), Br- (Kt ta vng nht
) , I- (Kt ta vng m ), S2-(Kt ta en )

3.3.7.3. Phn tch anion nhm III
Ion NO3-, NO2- v mt s cc anion khc thuc nhm III. Mui ca cc anion
ny trong c c mui ca bc v ca bari u tan tt trong nc. Anion nhm III
khng c thuc th nhm. Mt s phn ng ca anion nhm III c trnh by trong
bng 3.3.
Bng 3.3. Mt s phn ng c trng ca cc anion nhm III
NO3-
NO2-
FeSO4 trong mi trng
Vng mu nu ca phc
Vng mu nu ca phc
axit
[Fe(NO)SO4]
[Fe(NO)SO4]
iphenylamin
To dung dch mu xanh
To dung dch mu xanh
Cu + H2SO4
Tch kh NO2
Axit long HCl, H2SO4
Tch kh NO2
KI khi c mt H2SO4
Tch I2
KMnO4 khi c mt H2SO4
Lm mt mu tm
Tch N2
Thuc th
un nng vi NH4Cl hay

(NH4)2SO4
Ni chung, vic phn tch tm cc anion thng thc hin trong tng phn dung
dch ring, khng nht thit phi theo mt quy trnh nghim ngt. Ngi ta ch s dng
cc phn ng tch trong mt s trng hp phc tp, v d nh khi ng thi c mt
cc anion Cl-, Br-, I-, hay S2-, SO32-, S2O32- v SO42-.
Thng tin hnh th trc cc dung dch phn tch xc nh trong dung dch
vng mt cc anion no. Sau , tin hnh tm cc anion ring bit c mt trong dung
dch.
Dng Cu v H2SO4 nhn bit NO3- to kh khng mu ha nu bay ln
3.4. Cc loi phn ng thng dng nhn bit cc cht

C nhiu loi phn ng dng nhn bit cc cht: Phn ng trao i ( to kt ta, bay
hi, cht in ly yu ), phn ng to phc , phn ng oxi ho kh .
3.4.1. Mt s loi thuc th v phn ng lin quan trong ha hu c
1/ Qu tm:
55
Axt : :Vd HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, CH3COOH , Mui c to thnh t axt mnh v
baz yu ( NH4Cl, AlCl3 , CH3NH3Cl )
Baz : Xanh : Vd NaOH, Ca(OH)2 ,., Mui c to thnh t axt yu v baz mnh
( Na2CO3, CH3COONa, C6H5ONa, KClO, NaF )
Mui trung tnh : Khng i mu : Vd: NaCl, K2SO4
2/ Dung dch Br2 / H2O :
- Hp cht c lin kt bi ( ni i, ni ba ): Lm mt mu dung dch brm.
C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2 ( P O-K )
- Phnol, Aniln : To kt t trng vi dung dch brm
C6H5OH + 3HBr C6H2OHBr3 + 3 HBr ( P O-K )
- Hp cht andehit ( k c Glucoz, MantoZ) lm mt mu dung dch Br2/H2O
RCHO + Br2 + H2O RCOOH + 2 HBr ( P O-K )
* Lu : Andehit khng lm mt mu Br2/CCl4
- Vng 3 cnh lm mt mu dung dch Brm
Xiclopropan + Br2 CH2Br CH2 CH2Br
- Hp cht kh H2S, SO2 lm mt mu dung dch Br2/H2O
SO2 + Br2 + H2O H2SO4 + HBr ( P O-K )
H2S + Br2 + H2O H2SO4 + HBr ( P O-K )
3/ AgNO3/NH3d = Ag(NH3)2OH
- Ankin u mch : To kt ta vng
RCCH + Ag(NH3)2OH RCCAg + 2 NH3 + H2O ( P O-K )
- Hp cht c nhm andehit ( Bao gm c Glucz, mantz, fructoz, HCOOH,
HCOOR )
RCHO + 2Ag(NH3)2OH RCOONH4 + 2 Ag + 3NH3 + H2O ( P O-K )
4/ Cu(OH)2 / OHNhit thng :
- Protein: To phc mu tm
- RCOOH to dung dch mu xanh thm
2RCOOH + Cu(OH)2 (RCOO)2Cu + 2 H2O ( P trao i )
- Hp cht c 2 nhm OH k tip ( Bao gm c Glucoz, mantoz, fructoz,
Saccaroz) : To phc mu xanh lam
56
CH2OH
OCH2
Cu
CH2O
HOCH2
CH OH
Cu(OH)2 + 2 CH2 OH
2
+ 2 H2O
(P to phc)
Khi un nng
- Hp cht c nhm Andeht ( Bao gm c Glucz, mantz, fructoz, HCOOH,
HCOOR ) to kt ta gch
RCHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + OH-
t0
RCOO- + Cu2O + 3H2O ( P O-K )
5/ KMnO4 :
- Hp c lin kt bi ( ni i, ni ba ) : Lm mt mu dung dch thuc tm.
3C2H4 + 2 KMnO4 + 4 H2O 3C2H4(OH)2 + 2 MnO2 + 2 KOH ( P O-K )
- Hp cht andehit ( k c Glucoz, MantoZ) lm mt mu dung dch Br2/H2O
- Hp cht kh H2S, SO2 lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4
SO2 + 2 KMnO4 + 4 H2O H2SO4 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 ( P O-K )
- Benzen khng lm mt mu thuc tm d nhit no
- ng ng benzen lm mt mu thuc tm nhit cao.
6/ Na: nhn bit mt s hp cht c H linh ng nh axt, ancol, phnol
c kh thot ra
7/ HNO2 : nhn bit amin bo bc 1: c kh thot ra
RNH2 + HNO2 ROH + N2 + H2O
9/ I2: nhn bit h tinh bt: H tinh bt chuyn sang mu tm xanh
10/ Vi sa: Nhn bit saccaroz, lm trong vi sa
57
3.4.2. Mt s loi thuc th v phn ng lin quan trong ha v c

Bng 3.4: Mt s thuc th nhn bit cc cht v c
Stt
Thuc th
Dng nhn
Hin tng
Qu tm
- Axit
Qu tm ho
- Baz tan
Qu tm ho xanh
Phenolphtalein Baz tan
Ho mu hng
(khng mu)
3
Nc(H2O)
- Cc kim loi mnh(Na,
H2 (c kh khng mu,
Ca, K, Ba)
bt kh bay ln). Ring Ca

cn to dd c Ca(OH)2
- Cc oxit ca kim loi
Tan to dd lm qu tm
mnh (Na2O, CaO, K2O,
ho xanh. Ring CaO cn
BaO)
to dd c Ca(OH)2
- P 2 O5
Tan to dd lm qu
- Cc mui Na+, K+ , NO34
dung dch
- Kim loi Al, Zn
Tan + H2 bay ln
Kim
Mg2+
Mg(OH)2 trng
Fe
2+
Fe(OH)2 trng lu
trong khng kh to Fe(OH)3
nu
Fe
3+
Fe(OH)3 nu
3+
Al
Al(OH)3 trng khi d

NaOH s tan dn
2+
Cu
5
dung dch axit
Cu(OH)2 xanh
- Mui: CO32-, SO32-
Tan + c bt kh CO2,
SO2 bay ln
- HCl, H2SO4
- Kim loi ng trc H
Tan + H2 bay ln ( si bt
trong dy hot ng ca
kh)
KL
58
- HNO3,
- Tan hu ht KL k c Cu, Tan v c kh NO2,SO2 bay
H2SO4 , n
Ag, Au( ring Cu cn to
ra
mui ng mu xanh)
Cl2 bay ra
- MnO2( khi un nng)
AgCl kt ta mu trng
3.5:
- AgNO3
sa
Thu
Bn
g
dd mu xanh
- HCl
- CuO
th
- H2SO4
BaSO4 kt ta trng
- Ba, BaO, Ba(OH)2, mui
Ba
Dung dch
bit
cc
Dd c gc SO4
2-
BaSO4 trng
Dd c gc: Cl- , Br- , I- S2-
AgCl trng, AgBr
Ag2S en
Cht Thuc th
Bt CuO, t o
Hin tng v phng trnh phn ng

o
t
Bt en bt CuO H 2
Cu H 2 O
t chy
Git nc
Dd KI pha h tinh
Xut hin mu xanh
bt
Cl 2 2KI 2KCl I 2 I2 + tinh bt hin mu
Cl2
xanh
Dd AgNO3
Kt ta trng AgCl
HCl
NH3
Khi trng xut hin NH 3 HCl NH 4Cl
(kh)
Dd AgNO3
C kt ta trng AgNO3 HCl AgCl HNO3
H2 S
Dd Pb(NO3)2
C kt ta en H 2S Pb(NO 3 ) PbS HNO3
(kh)
Dd Cd(NO3)2
Kt ta CdS mu vng
Dd Br2 (mu nu )
Mt mu nu
SO2
CO2
NH3
SO 2 Br2 H 2O 2HBr H 2SO 4
Dd Ba(OH)2,
Xut hin kt ta trng
Ca(OH)2
CO 2 Ca(OH) 2 CaCO 3 H 2 O
Qu tm
Mu xanh
59
cht
kh
v ng nht , AgI v ng ,
H2
nhn
2+
mui Ba2+
- AgNO3
NO2
NO
O2
O3
phenolphtalein
Khng mu mu hng
Dung dch kim
Mt mu nu ca NO2
(NaOH)
NO 2 2NaOH NaNO 3 NaNO 2 H 2 O
Cho tip xc vi
Ha nu 2NO O 2 2NO 2
khng kh
Que m tt
Que m bng chy
Cu, nhit
Bt bt en 2Cu O 2 2CuO
Dung dch KI+ h
Xut hin mu xanh
tinh bt
O3 2KI H 2O I 2 2KOH O 2
I2 + tinh bt hin mu xanh

H2 O
CuSO4 khan,khng
Ha xanh CuSO 4 nH 2 O CuSO 4 .nH 2 O
(hi) mu
CO
Bt CuO
t
Bt en bt CuO CO
Cu CO 2
N2
Que dim ang chy
Que dim tt
3.5. Cc loi bi tp nhn bit v phng php xy dng loi bi tp

3.5.1. Bi tp nhn bit s dng thuc th ty
Cu 1: Bng phng php ha hc, hy phn bit 4 kim loi sau : Al, Zn, Cu, Fe.
Cu 2: C 3 l ng 3 hn hp dng bt: (Al+Al2O3), (Fe+Fe2O3) v (FeO v Fe2O3).
Dng phng php ha hc nhn bit chng.
Cu 3: C 4 l mt nhn c nh s t 1 n 4 cha cc dung dch: KI, AgNO3,
HCl, Na2CO3. Hy xc nh s ca mi dung dch nu bit :
- Cho cht trong l 1 vo cc l u thy c kt ta.
- Cht trong l 2 ch to kt ta vi 1 trong 3 cht cn li.
- Cht trong l 3 to mt kt ta v mt kh bay ra vi 2 trong 3 cht cn li.
Cu 4: Dng phn ng ha hc nhn bit tng kim loi sau: Al, Ca, Mg, Na.
Cu 5: C 4 cc cha ring bit: nc nguyn cht, nc cng tm thi, nc cng
vnh cu, nc cng ton phn. Bng phng php ha hc hy xc nh cc loi nc
no cha trong mi cc.
Cu 6: C 3 l ng 3 hn hp dng bt: (Al+Al2O3), (Fe+Fe2O3) v (FeO v Fe2O3).
Dng phng php ha hc nhn bit chng. Vit phng trnh phn ng.
60
Cu 7: Bng phng phpha hc hy nhn bit cc dung dch ring r sau: NaCl,
NaBr, NaNO3, HCl, HNO3, H2S, H2SO3, H2SO4
Cu 8: Hy nhn bit cc l kh ring bit ng cc kh sau:
O2, Cl2, HCl, O3, SO2,N2, H2, F2, CO2.
Cu 9: C 3 mu phn ha hc khng ghi nhn l phn m NH4NO3, phn kali KCl,
v phn supephotphat Ca(H2PO4)2. Hy nhn bit mi mu phn bn trn bng phng
php ha hc.
3.5.2. Bi tp s dng thuc th gii hn
Cu 1: C 4 oxit ring bit sau: Na2O, Al2O3, Fe2O3 v MgO. Lm th no c th nhn
bit tng oxit bng phng php ha hc vi iu kin ch uc dng thm 2 cht.
Cu 2: C 6 dung dch sau: NH4Cl, FeCl2, FeCl3, AlCl3, H2S v MgCl2. Hy dng
mt ha cht nhn bit cc dung dch trn.
Cu 3:
Ch dng mt ha cht, nu phng php nhn bit 4 mu kim loi l Mg, Zn,
Fe, Ba.
Cu 4:
Ch uc dng thm mt thuc th, hy tm cch nhn bit cc dung dich (mt
nhn) sau y: NH4HSO4, Ba(OH)2, BaCl2, HCl, NaCl, H2SO4

Cu 5:
C th nhn bit cc dung dch sau y ch bng giy qu tm c khng?
Nu c, hy gii thch: H2SO4, Ba(OH)2, BaCl2, HCl, NaCl, NaOH.

Cu 6:
Dng mt ha cht phn bit cc dung dch sau: BaCl2, Na2SO4, Na3PO4,
HNO3.
Cu 7:
Dng 2 ha cht nhn bit 4 cht bt l K2O, BaO, P2O5, v SiO2.
Cu 8:
C 6 gi bt tng t nhau: CuO, FeO, Fe3O4, MnO2, Ag2O v hn hp Fe v
FeO. Ch dng thm dung dich HCl c th phn bit 6 gi bt trn khng? Nu c
hy trnh by cch phn bit.
Cu 9:
Cho 4 dung dch sau: (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, FeSO4, AlCl3. Hy chn mt kim
loi nhn ra cc dung dch trn.

Cu 10: Ch c dng kim loi, hy nhn bit cc dung dch sau y: HCl, HNO3
c, AgNO3, KCl, KOH.
Cu 11: Ch dng thm nc, hy nhn bit 4 cht rn: Na2O, Al2O3, Fe2O3, Al cha
trong cc l ring bit. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
Cu 12: Ch c nc v kh CO2 lm th no nhn bit cc cht rn sau: NaCl, Na2CO3,
CaCO3, BaSO4. Trnh by cch nhn bit mi cht v vit phng trnh phn ng.
61
Cu 13: Ch dng mt kim loi nhn bit cc dung dich sau: AgNO3, NaOH, HCl, v
NaNO3. Trnh by cch tin hnh v vit cc phng trnh phn ng ha hc minh ha.
Cu 14: Dng mt ha cht phn bit cc dung dch sau: H2SO4, Na2SO4, Na2CO3
v FeSO4. Vit phng trnh phn ng ha hc minh ha.
Cu 15: C 4 cht rn ng trong 4 l ring bit (khng c nhn) l : Na2CO3, CaCO3,
Na2SO4, CaSO4.2H2O. Lm th no c th nhn bit tng cht ng trong mi l,
nu ta ch dng nc v dung dich HCl.
Cu 16: C 5 dung dch ng ring bit sau: HCl, HNO3 c, NaNO3, NaOH,
AgNO3.Hy nhn bit cc dung dch bng phng php ha hc vi iu kin ch dng
kim loi nhn bit.
Cu 17: Dng mt ha cht phn bit cc dung dch sau: BaCl2, KI, Fe(NO3)2,
AgNO3 v Na2CO3. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc minh ha.
Cu 18: C 5 mu kim loi: Ba, Mg, Fe, Ag, Al. Nu ch c H2SO4 long ( khng c
dng bt k cht no khc k c qu tm nc nguyn cht, c th nhn bit c nhng
kim loi no)?
Cu 19: Dng 1 ha cht phn bit 4 cht rn: NaCl, Na2CO3, BaCO3, BaSO4. Vit
cc phng trnh ha hc minh ha.
Cu 20: C 4 l ng dung dich NaHCO3, CaCl2, Na2CO3 ,Ca(HCO3)2. Khng dng
ha cht no khc, hy phn bit 4 l mt nhn trn.
Cu 21: Ch dng nc, kh cacbonic hy nu phng php nhn bit 5 l bt trng mt
nhn l : NaCl, Na2SO4, CaCO3, Na2CO3, BaSO4 .
Cu 22: Dng 1 ha cht phn bit cc dung dch sau: K2CO3, K2SO4, K2SO3, K2S,
K2SiO3 .
Cu 23: C 3 l mt nhn cha cc dung dch, l X gm NaHCO3 v K2CO3, l Y gm
KHCO3 v Na2SO4, l Z gm Na2CO3 v K2SO4. Nu cch nhn bit cc l, nu ch
dng dung dch BaCl2 v HCl.
Cu 24: Nhn bit cc ha cht trong cc l mt nhn : HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 v H3PO4
ch c dng thm Cu v mt mui ty .
3.5.3. Bi tp khng s dng thuc th
Cu 1: C 4 l mt nhn A, B, C, D cha cc dung dch : HCl, CaCl2, NaHCO3,
Na2CO3.
Hy xc nh cc cht trong mi l v gii thch, nu bit:
-
Cho cht trong l A vo l C thy c kt ta.

62
Cho cht trong l C vo l D thy c kh bay ra.
Cho cht trong l B vo l D thy c kh bay ra.

Dung dch A cha cc ion: Na+, SO42-, SO32-, CO32-. Bng nhng phn ng ha hc no
c th nhn bit tng loi ion c trong dung dch.
Cu 2: Dung dch A cha cc ion: Na+, SO42-, SO32-, CO32-. Bng nhng phn ng ha
hc no c th nhn bit tng loi ion c trong dung dch.
Cu 3: C 5 l mt nhn, mi l ng 1 trong cc dung dch sau y: Na2SO4, KHCO3,
Mg(HCO3)2, Na2SO3, Ba(HCO3)2. Trnh by cch nhn bit tng dung dch, ch dung
cch un nng.
Cu 4: C 5 ng nghim ng ring bit 5 dung dich khng mu l : NaCl, BaCl2,
Ba(NO3)2,Ag2SO4 v H2SO4. Khng dng ha cht no khc, lm th no xc nh
c tng cht trong ng nghim?
Cu 5: C 5 l mt nhn A, B, C, D, E cha cc dung dch HCl, H2SO4, BaCl2, NaCl,
Na2CO3. Xc nh cht cha trong mi l, gii thch nu bit:
- cht trong l A vo cht trong l B th c kt ta.
- cht trong l A vo cht trong l C th c kh bay ra.
- cht trong l B vo cht trong l D th c kt ta.
Cu 6: Khng dng ha cht no khc, hy phn bit cc dung dch sau: HCl, AgNO3,
Na2CO3, CaCl2.
Cu 7: C 6 ng nghim c nh s ng cc dung dch khng theo th t: natri
nitrat, ng clorua, natri sunfat, kali cacbonat, bari nitrat v canxi clorua. Hy xc nh
s ca tng dung dch. Bit rng khi trn cc dung dch s 1 vi s 3 , s 1 vi s 6, s
2 vi s 3, s 2 vi s 6 v s 4 vi s 6 th cho kt ta. Cho dung dch AgNO3 tc dng
vi dung dch 2 cng cho kt ta. Hy xc nh cc dung dch trong ng nghim.
Cu 8: Khng dng thm ha cht khc, da vo tnh cht ha hc hy phn bit cc
dung dch: K2SO4, Al(NO3)3, (NH4)2SO4, Ba(NO3)2, NaOH.
Cu 9: Mi ng nghim cha 1 trong cc dung dch sau: KI, BaCl2, Na2CO3, Na2SO4,
NaOH, (NH4)2SO4 v nc clo. Khng dng thm cht khc, hy trnh by cch nhn
bit mi cht trn.
3.5.4. Bi tp nhn bit cc cht, ion trong mt hn hp
Cu 1: C mt hn hp cht rn gm (NaOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3) cho hn hp tan vo
nc c dung dch A. Hy nhn bit cc ion c trong dung dch A.
63
Cu 2: Trong mt dung dch cha cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, Na+ v Cl-. Bng phn
ng ha hc v hin tng no chng t s c mt cc ion ny trong dung dch.
Cu 3: Lm th no nhn bit uc 3 axit H2SO4, HCl, HNO3 cng tn ti trong
dung dch long.
Cu 4: Dung dch A cha cc ion Na+, NH4+, HCO3-, CO32-, SO42-, NO3- .Ch c qu
tm v cc dung dch HCl, Ba(OH)2 hy nhn bit cc cht trong dung dch A.
Cu 5: Nhn bit s c mt ca cc kh trong cng mt hn hp
SO3, SO2 ,CO2, H2S, O2
Cu 6: Nhn bit s c mt ca cc ion sau trong cng mt dung dch
Fe3+, Fe2+, SO42-, Li+ v Cl-, BrCu 7: Nhn bit s c mt ca cc ion sau trong cng mt dung dch
Fe3+, NH4+, SO42-, K+ v Cl-, ICu 8: Nhn bit s c mt ca cc ion sau trong cng mt dung dch
HCO3-, CO32-, SO32-, NH4+
Cu 9: Nhn bit s c mt ca cc ion sau trong cng mt dung dch
Al3+, NH4+, SO42-, Cu2+ v Cl-, NO35.5.5. Bi tp nhn bit hu c
Cu 1: Hy nhn bit cc l mt nhn cha cc cht lng sau:
a. Benzen, toluen, hex-1- in, stiren.
b. Benzen, toluen v stiren (ch dng mt thuc th).
Cu 2: Dng 1 thuc th nhn bit cc dung dch sau :
Glucoz, fructoz, Glixerol, andehit axetic, axit axetic
Cu 3: Hy nhn bit cc l mt nhn cha cc cht lng sau
a. Benzen, glixerol, ancol etylic v ancol anlylic.
b. Benzen, phenol, stiren, toluen.
a. Ancol benzylic, benzen, benzanehit.
b. Axit axetic, axit fomic, axit acrilic, ancol etylic, anehit axetic
a. 1-bromhexan, brombenzen, 1-brombut-2-en.
b. Ancol etylic, hex-1-en, benzen v ancol anlylic.
3.5.6. Bi tp Tch ring
Cu 1: Tch ring cc kim loi Ag, Cu, Al, Zn, Fe ra khi hn hp.
64
Cu 2:
C hn hp bt CaO, MgO lm th no tch ring cc oxit ra khi hn hp.
Cu 3: C hn hp Al v mt s kim loai: Cu, Ag, Pb, bng phng php ha hc hy

tch ring Al ra khi hn hp kim loi.
Cu 4: C hn hp bt MgO v Fe2O3 bng phng php ha hc hy tch ring tng
oxit ra khi hn hp.
Cu 5:
C hn hp gm Al2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3. Bng phng php ha hc hy tch
ring tng oxit ra khi hn hp.

Cu 6: C cc ion Al3+, Na+, Mg2+ trong cng mt dung dch. Lm th no tch
ring bit chng khi nhau. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng ha hc xy ra khi tch.
Cu 7: C 3 cht rn mu trng sau: Na2CO3, MgCO3, BaCO3. Lm th no c th
phn bit chng.
Cu 8: C hn hp cha Al, Mg, Fe, Hy tnh by phng php ha hc tch ring
tng cht ra khi hn hp.
Cu 9:
Hy dng phng php ha hc tch cc cht trong hn hp Al2O3, Fe2O3
v CaCO3. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.

Cu 10: C dung dch FeSO4 ln tp cht l CuSO4. Lm th no loi b tp cht
bng phng php ha hc,
Cu 11: Nu bc c ln tp cht l nhng kim loi km, thic, ch, bng cch no c
th loi nhng tp cht? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng ha minh ha.
Cu 12: C mt hn hp bt cc kim loi bc v ng. Hy trnh by cc phng php
ha hc tch ring c kim loi bc v ng. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc phn ng.
Cu 13: C hn hp A gm (Mg v Fe) vo dung dch B gm Cu(NO3)2 v dung dch
AgNO3 lc u cho n kh phn ng xong thu c hn hp C gm 3 kim loi v dung
dch D gm 2 mui. Hy trnh by cch tch tng kim loi trong hn hp C v tng
mui khi dung dch D.
Cu 14: Trnh by cch tch ri tng cht sau y ra khi hn hp cht rn v vit y
cc phng trnh phn ng ha hc xy ra: AlCl3, FeCl3, BaCl2.
Cu 15: Trnh by phng php tch: Fe2O3 ra khi hn hp Fe2O3, Al2O3, SiO2 dng
bt.
Cu 16: Trnh by phng php tch Ag ra khi hn hp Ag, Cu, Fe dng bt. Ch
dng duy nht mt dung dch cha mt ha cht v lng kim loi cn tch vn gi
nguyn khi lng ban u. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng ha hc xy ra v ghi r
iu kin.
65
Cu 17: Mt loai mui n ln tp cht l Na2SO4, NaBr, MgCl2, CaCl2 v CaSO4. Hy

trnh by phng php ha hc ly NaCl tinh khit.
Cu 18: Cho hn hp bt cc kim loi Cu, Fe, Ag, Al. Hy dng phng php ha hc
(k c in phn nu cn) tch ring tng kim loai ra khi hn hp ban u.
Cu 19: Bng phng php ha hc , hy trnh by cch tch cc cht: Al2O3, Fe2O3,
SiO2 ra khi hn hp ca chng.
Cu 20: Mt hn hp gm Al2O3, CuO, Fe2O3 dng phng php ha hc tch ring
tng cht ra khi hn hp.
Cu 21: C 3 dung dch mui sau: NaCl, CuCl2, FeCl3. Trnh by nhng phng php
iu ch kim loi t mi dung dch trn. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
Cu 22: T hn hp dunag dch A cha KCl, MgCl2, AlCl3. Vit qu trnh tch, iu
ch thnh cc kim loi ring bit.
Cu 23: Hy nu ba phng php khc nhau iu ch Cu kim loi t dung dch cha
3 mui l : CuCl2, NaCl, AlCl3. Vit phng trnh phn ng ha hc minh ha.
66
CHNG 4
VAI TR PHN TCH NH LNG HO HC
4.1. Cc phng php nh lng ho hc
4.1.1. Phn tch khi lng
Phn tch khi lng l phng php phn tch nh lng da vo vic cn khi
lng sn phm to thnh sau phn ng kt ta bng phng php ho hc hay phng
php vt l. Do cht phn tch chim mt t l xc nh trong sn phm em cn nn t
khi lng sn phm d dng tnh c lng cht phn tch trong i tng phn tch.
Phng php phn tch khi lng c th c tin hnh theo cc phng php sau:
phng php y, phng php in phn, phng php chng ct, phng php kt
ta.
Php phn tch khi lng bao gm 2 php o thc nghim:
Cn khi lng v cn sn phm c thnh phn bit, nhn c t khi lng
ny. Trn c s s liu ny bng cc tnh ton khng phc tp ngi ta nhn c hm
lng phn trm ca cu t cn xc nh.
Nu A cu t cn xc nh, c th vit:
%A = Khi lng cht A 100
Khi lng mu
Thng th ngi ta khng o A. Thay cho vic o cht A ngi ta tch ra v
cn cht cha cht A hoc lin quan ha hc vi A. Trong bt k trng hp no cng
xut hin s cn thit phi a vo h s no tnh li khi lng ca kt ta
chuyn thnh khi lng ca A.
i vi phng php kt ta, cht kt ta l tng trong php phn tch khi
lng cn phi ch tng tc vi cu t cn xc nh, to ra kt ta, kt ta ny cn
phi:
1. C tan nh b qua s mt cht do s tan.
2. D lc v d ra khi cc cht bn.
3. Khng tc dng vi mi trng xung quanh v c thnh phn bit sau khi
sy kh
4.1.2. Phn tch th tch
Phng php phn tch th tch l phng php phn tch nh lng da vo
vic o chnh xc th tch ca dung dch thuc th (B) bit trc nng chnh xc
(dung dch chun) tc dng va vi mt th tch nht nh ca cht cn phn tch (A)
67
v da vo nh lut ng lng hoc nh lut hp thc xc nh.

A + B C + D
Cng thc:
NA.VA = NBVB
4.1.2.1. Cht ch th
Cht ch th l cht c kh nng cho tn hiu nht nh (i mu, kt ta,...) ti
im tng ng. Vic dng qa trnh chun l da vo hiu ng ca cht ch th.
Do vic hiu bn cht ca cht ch th cho php ta tnh c sai s ca php

phn tch.
4.1.2.2. Cc loi phng php phn tch th tch
1)Phng php chun axit baz (chun trung ho): da trn phn ng axit
baz.
2)Phng php chun oxi ho-kh: da trn phn ng oxi ho-kh.
3)Phng php chun to phc: da trn cc phn ng to phc bn (thuc
th dng nhiu nht l cc complexon).
4)Phng php chun kt ta: da vo phn ng to kt ta.
4.1.2.3. Phng php chun axit- baz
* Bn cht ca phng php l phn ng trung ha
A1 + B2 A2 + B1
Dung dch chun trong phng php ny l axit mnh hoc baz mnh (HCl,
H SO , NaOH, KOH,). Cc cht ny khng p ng cc yu cu ca cht gc nn
2
khng phi l cht gc. V vy, cc dung dich ny ch c chun b vi nng gn

ng. Sau nng cc dung dch ny s c chun ho bng dung dch chun gc
khc.
Cht ch th trong phng php trung ho l nhng axit (HInd), baz (IndOH)
hu c yu m mu ca dng axit v baz lin hp l khc nhau, v c kh nng thay
i cng vi s thay i pH ca dung dch. Dung dch mu ca cht ch th thay i
trong mt khong pH hp, khong pH ny ch ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht ch th,
khng ph thuc vo cc cht phn ng vi nhau trong dung dch.
Khong i mu ca cht ch th axit baz l khong gi tr pH trong khi pH
ca dung dch thay i th mu ca cht ch th cng thay i theo m mt ta nhn thy
c.
68
[HInd 0 ]
pH=pK ct - lg
[Ind - ]
(1)
pKCt = - lgKCt : gi l ch s cng ca cht ch th. (1) l phng trnh c bn

biu din s ph thuc mu ca cht ch th vi pH ca dung dch.
Ch s nh phn pT ca cht ch th axit baz l gi tr pH nm trong khong i
mu m ti gi tr pH ny mu ca cht ch th bin i r nht.
* Xc nh im tng ng trong phng php trung ha vi dung mi nc
Khi nh phn mt dung dch axit bng baz hay ngc li theo PTP
A1 + B2 A2 + B1
Th trong trng hp l tng, khi kt thc nh phn, cht ch th phi i mu ngay
im tng ng ngha l pT ca cht ch th trng vi pH ca dung dch
im tng ng. Nhng trong thc t, pT c sai khc ( thiu hoc tha) so vi pH
ca dung dch im tng ng nn gy ra sai s
Nu biu din s bin i trn mt h trc to gm: trc tung biu din s
thay i ca pH, trc honh biu din lng thuc th thm vo (% hay Vml) ta s
c mt ng cong lin tc: ng cong logarit hay ng cong nh phn

Tnh pH ca dung dch ng vi cc thi im nh phn:
1)Trc khi chun : cha thm thuc th
2)Trc im tng ng : gi s ti cc thi im 50%, 90%, 99% lng
thuc th cn a vo t im tng ng.
3)Ti im tng ng: khi thm ng 100% lng thuc th t im
tng ng .
4)Sau im tng ng: gi s ti cc thi im tha 0,1%; 1%; 10%,...thuc
th.
Ni cc gi tr pH ti cc thi im trn ta c ng nh phn
pH
9,3
Bc
nhy
7
4,3
100
VNaOH
69
Chun axit mnh bng baz mnh

Kho st qu trnh chun 100ml dung dch HCl 0,1M bng dung dch NaOH
0,1M ta c ng nh phn
Phn ng chun :
NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H O
2
pH
9,3
Bc
nhy
7
4,3
100
VNaOH
ng chun dung dch axit HCl 0,1 N bng dung dch NaOH 0,1M
Bc nhy pH cn ph thuc nng cc dung dch.
Chun dung dch axit CH COOH bng dung dch NaOH
3
Kho st qu trnh chun 100 ml dung dch axit CH COOH 0,1M (C , V )

bng dung dch NaOH 0,1M (C,V). Bit pKCH COOH = 4,75
3
Phn ng chun : CH COOH + NaOH

3
CH COONa + H O
3
pH
10,6
Bc
nhy
8,87
6,8
100
VNaOH
4.2. Vn dng phng php phn tch khi lng xy dng cc bi tp

trng ph thng
4.2.1. Phn v c
70
Ly 2 thanh kim loi M c ho tr 2 c khi lng bng nhau. Thanh 1 nhng
Cu 1:
vo dd Cu(NO3)2, thanh 2 nhng vo dd Pb(NO3)2 sau 1 thi gian khi lng thanh 1
gim 0,2%, thanh 2 tng 28,4% khi lng ban u. S mol Cu(NO3)2 v Pb(NO3)2 u
gim nh nhau. Xc nh kim loi M
A. Fe
Cu 2:
B. Zn
C. Mg
D. p n khc
Mt thanh kim loi R ho tr II nhng vo dd CuSO4 th khi lng thanh
gim 1% so vi ban u. Cng thanh R nhng vo dd Hg(NO3)2 th khi lng tng

67,5% so vi ban u. Xc nh R bit gim s mol Cu2+ bng 2 ln s mol Hg+. R
l:
A. Zn
Cu 3:
B.Mg
C. Fe
D. Pb
Cho 100 ml dung dch FeCl2 1,2M tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch AgNO3
2M, thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l

A. 34,44.
Cu 4:
B. 12,96.
C. 30,18.
D. 47,4.
Nung nng 16,8 gam hn hp gm Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, Zn vi mt lng d kh
O2, n khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 23,2 gam cht rn X. Th tch
dung dch HCl 2M va phn ng vi cht rn X l
A. 400 ml.
Cu 5:
B. 200 ml.
C. 800 ml.
D. 600 ml.
Ho tan hon ton 8,862 gam hn hp gm Al v Mg vo dung dch HNO3
long, thu c dung dch X v 3,136 lt ( ktc) hn hp Y gm hai kh khng mu,

trong c mt kh ha nu trong khng kh. Khi lng ca Y l 5,18 gam. Cho
dung dch NaOH (d) vo X v un nng, khng c kh mi khai thot ra. Phn trm
khi lng ca Al trong hn hp ban u l
A. 19,53%.
Cu 6:
B. 10,52%.
C. 15,25%.
D. 12,80%.
Kh hon ton mt oxit st X nhit cao cn va V lt kh CO ( ktc),
sau phn ng thu c 0,84 gam Fe v 0,02 mol kh CO2. Cng thc ca X v gi tr V
ln lt l
A. Fe3O4 v 0,448. B. FeO v 0,224.
Cu 7:
C. Fe3O4 v 0,224. D. Fe2O3 v 0,448.
Cho m1 gam Al vo 100 ml dung dch gm Cu(NO3)2 0,3M v AgNO3 0,3M.
Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton th thu c m2 gam cht rn X. Nu cho m2

gam X tc dng vi lng d dung dch HCl th thu c 0,336 lt kh ( ktc). Gi tr
ca m1 v m2 ln lt l
A. 0,54 v 5,16.
B. 1,08 v 5,16.
C. 8,10 v 5,43.
71
D. 1,08 v 5,43.
Cu 8:
Ho tan hon ton hn hp X gm Fe , Mg bng mt lng va dung dch
HCl 20% , thu c dung dch Y. Nng ca FeCl2 trong dung dch Y l 15,76 % .
Nng % ca MgCl2 trong dung dch Y l ?
A.11,79%
Cu 9:
B.24,24%
C.28,21%
D.15,76%
Nhng mt thanh than ch c ph mt lp kim loi ho tr II vo dd CuSO4
d. Sau p khi lng thanh thanh gim i 0,24 g. Cng thanh nu nhng vo dd
AgNO3 th khi p xong khi lng thnh tng 0,52 g. Kim loi ho tr II l:
A.Pb
B.Cd
C.Al
D.Sn
Cu 10: Cho t t bt Fe vo 50 ml dd CuSO4 0,2M, khuy nh cho ti khi dd mt

mu xanh. Khi lng bt Fe tham gia phn ng l:
A. 5,6 g
B. 0,056 g
C. 0,56 g
D. 0,28 g
Cu 11: Ngm mt inh st sch trong 200 ml dd CuSO4.Sau p kt thc, ly inh st

ra khi dd ra sch nh v sy kh ri em cn thy khi lng tng 0,8 g. Nng
mol/l ca dd CuSO4 dng l:
A. 0,05 M
B. 0,0625 M
C. 0,5 M
D. 0,625 M
Cu 12: Ngm mt vt bng ng c khi lng 10 g trong 250 g dd AgNO3 4%. Khi
ly vt ra th lng AgNO3 trong dd gim 17%. Khi lng vt sau p l:
A. 10,67 g
B. 10,76 g
C. 11,56 g
D. Kt qu khc
Cu 13: Hn hp A gm CuSO4 + FeSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 c % khi lng ca S l 22% .

Ly 50g hn hp A ha tan trong nc .Thm dung dch NaOH d , kt ta thu c
em nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i, lng oxit em ra kh hon ton
bng CO thu c m gam hn hp Cu + Fe .Gi tr ca m l :
A. 17 gam
B. 18 gam
C. 19 gam
D. 20 gam
Cu 14: Ho tan 58g mui CuSO4.5H2O vo nc c 500 ml dd CuSO4 cho dn dn

mt st vo 50ml dd CuSO4. Khuy nh cho ti khi mt mu xanh. Lng st tham
gia p:
A.1,29 g
B.1,299 g
C. 1,2992 g
D.12,992g
Cu 15: Ngm 1 l Zn trong 100ml dd AgNO3 0,1M. Phn ng kt thc khi lng l
Zn tng l:
A. 10,8 g
B. 0,557 g
C. 5,57 g
D.0,755g
Cu 16: Cho Mg vo dd cha FeSO4 v CuSO4. Sau p thu c cht rn A ch c 1

kim loi v dd B cha 2 mui. Phn ng kt thc khi no?
A. CuSO4 d, FeSO4 cha phn ng, Mg ht.
72
B. FeSO4 d, CuSO4 cha p, Mg ht

C. CuSO4 ht, FeSO4 cha tham gia p, Mg ht
D. CuSO4 v FeSO4 ht, Mg d.
Cu 17: Cho 5,6 gam bt st vo 400ml dd AgNO3 0,1M v Cu(NO3)2 0,3 M. Khuy
u dd cho n khi p xy ra hon ton thu c cht rn A v dung dch B. Khi
lng rn A l:
A. 6,24g
B. 7,32g
C. 8,12g
D. 9,44g
Cu 18: Mt dung dch CuSO4 tc dng va vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 d cho ra 33,1g
kt ta. Tnh s mol CuSO4 v khi lng cht rn thu c sau khi nung kt ta trn n
khi lng khng i. Cho Cu=64, Ba=137.
A. 0,1 mol, 33,1g.
B. 0,1 mol, 31,3g.
C. 0,12 mol, 23,3g.
D. 0,08 mol, 28,2g.
Cu 19: Ngm mt l Zn trong dd cha 2,24 g ion kim loi M2+, p xong khi lng l
Zn tng thm 0,94 g. M2+ l kim loi no sau y:
A. Ba2+
B. Sr2+
C.Ra2+
D.Cd2+
Cu 20: Ngm mt thanh Zn vo 100 ml dd AgNO3 0,1M n khi AgNO3 tc dng

ht, th khi lng thanh Zn sau p so vi ban u s:
A. Gim 0,755 g
B.Tng 1,08 g
C. Tng 0,755 g
D.Tng 7,55 g
Cu 21: Ho tan ht 7,74 gam hn hp bt Mg, Al bng 500 ml dung dch hn hp

HCl 1M v H2SO4 0,28M thu c dung dch X v 8,736 lt kh H2 ( ktc). C cn
dung dch X thu c lng mui khan l
A. 38,93 gam.
B. 25,95 gam.
C. 103,85 gam.
D. 77,86 gam.
Cu 22: Nhit phn hon ton 34,65 gam hn hp gm KNO3 v Cu(NO3)2, thu c
hn hp kh X (t khi ca X so vi kh hiro bng 18,8). Khi lng Cu(NO3)2 trong
hn hp ban u l
A. 20,50 gam.
B. 11,28 gam.
C. 9,40 gam.
D. 8,60 gam.
Cu 23: Hn hp A gm CuSO4 + FeSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 c % khi lng ca S l 22% .

Ly 50g hn hp A ha tan trong nc .Thm dung dch NaOH d , kt ta thu c
em nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i, lng oxit em ra kh hon ton
bng CO thu c m gam hn hp Cu + Fe .Gi tr ca m l :
A. 17 gam
B. 18 gam
C. 19 gam
73
D. 20 gam
Cu 24: Cho 2,24 gam Fe vo 200ml dd hn hp gm AgNO3 1M v Cu(NO3)2 0,5M,

khuy u ti p hon ton thu c rn X v dd Y. Tnh s gam rn
A.4,08g
B.5,8g
C.4,3g
D. p n khc
Cu 25: Mt thanh kim loi M( ho tr II) c nhng vo 1 lit dd FeSO4 sau p thy
khi lng thanh tng 16 g. Nu nhng cng thanh kim loi y vo 1 lt dd CuSO4 th
khi lng tng ln 20 g. Bit rng cc phn ng trn u xy ra hon ton v sau p
cn d kim loi M, 2 dd FeSO4 v CuSO4 c cng nng CM. Tm kim loi M
Cu 26: Cho 12 g Mg vo dd cha hai mui FeCl2 v CuCl2 c cng nng 2M, th
tch dung dch l 100ml. Sau ly dd sau p cho tc dng vi dd KOH d. Tnh khi
lng kt ta thu c.
Cu 27: Nhng mt thanh kim loi ho tr II nng 9,6 g vo 0,5 (l) dung dch A gm
Fe2(SO4)3 0,1M v FeSO40,2 M. Sau mt thi gian ly thanh kim loi ra thy dd A bin
i thnh dung dich B v c khi lng ng bng khi lng ca dd A ban u. em
ho tan ht thanh kim loi sau khi nhng vo dd A bng axit HCl d th thu c 6,72 l
kh H2 ktc
a/ Xc nh kim loi R
b/Tnh nng mol ca cc cht trong B
Cu 28: Nhng 1 thanh kim loi M ha tr 2 vo 1(lt) dung dch CuSO4 0,5M kt thc
th nghim khi lng ca thanh kim loi tng 1,6g v CM CuSO4 gim xung cn 0,3M.
Tm kim loi M
Cu 29: Thc hin phn ng nhit nhm vi 9,66 gam hn hp X gm FexOy v nhm,
thu c hn hp rn Y. Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c dung dch
D, 0,672 lt kh (ktc) v cht khng tan Z. Sc CO2 n d vo dung dch D lc kt ta
v nung n khi lng khng i c 5,1 gam cht rn. Xc nh cng thc ca oxit
st
Cu 30: Cho ho tan hon ton a gam Fe3O4 trong dung dch HCl, thu c dung dch
D, cho D tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc kt ta ngoi khng kh n khi
lng khng i na, thy khi lng kt ta tng ln 3,4 gam. em nung kt ta n
khi lng khng i c b gam cht rn. Gi tr ca a, b ln lt l bao nhiu.
Cu 31: Cho 8 gam hn hp A gm Mg v Fe tc dng ht vi 200 ml dung dch
CuSO4 n khi phn ng kt thc, thu c 12,4 gam cht rn B v dung dch D. Cho
dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc v nung kt ta ngoi khng kh n
74
khi lng khng i thu c 8 gam hn hp gm 2 oxit. Khi lng Mg v Fe trong

A ln lt l bao nhiu.
Cu 32: Cho hn hp A c khi lng m gam gm bt Al v st oxit FexOy. Tin hnh
phn ng nhit nhm trong iu kin khng c khng kh, thu c hn hp B. Nghin
nh, trn u B ri chia thnh hai phn. Phn mt c khi lng 14,49 gam c ho
tan ht trong dung dch HNO3 un nng, thu c dung dch C v 3,696 lt kh NO duy
nht ktc. Cho phn hai tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaOH un nng thy gii
phng 0,336 lt kh H2 ktc v cn li 2,52 gam cht rn. Cc phn ng xy ra hon
ton.
1. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
2. Xc nh cng thc ca st oxit v tnh m.
Cu 33: Ho tan 13,9 gam mt hn hp A gm Mg, Al, Cu bng V ml dung dch
HNO3 5M (va ), gii phng ra 20,16 lt kh NO2 duy nht ktc v dung dch B.
Thm dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch B, ly kt ta nung nhit cao ti khi
lng khng i thu c cht rn D, dn lung kh H2 d i qua D un nng thu c
14,40 gam cht rn E.
Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
1. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
2. Tnh % theo khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp A.
3. Tnh V.
Cu 34: Cho m gam hn hp A gm Al, Mg, Cu. Ho tan m gam A trong dung dch
NaOH d, thu c 3,36 lt kh H2 ktc v phn khng tan B. Ho tan ht B trong
dung dch H2SO4 c nng thu c 2,24 lt kh SO2 ktc v dung dch C. Cho C phn
ng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c kt ta D. Nung kt ta D ti khi lng khng
i, thu c cht rn E. Cho E phn ng vi mt lng kh H2 d un nng thu c
5,44 gam cht rn F. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Tnh khi lng ca cc cht trong A v F.
Cu 35: Hn hp bt E gm 3 kim loi l K, Al, Fe c chia thnh 3 phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi H2O ly d to ra 4,48 lt kh.
Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi dung dch KOH d to ra 7,84 lt kh.
Phn 3: Ho tan ht trong 0,5 lt dung dch H2SO4 1,2M to ra 10,08 lt kh v dung dch
A.
1. Tnh s gam mi kim loi trong hn hp E.
75
2. Cho dung dch A tc dng vi 240 gam dung dch NaOH 20% thu c kt ta, lc ra
kt ta ri nung trong khng kh ti khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn. Tnh
m.
Cu 36: Ho tan hon ton hn hp X gm 0,4 mol FeO v 0,1 mol Fe2O3 vo dung
dch HNO3 long d , thu c dung dch A v kh NO duy nht . Dung dch A cho tc
dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c kt ta . Ly ton b kt ta nung trong khng
kh n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn c khi lng l bao nhiu.
Cu 37: Ha tan 5,94g hn hp 2 mui clorua ca 2 kim loi A, B u c ha tr II vo
nc c dd X. lm kt ta ht ion Cl- c trong dd X ngi ta cho dd X tc dng
vi dd AgNO3 thu c 17,22g kt ta. Lc b kt ta thu c dd Y. C cn dd Y thu
c bao nhiu gam hn hp mui khan.
Cu 38: Nung hon ton 26,8 gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi ho tr
II A v B c 13,6 gam hn hp oxit.
1) Xc nh khi lng cc mui cc mui thu c khi cho kh sinh ra hp th vo 500
ml dung dch NaOH 1M hoc 2 lt dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,125M.
2) Xc nh A, B bit t l khi lng nguyn t ca A, B l 3:5 v s mol ca ACO3
v BCO3 l 2: 1.
4.2.2. Phn hu c
Cu 1:
Hn hp X gm axit panmitic, axit stearic v axit linoleic. trung ho m
gam X cn 40 ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Mt khc, nu t chy hon ton m gam X
th thu c 15,232 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 11,7 gam H2O. S mol ca axit linoleic trong
m gam hn hp X l
A. 0,015.
Cu 2:
B. 0,010.
C. 0,020.
D. 0,005
Hn hp Z gm hai axit cacboxylic n chc X v Y (MX > MY) c tng
khi lng l 8,2 gam. Cho Z tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH, thu c dung
dch cha 11,5 gam mui. Mt khc, nu cho Z tc dng vi mt lng d dung
dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 21,6 gam Ag. Cng thc v phn trm khi lng
ca X trong Z l
A. C3H5COOH v 54,88%.
B. C2H3COOH v 43,90%.
C. C2H5COOH v 56,10%.
D. HCOOH v 45,12%.
Cu 3:
Hn hp kh X gm mt ankan v mt anken. T khi ca X so vi H2 bng
11,25. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt X thu c 6,72 lt CO2 (cc th tch kh o ktc).
Cng thc ca ankan v anken ln lt l
76
A. CH4 v C2H4.
B. C2H6 v C2H4.
C. CH4 v C3H6.
D. CH4 v C4H8.
Cu 4:
Hn hp X gm 1 ancol v 2 sn phm hp nc ca propen. T khi hi ca
X so vi hiro bng 23. Cho m gam X i qua ng s ng CuO (d) nung nng. Sau
khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp Y gm 3 cht hu c v hi
nc, khi lng ng s gim 3,2 gam. Cho Y tc dng hon ton vi lng d dung
dch AgNO3 trong NH3 to ra 48,6 gam Ag. Phn trm khi lng ca propan-1-ol
trong X l
A. 65,2%.
Cu 5:
B. 16,3%.
C. 48,9%.
D. 83,7%.
Hn hp X gm alanin v axit glutamic. Cho m gam X tc dng hon ton
vi dung dch NaOH (d), thu c dung dch Y cha (m+30,8) gam mui. Mt khc,
nu cho m gam X tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HCl, thu c dung dch Z cha
(m+36,5) gam mui. Gi tr ca m l
A. 112,2.
Cu 6:
B. 165,6.
C. 123,8.
D. 171,0.
Hn hp M gm axit cacboxylic X, ancol Y (u n chc, s mol X gp hai
ln s mol Y) v este Z c to ra t X v Y. Cho mt lng M tc dng va

vi dung dch cha 0,2 mol NaOH, to ra 16,4 gam mui v 8,05 gam ancol. Cng
thc ca X v Y l
A. HCOOH v CH3OH.
B. CH3COOH v CH3OH.
C. HCOOH v C3H7OH.
D. CH3COOH v C2H5OH.
Cu 7:
un nng hn hp kh X gm 0,02 mol C2H2 v 0,03 mol H2 trong mt bnh
kn (xc tc Ni), thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y li t t vo bnh nc brom (d), sau

khi kt thc cc phn ng, khi lng bnh tng m gam v c 280 ml hn hp kh Z
(ktc) thot ra. T khi ca Z so vi H2 l 10,08. Gi tr ca m l
A. 0,585.
Cu 8:
B. 0,620.
C. 0,205.
D. 0,328.
Cho hn hp canxi cacbua v nhm cacbua vo nc thu c hn hp kh A
c t l mol 1:1. Nung hn hp A 1500oC thu c hn hp kh B. Cho B qua dung

dch AgNO3/NH3 d c 48 gam kt ta v hn hp kh C thot ra c t khi so vi H2
l 3,8. Hiu sut ca phn ng nhit phn l:
A. 50%
Cu 9:
B. 75%
C. 40%
D. 25%
Cracking 4,48 lit butan (kc) thu c hn hp A gm 6 cht H2, CH4, C2H6,
C2H4 , C3H6 C4H8. Dn ht hn hp A vo bnh dung dch Brom d th thy khi lng
77
bnh brom tng 8,4g, ra khi bnh brom l hn hp kh B. Th tch oxi (kc) cn t ht
hn hp B l
A. 6,72 lit
B. 5,6 lit
C. 4,48 lit
D. 8,96 lit
Cu 10: Ln men m gam glucoz vi hiu sut 90%, lng kh CO2 sinh ra hp th ht
vo dung dch nc vi trong thu c 10 gam kt ta. Khi lng dung dch sau phn
ng gim 3,4 gam so vi khi lng dung dch nc vi trong ban u. Gi tr ca m l
A. 20,0.
B. 30,0.
C. 15,0.
D. 13,5.
Cu 11: Lp CTPT cho cc hp cht hu c sau:

a. Hp cht X1 cha 40 %C; 6,666 %H, cn li l O; d X1/O2 = 5,625.
b. t hon ton 3,7g hp cht X2 thu c 6,6g CO2 v 2,7g H2O; d X2/kk = 2,552.
c. Hp cht X3 cha C, H, N, O trong mC : mH : mN : mO = 3 : 1 : 7 : 8. M = 76u
d. t chy mt th tch ankan X4 cn 5 th tch oxi trong cng iu kin. Tm li CTPT
ca X4 nu thay bng hirocacbon X4.
e. Vit cng thc cu to v gi tn ca hirocacbon X7 c 83,33% cacbon v khi
lng trong phn t. Xc nh cng thc cu to ng ca X7, bit X7 tc dng vi clo
ch to c mt dn xut monoclo duy nht?
Cu 12: t chy hon ton 0,282g cht hu c X, sn phm chy ln lt cho qua cc
bnh ng CaCl2 khan (1) ri KOH c (2), thy bnh (1) tng 0,194g, cn bnh (2) tng
0,8g. Mt khc, t hon ton 0,186g cht hu c X thu 22,4 ml N2 (kc). Bit cht hu
c X ch cha mt nguyn t nit. Xc nh CTPT ca X.
Cu 13: t chy hon ton hirocacbon A ri cho sn phm chy vo dung dch nc
vi trong d thy khi lng dung dch gim 9,6g v xut hin 30g kt ta. Xc nh
cng thc phn t ca A.
Cu 14: Xc nh cu to ca anken A, bit rng 2,8 gam A va lm mt mu dung
dch cha 8g Br2 v khi hirat ha A ch thu c mt ancol duy nht.
Cu 15: Cho hn hp gm C2H2 v H2 qua Ni nung nng. Hn hp kh to thnh cho
li qua bnh 1 cha dd AgNO3/NH3 d th c 0,72 g kt ta, ri dn tip qua bnh 2
cha dd brom (d), th khi lng bnh 2 tng ln 0,98g v th tch kh cn li l 1200
ml. t chy kh ny thu c 300ml CO2.
a. Tnh th tch C2H2 v H2 trong hn hp u.
b. Tnh t l C2H2 khng phn ng vi H2
78
Cu 16: Cho 6,72 lt hn hp X gm C2H2 v 1 anken A KTC qua dd AgNO3/NH3

d th c 24g kt ta. Nu cng cho hn hp trn qua dd nc brom d th khi lng
bnh brom tng 13,8g.
a. Tm CTPT ca A v vit CTCT ca A, gi tn.
b. Xc nh CTCT ng ca A, bit khi cho A hp nc ch to mt ancol duy nht.
Vit PTP.
Cu 17: t 100cm3 hn hp kh gm hiro, 1 ankan, 1 ankin thu c 210 cm3 CO2.
Nu un 100cm3 hn hp vi bt Ni th ch cn 70 cm3 1 hirocacbon duy nht. Cc th
tch kh o cng iu kin.
a. Tm CTPT ca 2 hirocacbon trn v thnh phn % th tch ca hn hp u.
b. Tnh th tch oxi cn t chy 100 cm3 hn hp.
Cu 18: t chy 3cm3 hn hp 2 ankin A, B k tip nhau trong dy ng ng, to
thnh 11 cm3 CO2 (cc th tch o trong cng iu kin).
a. Tm CTPT ca A, B v % th tch mi cht trong hn hp, bit MA < MB.
b. Ly 3,36 lt (ktc) hn hp trn cho qua dd AgNO3/NH3 th c 7,35g kt ta. nh
CTCT ca A, B.
Cu 19: Bit 14,8g hn hp X gm 2 ankin ng ng k tip nhau tc dng va
vi 960g dung dch brom 10%.
a. Tm cng thc phn t 2 ankin, tnh khi lng mi cht trong hn hp X.
b. Xc nh cng thc cu to ng v gi tn ca 2 ankin. Bit rng nu cho hn hp X
tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 d thu c lng kt ta ln hn 15g.
Cu 20: Cho 6,12 gam hn hp A gm C2H6, C2H4, C3H4 vo dung dch AgNO3 d
trong NH3 thu c 7,35 gam kt ta. Mt khc, 2,128 lt A (ktc) phn ng va vi
70 ml dung dch Br2 1M. Tnh khi lng mi cht trong 6,12 gam A.
Cu 21: t chy hon ton 6,8 gam mt ankaien thu c sn phm gm 11,2 lit
CO2 (ktc) v m gam nc. Dn hn hp sn phm qua bnh 1 ng dung dch axit
sunfuric c, sau qua bnh 2 ng nc vi trong.
a. Tm CTPT, vit v gi tn cc ng phn ca A.
b. Tnh tng khi lng ca bnh 1 v khi lng kt ta sinh ra bnh 2.
Cu 22: Hn hp X gm 1 ankan v 1 anken c cng s nguyn t C trong phn t. T
khi ca X so vi H2 l 65/3. Dn 3,36 lt (ktc) hn hp X qua bnh ng dung dch
brom d thy c 8 g brom phn ng.
a. Xc nh CTPT ca hai hirocacbon.
79
b. t chy 3,36 lt (ktc) hn hp trn cn dng bao nhiu gam O2?

Cu 23: t chy hon ton 224ml (ktc) hirocacbon thm A v hp th ht sn
phm chy vo lng d dung dch Ca(OH)2 thy xut hin 10g kt ta v khi lng
dung dch gim 4,88g.
a. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca A, bit A khng lm mt mu nc brom.
b. Gi tn sn phm to thnh khi monoclo ha A, hiro ha A.
Cu 24: Ha tan mt lng Na d vo 200ml dung dch ancol etylic 900. Tnh th tch
kh H2 (ktc) thu c. Bit ancol etylic c khi lng ring bng 0,78g/ml.
Cu 25: C 2 ancol n chc mch h X v Y, trong phn t cha khng qu 3
nguyn t C. un nng hn hp 2 ancol X v Y vi H2SO4 c 140oC thu c hn
hp 3 ete. t chy 1 trong 3 ete thu c kh CO2 v hi nc c t l VCO :VH O = 3 : 4
2
(Cc th tch o trong cng iu kin). Tm CTPT ca 2 ancol.

Cu 26: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp 2 ancol no, mch h, n chc, thu c
48,4g CO2 v 25,2g H2O.
a. Xc nh m.
b. Xc nh CTPT 2 ancol trn v % khi lng ca chng trong hn hp. Bit chng l
2 ancol lin tip trong dy ng ng.
Cu 27: un nng mt hn hp gm mt ancol bc I v mt ancol bc III u thuc
loi ancol no, n chc, mch h vi H2SO4, 140oC th thu c 5,4 g H2O v 26,4 g
hn hp 3 ete. Gi s cc phn ng xy ra hon ton v 3 ete trong hn hp c s mol
bng nhau. Xc nh CTCT ca 2 ancol v 3 ete .
Cu 28: Mt hn hp X gm benzen, phenol v ancol etylic. Chia 142,2 g hn hp lm
2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1 tc dng va vi 200g dung dch NaOH 10%.
- Phn 2 cho tc dng vi Na (d) to thnh 6,72 lt kh H2 (ktc).
Xc nh thnh phn % khi lng cc cht trong hn hp X.
Cu 29: Oxi ho 4,6 gam hn hp cha cng s mol ca hai ancol n chc thnh
anehit th dng ht 8 gam CuO. Cho ton b lng anehit thu c phn ng vi
dung dch AgNO3 trong amoniac th thu c 32,4 gam bc. Hy xc nh cng thc
cu to ca hai ancol , bit rng cc phn ng u xy ra hon ton.
80
Cu 30: Phn tch nh lng mt hp cht hu c A thu c kt qu sau %C =

63,16%, %H = 12,28%, % N = 24,56. Bit rng trong 1 phn t ny c mt nguyn t
N. Xc nh CTPT ca A.
Cu 31: Cho 0,25 mol hn hp X gm 2 ankanal tc dng vi lng d dung dch
AgNO3/NH3 thu c 86,4g Ag. Chng t trong hn hp X c H-CHO.
Cu 32: Mt hn hp X gm 2 axit hu c n chc no, mch h k tip nhau trong
dy ng ng v nc. Cho hn hp X tc dng vi Na d, thu c 0,896 lt H2
(ktc).
Nu t chy hon ton 1/2 hn hp X, ri dn hn hp sau phn ng qua bnh 1 ng
CaCl2 khan (d) v bnh 2 ng KOH (d). Sau th nghim, khi lng bnh 1 tng
1,08g, bnh 2 tng 2,2g.
a. Tm CTPT, vit CTCT v gi tn 2 axit.
b. Tnh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp X.
Cu 33: trung ho hon ton 7,4g hn hp 2 axit no, n chc, mch h c s mol
bng nhau cn 200ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M.
a. Xc nh CTCT ca hai axit.
b. Nu c cn dung dch sau khi trung ho thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
Cu 34: Cho hn hp gm ancol etylic v phenol tc dng vi natri (d) thu c 3,36
lt kh hidro (ktc). Nu cho hn hp trn tc dng vi dung dch nc brom va thu
c 19,86 gam kt ta trng ca 2,4,6-tribromphenol.
a. Vit phng trnh ha hc ca cc phn ng xy ra.
b. Tnh thnh phn phn trm khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp dng
Cu 35: Hp cht hu c A c thnh phn khi lng ca cc nguyn t nh sau: %C
= 24,24%, %H = 4,04%, %Cl = 71,72%.
a.
Xc nh CTGN ca A.
b.
Xc nh CTPT ca A, bit rng t khi hi ca A i vi CO2 l 2,25.
c.
Da vo thuyt cu to ha hc, hy vit cc CTCT m cht A c th c dng
khai trin v dng thu gn.

Cu 36: Cho 20.3g A gm glixerol v ancol no, n chc tc dng vi Na d thu c
5,04l H2(kc). Mt khc 8,12g A ho tan hon ton va 1,96g Cu(OH)2.X CTPT v
% m ca chng.
Cu 37: Hn hp gm ancol metylic, tylic, phenol c khi lng 28,9g. Chia hh
thnh 2 phn bng nhau
81
- Phn1: Tc dng vi Na d cho 2.806 l H2 (270C,750mmHg)

- Phn 2: Phn ng va ht vi 100ml NaOH 1M .Tnh % (m) cc cht trong hh u.
4.3. Vn dng phng php phn tch th tch xy dng cc bi tp trng
ph thng
Cu 1:
Cho 100 ml dung dch H3PO4 tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch NaOH 2,5M.
Khi lng mui to thnh B v nng mol/l ca dd to thnh l:

A.12g; 28,4g ; 0,33M; 0,67M
B.12g; 28,4g; 0,36M; 0,76M
C.21g; 24,8g; 0,33M; 0,67M
D.18g; 38,4g; 0,43M ;0,7M.
Cu 2:
Cho vo 500 ml dd c cha 7,28g KOH; 3,55g P2O5. Gi s th tch ca dd
thay i khng ng k. Nng mol/l ca cc mui trong dd thu c l:

A.0,04M; 0,06M
B.0,05M ; 0,06M
C.0,04M ;0,08M
D.0,06M; 0,09M
Cu 3:
Trn ln 150 ml dd KOH 1M vi 50ml dd H3PO4 1M c dd X. Nng
mo/l ca mui tan trong dd X l bao nhiu?

A.0,33M
Cu 4:
B.0,25M
C.0,44M
D.1,1M
Cho t t dung dch cha a mol HCl vo dung dch cha b mol Na2CO3 ng
thi khuy u, thu c V lt kh ( ktc) v dung dch X. Khi cho d nc vi trong

vo dung dch X thy c xut hin kt ta. Biu thc lin h gia V vi a, b l
A. V = 22,4(a b).
B. V = 11,2(a b).
C. V = 11,2(a + b).
D. V = 22,4(a + b).
Cu 5:
Trn 100 ml dung dch (gm Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M) vi 400 ml dung
dch (gm H2SO4 0,0375M v HCl 0,0125M), thu c dung dch X. Gi tr pH ca dung
dch X l:
A. 7
Cu 6:
B. 2
C. 1
D. 6
Cho 2 lt dung dch hn hp gm: HCl 1M v H2SO4 0,5M phn ng vi 1 lt
dung dch hn hp gm: NaOH 3M v KOH 4M. Sau phn ng hon ton thu c dung
dch B. pH dung dch B l:
A. 0
Cu 7:
B. 0,3
C. 0,5
D. 14
Cn thm t nht bao nhiu mililit dung dch Na2CO3 0,15M v 25ml dd
Al2(SO4)3 0,02M lm kt ta hon ton ion nhm di dngAl(OH)3 ?

A. 15 ml
Cu 8:
B. 10 ml.
C. 20 ml.
D. 12 ml.
Cho m gam Fe vo dung dch H2SO4 d thu dung dch A, chun dung dch
A bng 200ml KMnO4 0,5M. Tnh khi lng Fe

82
Cu 9:
Chun 10 ml dung dch K2Cr2O7 bng 12 ml dung dch Fe2+ trong mi
trng H2SO4. Tnh CM ca K2Cr2O7

Cu 10: C ba l mt nhn ng 3 dung dch trong sut: dung dch CH3COOH c pH
= 5, dung dch CH3COONa c pH = 10 v dung dch NaCl c pH = 7. Hy dng mt
cht ch th nhn bit cc ho cht trn.
Cu 11: Chun dung dch 100ml NaOH bng H2SO4 th cn dng 200ml H2SO4
1M tnh CM NaOH
Cu 12: Trong y hc, dc phm Nabica (NaHCO3) l cht c dng trung ho
bt lng d axit HCl trong d dy. Hy vit phng trnh ho hc dng phn t v
ion rt gn ca phn ng . Tnh th tch dd HCl 0,035M (nng axit trong d dy)
c trung ho v th tch kh CO2 sinh ra ktc khi ung 0,336g NaHCO3.
Cu 13: Cho dung dch A gm HCl v H2SO4. Trung ho va ht 1 lt dung dch A
cn 400 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. C cn dung dch to thnh th thu c 12,9 gam
mui khan.
a) Tnh nng mol/l ca cc axit c trong dung dch A.
Cu 14: Ha tan hon ton 0,1022 g mt mui kim loi ha tr hai MCO3 trong 20 ml
dd HCl 0,08M. trung ha lng HCl d cn 5,64 ml dd NaOH 0,1M. Xc nh M ?
Cu 15: Cho 3,87 gam hn hp A gm Mg v Al vo 250 mL dung dch X cha axit
HCl 1M v axit H2SO4 0,5M c dung dch B v 4,368 lt kh H2 ktc.
1. Hy chng minh rng trong dung dch B vn cn d axit.
2. Tnh khi lng ca cc kim loi trong hn hp A.
3. Tnh th tch dung dch C gm NaOH 0,2M v Ba(OH)2 0,1M cn trung ho ht
lng axit d trong dung dch B.
Cu 16: Hn hp bt E gm 3 kim loi l K, Al, Fe c chia thnh 3 phn bng
nhau:
Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi H2O ly d to ra 4,48 lt kh.
Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi dung dch KOH d to ra 7,84 lt kh.
Phn 3: Ho tan ht trong 0,5 lt dung dch H2SO4 1,2M to ra 10,08 lt kh v dung dch
A.
1. Tnh s gam mi kim loi trong hn hp E.
83
2. Cho dung dch A tc dng vi 240 gam dung dch NaOH 20% thu c kt ta, lc ra
kt ta ri nung trong khng kh ti khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn. Tnh
m.
Cu 17: Trn 250 ml dung dch hn hp HCl 0,08 mol/l v H2SO4 0,01 mol /l vi 250
ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 c nng x mol /l thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dung dch
c pH = 12. Hy tnh m v x. (Coi Ba(OH)2 in li hon ton c hai nc)
Cu 18: Trn 200 ml dung dch NaHSO4 0,2M v KHSO4 0,15M vi V lit dung dch
hn hp NaOH 1M v Ba(OH)2 1M thu c dung dch c PH = 7 . Tnh V v khi
lng kt ta to thnh
Cu 19: Dung dch X cha hn hp 2 axit HCl 0,4M v H2SO4 0,1 M. Dung dch Y
cha hn hp 2 hiroxit KOH 0,1M v Ba(OH)2 0,2M. Tnh th tch dung dch Y cn
dng trung ho 200ml dung dch X v khi lng kt ta thu c.
84
CHNG 5
VAI TR CA PHN TCH CNG C
5.1. Phn tch in phn khi lng
5.1.1. nh lut v s in phn
in phn l qu trnh oxi ha-kh xy ra trn b mt in cc di tc dng ca
dng in mt chiu. Trn catot (ni vi cc m ca ngun in) s xy ra s kh, th
d:
Fe3+ + e = Fe2+
Cu2+ + 2e = Cu
Trn anot (ni vi cc dng ca ngun in) s c s oxi ha, th d:
2Cl- - 2e = Cl2
Khi in phn cc mui sunfat, photphat v vi mui khc, trn anot thng
khng xy ra s oxi ha sunfat hay photphat m l s oxi ha ion OH2OH- - 2e = 1/2O2 + H2O
nh lut c bn v s in phn mang tn Faraday:
1- Khi lng cc cht thot ra trn in cc t l vi lng in chy qua dung dch.
2- Khi lng in chy qua dung dch nh nhau th trn in cc s thot ra lng vt
cht tng ng:
C th biu din nh lut bng cng thc:
m=
(5.1)
trong :
m khi lng vt cht thot ra trn in cc
Q lng in chy qua dung dch
M khi lng mol ng lng ca cc cht
96500 l s Faraday, l lng in cn thit c th lm thot ra mt mol
ng lng
I cng dng in
t thi gian in phn
c trng quan trng ca qu trnh in phn l hiu sut dng bng t l gia
lng cht thc t thot ra trn in cc v lng cht cn phi thot ra trn in cc
tnh theo nh lut Faraday vi phng trnh (5.1). Hiu sut dng in
ngha c tnh theo h thc:
85
theo nh
=
Trong :
hiu sut dng ca phn ng in cc

qi l lng in tiu th cho mt phn ng in cc xt
l lng in chung chy qua mch
Thng th
< 1. Mun c
cng gn 1 ta phi chn iu kin khng xy ra
cc phn ng ph cng nh hn ch n mc thp nht hiu ng nhit ca dng in

(theo nh lut Ohm)
3.2. in th phn hy v qu th
Theo nh ngha, in th phn hy l sc in ng b nht ca ngun ngoi
cn t vo hai in cc ca bnh in phn s in phn xy ra lin tc trong mt s
iu kin no .
in th phn hy phi ln hn sut in ng ca pin galvanic thun nghch do
h thng cc bnh in phn to ra. in th d ny gy ra do nhiu nguyn nhn. Mt
trong cc nguyn nhn l do in tr R ca bnh in phn
Theo nh lut Ohm ta c:
I=
Hay
= IR + EN
Trong : I cng dng , A

- in th chung t vo hai cc bnh in phn, V
EN sc in ng ca pin Galvanic tnh theo phng trnh Nernst, V
Tuy nhin s in phn xy ra lin tc th ta cn t vo in cc ca bnh
in phn in th Ech >
va tnh. S gia tng th t vo 2 in cc qu trnh
in phn xy ra lin tc c gi l qu th:

Ech = EN + IR +
(5.2)
Trong : Ech gi tr thc ca sut in ng ca ngun ngoi t vo hai cc s

in phn xy ra lin tc,
qu th
Qu th ph thuc bn cht ca in cc, cc thnh phn ca phn ng in cc,
trng thi b mt ca in cc, iu kin tin hnh in phn (mt dng, nhit ).
86
Ngi ta tm thy rng in cc c b mt nhn bng c qu th ln hn cc in cc

c b mt nhm, rp; qu th khi thot kim loi b hn khi thot kh. Mt dng in
tng qu th tng, nhit tng th qu th gim
Nguyn nhn c bn ca qu th l tnh khng thun nghch ca qu trnh trn cc in
cc khi tin hnh in phn. Trong trng hp sn phm in phn l cht kh, c hiu
ng ph l s lm chm do to phn t kh. in th t vo hai cc khi tin hnh in
phn bng hiu s in th anot v catot.
Ech = Ea Ek + IR
hay
Ech = (Ea +
) (Ek +
) + IR
(5.3)
Trong : Ea in th anot
Ek in th catot
,
qu th anot v qu th catot
Cc in th Ea, Ek l th in cc catot v th in cc anot. Ta c th tnh Ea

theo phng trnh Nernst. Da vo (5.3) ta c th tnh Ech ca mt qu trnh in phn.
Th d ta tnh Ech khi in phn dung dch CdSO4 10-6M nng [H+] = 1 mol ion/l
Bit
= -0,4V,
= 1,23V. Cc qu th
= 0,4V,
= 0. Ta c Ech
ca qu trnh c tnh nh sau:

Ek =
lg[Cd2+]
= -0,4 + 0,059lg10-6 = -0,57V

Ea = 1,23V
Vy Ech = (Ea +
) (Ek +
) = (1,23 + 0,4) (-0,57 + 0) = 2,20 V
Vy thc hin qu trnh in phn CdSO4 trong iu kin nu, ta phi t

vo hai cc bnh in phn mt in th ln hn 2,20V.
Trn y chng ta va trnh by phng php tnh in th phn hy cc sn phm
phn ng bt u thot ra trn in cc ni chung. Khi sn phm thot ra trn in cc
l cc kim loi ngi ta gi l th thot kim loi. Trong qu trnh in phn, mt
tham s m ngi ta ht sc ch l th thot hidro trn cc in cc trong qu trnh
in phn. Th thot Hidro r rng ph thuc th in cc hidro v qu th hidro trn
in cc kim loi .
Th in cc hidro c tnh theo h thc:
= E0 + 0,059lg[H+]
87
Cn qu th hidro c ph thuc pH ca dung dch phn tch trn tng loi in

cc.
Th d ta c th tnh th in cc hidro mi trng trung tnh (pH = 7)
= 0 + 0,059 lg10-7 = -0,413V
mi trng 1M NaOH s l:
= 0 + 0,059 lg10-14 = -0,862V
Qu th hiro trn cc in cc cng ph thuc pH ca dung dch.
Bng 5.1. S ph thuc qu th hidro theo pH ca dung dch
Qu th hidro, V
in cc
Dung dch axit
pH = 7
pH = 14
Pt
0,0
0,4
0,8
Ni
0,21
0,61
1,01
Cu
0,25
0,65
1,05
Bi
0,388
0,788
1,188
Pd
0,48
0,88
1,28
Sn
0,54
0,94
1,34
Pb
0,65
1,05
1,45
Zn
0,70
1,10
1,50
Hg
0,78
1,10
1,58
p dng cho chng trnh ph thng: Bi in phn dung

dch hc sinh cn nm c mt s vn sau:
1. Th t in phn mi in cc nh sau:
Cc ( - ) catt: Ion no c tnh oxiha mnh s oxiha trc, c th nh sau
Th t u tin in phn
Li+ K+ Ba2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ H2O Fe2+ Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Fe3+ Ag+ Hg2+ Pt2+ Au3+
Khng b in phn
OH-
Fe2+
Cc ( + ) ant: Ion, cht no coc tnh kh mnh s kh trc

Th t u tin in phn
88
Khng in phn
NO3- SO42-
H2O RCOO- Cl- Br- I- S2- kim loi ( Tr bch kim)

H+
2. nh lut Faraday:
AIT
Fn
Trong :
m : Khi lng vt cht thot ra trn in cc

A : Khi lng phn t ca cht sinh ra
I : Cng dng in ( ampe)
t : Thin gia (s)
F: Hng s Faraday = 96500
T cng thc trn suy ra cng thc sau
m
IT
n
Trong n : s mol cht sinh ra
A
Fn
c bit: lu cho hc sinh cng thc: ne
IT
lm nhanh cc bi ton in phn
F
theo phng php bo ton e ( Trong ne chnh l s trao i cc m hoc cc

dng )
3. in phn cc dng tan: ng dng trong m in
VD: in dung dch Cu(NO3)2 in cc dng lm bng Cu
Qu trnh in phn xy ra in cc nh sau:
(+) Ant: Cu Cu2+ + 2e
( - ) Catt
Cu2+ + 2e
Cu
H2 O
H2 O
NO3-
Qu trnh in phn vn xy ra v c mt s c im sau:

Kim loi Cu cc m c tng thm, kim loi Cu cc dng mt i
Nng Cu2+ trong dung dch vn khng i
pH dung dch khng i
S chnh lch khi lng 2 in cc bng 2 ln khi lng kim loi sinh ra cc
m
4. in phn nng chy: Dng iu ch kim loi mnh ( kim, kim th, nhm)
5. Mt s phn ng ph trong qu trnh in phn:
in phn dung dch NaCl khng c mng ngn to nc Javen
in phn dung dch KOH khng c mng ngn 800C to KClO3
89
in phn nng chy Al2O3 in cc lm bng C. O2 sinh ra t chy C to CO2,

CO
6. Mt s bi tp nng cao k nng :
Cu 1: in phn dung dch CuCl2 vi in cc tr, sau mt thi gian thu c 0,32 gam
Cu catt v mt lng kh X ant. Hp th hon ton lng kh X trn vo 200ml
dung dch NaOH ( nhit thng). Sau phn ng, nng ca NaOH cn li l
0,05M. Gi thit th tch dung dch khng thay i. Nng ban u ca dung dch
NaOH l
A. 0,15M.
B. 0,05M.
C. 0,2M.
D. 0,1M.
Cu 2: in phn dung dch cha a mol CuSO4 v b mol NaCl (vi in cc tr, c
mng ngn xp). dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu
hng th iu kin ca a v b l
A. 2b = a.
B. b < 2a.
C. b = 2a.
D. b > 2a.
Cu 3: C hai bnh in phn mc ni tip nhau. Bnh 1 cha dung dch CuCl2, bnh 2
cha dung dch AgNO3. Tin hnh in phn vi in cc tr, kt thc in phn thy
catot ca bnh 1 tng 1,6 gam. Khi lng catot ca bnh 2 tng ln l
A. 5,40 gam.
B. 10,80 gam.
C. 2,52 gam.
D. 3,24 gam.
Cu 4: in phn mui clorua kim loi kim nng chy th thu c 0,896 lt kh (ktc)
anot v 3,12 gam kim loi catot. Cng thc mui clorua l
A. KCl.
B. NaCl.
C. LiCl.
D. RbCl.
Cu 5: Khi in phn dung dch KCl c mng ngn th catot thu c

A. Cl2.
B. H2.
C. KOH v H2.
D. Cl2 v H2.
Cu 6: in phn hon ton 1 lt dung dch AgNO3 vi 2 in cc tr thu c mt

dung dch c pH= 2. Xem th tch dung dch thay i khng ng k th lng Ag bm
catt l:
A. 0,54 gam.
B. 0,108 gam.
C. 1,08 gam.
D. 0,216 gam.
Cu 7: in phn 200 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,4M (in cc tr) trong thi gian 4 gi,
cng dng in l 0,402A. Nng mol/l cc cht c trong dung dch sau in
phn l
A. AgNO3 0,15M v HNO3 0,3M.
B. AgNO3 0,1M v HNO3 0,3M.
C. AgNO3 0,1M
D. HNO3 0,3M
90
Cu 8: in phn 2 lt dung dch CuSO4 (vi in cc tr) n khi kh thot ra c 2

in cc u l 0,02 mol th dng li. Coi th tch dung dch khng i. Gi tr pH ca
dung dch sau in phn l
A. 2,0.
B. 1,7.
C. 1,4.
D. 1,2.
Cu 9: Cho dng in mt chiu c cng 2A qua dung dch NiSO4 mt thi gian,
thy khi lng catot tng 2,4 gam, hiu sut in phn l 80%. Thi gian in phn l
A. 1gi 22 pht.
B. 224 pht.
C. 2 gi.
D. 1 gi 45 pht.
Cu 10: in phn 100ml dung dch AgNO3 1M vi in cc tr, hiu sut in phn
100% vi cng dng in l 9,65A n khi catot bt u thot kh th thi gian
in phn l
A. 1000giy.
B. 1500giy.
C. 2000giy.
D. 2500giy.
Cu 11: Khi in phn (vi cc in tr, mng ngn xp) dung dch cha a mol CuSO4
v 1,5a mol NaCl n khi nc bt u b in phn trn c 2 in cc th pH ca dung
dch
A. mi u khng i, sau tng.
B. mi u khng i, sau gim.
C. mi u tng, sau khng i.
D. mi u gim, sau khng i.
Cu 12: Phng php in phn nng chy dng iu ch cc kim loi

A. ng sau hiro trong dy in ho.
B. kim, kim th v nhm.
C. ng trc hiro trong dy in ho.
D. kim v nhm.
Cu 13: in phn dung dch AgNO3 (vi in cc tr). Nu dung dch sau khi in
phn c pH = 1, hiu sut in phn l 80 %, th tch ca dung dch c coi nh khng
i (100ml) th nng AgNO3 trong dung dch ban u l
A. 0,08.
B. 0,1.
C. 0,325.
D. 0,125.
Cu 14: Tin hnh in phn 200ml dung dch gm HCl 0,6M v CuSO4 1M vi cng
dng in 1,34 A trong thi gian 4 gi. Bit hiu sut in phn l 100%. Th tch
kh (ktc) thot ra trn anot l
A. 1,344 lt.
B. 1,568 lt.
C. 1,792 lt.
D. 2,016 lt.
Cu 15: in phn 200ml dung dch X gm NiCl2 0,1M; CuSO4 0,05M v KCl 0,3M vi
cng dng in 3A trong thi gian 1930 giy vi in cc tr, c mng ngn v hiu
sut in phn l 100%, th tch dung dch coi nh khng i. Tng nng mol/lt ca cc
cht trong dung dch thu c sau in phn l
A. 0,2M.
B. 0,25M.
C. 0,3M.
91
D. 0,35M.
Cu 16: Tin hnh in phn (in cc tr, hiu sut in phn 100%) dung dch X gm
AgNO3 0,2M v HNO3 0,1M n khi catot bt u thot kh th dng li, thu c dung dch
Y, coi th tch dung dch khng i. Tnh gi tr pH ca dung dch Y
Cu 17: in phn 200ml dung dch Y gm KCl 0,1M v Cu(NO3)2 0,2M vi cng
dng in 5A trong thi gian 1158 giy, in cc tr, mng ngn xp, gi s nc bay
hi khng ng k. Tnh gim khi lng ca dung dch sau khi in phn l
Cu 18: in phn (in cc tr, c mng ngn, hiu sut in phn 100%) 500 ml dung
dch X gm NaCl 0,1M v KCl 0,05M vi cng dng in 1,34 ampe trong thi
gian 1 gi, thu c dung dch Y. Coi th tch dung dch khng i. Tnh gi tr pH ca
dung dch Y
Cu 19: in phn 200ml dung dch cha Cu(NO3)2 0,2M v AgNO3 0,1M vi ant
bng Cu, cng dng in 5A, sau mt thi gian thy khi lng ant gim 1,28
gam. Bit hiu sut in phn l 100%. Tnh thi gian in phn
Cu 20: in phn dung dch X gm 0,04 mol CuSO4 v 0,04 mol Ag2SO4 vi in cc
tr, cng dng in 5 ampe. Tnh khi lng kim loi thot ra catt sau 2316 giy
Cu 21: Ho tan a mol Fe3O4 bng dung dch H2SO4 long, va , thu c dung dch
X. in phn X vi 2 in cc tr bng dng in cng 9,65 ampe. Sau 1000 giy
th kt thc in phn v khi trn catot bt u thot ra bt kh. Tnh gi tr ca a l
Cu 22: Tin hnh in phn (in cc tr, mng ngn xp) 1 dung dch cha m gam
hn hp CuSO4 v NaCl cho ti khi nc bt u b in phn c 2 in cc th dng
li, thu c 0,448 lt kh (ktc). Dung dch sau in phn c mi trng axit v c th
ho tan ti a 0,68 gam Al2O3. Tnh gi tr ca m
Cu 23: in phn 200 ml dung dch mui CuSO4 trong thi gian, thy khi lng
dung dch gim 8 gam. Dung dch sau in phn cho tc dng vi dd H2S d thu c
9,6g kt ta en. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch CuSO4 ban u
Cu 24: in phn dung dch AgNO3 (in cc tr) trong thi gian 15 pht, thu c
0,432 gam Ag catot. Sau lm kt ta ht ion Ag+ cn li trong dung dch sau
in phn cn dng 25 ml dung dch NaCl 0,4M. Tnh cng dng in v khi
lng AgNO3 ban u (Ag=108)
Cu 25: in phn 200 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,4M (in cc tr) trong thi gian 4 gi,
cng dng in l 0,402A. Nng mol/l cc cht c trong dung dch sau in
phn l bao nhiu
92
Cu 26: in phn 2 lt dung dch hn hp gm NaCl v CuSO4 n khi H2O b in
phn hai cc th dng li, ti catt thu 1,28 gam kim loi v ant thu 0,336 lt kh (
ktc). Coi th tch dung dch khng i th pH ca dung dch thu c bng bao nhiu
Cu 27: in phn c mng ngn 500 ml dung dch cha hn hp gm CuCl2 0,1M
v NaCl 0,5M (in cc tr, hiu sut in phn 100%) vi cng dng in 5A
trong 3860 giy. Dung dch thu c sau in phn c kh nng ho tan m gam Al. Gi
tr ln nht ca m l bao nhiu
Cu 28: in phn nng chy Al2O3 vi anot than ch (hiu sut in phn 100%) thu
c m kg Al catot v 67,2 m3 ( ktc) hn hp kh X c t khi so vi hiro bng
16. Ly 2,24 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh X sc vo dung dch nc vi trong (d) thu c
2 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l bao nhiu
5.2. Phn tch in th
5.2.1. c im chung ca phng php phn tch o in th
Phng php phn tch o in th l phng php xc nh nng cc ion da
vo s thay i th in cc khi nhng vo dung dch phn tch. Phng php ra i
vo cui th k 10 sau khi Nernst a ra phng trnh Nernst m t mi lin h gia th
in cc vi hot cc cu t (hay nng cc cu t) ca mt h oxi ha kh
thun nghch:
Ex E0
RT aOx
RT
f Ox
ln
E0
ln Ox
nF a Kh
nF
f Kh Kh
(5.4)
Trong : E0 in th oxi ha kh tiu chun ca h;

R hng s kh l tng;
T nhit tuyt i;
F s Faraday;
n s in t tham gia trong phn ng in cc;
aOx, aKh hot cc dng oxi ha v dng kh;
fOx, fKh h s hot ca cc dng oxi ha v dng kh;
[Ox], [Kh] nng cc dng oxi ha v dng kh.
Vi gi thit cc dung dch long c h s hot ca cc dng gn bng 1 v
hot ca cc dng gn bng nng , ta c th vit phng trnh Nernst dng nng
(5.5)
93
Thay cc gi tr R, F v chn T = 298,15K, i logarit Neper thnh logarit thp

phn, ta c th vit
(5.6)
i vi cc h oxi ha kh l thanh kim loi (nh Ag, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb) nhng
vo dung dch mui c nng CMe th
(5.7)
Nhng nu php o tin hnh vi cc dung dch cha cc ion ca cng mt kim
loi nhng cc mc oxi ha kh khc nhau v d Me+m v Me+n v m>n ta c th
vit phng trnh Nernst di dng
Ex E0
0,059 Me m
lg
mn
Me n
(5.8)
Trong trng hp u, ngi ta dng in cc l cc thanh kim loi cng tn vi

cc ion kim loi trong dung dch; cn trong trng hp sau ngi ta dng in cc tr,
thng l mt thanh kim loi qu nh platin (hoc vng) nhng vo dung dch cc ion
kim loi. in th ca in cc platin s ph thuc t l nng ca cc dng oxi ha
v dng kh trong dung dch.
Cc phng trnh (5.7), (5.8) l c s cho cc phng php phn tch o in
th. C hai cch ng dng cc phng trnh ny trong ha phn tch.
Cch th nht l o th in cc nhng vo dung dch nghin cu. Th in cc ny
phi thay i ph thuc thnh phn ca cht phn tch trong dung dch. T in th o
c, ngi ta s tnh nng cht nghin cu theo cc phng trnh thch hp dn.
Cch th hai l phng php chun in th. Ni dung ca phng php l
nhng mt in cc c th in cc thay i theo thnh phn dung dch nghin cu, ri
tin hnh nh phn cht nghin cu trong dung dch bng mt dung dch chun no .
Trong qu trnh nh phn nng ion nghin cu s thay i, a n s thay i in
th trong dung dch theo mt trong cc phng trnh (5.7) hoc (5.8). Lc u, s thay
i in th khng ln, ch cn ti gn im tng ng, in th o c EX mi thay
i t ngt. S thay i EX trong qu trnh nh phn c biu din dng th E
V gi l ng nh phn theo phng php o in th.
5.2.2. Th in cc
Vic o th in cc trong qu trnh phn tch o in th c thc hin bng
cch o sc in ng ca mt pin galvanic c hai in cc:
94
- in cc ch th l in cc m in th ca n trc tip hoc gin tip ph

thuc nng cht nghin cu;
- in cc so snh l in cc th hai c in th n nh thng l bit gi
tr in th. y l in cc dng so snh o th in cc ca in cc ch th.
5.2.2.1. in cc ch th
in th in cc ch th ph thuc nng nghin cu theo phng trnh 2.2.
in cc ch th p ng mt s yu cu sau y: th in cc ch th phi lp li v
thit lp nhanh. i vi in cc ch th th thanh kim loi nhng vo dung dch
mui ca kim loi th phi thun nghch. in cc phi c bn ha hc in
cc khng tc dng vi cc cu t khc trong dung dch nghin cu. Trong phng
php o in th ngi ta dng in cc kim loi v in cc mng lm in cc ch
th. Ngi ta thng dng cc loi in cc sau y:
in cc kim loi loi mt: l in cc c ch to t bn hoc dy kim loi,
nhng vo dung dch mui tan ca kim loi . Cc in cc kim loi ch to t bc,
thy ngn, caimi l thun nghch v kt qu lp li. Tuy nhin nhiu kim loi nh
crom, coban khng cho kt qu lp li, in cc nhm khng thun nghch do c lp
oxyt mng trn b mt in cc, cc loi in cc nh va nu khng thch hp cho
phng php o in th. Vi nhiu in cc, lp li s tt hn khi dng hn hng
kim loi thay cho kim loi tinh khit. l in cc hn hng. Trong cc loi in cc
ch th th loi in cc o in th oxi ha kh c v tr c bit. Ngi ta thng
dng cc kim loi qu nh Pt, Au, Ir hay graphit lm in cc ch th o in th oxi
ha kh. Th in cc ca loi in cc ny ph thuc t l nng dng oxi ha v
dng kh ca cp oxi ha kh.
in cc kim loi loi hai: c ch to t cc bn hoc dy kim loi c ph bn
ngoi mt lp mui t tan ca kim loi v c nhng vo mui cha anion cng tn
trong lp ph. Cc in cc calomel, in cc bc clorua l in cc kim loi loi hai.
in cc kim loi loi hai cng thng c dng lm in cc so snh.
in cc mng chn lc ion.
2.2.2. in cc so snh
Yu cu ca loi in cc so snh l phi bn theo thi gian, in th phi lp li
v khng thay i khi c dng in nh chy qua. Cc loi in cc bc clorua, in
cc calomel thng c dng lm in cc so snh.
95
in cc bc clorua
in cc bc clorua c ch to bng dy bc hoc mt bn bc kim loi c
ph lp bc clorua nhng vo dung dch KCl. Hot ca ion Ag+ trong dung dch ny
s bng:
=
Trong : TAgCl l tch s ha tan ca hp cht kh tan AgCl

l hot ion Cl- trong dung dch KCl.
Thay gi tr
vo phng trnh Nernst p dng cho in cc bc clorua ta c:
EAg+/AgCl = E0Ag+/Ag +
= E0Ag+/Ag +
lnaAg+ = E0Ag+/Ag +
lnTAgCl -
ln
ln
(2.6)
Hai s hng u ca (2.6) ch ph thuc nhit .

t E0Ag+/Ag +
lnTAgCl = E0Ag+/AgCl
(2.7)
Thay (2.7) vo (2.6) ta c:

EAg+/AgCl = E0Ag+/AgCl -
ln
(2.8)
T (2.8) ta thy th in cc bc clorua ph thuc hot ion Cl- trong dung dch.
Thng ngi ta hay dng dung dch KCl bo ha lm dung dch ph bn trong. Vy
in th in cc loi hai ph thuc hot ca anion ca hp cht kh tan ph ln b
mt in cc.
in cc calomel
in cc calomel c ch to t Hg kim loi, calomel (Hg2Cl2) v KCl. in
th ca in cc ny cng ph thuc hot ion clorua
=
Vi
ln
(2.9)
(2.10)
lnTAgCl
T cc phng trnh (2.8) v (2.10) ta thy th in cc ca in cc

bc clorua v calomel ch ph thuc hot ca ion Cl- v nhit .
S ph thuc th in cc ca cc in cc vo nhit thng thng qua s ph thuc
cc in th
vi nhit . V d s ph thuc ca
nhit c m t bng phng trnh:

96
theo
= 0,2224 6,4.10-4(t 25) 3,2.10-6(t 25)2

Cn s ph thuc ca
theo nhit c biu din theo phng trnh:
= 0,2415 7,6.10-4(t 25)

Trong phng php phn tch o in th thng ngi ta khng cn bit gi tr ca
in th in cc so snh m iu quan trng l in th ca chng phi khng thay i.
Khi cn bit gi tr chnh xc th in cc ca in cc so snh, ngi ta c th o
chng khi so snh vi in cc hiro tiu chun (
= 0). Thng thng gi th
in cc ca in cc bc clorua v calomel khng thay i ngi ta thng chun b

cc in cc ny iu kin trong dung dch KCl bo ha hay dung dch KCl 2 mol.l-1.
5.2.3. Phng php o in th
Trong thc t o th in cc mt in cc ch th no , ngi ta ghp n
vi mt in cc so snh chn trc thnh mt pin galvanic v o sc in ng ca
pin galvanic to thnh
EX = Ess Ect + Ekt
(2.11)
Trong : Ex l sc in ng ca pin cn o
Ess l in th in cc so snh
Ekt l in th khuch tn hay cn gi l in th ca hp cht lng
p dng cho chng trnh ph thng: Bi Phn tch in

th hc sinh cn nm c mt s vn sau:
1.
2.
Dy in ha:
Tnh oxiha tng
Li+ K+ Ba2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Fe2+ Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Fe3+ Ag+ Hg2+ Pt2+ Au3+
Li K Ba Na Mg Al
Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu
Fe Ag Hg Pt Au
Tnh kh gim
3. Th in cc ca kim loi. Qui tc xc nh chiu phn ng
4. Xc nh th in cc chun v sut in ng ca pin : Epin = E0+ - E0Trong kim loi mnh ng vai tr cc m, kim loi yu ng vai tr cc dng
5. n mn in ha v cch chng n mn: n mn in ha kim loi mnh ng
vai tr cc m v b n mn , kim loi yu ng vai tr cc dng. bo v in ha
gn 1 thanh kim loi mnh hn kim loi cn bo v n b n mn thay th
6. Mt s bi tp rn luyn k nng:
97
Cu 1: Cho bit phn ng oxi ho - kh xy ra trong pin in ho Fe Cu l:

Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu ; E0 (Fe2+/Fe) = 0,44 V, E0 (Cu2+/Cu) = + 0,34 V. Sut
in ng chun ca pin in ho Fe - Cu l
A. 1,66 V.
B. 0,10 V.
C. 0,78 V.
D. 0,92 V.
Cu 2: kh ion Fe3+ trong dung dch thnh ion Fe2+ c th dng mt lng d
A. kim loi Mg.
B. kim loi Cu.
C. kim loi Ba.
D. kim loi Ag.
Cu 3: Khi cho 100ml dung dch KOH 1M vo 100ml dung dch HCl thu c dung dch
c cha 6,525 gam cht tan. Nng mol (hoc mol/l) ca HCl trong dung dch dng l
A. 0,75M.
B. 1M.
C. 0,25M.
D. 0,5M.
Cu 4: Cho cc cp kim loi nguyn cht tip xc trc tip vi nhau: Fe v Pb; Fe v
Zn; Fe v Sn;Fe v Ni. Khi nhng cc cp kim loi trn vo dung dch axit, s cp kim
loi trong Fe b ph hu trc l
A. 4.
B. 1.
C. 2.
D. 3.
Cu 5: Th t mt s cp oxi ho - kh trong dy in ho nh sau: Fe2+/Fe; Cu2+/Cu;

Fe3+/Fe2+.Cp cht khng phn ng vi nhau l
A. Fe v dung dch CuCl2.
B. Fe v dung dch FeCl3.
C. dung dch FeCl2 v dung dch CuCl2.
D. Cu v dung dch FeCl3.
Cu 6: Cho cc ion kim loi: Zn2+, Sn2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Pb2+. Th t tnh oxi ho gim dn
l
A. Pb2+ > Sn2+ > Fe2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+.
B. Sn2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+ > Pb2+ > Fe2+.
C. Zn2+ > Sn2+ > Ni2+ > Fe2+ > Pb2+.
D. Pb2+ > Sn2+ > Ni2+ > Fe2+ > Zn2+.
Cu 7: Mt pin in ho c in cc Zn nhng trong dung dch ZnSO4 v in cc Cu

nhng trong dung dch CuSO4. Sau mt thi gian pin phng in th khi lng
A. c hai in cc Zn v Cu u tng.
B. in cc Zn gim cn khi lng in cc Cu tng.
C. in cc Zn tng cn khi lng in cc Cu gim.
D. c hai in cc Zn v Cu u gim.
Cu 8: Cho bit cc phn ng xy ra sau:
2FeBr2 + Br2 2FeBr3
2NaBr + Cl2 2NaCl + Br2
Pht biu ng l:
A. Tnh kh ca Cl- mnh hn ca Br -.
98
B. Tnh oxi ha ca Br2 mnh hn ca Cl2.

C. Tnh kh ca Br- mnh hn ca Fe2+.
D. Tnh oxi ha ca Cl2 mnh hn ca Fe3+.
Cu 9: Cho dy cc cht v ion: Cl2, F2, SO2, Na+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Al3+, Mn2+, S2-, Cl-.
S cht v ion trong dy u c tnh oxi ho v tnh kh l
A. 3.
B. 4.
C. 6.
D. 5.
Cu 10: Tin hnh bn th nghim

- Th nghim 1: Nhng thanh Fe vo dung dch FeCl3;
- Th nghim 2: Nhng thanh Fe vo dung dch CuSO4;
- Th nghim 3: Nhng thanh Cu vo dung dch FeCl3;
- Th nghim 4: Cho thanh Fe tip xc vi thanh Cu ri nhng vo dung dch HCl. S
trng hp xut hin n mn in ho l
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 4.
D. 3.
Cu 11: Khi ho tan Al bng dung dch H2SO4 long, nu thm vi git HgSO4 vo
th qu trnh ho tan Al s
A. xy ra chm hn.
B. xy ra nhanh hn.
C. khng thay i.
D. khng xc nh c.
Cu 12: Cho cc hp kim sau: Cu-Fe (I); Zn-Fe (II); Fe-C (III); Sn-Fe (IV). Khi tip
xc vi dung dch cht in li th cc hp kim m trong Fe u b n mn trc l:
A. I, II v IV.
B. I, II v III.
C. I, III v IV.
D. II, III v IV.
Cu 13: Trong qu trnh pin in ha Zn _ Ag hot ng ta nhn thy (cho bit

E0Zn2+/Zn = - 0,76V ; E0Ag+/Ag = + 0,8 , cu mui dung dch KNO3 )
A. Nng ca Zn2+ tng
B. Khi lng ca in cc Ag gim
C. Ion K+ di chuyn v pha anot
D. Sut in ng chun ca pin bng 0,8 0,76 = 0,04 V
Cu 14: Hp kim no sau y ca st b n mn chm nht?
A. Fe Ni.
B. Fe Sn.
C. Fe Cu.
D. Fe Ag.
Cu 15: C 4 dung dch ring bit: HCl, CuCl2, FeCl3, HCl c ln CuCl2. Nhng vo
mi dung dch mt thanh st nguyn cht. S trng hp n mn in ho l
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
99
D. 0.
Cu 16: Cho 3 kim loi X,Y,Z bit Eo ca 2 cp oxi ha - kh X2+/X = -0,76V v

Y2+/Y = +0,34V. Khi cho Z vo dung dch mui ca Y th c phn ng xy ra cn khi
cho Z vo dung dch mui X th khng xy ra phn ng. Bit Eo ca pin X-Z = +0,63V
th Eo ca pin Y-Z bng
A. +1,73V
B. +0,47V
C. +2,49V
D.+0,21V
Cu 17: Hai kim loi X, Y v cc dung dch mui clorua ca chng c cc phn ng
ha hc sau:
X + 2YCl3 XCl2 + 2YCl2;
Y + XCl2 YCl2 + X.
Pht biu ng l:
A. Kim loi X kh c ion Y2+.
B. Kim loi X c tnh kh mnh hn kim loi Y.
C. Ion Y3+ c tnh oxi ha mnh hn ion X2 +.
D. Ion Y2+ c tnh oxi ha mnh hn ion X2+.
Cu 18: Cho bit phn ng oxi ho - kh xy ra trong pin in ho Fe Cu l:
Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu ; E0 (Fe2+/Fe) = 0,44 V, E0 (Cu2+/Cu) = + 0,34 V. Sut
in ng chun ca pin in ho Fe - Cu l
A. 0,78 V.
B. 0,92 V.
C. 1,66 V.
D. 0,10 V.
Cu 19: Cho sut in ng chun Eo ca cc pin in ho: Eo(Cu-X) = 0,46V;

Eo(Y-Cu) = 1,1V; Eo(Z-Cu) = 0,47V (X, Y, Z l ba kim loi). Dy cc kim loi xp
theo chiu tng dn tnh kh t tri sang phi l
A. Z, Y, Cu, X.
B. X, Cu, Z, Y.
C. Y, Z, Cu, X.
D. X, Cu, Y, Z.
100
PH LC 1: MT S BI TP TRONG THI HC SINH GII
Mt s thi Olympic v hc sinh gii

1. Tnh pH ca nhng dung dch sau y
a, Dung dch A : pha trn 25cm3 NH4OH 0,2M + 15cm3 HCl 0,2M.
b, Dung dch B : pha trn 25cm3 NH4OH 0,2M + 25cm3 HCl 0,2M
c, Dung dch C: pha trn 25cm3 NH4OH 0,2M + 35cm3 HCl 0,2M.
Bit rng NH4OH c Kb = 1,8.10-5.
Da trn kt qu va tm c, hy cho bit pH im tng ng ca

phn ng trung ha trn y ca NH4OH bi HCl.
Chn trong hai cht di y lm cht ch th mu thch hp cho s nh

phn NH4OH bng HCl.
-Phenolphtalein ( i mu vng 8,3 < pH < 10).
-Phm metyl ( i mu vng 4,2 < pH < 6,2).
(K thi Olympic ln th VI nm 2000,Trng THCB TX.Cao Lnh ng Thp)
Li gii:
1a, 25cm3 NH4OH 0,2M c 5.10-3 mol NH4OH.
15cm3 HCl 0,2M c 3.10-3 mol HCl.
NH4OH
+ HCl NH4Cl +
H2 O
3.10-3
3.10-3
3.10-3
Vy 40 ml dung dch A c 3.10-3 mol NH4Cl v 5.10-3 - 3.10-3 = 2.10-3 mol NH4OH.
[NH4Cl]= 3/40 M v [NH4OH] = 1/20 M.
Trong dung dch A:
NH4Cl NH4+ + ClNH4OH NH4+ + OHKb = 1,8.10-5
V lng NH4OH b ion ha v NH4Cl b thy phn l rt b so vi lng NH4OH v
NH4Cl hin din trong dung dch nn mt cch gn ng,ta c :
[NH4OH] 1/20 M v [NH4+] [NH4Cl]= 3/40 M .
[ NH 4 ][OH ]
[ NH 4 OH ]
[ NH 4 OH ]
1 / 20
-5
. Kb =
.1,8.10 5 = 1,2.10
[OH ] =
3 / 40
[ NH 4 ]
pOH = 4,92 pH = 9,08.
Kb =
b, Tnh tng t cu a:
Trong 50 ml dung dch B c 5.10-3 mol NH4Cl
[NH4Cl]=
5.10 3.1000
= 0,1 M
50
NH4Cl b phn hy theo cn bng

+
NH4+ + H2O
NH4OH + H
Kb = 1,8.10-5 pKb = 4,75 pKa (NH 4 )= 9,25.
Ta c: pH =
1
1
( pKa - lg C) = ( 9,25 lg 0,1) = 5,13.
2
2
c, Tnh tng t cu a :
Trong 60 ml dung dch C c 5.10-3 mol NH4Cl v 2.10-3 mol HCl.
Vy:
101
5.10 3.1000
= 1/12M.
60
2.10 3.1000
[HCl] =
= 1/30 M.
60
[NH4Cl]=
V lng NH4Cl b thy phn rt b nn ta c th coi mt s mol H+ do s thy phn l

khng ng k so vi s mol H+ do HCl.
Vy dung dch C c [H+] = [HCl] = 1/30 M.
pH = 1,48.
pH ca dung dch B l pH im tng ng ca php nh phn NH4Oh bng

HCl.
Chn cht ch th mu l metyl v pH im tng ng nm trong khong

i mu ca metyl . Metyl chuyn mu t sang vng pH t 4,2 n 6,2
2. Tnh nng [OH-], % mui b thy phn v pH ca dung dch CH3COONa
0,05 M. Cho hng s K ca axit axetic l 1,8.10-5.
(K thi Olympic ln th VI nm 2000,Trng THPT L Qu n, T.p H Ch Minh)
Li gii:
Gi x l nng CH3COOH c to thnh.
CH3COONa + H2O
CH3COOH + OHBan u
0,05
0
0
Cn bng 0,05 x
x
x
[CH 3COOH ].10 14

K thy phn = [CH 3 COOH ][ OH ] =
=
[CH 3 COO ][ H 2 O ]
2
M K thy phn=
[CH 3COO ][ H 3O ]
x
= 5,6.10-10
0,05 x
10 14
= 5,6.10-10
1,8.10 5
-6
x = 5,3. 10
Vy nng OH- l 5,3. 10-6 mol/l

5,3.10 6
% mui b thy phn =
.100 = 0,011 hay 1,1%
0,05
10 14
[H3O+] =
= 1,9.10-9 pH= 8,72
6
5,3.10
3. Tnh pH ca dung dch to thnh khi ha tan 0,1 mol PCl3 vo 450ml NaOH
1M. Bit H3PO3 c Ka1= 1,6.10-2 v Ka2= 7.10-7.
(K thi Olympic ln th VI nm 2000, Trng THPT chuyn Lm ng)
Li gii:
PCl3 + 3H2O H3PO3 + 3HCl
0,1
0,1
0,3
NaOH + HCl NaCl
+
H2 O
0,3
0,3
S mol NaOH cn li l: nNaOH d = 0,54 0,3= 0,15 mol.
Ta c t l T=
nOH
n H 3 PO3
= 1,5
Vy 1< T< 2 nn to thnh 2 mui ng thi.

Gi a, b l s mol mui NaH2PO3 v Na2HPO3 to thnh
NaOH + H3PO3 NaH2PO3 +
H2 O
a
a
102
2NaOH + H3PO3 Na2HPO3

b
b
Ta c h phng trnh:
H2O
a 2b 0,15
a b 0,1
a 0,05mol
b 0,05mol
0,05
= 1/9 M
CNa 2 HPO 3 =CNaH 2 PO 3 =
0,45
Hai mui trn to thnh mt h m:

NaH2PO3 Na+ + H2PO31/9 M
1/9M
+
Na2HPO3 2Na + HPO321/9M
1/9M
Gi x l s mol H3O+ to thnh.
Xt qu trnh:
H2PO3- +
H2O HPO32Ban u
1/9
1/9
Cn bng
1/9 x
1/9 + x
Ta c: Ka2=
H 3 O+
0
x
Ka2 = 7.10-7
[ HPO32 ][ H 3O ]
1 / 9 x x = 7.10-7
=
1 / 9 x
[ H 2 PO3 ]
-7
x = 7.10
pH = -lg x = 6,155
4.a,Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COONa 0,1M

b, Trn V ml dd CH3COOH 0,1M vo 100ml dd CH3COONa 0,1 M c dung
dch c pH= 4,74. Tnh V ml bit KCH 3 COOH= 1,8.10-5.
( Trng THPT Hng Vng)
Li gii:
4.a,
CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+
Gi x l nng ca OH- . Ta c:
CH3COONa + H2O
CH3COOH + OHBan u
0,1
0
0
Cn bng
0,1-x
x
x
K=
x2
10 14
10 9
=
=
0,1 x 1,8.10 5
1,8
x=
10 10
= 7,45.10-6
1,8
pOH= 5,128 v pH= 8,878

b, Ta c :
pH= 4,74 [H+] = 1,8. 10-5
[CH3COOH] =
0,1V
0,1 V
; [CH3COONa]=
CH3COOH
0,1V
0,1 V
0,1V
Cn bng
-1,8. 10-5
0,1 V
Ban u
0,01
0,1 V
CH3COO-
0,01
0,1 V
0,01
+1,8. 10-5
0,1 V
103
H+
0
1,8. 10-5
0,01
[ H ]
0,1 V
0,01.[ H ]
K=
[H ]=
= 1,8.10-5
0,1V
0,1V
[H ]
0,1 V
V= 0,1lt
5.Mt dung dch A cha MgCl2 10-3 M v FeCl3 10-4M. Cho dung dch NaOH tc
dng vi dung dch A.
a, Kt ta no c to ra? V sao?
b, Tm tr s pH thch hp tch ion Fe3+ ra khi dung dch A, bit rng khi nng
ion l 10-6 M th coi nh ion c tch ht.
Cho TMg(OH) 2 = 10-11; TFe(OH) 3 = 10-39
(K thi Olympic ln th VI nm 2000, Trng THPT Hng Vng)
Li gii:
Mg2+ + 2OH- Mg(OH)2
Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe(OH)3
a, to ra kt ta Fe(OH)3 th [Fe 3 ][OH ] 3 > TFe(OH) 3
[OH ] >
10 39
= 3 10 35
4
10
(1)
to kt ta Mg(OH)2 th [Mg2+][OH ]2 > TMg(OH) 2

[OH ] >
10 11
= 2 10 8
10 3
(2)
[OH ] (1) nh hn (2) nn Fe(OH)3 kt ta trc.

b, tch Fe3+ ra:
- Khng to Mg(OH)2 kt ta.
T
=
[Mg 2 ]
[OH ] <
10 11
= 10-4
3
10
+
-10
nn pH < 10.
[H ] > 10
3+
- Lng Fe 10-6
[OH ] >
10 39
= 3 10 33
6
10
= 10-11
+
-3
[H ] < 10 nn pH >3
Vy: 3< pH <10

6.Tnh pH ca :
a, Dung dch HCl 10-7 M.
b, Dung dch Na2HPO4 0,1M.
c, Dung dch NaH2PO4 0,1M.
Bit rng hng s axit ca H3PO4 c Ka1= 7,61.10-2 v Ka2= 6,23.10-7 v Ka3= 2,2.1013
.
(K thi Olympic ln th VI nm 2000, Trng THPT Chu Vn An- Ninh Thun)
Li gii:
a, HCl
H+ + Cl10-7
10-7
H2 O
H+ + OHx
x
x
[H+]dd= (10-7 + x) mol/l
104
Kn= [H+][ OH-] = (10-7 + x)x =10-14

-8
+
-7
x = 6,18.10 [H ]dd= 1,618.10 nn pH= 6,79.
b, Na2HPO4 2Na+ + HPO42HPO42
H+ + PO43Ka3 = 2,2.10-13
HPO42- +
H2O H2PO4- +
OHKtp
(*)
K thy phn = Ktp =
10 14
= 1,61.10-7 > Ka3
K a2
Ch c (*) l ch yu v Ka3 rt b nn [OH-] rt b, tnh gn ng:

[OH-]= K tp .C = 1,61..10 7 0,1 = 1,27.10-4
pOH = 3,9 pH = 10,1.
c, NaH2PO4 Na+ + H2PO4H2PO4 H+ + HPO42H2PO4 +
H2O H3PO4 +
OH
Ka2
Ktp
(1)
(2)
14
Ktp=
10
= 1,31.10-13
K a1
V Ktp << Ka2 nn (1) xy ra ch yu v b qua (2). V Ka2 rt b, tnh gn ng:

[H+] = K a 2 .C = 6,23.10 8 0,1 = 7,9.10-5
pH = 4,1.
7. Mt dung dch A cha 1 mol HNO3 v 1 mol CH3COONa c th tch 1l. Tm pH
ca dung dch A?
(Trng THPT Bc Liu 2001)
Li gii:
HNO3 H+ + NO3
CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+
CH3COONa + HNO3 CH3COOH + NaNO3
Ban u: HNO3 CH 3COONa 1M
Khi : CH3COONa + HNO3 CH3COOH + NaNO3
th: CH 3COOH b HNO3 1M
Dung dch ca axit yu: pH =
1
1
( pK a lg C ) ( lg 1,8.10 5 lg 1) 2,3725
2
2
8.CO2 tan trong nc ma to thnh axit cacbonic.

a, Tnh pH ca nc ma nm cn bng vi kh quyn.
b, Tnh nng ion CO32- trong nc ma nm cn bng vi kh quyn.
Bit: -CO2 + H2O H2CO3
KH= 10-1,5 mol.l-1. atm-1
-Hng s axit ca H2CO3 l K1= 4,45.10-7 v K2 = 4,69.10-11
-p sut CO2 trong kh quyn l 10-3,5 atm.
(K thi Olympic ln th VI nm 2000, Trng THPT Chuyn L Qu n Nng)
Li gii:
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
[H2CO3]= KH.pCO 2 = 10-5M
a, Cc qu trnh in ly:
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3HCO3- H+ + CO32H2O H+ + OH-
KH
(1)
(2)
(3)
K1
K2
Kn
105
Ta c: K1[H2CO3]= 4,45.10-12 >> Kn v K1 >> K2 nn b qua cn bng (2) v (3) so vi

cn bng (1).
Gi x l nng cn bng ca H+
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3K1
-5
10
x
x
K1 =
x2
= 4,45.10-7
10 5
-6
x = 2,11.10 M nn pH = 5,68.
b, Gi y l nng cn bng ca CO32HCO3- H+ + CO32K2

x
x
y
K2 = xy/x = y = 4,69.10-11
2-11
[CO3 ] = y = 4,69.10 M.
9.Tnh nng ca axit C2H5COOH phi c trong dung dch axit CH3COOH 2.103
M sao cho:
a, in ly ca axit CH3COOH bng 0,08.
b, pH ca dung dch bng 3,28.
Cho K1 = KCH3COOH= 1,8.10-5;K2= KC2H5COOH= 1,3.10-5
(K thi Olympic ln th VI nm 2000, Trng THPT Chuyn L Qu n Nng)
Li gii:
CH3COOH
CH3COO- +
H+
(1) K1
+
C2H5COOH
C2H5COO
+
H
(2) K2
H2 O
H+ + OH(3) Kn
V K1 v K2 ln hn Kn rt nhiu nn b qua (3).
a,
CH3COOH
CH3COO- +
H+
Ban u
2.10-3
0
0
Phn ly
. 2.10-3
. 2.10-3
. 2.10-3
Cn bng 2.10-3 (1- )
. 2.10-3
. 2.10-3
K1 =
[CH 3COO ][ H ]
[CH 3COOH ]
+
[H ] = K1
[CH 3COOH ]
= 2,07.10-4 M
[CH 3 COO ]
Theo nh lut bo ton in tch:

[CH3COO-] + [C2H5COO- ] = [H+]
-4
-4
-4
[C2H5COO ] = 2,07.10 1,6.10 =0,47.10 M
(2) [C2H5COOH] =
[C 2 H 5COO ][ H ]
= 7,48.10-4 M
K2
Vy nng C2H5COOH ban u l:

[C2H5COOH]u= 7,48.10-4 + 0,47.10-4 = 7,95.10-4M.
b, Gi x l nng cn bng ca H+
CH3COOH
CH3COO- +
Ban u
2.10-3
0
-3
Cn bng 2.10 - x
x
(1) K1=
[CH 3COO ][ H ]
x2
=
= 1,8.10-5
3
[CH 3COOH ]
2.10 x
-5
x = 6,63.10 M.
Theo nh lut bo ton in tch:

[CH3COO-] + [C2H5COO- ] = [H+]
-3,28
- 6,63.10-5 = 4,587.10-4 M.
[C2H5COO ] = 10
106
H+
0
x
(1)
(2) [C2H5COOH] =
[C 2 H 5COO ][ H ]
= 1,85.10-2
K2
[C2H5COOH]u= 1,85.10-2 + 1,85.10-2 = 1,9.10-2 M

10.300oK, in ly ca dung dch NH3 0,17 g/l l 4,2%. Tnh:
a, Nng ca cc phn t trong dung dch lc cn bng.
b, Hng s baz ca NH3
c, in ly ca dung dch khi thm 0,535 gam NH4Cl vo 1l dung dch ny.
(K thi Olympic ln th VI nm 2000, Trng THPT L Qu n Long An)
Li gii:
a, Nng ban u ca NH3 l 0,17/17 = 0,01 mol /l
NH3
+
H2 O
NH4+
+
OHBan u
0,01
0
0
0
Cn bng 0,01(1-4,2.10-2)
0,01.4,2.10-2
0,01.4,2.10-2
Vy: [NH4+ ]= [OH-] = 0,01.4,2.10-2 = 4,2.10-4M
[NH3] = 9,58.10-3 M
b, Kb=
[ NH 4 ][OH ]
= 1,84.10-5
[ NH 3 ]
c, [NH4Cl] = 0,535/53,5 = 10-2M

NH3
+
H2 O
NH4+
+
OHBan u
C
10-2
0
-2
Cn bng C(1- )
10 +
C
2
[ NH 4 ][OH ]
(C 10 )C
Vy Kb=
=
C (1 )
[ NH 3 ]
-3
= 1,84.10
11.a,Tnh nng ion S2- v pH ca dung dch H2S 0,01M.
b, Nu thm 0,001 mol HCl vo 1l dung dch H2S 0,01M th nng ion
S2- bng bao nhiu ? (bit K1 = 10-7 v K2 = 10-12,92).
(K thi Olympic ln th VI nm 2000, Trng THPT chuyn Nguyn Du c Lc)
Li gii :
a, Phng trnh :
H2S H+ + HS- (1)
K1
+
2HS H + S
(2)
K2
+
H2O H + OH (3)
Kn
-7
-12,92
V K1 = 10 >> K2 = 10
>> Kn nn cn bng (1) l ch yu.
Gi x l nng cn bng ca H+, ta c:
H2S H+ + HS- (1)
K1
Ban u
0,01
0
0
Cn bng 0,01-x
x
x
K1 =
x2
= 10-7
0,01 x
-4,5
x = 10
pH = 4,5
Thay cc gi tr ca [H+] = [HS-] = x = 10-4,5 vo (2).

Gi y l nng cn bng ca S2-, ta c:
HS- H+
+ S2(2)
K2
-4,5
-4,5
Ban u
10
10
0
-4,5
-4,5
Cn bng 10 -y 10 +y
y
107
K2 =
y (10 4, 5 y )
= 10-12,92
4 ,5
10
y
2-12,92
y = [S ]= 10
+
b, HCl H + Cl
0,001
T hp (1) v (2) ta c :
H2S H+ + S2K= 10-19,92
Khi c mt HCl th H2S phn ly khng ng k.
+
[H ]= 0,001 mol/l.
2-19,92
.
[S ]= 10
[H 2 S ]
= 10-15,92
2
[H ]
12.Cc dung dch cho di y c gi tr pH ln hn hay nh hn 7: NH4NO3,

NaCl, K2S, CH3COONH4.
(K thi Olympic ln th VI nm 2000, Trng THPT chuyn L Qu n B Ra
Vng Tu)
Li gii:
Dung dich NH4NO3:

+
NH4 + H2O NH3 + H3O+
dung dch NH4NO3 c tnh axit nn pH < 7.
Dung dch NaCl: l dung dch trung tnh nn pH= 7
Dung dch K2S:

S2- +
H2O HS- +
OH dung dch K2S c tnh baz nn pH> 7.
Dung dch CH3COONH4:

CH3COO- + H2O CH3COOH +
NH3
dung dch CH3COONH4 c tnh axit nn pH < 7.
12.Tnh pH ca dung dch A l hn hp gm HF 0,1M v NaF 0,1M.
Tnh pH ca 1 lt dung dch A trn trong 2 trng hp:
- Thm 0,01 mol HCl vo.
- Thm 0,01 mol NaOH vo.
Bit rng hng s axit ca HF l Ka= 6,8. 10-4 v lg 6,8 = 0,83.
(K thi Olympic ln th VI nm 2000, Trng THPT chuyn L Qu n B Ra
Vng Tu)
Li gii:
Trong dung dch :
HF H+ + F(a)
+
NaF Na + F
(b)
Trong dung dch HF c F lm cn bng (a) in ly rt km nn c th coi
[HF] = 0,1M v [F-] = 0,1M
Ka =
[ H ][ F ]
[ HF ]
+
[H ]=
K a [ HF ]
= 6,8.10-4 nn pH = 3,17.
[F ]
- Khi thm 0,01 mol HCl vo th :

H + + F HF
0,01
0,01
0,01
nHF = 0,1 + 0,01 = 0,11 mol v nF = 0,1 0,01 = 0,09 mol.
+
[H ]=
K a [ HF ]
6,8.10 4.0,11
=
= 8,31. 10-4 nn pH = 3,08.
0,09
[F ]
108
- Khi thm 0,01 mol NaOH vo th :

HF
+
OH
F+
H2 O
0,01
0,01
0,01
nHF = 0,1 0,01 = 0,09 mol v nF = 0,1 + 0,01 = 0,11 mol.
K a [ HF ]
6,8.10 4.0,09
=
= 5,56. 10-4 nn pH = 3,25.
[H ]=
0,11
[F ]
+
13.Tm nng mol/l ca H+, PO43-, pH ca dung dch H3PO4 0,1M.

Cho K1=10-2,23, K2= 10-7,21, K3 = 10-12,32.
(K thi Olympic ln th VI nm 2000, Trng THPT chuyn Bc Liu)
Li gii:
+
H3PO4
K1=10-2,23
(1)
H + H2PO4
x
+
H2PO4
+ HPO42K2= 10-7,21
(2)
H
y
+
HPO42+ PO43K3 = 10-12,32
(3)
H
z
+
H2 O
Kn
(4)
H + OH
V K1 > K2 > K3 > Kn nn cn bng (1) l ch yu.
[ H ][ H 2 PO4 ]
x2
(1) K1 =
=
= 10-2,23
0,1 x
[ H 3 PO4 ]
-2
x = 2,15.10 M.
2
[ H ][ HPO4 ]
y (2,15.10 2 y )
(2) K2=
=
= 10-7,21
2
2,15.10 y
[ H 2 PO4 ]
-7,21
y = 10 M.
3
[ H ][ PO4 ]
z (10 7, 21 z )
(3) K3 =
=
= 10-12,32
7 , 21
2
10
z
[ HPO4 ]
-18
z = 1,37.10 M.
V z << y<< x nn [H+] = x = 2,15.10-2M nn pH = 1,667.

V [PO43-] = 1,37.10-18M.
14.Tnh pH, [CrO42-] v [Cr2O72-] trong dung dch
a, K2Cr2O7 0,01M.
b, K2Cr2O7 0,01M + CH3COOH 0,1M bit Ka= 1,8.10-5
Bit Cr2O72- + H2O
pK1 = 1,36
2HCrO4
2+
HCrO4 + H2O
CrO4
+ H3O
pK2 = 6,5
(K thi Olympic ln th VI nm 2000. Trng PTTH chuyn Nguyn Th Minh Khai

Sc Trng)
Li gii:
a, K2Cr2O7 2K+ + Cr2O720,01
Cr2O72- + H2O
pK1 = 1,36 (1)
2HCrO4
2+
HCrO4 + H2O
CrO4
+ H3 O
pK2 = 6,5 (2)
V pK1 << pK2 K1 << K2 nn trong dung dch cn bng (1) l ch yu, s phn ly
ca HCrO4- l khng ng k.
Gi x l nng ca Cr2O72- tham gia phn ng.
Cr2O72- + H2O
pK1 = 1,36 (1)
2HCrO4
109
Ban u
Cn bng
0,01
0,01-x
0
2x
[ HCrO 4 ]2
( 2 x) 2
K1 =
=
= 10-1,36
2
0,01 x
[Cr2 O7 ]
-3
x = 6,33.10
-2
2-3
[HCrO4 ] = 2x = 1,26.10 M v [Cr2O7 ]= 0,01 x = 3,7.10 M.
Gi y l nng cn bng ca H+
HCrO4+ H2 O
-2
Ban u 1,26.10
Cn bng 1,26.10-2 y
2
K2 =
[ H 3O ][CrO 4 ]
[ HCrO 4 ]
CrO42- + H3O+
y
pK2 = 6,5
y
= 10-6,5
2
1,26.10 y
-5
y = 6,31.10 M.
Vy [H3O+] = [CrO42-] = 6,31.10-5 M

pH = 4,2.
b, CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- + H3O+
Cr2O72- + H2O 2HCrO4HCrO4- + H2O
CrO42- + H3O+
K a= 1,8.10-5
pK1 = 1,36
pK2 = 6,5
(1)
(2)
(3)
-So snh 3 cn bng th thy cn bng (2) chim u th hn.

V vy: Nng Cr2O72- v HCrO4- c tnh nh cu a ngha.
-So snh 2 cn bng (1) v (3), ta c:
[H3O+][ CH3COO-] = Ka.[ CH3COOH] = 1,8.10-6
(4)
+
2-8,5
[H3O ][ CrO4 ] = K2.[ HCrO4 ] = 1,26.10
(5)
-So snh (4) v (5) thy cn bng (1) chim u th hn.
Gi z l nng cn bng ca H3O+ trong cn bng (1)
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- + H3O+
Ban u
0,1
0
0
Cn bng 0,1-z
z
z
Ka =
K a= 1,8.10-5
(1)
z2
= 1,8.10-5
0,1 z
-3
z = 1,34.10 M
+
-3
[H3O ] = 1,34.10 M nn pH = 2,87.
Gi t l nng cn bng ca CrO42HCrO4- + H2O

CrO42- + H3O+
pK2 = 6,5
-2
-3
1,26.10
t
1,34.10
K2 =
(3)
t.[ H 3O ]
= 10-6,5
[ HCrO 4 ]
2-6
t = [CrO4 ] = 2,97.10 M
15.Cho t t KMnO4 vo dung dch cha ng thi 2 mui KCl 0,01M

v KBr 0,01M. Tnh pH ca dung dch 99% KBr b oxy ha v 1% KCl b oxy
ha.
Cho: E 0MnO / Mn = 1,51 V ; E 0Cl / 2Cl = 1,36 V ; E 0Br / 2 Br = 1,1V.
(K thi Olympic ln th VI nm 2000, Trng THPT chuyn Lng Th Vinh ng

Nai)
110
Li gii:
Phn ng:
2MnO-4 + 10X- + 16H+ 2Mn2+ + 5X2 + 8H2O
Sau phn ng, nng cc cht l:
[Br-] =
99.10 2
1
.10-2= 10-4 M ; [Br2] =
= 5.10-3 M
100
100.2
[Cl-] =
99
1
.10-2 10-2 M ; [Cl2] =
.10-2 = 5.10-5M.
100
100.2
t: E 10 = E 0MnO
/ Mn 2
; E 02 = E 0Br
/ 2 Br
; E 03 = E 0Cl
(1)
/ 2Cl
0,059 [ MnO4 ]
0,059
E1 = E +
lg
+
lg [H+]8 = E 10 - 0,094pH
2
5
5
[ Mn ]
0
1
-Nu X- l Br- :
[ Br2 ]
0,059
0,059
5.10 3
E2 =E +
lg
= 1,1 +
lg
= 1,27V
5
5
[ Br ] 2
(10 4 ) 2
0
2
E 1 - E 2 = E 10 - 0,094pH1 - E 2
pH1 =
1,51 1,27
=2,55
0,094
-Nu X- l Cl- :
E 3 = E 03 +
[Cl ]
0,059
lg 2 2 = 1,35V
5
[Cl ]
E 1 - E 3 = E 10 - 0,094pH2 - E 3
pH2 =
1,51 1,35
= 1,7
0,094
Vy oxy ha 99% KBr v 1% KCl th pH phi nm trong khong 1,7 < pH < 2,55.
16.Cho 2 cn bng:
Al(OH)3 Al3+ + 3OHT1 = 10-33
OH + Al(OH)3 AlO2 + 2H2O
T2 = 40
3+
a, Biu th tan ton phn S = [Al ] + [AlO2-] di dng mt hm ca [H3O+].
b, pH no th c tan cc tiu? Tnh tan cc tiu.
(K thi Olympic ln th VI nm 2000, Trng THCB TX. Cao Lnh ng Thp)
Li gii:
a, Xt 2 cn bng:
Al(OH)3 Al3+ + 3OHT1 = [Al3+][OH-]= 10-33
OH- + Al(OH)3 AlO2- + 2H2O
T2 = [AlO2-]/ [OH-]= 40
T T1 v T2 c th tnh cc nng cn bng ca:
[Al3+] =
10 33
10 33
=
[H3O+]3 = 109 [H3O+]3.
3
14 3
[OH ]
(10 )
[AlO2-] = 40. [OH-] =
40.10 14
4.10 13
=
[ H 3 O ]3 [ H 3 O ]3
111
Vy S = [Al3+] + [AlO2-] = 109 [H3O+]3 +
4.10 13
.
[ H 3 O ]3
dS
4.10 13
9
+ 2
=
3.10
[H
O
]
= 0.
3
d [ H 3O ]
[ H 3 O ]3
b, tan S cc tiu khi
+
-6
[H3O ] = 3,4.10 nn pH =5,5.
Vy tan cc tiu Smin= 109 (3,4.10-6 )3 +
4.10 13
= 1,57.10-7 M.
(3,4.10 6 ) 3
17.a, Tnh pH ca dung dch H3PO4 0,1M

b, Cn cho vo 100ml dung dch H3PO4 0,1M bao nhiu gam NaOH thu c
dung dch c pH= 4,72.
Cho H3PO4 : pK1 = 2,23 , pK2 = 7,21 , pK3 = 12,32
( thi Olympic 30/4 ln th VIII nm 2002)
Li gii
a, H3PO4
H+ + H2PO4K1
(1)
+
2H2PO4
H + HPO4
K2
(2)
2+
3HPO4
H + PO4
K3
(3)
+
H2 O
H + OH
Kn
(4)
K3 << K2 << K1 nn ch yu xy ra cn bng (1)
Gi x l nng cn bng ca H+
H3PO4
H+ + HPO4K1
(1)
Ban u
0,1
0
0
Cn bng 0,1 x
x
x
K1 =
[ HPO 4 ][ H ]
x2
=
= 10-2,23
0,1 x
[ H 3 PO4 ]
x = 0,0215 (M)
pH = 1,66
b, NaOH + H3PO4
= NaH2PO4 + H2O
NaOH + NaH2PO4 = Na2HPO4 + H2O
NaOH + Na2HPO4 = Na3PO4 + H2O
Trung ha nc 1: trong dung dch thu c c pH = 4,72 ch cha NaH2PO4.
naxit = 0,1 x 0,1 = 0,01 (mol) nNaOH = 0,01 (mol)
mNaOH = 0,01 x 40 = 0,4(g)
18. Tnh axit ca mt mu nc ty thuc s hp th kh. Ni chung, kh quan
trng nht gy nn tnh axit l cacbon ioxit.
a, Gi thit rng khng kh c cha 350ppm CO2 (theo th tch), v t cn
bng gia CO2 kh v tan (trong nc), hy tnh pH ca mt git nc ma
p sut khng kh. Cc hng s thch hp 250C l:
KH(CO2) = 3,39.10-2 mol.l-1.atm-1; Ka(CO2(aq)) = 4,46.10-7;
Ka(HCO3-(aq)) = 4,67.10-11.
b, Tnh pH ca mt chai nc c ga (PCO2=1 atm).
(Trng THPT chuyn L Hng Phong TP. H Ch Minh 2000)
Li gii:
a, Nng CO2 trong dung dch nc c tnh bng nh lut Henry:
CO2(aq ) K H .PCO = 3,39.10-2.3,5.10-4 = 1,187.10-5 mol.l-1
2
112
K a CO2( aq ) 4, 46.10 7
HCO H
CO
CO H
HCO
2 ( aq )
K a HCO3( aq) 4,67.1011
2
3
Do Ka(CO2(aq)) >> Ka(HCO3-(aq)), ta gi s rng trong dung dch axit, ch c cn

bng ca qu trnh tch loi H+ th nht l ng k. Do :
HCO H 4,46.10
.1,187.10 5
0,5
2,3.10 6 mol.l 1
Vy pH = 5,64
b, Thy ngay l 1 atm CO2k s to dung dch axit hn l 350 ppm CO2k. Vy vi cc l
do tng t nh cu a chng ta ch xt cn bng:
CO2(k) CO2 (aq)
V
CO2 (aq) + H2O HCO3( aq ) H aq
gii quyt cu hi.
CO K .P
H HCO
2 ( aq )
CO2
3,39.10 2 mol.l 1
K a . CO2( aq ) 1,23.10 4 mol.l 1
Vy: pH = 3,91.
19.a, Tnh in ly ca ca ion CO32- trong dung dch Na2CO3 c pH = 11,6
(ung dch A).
b, Thm 10ml dung dch HCl 0,16M vo 10ml dung dch A. Tnh pH ca dung
dch thu c.
c, C hin tng g xy ra khi thm 1ml dung dich bo ha CaSO4 vo 1ml
dung dch A.
Cho: CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ ; Ka1 = 10-6,35
HCO3- H+ + CO32- ; Ka2 = 10-10,33
tan ca CO2 trong nc bng 3.10-2M. Tch s tan ca CaSO4 bng 10-5,04; ca
CaCO3 bng 10-8,35.
( thi HSG Quc gia lp 12 THPT nm 2004 Bng B)
Li gii:
a, CO32- + H2O HCO3- + OH-
; Kb1 =
HCO3- + H2O (H2O.CO2) + OH- ; Kb2 =
1014
10 3, 67 (1)
10 10 ,33
10 14
10 7, 65
10 6,35
(2)
Kb1 >> Kb2, cn bng (1) l ch yu.

CO32- + H2O HCO3- + OH- ; Kb1 =
C
[ ]
C
C 10-2,4
0
10-2,4
10
0
10
-2,4
2,4 2
C 10 2, 4
10 3, 67
-2,4
+
C = 10
10 4,8
0.0781
103, 67
113
1014
10 3, 67
10 ,33
10
102, 4.10 2
5,1%
0,0781
0,16
0,0781
b, CHCl =
0,08M ; CNa2CO3 =
0,0395M
2
2
Ca 2
CO32- + 2H+ H2O + CO2

0,03905 0,08
1,9.10-3- 0,03905
CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+
; Ka1 = 10-6,35 (do Ka1 >> Ka2)
3.10-2
1,9.10-3
-2
3.10 x
x
1,9.10-3 + x
[ ]
x1,9.10 - 3 x
10 6,35
-2
3.10 x
x 7,05.10 6 1,9.10 3
[ H ] 1,9.10 3
Vy pH = - lg 1,9.10-3 = 2,72
0,0781
0,03905 0,0391M
2
2+
2-5,04
Ca + SO4 ; K S1 = 10
c, CCO 32 =
CaSO4
x K S1 102,52
CCa 2
102, 52
10 2,82 M
2
CO32- + H2O HCO3- + OH- ; Kb1 = 10-3,67

C 0,0391
[ ] 0,0391 x
x
x
(do Kb1 >> Kb2)
x2
10 3, 67 x 2,89.10 3
0,0391 x
CCO 32 = 0,0391 2,89.10-3 = 0,0362M

CCa 2 .CCO 32 = 0,0362.10-2,82 = 5,47.10-5 > 10-8,35
C kt ta CaCO3.
20.Bng dung dch NH3 ngi ta c th lm kt ta hon ton ion Al3+
trong dung dch nc dng hidroxit, nhng ch lm kt ta c mt phn ion
Mg2+ trong dung dch nc dng hidroxit.
Hy lm sng t iu ni trn bng phn ng c th. Cho bit TtAl(OH) 3 = 5.10-33 ;
TtMg(OH) 2 = 4.10-12 ; KbNH 3 = 1,8.10-5.
( thi HSG quc gia lp 12 THPT nm 2004 Bng A)
Li gii:
Tnh hng s cn bng K ca phn ng kt ta hidroxit:
3 | NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH- ; KNH 3 = 1,8.10-5
Al(OH)3 Al3+ + 3OH; KS, Al(OH) 3 = 5.10-33
3+
Al + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4 ; K =

Tng t nh vy i vi phn ng:
114
3
K NH
3
K S , Al (OH ) 3
1,17.1018
2+
Mg
+ 2NH3 + 2H2O Mg(OH)2 + 3NH4 , K =
2
K NH
3
K S , Al ( OH ) 3
81
Phn ng thun nghch, Mg2+ khng kt ta hon ton di dng Mg(OH)2 nh Al3+.
21.Cho 1ml dung dch HClO4 0,003M cha 2.10-4 mol mi ion Mn2+ v Cu2+. Bo
ha dung dch ny bng H2S, gi thit nng H2S lun bng 0,1M khng ph
thuc vo s c mt ca cc cht khc.
Hy cho bit ngi ta c th tch ring 2 ion Mn2+ v Cu2+ khng? Bit H2S c
pK1 = 7, pK2 = 14, TMnS = 2,5.10-10 v TCuS = 8,5.10-36.
( thi HSG lp 12 thnh ph Nng nm 2004 Bng A)
Li gii:
Coi s ng gp H+ ca H2S l khng ng k.
Ta c: [H+] = 0,003 M
H S = K1.K2 = 10-21
H 2 S
0,1

1,1.10
0,003
Cu S (2.10-4 ).(1,1.10-17) = 2,2.10-21 > TCuS = 8,5.10-36
S 2 10 21
2
17
2+
Cu kt ta dng CuS.
Mn2 S 2 (2.10-4 ).(1,1.10-17) = 2,2.10-21 < TMnS = 2,5.10-10
2+
Mn khng kt ta dng MnS.
[S2-] thay i khng ng k khi Cu2+ kt ta ht khi Mn2+ vn cha kt ta.

C th tch ring 2 ion ny.
22.C cc dung dch b mt nhn: BaCl2, NH4Cl, K2S, Al2 (SO4)3, MgSO4,KCl,
ZnCl2_. c dng thm phenolphtalein ( khong pH= 8-10) hoc metyl da cam
(khong pH= 3,1- 4,4). Hy nhn bit cc dung dch trn v vit phng trnh ion (
nu c) gii thch.
( thi hc sinh gii quc gia nm 2001)
Li gii:
a,Nu dng phenolphtalein lm thuc th:
Dng phenolphtalein nhn bit c dung dch K2S
S2-+ + H2O
HS- +
OH-
pH=10 nn dung dch phenolphtalein c mu .

Dng K2S lm thuc th, cho K2S vo dung dch cn li:
-Vi NH4Cl: S2- +
NH4+ =
NH3 + HS-
Nhn ra NH3 bng mi khai hoc ha giy lc tm phenolphtalein ( v NH3 c pH> 9

).
-Vi Al2(SO4)3 : Cho kt ta keo trng Al(OH)3.
Al3+
3S2- + 3H2O =
Al(OH)3 +
115
3HS-
-Vi MgSO4: cho kt ta trng Mg(OH)2

Mg2+
2S2- + 2H2O =
Mg(OH)2 + 2HS-
-Vi ZnCl2: cho kt ta trng ZnS

Zn2+
2S2-
ZnS
-Dng NH4Cl nhn ra MgSO4.. Kt ta Mg(OH)2 tan trong NH4Cl trong khi cc kt
ta Al(OH)3 v ZnS khng tan.
2NH4+ = Mg2+
Mg(OH)2 +
2NH3
+ H2O
-Dng MgSO4 nhn bit BaCl2:

Ba2+ +
SO42- = BaSO4 trng
-Dng BaCl2 nhn ra Al2(SO4)3

Ba2+ +
SO42- = BaSO4 trng
-Cn li l KCl.
b,Nu dng metyl da cam lm thuc th:
-Dng metyl da cam nhn ra dung dch Al2(SO4)3
Al3+
Al2(SO4)3
Al3+
+ 3H2O
SO42-
AlOH2+ +
5H+
Dung dch c tnh axit (pH<4) lm cho metyl da cam c mu da cam hoc hng.
Cc dung dch cn li c pH>4,4 nn lm cho metyl da cam c mu vng. Dng
Al2(SO4)3 lm thuc th:
-Vi BaCl2: cho kt ta trng tinh th.
Ba2+ +
SO42- = BaSO4 trng
-Vi K2S cho kt ta keo trng Al(OH)3.

Al3+
3S2- + 3H2O =
Al(OH)3 +
3HS-
Dng K2S lm thuc th:

-Vi NH4Cl: S2- +
NH4+ =
NH3 + HS-
Nhn ra NH3 bng mi khai hoc ha giy lc tm phenolphtalein ( v NH3 c pH> 9

).
-Vi MgSO4: cho kt ta trng Mg(OH)2
Mg2+
2S2- + 2H2O =
Mg(OH)2 + 2HS-
-Vi ZnCl2: cho kt ta trng ZnS

Zn2+
2S2-
ZnS
-Vi KCl th khng c du hiu g.

116
phn bit MgSO4 vi ZnCl2 ta cho dung dch NH4Cl vo 2 dung dch c kt ta
Mg(OH)2 v ZnS th ch c kt ta Mg(OH)2 tan trong dung dch NH4Cl khi un nng.
Mg(OH)2 +
2NH4+ = Mg2+
2NH3
+ H2O
23.Dung dch X c cht ha tan l mui M(NO3)2. Ngi ta dng 200ml dung dch
K3PO4 va phn ng vi 200ml dung dch X thu c kt ta M3 (PO4)2 v
dung dch Y. Khi lng kt ta ( sy kh) khc khi lng M(NO3)2 ban
u l 6,825 g. Tm nng ion ca dung dch X v dung dch Y.
Li gii:
Phng trnh phn ng:
3 M(NO3)2 + 2 K3PO4
M3(PO4)2 + 6KNO3
Dung dch Y l dung dch KNO3: KNO3

Theo (1):
(1)
NO3
(2)
6 mol NO3- phn ng to ra 2 mol PO4-3 lm thay i khi lng l 372-190= 182 g
x mol NO3- phn ng to ra x/3 mol PO4- lm thay i khi lng l 6,829 g
x=
3 6,825
= 0,1125 mol
182
nM+ = 0,1125 mol nn CM+=
0,1125 1000
= 0,5625 mol/l
200
V nNO3-= 2 nM(NO3)2 = 0,225 mol nn CNO3- =
0,225 1000
=1,125 mol/l
200
nK+= nNO3- =n KNO3 = 2n M(NO3)2= 2 0,1125= 0,225mol

VddY= VddX + Vdd K3PO4 = 400ml
CK+= CNO3-=
0,225 1000
= 0,5625 mol/l
400
Vy: dung dch X c CM+= 0,5625 mol/l v CNO3- = 1,125 mol/l

Dung dch Y c CK+= CNO3- =0,5625 mol/l
24. Sunfuryl iclorua SO2Cl2 l ha cht ph bin trong phn ng clo ha. Ti 3500C,
2atm, phn ng : SO2Cl2(kh) SO2(kh) + Cl2(kh)
(1) c Kp=50
1a, Hy cho bit n v ca tr s v gii thch: Hng s cn bng Kp ny phi c n
v nh vy.
b, Tnh % theo th tch SO2Cl2 (kh) cn li (1) t n cn bng iu kin cho.
c, Ban u dng 150 mol SO2Cl2( kh) , tnh s mol kh Cl2 khi (1) t n trng thi cn
bng.
Cc kh c coi l l tng.
2.a, Tnh in ly ca dung dch CH3NH2 0,01M.
b, in ly thay i ra sao khi
117
-Pha long dung dch 50 ln.

-Khi c mt dung dch NaOH 0,001M.
-Khi c mt dung dch CH3COOH 0,001M.
-Khi c mt HCOONa 1M.
Bit
H+
CH3NH2 +
CH3COOH
CH3NH3+
Kb=1010,64
CH3COO- +
H+
Ka= 10-4,76

Li gii:
1a, Gi s s mol ban u ca SO2Cl2 l 1 v phn ly l , ta c :
Ban u
SO2Cl2(kh)
1
Phn ly
Cn bng
1-
Kp =
SO2(kh)
Cl2(kh)
pSO2 (atm) pCl 2 (atm)

= 50 atm
pSO2 Cl 2 (atm)
(2)
b,V cc kh u l kh l tng nn pi=P xi

m xi=
(1)
(3)
ni
nj
(4)
y: nSO 2 =nCl 2 =
; nSO 2 Cl 2 = 1- cn
nj = 1 +
(5)
T hp (4) v (5), (3) v (2) ta c:

Kp=P
2
1- 2
Kp
P Kp
50
=0,9806
2 50
S mol SO2Cl2 cn li l 1- 0,0194 mol

Do , SO2Cl2 cn li chim
0,0194 100
=0,98
1,9806
Vy khi (1) t n trng thi cn bng th SO2Cl2 cn li chim 0,98% v s mol hay th tch
ca h.
c, Ban u dng 150 mol kh nn s mol kh Cl2 khi (1) t n trng thi cn bng l:
Theo (1): : nSO 2 =nCl 2 = nSO 2 Cl 2 = 150 0,9806=147,09 mol
2a,
(1)
CH3NH2 +
Ban u
0,01
Cn bng
0,01-x
H2O
CH3NH3+ +
118
OH-
Kb =
10 14
= 10-3,36
10 , 64
10
Kb =
x2
= 10-3,36 x = 1,88.10-3 M.
0,01 x
1,88.10 3
in ly =
.100 = 18,8%
10 2
b, Khi pha long dung dch ra 50 ln:

10 2
[CH3NH2] =
= 2.10-4 M.
50
Kb =
x2
= 10-3,36 x = 1,49.10-4 M
4
2.10 x
1,49.10 4
.100 = 74,5%
2.10 2
in ly =
- Khi c mt NaOH 0,001M:

NaOH Na+ + OH0,001
0,001
CH3NH2 + H2O
Ban u
0,01
0,001
Cn bng 0,01 x
Kb =
CH3NH3+ + OHx
0,001 + x
x (0,001 x)
= 10-3,36 x = 1,49.10-3 M
0,001 x
1,49.10 3
.100 =14,9%
10 2
in ly =
-
gim v OH ca NaOH lm chuyn dch cn bng (1) sang tri.
-Khi c mt CH3COOH 0,001M

CH3COOH
CH3NH2
H+
CH3COO- +
H+
CH3NH3+
CH3COOH + CH3NH2
Ka= 10-4,76
Ka-1= 1010,64
CH3COO- + CH3NH3+ ; K= KaKa-1=105,88
K ln nn phn ng xy ra hon ton.

[CH3NH3+] = [CH3COOH] = 0,001M v [CH3NH2]=9.10-3 M.
CH3NH2 + H2O
Ban u
9.10-3
Cn bng 9.10-3 x
Kb =
CH3NH3+ + OH0,001
0,001+x
x (0,001 x)
= 10-3,36 x = 1,39.10-3 M
9.10 3 x
[CH3NH3+] = ( 1 + 1,39.10-3) 10-3 = 2,39. 10-3 M.
119
Kb= 10-3
in ly =
2,39.10 3
.100 =23,9%
10 2
tng v CH3NH2 tng tc vi CH3COOH.
-Khi c mt HCOONa 1M.

HCOONa HCOO- + Na+
1
HCOO- + H2O
1
HCOOH + OH-
(2) Kb=
10 14
= 10-10,25
10 3, 75
Ka (HCOOH) > Ka(CH3COOH) nn Kb << Kb

Vy cn bng (2) khng nh hng g n cn bng (1). Do , in ly khng thay i khi
c mt HCOONa 1M.
25.Xc nh pH ca H2PO4- ( b qua nc phn ly th 2 v th 3 ca axit) bit
khi lng axit bng 0,5g v K1a= 7,59 . 10-3
Li gii:
maxit = 0,5 g n axit = 0,0051 mol
Gi x l s mol ca H2PO4H3PO4 H2O
H2PO4
H3O+
Ban u
Cn bng
0,0051
0,0051- x
0
x
0
x
[ H 2 PO4 ][ H 3O ]
x2
Ta c: K1a=
=
[ H 3 PO4 ]
0,0051 x
+
-3
x = [H3O ] =3,49 . 10
pH= 2,46
120
PH LC 2: MT S GIO N
Ngy son: 16/8/2012
Tit 1:
N TP.
I. Mc tiu bi n tp:
1. Gip HS nh li v hiu:
- Cu to nguyn t (cc k hiu, khi nim, qui tc).
- Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng HTTH.
- Cc loi lin kt hc- Cch tnh ho tr nguyn t trong hp cht.
- L thuyt cn bng phn ng oxi ho - kh.
- Tnh cht c bn ca : SO2, SO3, H2S, H2SO4 ( Thng qua s bin i s oxi ho v ho
tnh c bn) v chng minh tnh oxi ho ca F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2, tnh kh ca : HF < HCl <
HBr < HI.
2. Hc sinh bit:
a/- Vit cu hnh electron, biu din obitan ca nguyn t, ion.
- Cng thc tnh khi lng mon trung bnh ( nh v )
b/- Xc nh chu k, phn nhm, tnh cht kim loi, phi kim, kh tr
- S bin thin tun hon nguyn t trong bng HTTH.
c/- Xc nh cc lin kit ho hc c trong cc hp cht quen thuc.
- Biu din thnh tho CT electron, CTCT.
d/- Cn bng thnh tho phn ng oxi ho - kh .
3. Hc sinh vn dng: - Lm cc bi tp nh lng.
II. Phng php dy hc :
- m thoi.
- C s dng mt s cu hi tho lun vi hc sinh.
III. Chun b :
1. Gio vin :
- Bng HTTH ln.
- Chun b cc cu hi v bi tp hng dn HS tham gia cc hot ng n tp.
2. Hc sinh : Chun b kin thc ( hc lp 10 ) tham gia n tp
IV. Thit k cc hot ng :
1. Kim tra: kt hp trong khi n tp.
2. n tp :
Hot ng ca GV v HS:
Ni dung ghi bi:
I.Cu to nguyn t :
I.Cu to nguyn t :
ht nhn
Hot ng 1 :
1. Cu to : gm 2 phn : v nguyn t.
1. Cu to nguyn t gm my phn ? Loi
-Nguyn t trung ho v in:
ht g?
s p = s e = thn =s hnt (Z) = STT
- Rt ra nhn xt g ? ( khi nguyn t
trung ho v in )
2. ng v l g ? Cng thc tnh s khi
2. ng v :
trung bnh ?
-nh ngha : nhng nguyn t :
VD 1: Cu c 2 ng v 63 Cu (73 %) v 65 Cu.
+ ging thn (hay p)
Tnh Cu ?
+ khc s khi ( hay n)
VD 2: Ni c 4 ng v l 58Ni (67,76 %); 60Ni -Cng thc : = Ai xi / xi ( xi =100 %)
(26,16 %); 61Ni (2,42 %); 62Ni (3,66 %). Tnh
Ni
(Gi HS ln bng )
II. H thng tun hon :
II. H thng tun hon:
1. Chu k :- hng ngang ( c 7 chu k )
Hot ng 2:
- S chu k = s lp electron
- Hdn HS xem bng HTTH.
2. Nhm : - hng dc ( c 8 nhm ln, 16
- Gi 2 HS ln bng vit cu hnh
nhm nh)
PNC (A);
121
electron ca N(Z=7), Cu ( Z = 29).

Xc nh v tr trong bng HTTH?V
sao?
Da vo bng HTTH hy xc nh nguyn t

no l KL, PK, kh him?
III. Lin kt ho hc:

Hot ng 3:
- C my loi lin kt ho hc? Lin kt cng
ho tr l g?Lin kt ion l g?
- Cho cc cht sau: CaO, Cl2, HCl, NaCl. Vit
Cte, CTCT, xc nh lin kt? (gi 2 HS ln
bng)
- Da vo i lng no xc nh chnh
xc lin kt ho hc trong hp cht thuc lin
kt g?
IV. Cn bng phn ng oxi ha - kh:

Hot ng 4:
- Cho p sau y:
Al + HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + N2 + H2O.
- Gi HS cn bng phn ng theo pp thng
bng e. Xc nh cht kh, cht oxi ho, qu
trnh kh, qu trnh oxi ho?
- Th no l phn ng oxi ho - kh?
- Ngoi ra cn pp cn bng ion ( c th gii
thiu thm cho HS gii)
V. Tnh cht c bn:

Hot ng 5: Gip HS h thng ho chng
hal, chng oxi, lu hunh.
- lp 10 chng ta nghin cu 2 PNC
nhm?
CHCC:s, p
- phn nhm PNP (B); CHCC:
d, f
PNC = s e lp ngoi cng
- STT nhm PNP = s e lp nc + s e
(d)
Lu : Cc nguyn t PNP(d) c 8,9,10 e
thuc PNP VIIIB, c 11,12, ln lt thuc
PNP IB, IIB.
3. Tnh cht nguyn t:
- Cc nguyn t PNP (h d): KL chuyn tip.
- Cc nguyn t PNC (s,p): Lp ngoi cng
c:
+ 1 3e : kim loi.
+ 5 7e : PK
+ 8e: kh tr.
Chu k 1, 2, 3: KLoi.
+ 4e chu k 4, 5, 6, 7: Pkim.
III. Lin kt ho hc:
1. Lin kt CHT:
- Gp chung 1 hay nhiu i e.
- Thng PK PK.
- C 3 loi :
+ CHT khng cc
+ CHT c cc.
+ CHT c bit ( phi tr; cho nhn)
2. Lin kt ion:
- Do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion tri
du.
- Thng KL PK.
Lu : Hiu m in (X):
+ 0 X < 0,4 : CHT khng cc.
+ 0,4 X < 1,8 : CHT c cc.
+ X 1,8: lin kt ion.
IV. Cn bng phn ng oxi ho - kh:
1. nh ngha:
- Cht kh : nhng e (sau p s oxh
tng)
qu trnh oxi ho.
- Cht oxh : nhn e (sau p s oxh gim)
qu trnh oxi ho .
2. Cn bng:
Al
+
HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + N2 + H2O.
(c. kh ) (cht oxh)
10 x Al0 Al3+ + 3e : qu trnh oxh.
3 x 2 N5+ + 10e N2 : qu trnh kh
10 Al + 36HNO3 10Al(NO3)3 + 3N2 +
18H2O
V. Tnh cht c bn:
1. V halogen: (F, Cl, Br, I ).
- Tnh oxi ho: F > Cl > Br > I.
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2.
122
- HS nu c im chung ca PNC VIIA v

- Tnh axit ( kh): HF < HCl < HBr < HI
cu hnh e lp ngoi cng, bn knh nguyn
t, s bin i tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim ca
nguyn t, ca n cht?
- Vit PTHH chng minh tnh oxh ca:
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 ?(HS lm bng;
da vo phn ng vi H2 (phn tch iu kin
)).
-Yu cu HS vit cc p/ chng minh tnh
kh ca HF < HCl < HBr < HI ? ( nu HS
khng xc nh c cht tc dng GV gi )
- Cho bit s oxh ca Cl, Br, I, F c th c
2. V chng oxi lu hunh:
trong cc hp cht?
-2
+4
+6
+6
- Da vo s oxi ho ca S trong cc hp cht
H2S
SO2
SO3
: SO2, SO3, H2S, H2SO4 suy ra tnh cht c
H2SO4
bn ca chng?
(c. kh)
(kh, oxh) (oxh)
(oxh )
dd axit yu oxit axit
oxit axit
axit
mnh
VI. Tc phn ng v dch chuyn cn
VI. Tc phn ng v dch chuyn cn
bng:
-Tc phn ng:
bng:
+nh ngha
Hot ng 6:
- Cho HS l bi tp sau: (theo nhm)
+Nhng yu t nh hng
Cho phn ng sau y xy ra trong bnh kn : -Cn bng ha hc:
CaCO3 (r) CaO (r) + CO2(k) ;H=178 kj +nh ngha
+i lng c trng, hng s cn bng
a.Phn ng trn l phn ng to nhit hay thu
+Dch chuyn cn bng; cc yu t nh
nhit?
hng
b.Cn bng trn s dch chuyn v pha no
khi
-Gim nhit ca phn ng ?
-Thm kh CO2 vo bnh ?
-Tng dung tch ca bnh phn ng ?
1.
V. cng c
GV nhn mnh :
1.Cu to nguyn t
2. Bng HTTH: chu k, nhm, tnh cht nt.
3. Lin kt ho hc: CHT, ion.
4. Nm l thuyt + cn bng thnh tho p/ oxh - kh.
5. Tnh cht c bn cc hal, axit halogen, hp cht ca lu hunh.
6. Tc phn ng v dch chuyn cn bng.
VI. Dn d: Xem trc bi s in li
VII. Rt kinh nghim:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------123
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
124
Ngy son: 23/8/2012

Chng I:
Tit 2:
S IN LI.
S IN LI.
I. Mc tiu bi hc:
A. Chun kin thc v k nng
Kin thc
Bit c khi nim v s in li, cht in li.
Hiu c nguyn nhn tnh dn in ca dung dch cht in li v c ch ca qu trnh in
li.
K nng
Quan st th nghim, rt ra c kt lun v tnh dn in ca dung dch cht in li.
Phn bit c cht in li, cht khng in li.
B. Trng tm
Bn cht tnh dn in ca cht in li (nguyn nhn v c ch n gin)
Vit phng trnh in li ca mt s cht.
C. Hng dn thc hin
Hnh thnh khi nim cht in li bng thc nghim (c TN phn chng v cht khng
in li).
Da vo kin thc v dng in hc trong Vt l lp 9 thy nguyn nhn dn in
ca cc cht in li (phn bit r phn t no tch in dng, phn t no tch in m v tr
s in tch bng bo nhiu trong mt phn t cht in li)
Hnh thnh khi nim cht in li, phn bit c cht in li v cht khng in li t
th nghim v gii thch c nguyn nhn tnh dn in (theo A-re-ni-ut ) l do trong dung
dch c cc tiu phn mang in tch chuyn ng t do c gi l cc ion.
T cu to phn t H2O c cu to dng gc v s hnh thnh lin kt O-H trong phn t
gii thch c phn t H2O l phn t c cc. T gii thch c ch ca qu trnh in li
ca NaCl trong nc, qu trnh in li ca HCl trong nc.
Dng php m phng phn tch:
+ Cu trc lng cc ca phn t nc
+ C ch ca s in li HCl, NaOH v NaCl trong nc.
Vit phng trnh in li da vo bng tnh tan ca cc cht, nhng cht c k hiu
T th phng trnh in li s dng mi tn mt chiu (), nhng cht c k hiu K th
khng vit phng trnh in li hoc nu vit phng trnh in li th s dng mi tn hai chiu
) biu din cn bng in li gia mt phn tan cn bng vi phn khng tan.
(
in ca khoa hc
II. Phng php :
- Dy hc, nu vn
- S dng th nghim theo phng php nghin cu.
III. Chun b :
1. Gio vin :
- Dng c v ho cht th nghim o cht th nghim.
- Tranh v ( hnh 1.2 SGK v hnh 1.3 SGK ).
2. Hc sinh : n li hin tng dn in c hc trong chng trnh vt l lp 7.
1. n nh lp:
2. Bi mi:
Hot ng ca GV v HS:
Ni dung ghi bi:
I.Hin tng in li:
I. Hin tng in li:
Hot ng 1 :
1. Th nghim :
-Gio vin cho hc sinh lm th nghim theo
-Dung dch mui, axit, baz dn in
125
hnh 1.1 SGK. (Gio vin lp sn h thng th

nghim)
-Hc sinh quan st, nhn xt v rt ra kt lun
v tnh dn in ca: nc ct, dd NaCl, dd
HCl, dd ng, KCl (rn, khan ).
Hot ng 2:
- iu kin mt dd, mt vt dn in l g
?
( c phn t mang in tch chuyn ng t
do, khi c dng in cc phn t mang in
chuyn ng theo mt hng nht nh )
- Kim loi l cht dn in, cc phn t mang
in trong kim loi l g? ( cc electron )
- Dung dch in li dn in c.Vy trong
dung dch in li c phn t mang in no ?
- Gio vin : nm 1887 A-r-ni-ut gi thit
rng : tnh dn in ca cc dung dch axit,
baz, mui l do trong dd ca chng c cc
tiu phn mang in tch gi l cc ion.
- Cc phn t axit, baz, mui khi tan trong
nc phn li thnh g ?
Hot ng 3:
-GV: + Qu trnh phn li cc cht thnh ion
gi l s in li.
+ Nhng cht tan trong nc phn li
thnh ion c gi l cht in li.
- GV: biu din ngn gn s in li ca
mt cht l phng trng in li.
VD: HCl H+ + Cl- HS ln bng vit phng trnh in li ca
H2SO4, NaOH, Ba(OH)2, NaCl, FeCl3.
- Trong dd tng in tch ca cc cation v
cc anion ra sao?
Hot ng 4:
- GV: Ti sao NaCl khan khng dn in
c nhng dd NaCl dn in c? Vy c
ch ca qu trnh in li?
- NaCl khan v dd NaCl khc nhau ntn?
- GV: gia H2O v tinh th NaCl c s tng
tc vi nhau to ra ion.
- HS m t nhng c im cu to ca phn
t H2O v loi lin kt , cu trc khng gian?
( lin kt CHT, phn t c dng hnh gc)
- Nc l dung mi phn cc hay khng phn
cc?
Hot ng 5:
- Nu c im cu to ca tinh th NaCl ?(
tinh th NaCl l tinh th ion, cc ion dng v
ion m phn b lun phin u n ti cc nt
mng tth)
-GV t vn : Khi cho tinh th NaCl vo
nc c hin tng g xy ra?( GV cho HS
-Cc cht rn khan: KCl, NaCl, NaOHv

mt s dung dch: ng, ru,
glixerolkhng c kh nng dn in
2. Nguyn nhn tnh dn in ca cc dung

dch axit, baz, mui trong nc :
- Tnh dn in ca cc dung dch: axit, baz,
mui l do trong dd ca chng c cc tiu
phn mang in tch gi l cc ion
+Ion dng : gi l cation
+Ion m: gi l anion.
3. nh ngha :
- Qu trnh phn li cc cht thnh ion gi l s
in li.
- Nhng cht tan trong nc phn li thnh ion
c gi l cht in li.
- Phnh trnh in li:
VD: HNO3 H+ + NO3Ba(OH)2 Ba2+ + 2OHFeCl3 Fe3+ + 3Cl- Trong dung dch:
tch ca cc cation = tch ca cc anion.
II. C ch ca qu trnh in li:
1. Cu to ca phn t H2O:
- Trong phn t H2O:
+ lin kt gia cc nguyn t l lk CHT c
cc
+ cu to phn t dng gc.
phn t H2O phn cc:
2. Qu trnh in li ca NaCl trong H2O:
126
xem hnh v 1.3 SGK (tr. 6), nhn xt )( Khi

cho cc tinh th NaCl vo nc, ion Na+ v
Cl- trn b mt tinh th ht v chng cc phn
t nc: cation ht u m v anion ht u
dng ca phn t nc, v chuyn ng
khng nhng ca cc phn t).
- Kt qu ca qu trnh ho tan tinh th NaCl
vo H2O l g?
- Qu trnh in li ca NaCl c biu din
ntn?
- Trong dung dch cc ion Na+ v Cl- c tn
ti c lp khng?( b cc phn t H2O bao
vy).
GV: hin tng gi l hin tng hirat
ho
Hot ng 6:
-GV: Phn t c lin kt ion khi tan trong
nc phn li thnh cc ion. Vy khi cc phn
t c lin kt cng ho tr khi tan trong nc
c phn li thnh cc ion khng? Nu c th
phn li ntn?
- Nu c im cu to ca phn t HCl?(lin
kt gia cc nguyn t trong pt l lk CHT
c cc)
- Khi cho HCl vo nc c hin tng g xy
ra?
(HS quan st hnh 1.4 SGK (tr.6) v gii thch
qu trnh in li ca HCl trong H2O
-Qu trnh in li ca HCl c biu din
ntn?
- Ti sao di tc dng ca phn t phn cc
HCl, phn t H2O khng phn li thnh ion H+
v OH- ?( HS v nh suy ngh )
- GV nu ch
- Di tc dng ca cc phn t H2O phn

cc, cc ion Na+ v Cl- tch ra khi tinh th v
i vo dung dch.
- Qu trnh in li ca NaCl c biu din:
NaCl Na+ + Cl-.
- Hin tng Na+ v Cl- khng tn ti c lp
m b nc bao vy gi l hin tng hirat
ho
( Na+.nH2O , Cl-.nH2O )
3. Qu trnh in li HCl trong H2O:
- Do s tng tc gia cc phn t phn cc

H2O v phn t phn cc HCl; phn t HCl
phn li thnh cc ion H+ v Cl-.
- Qu trnh in li ca HCl c biu din:
HCl H+ + ClCh : Cc phn t ancol etylic, ng,
glixerol cng l nhng phn t phn cc
nhng rt yu, nn di tc dng ca phn t
H2O chng khng phn li thnh ion c.
3. Bi tp cng c :
1/ Trng hp no sau y khng dn in c :
a. KCl rn, khan
b. Nc bin
c. Nc ao, h, sng, sui d. Dung dch KCl trong
nc
2/ ( Bi 5/7/SGK) : Cht no di y khng phn li ra ion khi ho tan trong nc:
a. MgCl2
b. HClO3
c. C6H12O6 ( glucoz )
d. Ba(OH)2
3/ ( Bi 6/7/SGK ) : Dung dch cht no sau y khng dn in c:
a. HCl trong C6H6
b. Ca(OH)2 trong nc ;c. CH3COONa trong nc d. NaHSO4 trong
nc
4/ ( Bi 3/7/SGK ) : Trong s cc cht sau cht no khng dn in c :
H2S; SO2; Cl2 ; H2SO3; CH4; NaHCO3 ; Ca(OH)2; HF; C6H6; NaClO.
5/ Mt HS ho tan natri oxit vo nc v lm th nghim thy dung dch thu oc dn c
in. Bn kt lun: Natri oxit l cht in li . Kt lun nh vy ng hay sai. Hy gii
thch ?
4. Dn d: - Lm cc bi tp cn li trong SGK v lm thm bi 1.4 1.8 SBT (tr. 4)
- Xem trc bi phn loi cht in li
5. Rt kinh nghim:
127
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ngy son: 26/8/2012

Tit 3:
PHN LOI CC CHT IN LI.
I. Mc tiu bi hc:
Kin thc
Hiu c :
Khi nim v in li, hng s in li.
Cht in li mnh, cht in li yu v cn bng in li, nh hng ca s pha long n
in li.
K nng
Quan st th nghim phn bit c cht in li mnh, cht in li yu.
Vit c phng trnh in li ca cht in li mnh, cht in li yu.
Gii c mt s bi tp c ni dung lin quan.
B. Trng tm
Phn bit c cht in li mnh, yu da vo in li ()
p dng in li () trong cn bng in li
C. Hng dn thc hin
Dng TN thy mc mnh, yu ca cht in li. T th nghim phn bit c cht
in li mnh, cht in li yu, hnh thnh khi nim in li, cc cht khc nhau c in li
khc nhau. in li ch mc phn li ra ion ca cht in li trong dung dch.
Gii thiu in li () v s dng phn bit cht in li mnh, yu. Vit biu thc
tnh in li .
Da vo biu thc tnh in li xc nh cht in li mnh( = 1), cht in li yu (0
< <1). Qu trnh in li t n trng thi cn bng gi l cn bng in li.
Ch : cn bng in li c thit lp i vi cht in li yu nn cn bng in li v
in li c quan h mt thit vi nhau, nhng yu t nh hng n in li (nh bn cht cht
in li, s pha long...) cng nh hng n cn bng in li.
Cn bng in li l cn bng ng cng dch chuyn theo nguyn l L Sa-t-li-.
p dng tnh nng mol ion trong phn ng trao i ion.
II. Phng php :
- Lm thc nghim ( Th nghim biu din )
- Hng dn hc sinh suy lun logic, t rt ra pht hin kin thc mi.
III. Chun b :
Gio vin :
- B dng c th nghim v tnh dn in ca dung dch.
- Dung dch HCl 0,1 M v CH3COOH 0,1 M.
1. n nh lp:
2. Kim tra bi c:
1/ S in li, cht in li l g ? Nhng loi cht no l cht in li ? Cho mt s v d v
cht in li v cht khng in li ?
128
2/ C ch ca qu trnh in li vi cht in li l hp cht ion, hp cht cng ho tr c

cc ?
3. Bi mi:
Hot ng ca GV v HS:
Ni dung ghi bi:
Hot ng 1 :
I. in li:
-Gio vin gii thiu dng c, ho cht th
1. Th nghim :
nghim theo hnh 1.1 SGK; nhng ho cht
lm th nghim l dung dch HCl 0,1 M v
dung dch CH3COOH 0,1 M.
-Gi mt hc sinh thao tc th nghim trn bn
gio vin ( Nu c iu kin lm th nghim
theo nhm ).
-Hc sinh quan st th nghim, nhn xt, gii
thch ?
- V sao dung dch HCl 0,1 M n sng r hn
dd CH3COOH 0,1 M?( nng ion trong dd
HCl > nng ion trong dd CH3COOH ). Rt
ra kt lun g?
Hot ng 2:
- Gio vin : ch mc in li ra ion ca
mt cht trong dung dch ngi ta dng i
lng l in li
- Hc sinh lm v d trong dung dch
CH3COOH 0,043 M, c 100 phn t ho tan
ch c 2 phn t phn li ra ion. Tnh phn trm
s phn t phn li ra ion ?
- GV: T l phn trm va tnh c l (
in li )
- in li ca mt cht l g?Cng thc
tnh ?
- Hy cho bit in li c cc gi tr ntn?
- Gi HS ln bng lm VD bn, cc HS cn li
lm vo v.
- GV( gii thiu thm): Phn t AB l cht
in li yu, nng mol ban u Co, in li
, th:
K = Co. 2/ (1- ); K l hng s phn li ca
AB
Hot ng 3:
-HS nghin cu SGK v cho bit th no l
cht in li mnh?
-Cht in li mnh c in li bng bao
nhiu? GV: thc cht in li ca cht in
li mnh gn bng 1, tin cho vic tnh ngi
ta coi =1
- GV: Cc cht in li mnh l: axit mnh,
baz mnh, cc mui tan (HS cho VD trong
mi trng hp).
GV: Trong phng trnh ca cht in li mnh,
ngi ta mt mi tn ch chiu ca qu trnh
in li.
-Dung dch HCl 0,1 M : n sng r

-Dung dch HNO3 0,1M: n sng m hn
Cc cht khc nhau c kh nng phn li
khc nhau.
2. in li:
- Khi nim: in li ca cht in li l t
s gia s phn t phn li ra ion (n) v tng
s phn t ho tan (n 0)
- Cng thc: = n / no hay = C / Co; 0 <

1
n : s phn t in li thnh ion ( C: nng
mol phn li)
no: s phn t ca cht ho tan (Co:
nng mol ban u)
VD1: Ho tan 200 phn t cht tan A trong
H2O c 170 phn t A phn li thnh ion. Hi
in li ca cht l bao nhiu?
Gii: in li ca cht A:
= 170 / 200 = 0,85 hay 85%
II. Cht in li mnh v cht in li yu :

1. Cht in li mnh:
- Cht in li mnh l cht khi tan trong
nc, cc phn t ho tan u phn li ra ion.(
= 1).
- Cc cht in li mnh l:
+ Axit mnh: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3,
HClO4,
+ Baz mnh: KOH, NaOH, Ba(OH)2,
+ Cc mui tan: NaCl, CuSO4, KNO3,
- Biu din: 1mi tn (ch s in li l hon
ton)
VD: HNO3 H+ + NO3-
129
-HS vit phng trnh ca cc cht in li

mnh :
HNO3, Ba(OH)2, Na2SO4.
-HS lm bi tp p dng : Tnh nng mol
ca cc ion c trong cc dd sau: (HS lm theo
nhm, sau gi i din nhm ln bng ).
a, Dung dch MgCl2 0,05M.
b, Thm H2O vo 2ml dd
HNO372%(d=1,43g/ml)
thnh 2 lt dd.
c,Ho tan 3g axit CH3COOH v H2O c 250
ml dd c in li = 0,2 (v nh lm)
- i vi cu b HS c th lm cch khc: tnh
m(ddHNO3),m (HNO3), CM (HNO3).
Hot ng 4:
- HS cho bit th no l cht in li yu?
- Gi tr in li bng bao nhiu ?
- Cht in li yu l nhng cht no ?
- Vit phng trnh in li ca CH3COOH,
H2S, Fe(OH)3 ?
- S in li ca cht in li yu l qu trnh g?
- Khi no trng thi cn bng c thit lp?
-c trng ca qu trnh thun nghch
lg?(hng s cn bng ( biu thc tnh hng s
K , ph thuc vo yu t no ?) chuyn dch
cn bng )
- Khi pha long dd, in li ca cc cht in

li tng, ti sao? (GV gi khi pha long cc
ion c kt hp to li phn t khng ?)
Ba(OH)2 Ba2+ + 2OHNa2SO4 2Na+ + SO42VD2: Tnh nng mol cc ion c trong cc
dd:
Gii:
2+
a. MgCl2 Mg + 2Cl0,05M
0,05M
0,1M
2+
Vy: Mg = 0,05M.
Cl- = 0,1M.
b. CM ( HNO3) = (10. d. C%)/ M ( HNO3)
= (10. 1,43. 72 ) / 63 = 16,32
M
m C1. V1 = C2. V2
CM (HNO3) = (16,32. 0,002) : 2 = 0,0163
M
HNO3 H+ + NO30,0163M 0,0163M 0,0163M
Vy: H+ = NO3- = 0,0163M
2. Cht in li yu:
- Cht in li yu l cht khi tan trong nc
ch c mt phn s phn t phn li ra ion,
phn co li vn tn ti di dng phn t
trong dung dch
( 0 < < 1)
- Cc cht in li yu: axit yu, baz yu.
- Biu din: 2 mi tn ngc chiu nhau.
VD: CH3COOH H+ + CH3COOa. Cn bng in li:
- S phn li cht in li yu l qu trnh thun
nghch .
- Khi tc phn li thnh ion bng tc kt
hp
Cc ion to thnh phn t cn bng in li
c thit lp (cn bng ng).
H CH 3COOVD: K CH 3 COOH =
CH 3COOH
b. nh hng ca s pha long n
in li:
- S pha long khng cn tr n s phn li
ca phn t, nhng cc ion dng v ion m
xa nhau, t c iu kin va chm nn kh to
li phn t.
- Cng pha long: in li cng tng.
4. Bi tp cng c :
1/( Bi 7/10 SGK) : CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COO in li ca CH3COOH s bin i nh th no?
a. Khi nh vo vi git dd HCl.
b. Khi pha long dung dch.
c. Khi nh vo vi git dd NaOH.
2/ Chn cu tr li ng:
130
A. Cht in li mnh c: > 1

B . Cht in li mnh c: = 1
C . Cht in li mnh c: < 1
D . Cht in li yu c: = 0
E. Cht in li yu c: = 1
F. Cht in li yu c: 0 < < 1
5. Dn d: - Lm bi tp 4,5,6 tr. 10 SGK v bi tp 1.9 1.14 tr. 4,5 SBT.
- Xem trc bi axit baz mui phn I
6. Rt kinh nghim:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ngy son: 30/8/2012

Tit 4:
Bi 3
AXIT BAZ - MUI ( tit 1 ).
I. Mc tiu bi hc:
A. Chun kin thc v k nng.
Kin thc
Bit c:
- nh ngha: axit, baz, hiroxit lng tnh v mui theo thuyt A-r-ni-ut.
- Axit nhiu nc, baz nhiu nc.
K nng
- Phn tch mt s th d axit, baz, mui c th, rt ra nh ngha, ly th d minh ho.

- Nhn bit c mt cht c th l axit, baz, mui, hiroxit lng tnh.
- Vit c phng trnh in li ca cc axit, baz, mui, hiroxit lng tnh c th.
B. Trng tm
Vit c phng trnh in li ca axit, baz, hiroxit lng tnh v mui theo A-re-ni-ut
C. Hng dn thc hin:
Hnh thnh khi nim axit baz theo A-re-ni-ut bng cch vit phng trnh in li ca
mt s axit baz kim.
T th nghim nu ra hai dng tn ti ca hiroxit lng tnh vit c phng trnh
in li ca hiroxit lng tnh theo A-re-ni-ut.
II. Phng php :
- Lm thc nghim ( Th nghim biu din )
- Hng dn hc sinh suy lun logic, t rt ra pht hin kin thc mi.
III. Chun b :
1. Gio vin :
Dng c: ng nghim, ho cht: cc dung dch NaOH, HCl, NH3, ZnCl2 ( hoc ZnSO4 ),
qu tm.
2. Hc sinh: Xem li bi tp axit, baz c hc lp 8, 9.
1. n nh lp:
2. Kim tra bi c:
1/ Tnh nng mol ca cc cation v anion trong dd Ba(NO3)2 0,20M? Th no l cht
in li mnh ? in li l g ? Th no l cht in li yu? Cht in li c in li bng
bao nhiu? Ly mt s v d v vit phng trnh in li ca chng?
2/ Vit ptddl ca cc cht sau: AlPO4, Ba(OH)2, HCLO, HNO2, Mg(OH)2, (CH3COO)2Pb
131
3. Bi mi:
Hot ng dy v hc:
Hot ng 1:
- Th no l axit, baz m cc em hc
lp di? Cho v d ?
- Vit phng trnh in li ca cc cht sau:
HCl, CH3COOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, H2SO4,
KOH.
- GV: Kt lun v axit, baz (theo Arniut)
Ni dung ghi bi:

I. Axit, baz theo thuyt Arniut:
1. nh ngha:
- Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra
cation H+
VD: HCl H+ + Cl- Baz l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra
anion OHVD: NaOH Na+ + OH- Dung dch axit: c tnh cht ca H+
- Tnh cht ca dung dch axit, baz ph thuc - Dung dch baz: c tnh cht ca OHvo ion no?
Hot ng 2:
2. Axit nhiu nc, baz nhiu nc:
- Da vo phng trnh in li HS vit trn
a. Axit nhiu nc:
bng, cho HS nhn xt v s ion H+ c
- Axit nhiu nc: 1 phn t ch phn li 1 nc ra
phn li ra t mi phn t axit? Mi phn t
ion H+
baz?
VD: HNO3 H+ + NO3 rt ra khi nim v axit nhiu nc, baz
- Axit nhiu nc: l mt phn t phn li nhiu
nhiu nc.
nc ra ion H+
- GV: Nhn mnh axit mnh nhiu nc, baz
VD1: H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4mnh nhiu nc, ch c nc th nht in li
H2PO4- H+ + HPO42hon ton. thun li cho cc bi ton nh
HPO42- H+ + PO43lng, ngi ta chp nhn axit mnh, baz
VD2: H2SO4 H+ + HSO4mnh nhiu nc in li hon ton.
HSO4- H+ + SO42-GV lu thm: axit H3PO3: axit 2 nc
b. Baz nhiu nc:
Axit H3PO2: axit 1 nc
- Baz mt nc: mt phn t ch phn li mt
nc ra ion OHVD: KOH K+ + OH- Baz nhiu nc: mt phn t phn li nhiu
nc ra ion OHVD: Ca(OH)2 Ca(OH)+ + OHCa(OH)+ Ca2+ + OHLu : - Axit, baz nhiu nc ch c nc 1 l
in li hon ton.
- Khi tnh ton chp nhn axit mnh,
baz mnh nhiu nc in li hon ton.
VD: H2SO4 2H+ + SO423. Hiroxit lng tnh:
- L cht khi tan trong nc va c th phn li
Hot ng 3:
nh axit, va c th phn li nh baz.
- HS lm th nghim: nh t t dung dch
VD: Zn(OH)2 l hiroxit lng tnh.
NaOH vo dung dch ZnCl2, cho n khi kt
Zn(OH)2 Zn2+ + 2 OH-(phn li kiu
ta khng xut hin thm na. Chia kt ta
baz)
lm 2 ng nghim:
Zn(OH)2 2H+ + ZnO22-(phn li kiu
+ ng 1: cho vo vi git dd HCl.
axit)
+ ng 2: tip tc nh dd NaOH vo.
Hay Zn(OH)2 + 2 H2O [Zn(OH)4]2- +
- HS quan st TN, nu hin tng, nhn xt?
2H+
- GV: Theo Arniut, Zn(OH)2 phn li theo
- Mt s hiroxit lng tnh thng gp:
kiu axit v kiu baz ( nn c th tc dng
Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3, Be(OH)2, Pb(OH)2,
c vi axit, vi baz )
- Ngoi Zn(OH)2 l hiroxit lng tnh cn c Sn(OH)2, Cr(OH)3
hiroxit lng tnh no khc? (GV b sung)
132
-GV: Pb(OH)2, Sn(OH)2, Cu(OH)2 ch tan

trong dd kim c
Hot ng 4:
- GV gi HS thy nhng hn ch ca
thuyt Arniut, sau b sung v kt lun.
4. Nhng hn ch ca thuyt axit, baz

theo Arniut:
- Phm vi p dng hp: v ch ng cho dung
mi l nc
- Khng nu ln c vai tr ca dung mi
nc:
HCl H+ + Cl-;thc ra: HCl + H2O H3O++
Cl- Xem cation H+ tn ti c lp trong dung
dch l khng ng, v: H2Ol phn t lng
cc, ion H+ l mt ht proton c kch thc v
cng nh v mang in tch dng, nn khng
th ng c lp cnh phn t H2Okhng l
v lng cc.
- Thuyt ny khng gii thch c cc trng
hp l baz m phn t li khng c nhm
OH nh: NH3, R- NH2,
- Phn ng trung ho l phn ng trong :
H+ + OH- H2O
(axit)
( baz)
Nn khng gii thch c phn ng axit baz
sau:
HCl + NH3 NH4Cl
4. Bi tp cng c :- Lm bi tp p dng: Bi 4 (tr.16 SGK)

Kt lun no di y l ng theo thuyt Arniut:
A. Mt hp cht trong thnh phn phn t c H l axit.
B. Mt hp cht trong thnh phn phn t c nhm OH l baz.
C. Mt hp cht trong thnh phn phn t c hiro v phn li ra H+ trong nc l axit.
D. Mt baz khng nht thit phi c nhm OH trong thnh phn phn t
5. Dn d: - Lm bi tp 1, 2, 3 tr. 16 SGK v bi tp 1.15 1.17 tr. 5, 6 SBT.
- Xem tip phn cn li ca bi axit baz.
6. Rt kinh nghim:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------133
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
134
Ngy son: 01/9/2012

Tit 5:
Bi 3
AXIT BAZ - MUI ( tit 2 ).
I. Mc tiu bi hc:
A. Chun kin thc v k nng.
Kin thc
- nh ngha: axit, baz theo thuyt Bron- stt, hng s phn li axit, hng s phn li
baz
K nng
- Vit c phng trnh in li ca cc axit, baz, hiroxit lng tnh c th.

- Vit biu thc hng s phn li axit v hng s phn li baz cho mt s trng hp c th.
- Gii c bi tp: Tnh nng mol ion trong dung dch cht in li mnh v cht in li
yu ; mt s bi tp khc c ni dung lin quan.
B. Trng tm
Vit c phng trnh in li ca axit, baz, hiroxit lng tnh theo Bron-stt.
- Vit biu thc hng s phn li axit v hng s phn li baz cho mt s trng hp c th.
C. Hng dn thc hin:
- Hnh thnh khi nim axit- baz theo Bron-stt bng cch vit qu trnh nhng v nhn
proton ca mt s axit baz ( axit v baz c th l phn t hoc ion), t hnh thnh khi
nim cht lng tnh(va c th nhng,va c th nhn prroton).
- Vit c biu thc hng s phn li axit v hng s phn li baz cho mt cht c th.
Phn bit thnh phn mang in tch ca mui trung ha, mui axit phc tp vit
c phng trnh in li ca mui trung ha , mui axit v mui phc tp .
II. Phng php :
- Lm th nghim.
- Dng phng php gi m, nu vn , hng dn HS suy lun logic, pht hin kin
thc mi.
III. Chun b :
Gio vin :
Dng c: ng nghim, ho cht: dung dch NH3, qu tm.
1. n nh lp:
2. Kim tra bi c:
Pht biu nh ngha axit, baz theo Arniut? Nu cc v d minh ho?
3. Bi mi:
Hot ng dy v hc:
Ni dung ghi bi:
Hot ng 1:
II.Khi nim v axit, baz theo thuyt
- Cho HS lm th nghim: nhng 1 mu giy
Bronstt:
qu tm vo dd NH3. HS nhn xt v kt
1. nh ngha:
lun?
- Vit CTPT ca ammoniac, gi HS phn
tch trong phn t khng c nhm OH m dd
NH3 c tnh baz.
- Axit l cht nhng proton ( H+ )
- GV: R rng thuyt Arniut khng th gii
- Baz l cht nhn proton ( H+ )
thch c( hn ch). Da vo thuyt Bron- Cht lng tnh l cht va c kh nng nhn
stt gii thch trng hp ny.
proton v va c kh nng nhng proton.
- Theo Bron-stt: (HS nghin cu SGK)
VD:CH3COOH + H2O
CH3COO- + H3O+
NH3 + H2O
(axit)
(baz)
(baz)
(axit)
HCl + H2O
NH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OH-Yu cu HS nhn xt vai tr ca H2O trong 2 (baz) (axit)
(axit)
(baz)
trng hp trn l g?( p/ (1) H2O nhng
H2O l cht lng tnh.
135
proton cho NH3, p/ (2) H2O nhn proton t

HCl
H2O l cht lng tnh)
- Axit, baz theo thuyt Bron-stt?
- Da vo thuyt axit, baz ca Bronstt, hy
chng minh ion HCO3 - l cht lng tnh?.
- Cht lng tnh l cht c kh nng ?
- GV: gi cho HS nu nhn xt.
Hot ng 2:
- Da vo SGK v nhng nhc im ca
thuyt Arniut hc, t nu nhng u
im ca thuyt Bronstt?
-GV: b sung sau khi HS nu cn thiu.
HCO3- + H2O
CO32- + H3O+
HCO3- + H2O
H2CO3 + OHNhn xt: + Axit, baz l phn t hoc ion
+ n gin: H3O+ vit H+
+ Axit
baz + H+
2. u im ca thuyt Bron-stt:
- Dung mi: bt k ( c khi vng mt ca
nc)
- Vai tr dung mi H2O: c th.
- Ion H+ trong dd khng c lp(H3O+; ion
oxoni)
- Mt s baz: NH3, R-NH2,...khng c nhm
OH - M rng phn ng axit-baz: gia cht
cho v cht nhn proton.
VD: NH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OHCn theo Arniut: phn ng axit-baz:
H+ + OH- H2O
(axit)
(baz)
Hot ng 3:
III. Hng s phn li axit v baz:
- Yu cu HS vit phong trnh in li v biu 1. Hng s phn li axit: ( Ka )
thc hng s phn li ca axit yu CH3COOH VD: CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+
H . CH 3COO Ka =
CH 3COOH
- Tng t vit hng s phn li baz ca cn
2. Hng s phn li baz:
bng
Vd: NH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OHNH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OH- Hng s cn bng v hng s phn li baz:
rt ra Kc . [ H2O ] = ?
NH 4 . OH
- GV: Dung dch long, nn [ H2O ] coi nh
Kc =
khng i, t rt ra iu g? ( Kc .[ H2O ]
NH 3 . H 2O
=Kb)
NH 4 . OH
- Ka, Kb ph thuc vo yu t no?
Kc . [ H2O] =
= Kb
NH 3
- GV: 250C, Ka (CH3COOH) = 1,75.10-5
Lu : + Gi tr Ka cng nh lc axit cng
Ka ( HClO) = 5.10-8
+
yu
HS nhn xt lc axit,[ H ] trong 2 dd axit
+Gi tr Kb cng nh lc baz cng
trn?
yu
+ Thng qua lc axit, baz bit bn
cht
ca
axit, baz ( mnh hay yu).
Hot ng 4:
IV. Mui:
- Nghin cu SGK hy cho bit mui l g?
1. nh ngha:
Phn loi mui? Cho vd minh ho?
- Mui l hp cht khi tan trong H2O phn li ra
cation kim loi ( hoc cation NH4+) v anion
- K tn mt s mui thng gp? Tnh cht
gc axit.
chung ca mui ? ( tnh tan v tnh phn li )
- Phn loi:
+ Mui axit: l mui m trong phn t vn
cn hiro mang tnh axit.
Vd: NaHCO3, KHSO4, Na2HPO4,
+ Mui trung ho: l mui m trong phn t
- GV: ging thm v H mang tnh axit: H3PO3
khng
cn hiro mang tnh axit.
c 2H mang tnh axit ( l H trong nhm OH),
Vd: NaNO3, NH4Cl, Na2HPO3, NaH2PO2,
H3PO2
+ Mui kp, mui phc:
C 1H mang tnh axit.
136
- GV: Lu tnh tan, kt ta, t tan ca mui.
- Gi HS vit phng trnh in li ca mui.
Vd: NaCl.KCl, [ Ag(NH3)2]Cl,

Lu : Mt s mui kt ta, tc l khng tan
nhng thc t vn c tan t. Phn nh tan c
vn in li.
2. S in li ca mui:
Vd: K2SO4 2K+ + SO42NaHSO3 Na+ + HSO3HSO3H+ + SO32[ Ag(NH3)2]Cl [ Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl[ Ag(NH3)2]+
Ag+ + 2NH3
4. Bi tp cng c : 1, - Lm bi tp p dng: Bi 5 (tr.16 SGK)

Theo thuyt Bronstt th nhn xt no sau y l ng?
A. Trong thnh phn ca baz phi c nhm OH.
B. Axit hoc baz c th l phn t hoc ion.
C. Trong thnh phn ca axit c th khng c hiro.
D. Axit hoc baz khng th l ion.
2, Tnh nng mol ca ion OH- trong dd NH3 0,10M ( Kb = 1,80.10-5 ).
5. Dn d: - Lm bi tp 4,5,6,7,8,9,10 tr. 16 SGK v bi tp 1.17 1.23 tr. 6 SBT.
- Xem trc bi: s in li ca H2O pH - cht ch th axit baz.
6. Rt kinh nghim:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------137
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
138
Ngy son: 03/9/2012

Tit 6
LUYN TP
I.
1.
MC TIU
Kin thc
- Cng c cc kin thc v khi nim axit baz theo Arniut, Bronstt, cht lng tnh,
phn loi mui
2.
K nng
- Vit phng trnh in li ca cc cht.
- Lm cc bi tp lin quan n nng mol ca dung dch axit, baz, mui.
- Bit p dng nh lut bo ton in tch v nh lut bo ton khi lng gii ton
II.
CHUN B
- Bi tp luyn tp pht trc
III.
CC BC LN LP
1.
n nh lp kim tra s vng.
2.
Vo bi
Hot ng dy v hc:
Hot ng 1:
- Cho HS tho lun khc su kin thc, theo
cc cu hi:
1, Axit l g theo Arniut, Bronstt?
2, Baz l g theo Arniut, Bronstt ?
3, Cht lng tnh l g ? V d?
4, Cht trung tnh l g ? V d?
5, Mui l g? Mui thng gp c my loi
mui VD ?
Hot ng 2: Bi tp
GV chiu bi tp. Yu cu HS ln bng lm.
Qua cc bi tp GV nhn mnh nhng vn
cn ch khi gii ba tp.
1/ Vit phng trnh in li
2/ Tnh nng mol/l ca cation v anion
trong cc dung dch sau:
Lu : Gv hng dn cu c v d cho
Hs hiu v t lm.
Nh vy, i vi cht in li mnh th
khi bit nng phn t s tm c
Ni dung ghi bi:

I. Kin thc cn nh:
1. Khi nim v axit, baz v mui
a, Axit:
- Arniut: cha H+, tan trong nc H+
- Bronstt: cho proton H+
b, Baz:
- Arniut: cha OH, tan trong nc OH- Bronstt: nhn proton H+
c, Cht lng tnh: c nhn, c nhng
proton
Vd: ZnO, PbO, Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3, Cr(OH)3,
H2O, HPO42-, H2PO4-, HCO3-, HSO3-, HS-,
d, Cht trung tnh: khng nhn, khng
nhng proton
Vd: Na+, K+, Li+, Ca2+, SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, ClO4,
e, Mui: tan trong nc cation kim loi
(NH4+) vi gc axit.
Mui trung ho, mui axit, mui khc:phc,
kp
II. Bi tp: HS ln bng lm
1/
Na2CO3
Na2HPO4
H2SO3
.
2/
K2CO3
0,01M
139
2 Na+ + CO32-.
2 Na+ + HPO42-.
H+ + HSO32 K+ + CO32
0,02M 0,01M
HNO3
H+ + NO30,03M
0,03M
0,03M
+
Na
+ OH3/Gv: a ra cng thc nh lut bo ton in NaOH
0,02M
0,02M
0,02M
tch.
2+
Ba + 2 OH/ Tng in tch dng = Tng in tch m Ba(OH)2
0,01M
0,01M 0,02M
(in tch * s mol )ion dng = n K2SO4 = 8,7/ 174 = 0,05 mol
CM = n/V = 0,1M
(in tch * s mol ) ion m.
[K+ ] = 0,2M , [SO42- ] = 0,1M
Yu cu Hs p dng nh lut gii bi ton
ny.
HS: 3a/ 2a +2b = c + d
3b/Ta c :
4/ Gv hng dn Hs:
1.0,04 + 2.0,02 = 1. 0,01 + 2. 0,02 + 1.x
- Vit phng trnh in ly
x = 0,08 0,05 = 0,03 mol.
- Tnh s mol ca ion H+ trong tng
dung dch .Sau tnh tng s mol H+
v th tch chung ca dung dch.
- Tnh nng H+.
- Da vo phn ng gia H+ v OH-
tnh
nng ion v ngc li.
GV: bi tp 5, 6 tng t
V. Dn d:
VI. Rt kinh nghim:
BI TP
1/ Vit phng trnh in li ca cc cht sau trong dung dch: Na2CO3, Na2HPO4, H2SO3,
H2SO4, CH3COOH, Fe(OH)2, Ca(OH)2.Xc nh cht in ly mnh, cht in ly yu.
2/ Tnh nng mol/l ca cation v anion trong cc dung dch sau:
a. K2CO3 0,01M
b. HNO3 0,03M
c. Dd hn hp NaOH 0,02M v Ba(OH)2 0,01M.
d. 8,7 gam K2SO4 vo H2O thu c 500 ml dung dch.
3/
a.Dung dch X c cha : a mol Ca2+ , b mol Mg2+ , c mol Cl- , d mol NO3- . Hy vit
biu thc th hin mi quan h gia a,b,c,d ?
b.Cho dd A cha cc ion sau : Na+ 0,04 mol , Mg2+ 0,02 mol , NO3- 0,01 mol , SO420,02 mol , HCO3- x mol .Tnh gi tr ca x ?
4/ Trn 138 ml dung dch HCl 0,01M vi 593 ml dung dch HNO3 0,01M th thu c dung
dch B. Tnh nng ion H+ c trong dung dch B?
Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 1M cn trung ho hn hp axit trn
140
5/ Tnh th tch dd HCl 0,3 M cn trung ha 100 ml dd hn hp NaOH 0,1 M v Ba(OH)2

0,1 M ?
6/ Cho 10 ml dd hh HCl 1 M v H2SO4 0,5 M. Hy tnh th tch dd NaOH cn trung ha dd
axit cho ?
7/ Dung dch CH3COOH c cha nhng tiu phn no? Gii thch.
8/ Mt dd c cha 2 loi cation l Fe2+ ( 0,1 mol ) v Al3+ ( 0,2 mol ) cng 2 loi anion l Cl- (
x mol ) v SO42-( y mol ) .Tnh x v y bit rng khi c cn dd v lm khan thu c 46,9 g cht
rn khan.
9/ Cn bng sau tn ti trong dung dch:
CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+
Cn bng ny s thay i nh th no khi:
a.Khi nh vo vi git dung dch HCl
b.Khi thm mt t tinh th CH3COONa
c.Khi lm gim nng ion H+ trong dung dch xung.
10/ Sp xp kh nng dn in tng dn ca cc dung dch sau c cng nng mol: K2SO4,
HCl, HF, ancol etylic
141
Ngy son: 03/9/2012

Tit 7
S IN LI CA NC . pH . CHT CH TH AXIT - BAZ.(T.1)
I. Mc tiu bi hc:
A. Chun kin thc v k nng:
Kin thc
Hiu c:
Tch s ion ca nc, ngha tch s ion ca nc.
B.Trng tm:
Xy dng c biu thc tch s ion ca nc, vn dng xc nh nng ion H+ v
OH trong dung dch. v nu c ngha ca biu thc ny.
C. Hng dn thc hin:
T phng trnh in li ca nc xy dng biu thc tch s ion ca nc, xc nh
nng ion H+ v OH- trong dung dch.
II. Phng php :
- Lm th nghim.
thc mi.
III. Chun b :
Gio vin :
- Dung dch axit long: HCl, H2SO4, dung dch baz long: NaOH, Ca(OH)2,
phenolphthalein, giy ch th axit baz vn nng.
- Tranh v, nh chp my o pH.
1. n nh lp:
2. Kim tra bi c:
Pht biu nh ngha axit, baz theo Bronstt? Nu nhng u im ca thuyt ny?
3. Bi mi:
Hot ng dy v hc:
Ni dung ghi bi:
Hot ng 1:
I. Nc l cht in li rt yu:
- GV: Bng thc nghim ngi ta xc nhn 1. S in li ca nc:
H+ + OH- (1)
H2O l cht in li rt yu.
- Theo Arniut: H2O
- Gi HS vit qu trnh in li ca nc theo
H3O+ +
- Theo Bronstt: H2O+H2O
Arniut , theo Bronstt?

OH- GV: 2 cch vit ny cho hiu qu ging
n gin : H3O+ vit H+
nhau, n gin chn cch vit ( 1).
Hot ng 2:
- Yu cu HS vit biu thc hng s cn bng 2. Tch s ion ca nc:
ca phng trnh (1).
- GV: Do in li ca nc rt yu nn
- K H 2 O = [ H+]. [ OH-] = 10-14 ( K H 2 O l tch
nng ca nc trong biu thc hng s cn s ion ca H2O).
bng c coi l khng i, k hiu l K H 2 O ,
[ H+] = [ OH-] = 10-7 (mol/l)
- H2O l mi trng trung tnh:
ta c:
+
[ H+] = [ OH-] = 10-7
K H 2 O = K. [ H2O] =[ H ]. [ OH ]
K H 2 O l mt hng s nhit xc nh, gi
l tch s ion ca nc.
- GV: 250C K H 2 O = 10-14. Da vo p/ trnh
(1) v tch s ion ca nc, tnh [H+].[ OH-]
=?
Hot ng 3:
3. ngha tch s ion ca nc:

142
-GV: Tch s ion ca nc l mt hng s i

vi c dd long cc cht. V vy: nu bit
nng H+ trong dd s bit c nng
OH- trong dd v ngc li.
- Gi HS tnh [ H+] v[ OH-] ca dd: HCl
0,01M, dung dch NaOH 0,01M ( gi 2 HS
ln bng ).
- T kt qu 2 v d trn yu cu HS so snh[
H+] v[ OH-] trong dung dch HCl v trong dd
NaOH
Rt ra ngha tch s ion ca nc?
Vd: Tnh [ H+] v[ OH-] ca dd: HCl 0,01M,

dung dch NaOH 0,01M
Gii: a, Trong dd HCl 0,01M.
HCl H+ + Cl+
[ H ] = [ Cl-] = 10-2 M
K H 2 O 10 14
[OH ] =
=
= 10-12 M
2
H
10
+
So snh [ H ] > [ OH-] trong dd axit.
b,Trong dd NaOH 0,01M
[ Na+] = [ OH-] = 10-2 M
10 14
+
[H ] =
= 10-12 M
2
10
So snh [OH-] > [ H+] trong dd baz.
- Mi trng axit: [ H+] > 10-7M
- Mi trng baz: [ H+] < 10-7M
- Mi trng trung tnh:[ H+] = [ OH-] = 10-7M
4. Bi tp cng c : Lm bi tp p dng: Bi 10 (tr.20 SGK)

.
5. Dn d: - Lm bi tp 1 9 tr. 20 SGK v bi tp 1.24 1.30 tr. 7 SBT.
- Xem trc bi: luyn tp axit baz - mui.
6. Rt kinh nghim:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------143
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ngy son: 05/9/2012

Tit 8:
S IN LI CA NC . pH . CHT CH TH AXIT - BAZ. (T2)
I. Mc tiu bi hc:
Kin thc
Hiu c:
Khi nim v pH, nh ngha mi trng axit, mi trng trung tnh v mi trng kim.
Bit c: Cht ch th axit - baz : qu tm, phenolphtalein v giy ch th vn nng
K nng
Tnh pH ca dung dch axit mnh, baz mnh.

Xc nh c mi trng ca dung dch bng cch s dng giy ch th axit- baz vn
nng, giy qu tm hoc dung dch phenolphtalein.
B.Trng tm:
nh gi axit, baz ca dung dch da vo nng ion H+ , OH- , pH , pOH
S dng c mt s cht ch th axit, baz xc nh tnh axit, kim ca dung dch.
C. Hng dn thc hin:
Nu c ngha ca tch s ion ca nc l mt hng s khng i gii thch c
vic nh gi axit v kim ca dung dch l da vo nng ion H+ v bit cch dng
gi tr pH vi quy c [H+] = 1,0.10-a pH = a xc nh mi trng axit, mi trng baz,
mi trng trung tnh.
Mi trng trung tnh: [H+]=1,0.10-7 M pH = 7
Mi trng axit :
[H+] >1,0.10-7 M pH < 7
Mi trng kim
[H+] < 1,0.10-7 M pH >7
Da v s chuyn mu ca giy qu v dung dch phenophtalein xc nh c mi
trng ca dung dch, da vo mu ca giy ch th vn nng c th xc nh c gn ng
gi tr pH ca dung dch.
II. Phng php :
- Lm th nghim.
thc mi.
III. Chun b :
Gio vin :
- Dung dch axit long: HCl, H2SO4, dung dch baz long: NaOH, Ca(OH)2,
phenolphthalein, giy ch th axit baz vn nng.
- Tranh v, nh chp my o pH.
1,n nh lp:
2, Kim tra bi c:
Pht biu nh ngha axit, baz theo Bronstt? Nu nhng u im ca thuyt ny?
3, Bi mi:
Hot ng dy v hc:
Ni dung ghi bi:
Hot ng 1:
II. Khi nim v pH. Cht ch th axit - Yu cu HS cho bit pH l g? ( da vo
baz:
kin thc hc v SGK ), dung dch axit,
1. Khi nim v pH:
144
baz c pH bng bao nhiu?

- GV: Gii thiu cng thc tnh pH, sau
HS suy ra cng thc tnh pOH v pH +
pOH = ?
- GV: Hng dn Hs xem thang pH SGK tr.
19
- xc nh pH ca dd ngi ta dng
g?
- Cht ch th l g?
- Dng cht ch th axit baz nhn bit cc
cht trong 3 ng nghim: dd HCl, dd NaOH,
H2O ( HS lm th nghim theo nhm, i din
nhm bo co kt qu v cch tin hnh )
- GV: Trn ln mt s cht ch th c mu
bin i k tip nhau theo gi tr pH, ta c
hn hp cht ch th vn nng.
- GV: xc nh chnh xc gi tr pH dung
my o pH ( nu c iu kin cho HS xem
my o pH qua nh chp v gii thiu qua
nguyn l hot ng ca my)
Hot ng 2:
GV ra bi tp 5 trang 39 SGK v hng dn
HS gii
- Trong nhng dd c [ H+] nh, trnh vit[

H+]
vi s m m, ngi ta thng dung pH vi
qui c:
[ H+] = 10-pH pH = -lg [ H+]
[ OH-] = 10-pOH pOH = -lg [ OH-]
[ H+].[OH-] = 10-14pH + pOH = 14.
- Mi trng axit: pH < 7.
- Mi trng baz: pH > 7
- Mi trng trung tnh: pH = 7
2. Cht ch th axit - baz:

- Cht ch th l cht c mu bin i ph
thuc vo gi tr ca pH.
- Cht ch th axit baz: qu tm,
phenolphthalein ch xc nh pH gn ng.
- Xc nh chnh xc pH: dung my o pH.
a/ Tnh pH ca d.dch cha 1,46 gam HCl
trong 400 ml?
b/ Tnh pH ca d.dch to thnh sau khi trng
100 ml d.dch HCl 1M vi 400mld.dch NaOH
0,375M
Gii:
1,46
a/ Ta c nHCl =
= 0,04 mol
36,5
0,04
CHCl =
= 10-1 M = CH+
0,4
Vy pH = 1
b/ nHCl = 0,1 x 1 = 0,1mol
nNaOH = 0,375 x 0,4 = 0,15 mol
HCl + NaOH
NaCl + H2O
Sau phn ng NaCl: 0,1 mol
NaOH d = 0,15 - 0,1 = 0,05 mol
0,05
CNaOH d = COH- d =
= 0,1M
0,5
Vy POH = 1.
Dung dch c pH = 13
4. Bi tp cng c :
1, Tnh pH ca dd cha 1,46 g HCl trong 600,0 ml.
145
2, Tnh pH ca dd to thnh sau khi trn 100,0 ml dd HCl 1,00M vi 200,0 ml dd NaOH
0,375M.
5. Dn d: - Xem trc bi: luyn tp axit baz - mui.
6. Rt kinh nghim:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
146
Ngy son: 10/9/2012

Tit 9:
PHN NG TRAO I ION TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI (T.1)
I. Mc tiu bi hc:
Kin thc:
Hiu c:
Bn cht ca phn ng xy ra trong dung dch cc cht in li l phn ng gia cc ion.
xy ra phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li phi c t nht mt trong
cc iu kin:
+ To thnh cht kt ta.
+ To thnh cht in li yu.
+ To thnh cht kh.
K nng
Quan st hin tng th nghim bit c phn ng ha hc xy ra.

D on c kt qu phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li.
Vit c phng trnh ion y v rt gn.
B.Trng tm:
Hiu c bn cht , iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht
in ly v vit c phng trnh ion rt gn ca cc phn ng.
C. Hng dn thc hin:
T cc th nghim rt ra c bn cht ca phn ng xy ra trong dung dch cc cht
in li l phn ng gia cc ion v iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch
cc cht in li l c t nht mt trong cc iu kin sau: to thnh cht kt ta, cht in ly yu
v cht kh.
Vn dng d on kt qu phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li, vit
c cc phng trnh ion y v thu gn ca cc phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch
cht in li v p dng vo vic gii cc bi ton tnh khi lng v th tch cc sn phm thu
c.
.II. Phng php :m thoi ,th nghim.
III. Chun b :
Gio vin :-Chun b cho mi nhm HS 4 ON ,gi ON.
- Ho cht :Cc dd :NaCl,Na2CO3,NaOH,HCl,pp,CH3COONa.
1. n nh lp:
2. Kim tra bi c: Theo thuyt Bron-stt cho bit TCHH ca cc cht sau v c/m bng
PHH:H2SO3, NH3, HCO3-.
3. Bi mi.
Hot ng ca GV v HS
Hot ng 1(trng tm):
GV lm TN : Trn dd Na2SO4 vi dd BaCl2 Ni dung
,c hin tng g xy ra?Vit PTHH GV
I.iu kin xy ra p trao i ion trong dd cc
hng dn HS vit pt ion rt gn.
cht in li.
HS:Vit PTHH pt,ion. GV:Emhy cho bit 1. P to thnh cht kt ta.
bn cht ca p trong dd l g?.
Vd 1:Na2SO4 + BaCl2
NaCl + BaSO4 .
GV:Tng t hy vit ptpt v ion rt
-PT ion :
dd NaOH vi dd CuSO4
2Na++ SO42- +Ba2+ + 2Cl-
2Na+ +2Cl- +
BaSO4 .
147
-PT ion rt gn: SO42- +Ba2+

BaSO4 .
Vd 2: CuSO4 + NaOH

-Pt ion rt gn;
Hot ng 2(trng tm):
GV:Lm TN trong SGK (NaOH + PP +
HCl).
HS:Quan st ,vit PTHH (pt,ion rt
gn),gii thch hin tng.
GV:Cho HS vit PTHH tng t i vi vd
2.
2. P to thnh cht in li yu.

a)P to thnh nc.
Vd 1: HCl + NaOH

+
-PT ion rt gn: H + OH-
H2O.
Vd 2: HCl + Mg(OH)2
-PT ion rt gn:
GV:Lm TN (HCl + CH3COONa).

HS: Xem, gii thch hin tng (mi gim)
bng PTHH , vit pt ion rt gn.
HS: Cho mt s vd tng t khc
b)P to thnh axit yu.

Vd 1: CH3COONa + HCl
-PT ion rt gn: CH3COO- + H+
CH3COOH
Vd 2:
Hot ng 3(trng tm):

HS:LmTN (HCl + Na2CO3),gii thch hin
tng bng PTHH pt,ion.
GV:Nhn xt ,rt ra kt lun chung.
3. P to thnh cht kh.

Vd 1:HCl + Na2CO3
+
-PT ion rt gn: 2H + CO32-
H2O + CO2 .
Vd 2: H2SO4 + Na2S

-PT ion rt gn:
=>Kt lun:-P xy ra trong dd cc cht in li l
p gia cc ion.
-P trao i ion trong dd cc cht in li ch
xy ra khi cc ion kt hp c vi nhau to thnh
t nht mt trong cc cht sau:
+ Cht kt ta.
+ Cht in li yu.
+ Cht kh.
4. Dn d- BT111 SGK trang 28-29.

5. Rt kinh nghim :
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------148
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
149
Ngy son: 12/9/2012

Tit 10:
PHN NG TRAO I ION TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI (T.2)
I. Mc tiu bi hc:
Kin thc:
Hiu c:
Khi nim s thy phn ca mui, phn ng thy phn ca mui
K nng
Gii c bi tp : Tnh khi lng kt ta hoc th tch kh sau phn ng; tnh % khi
lng cc cht trong hn hp, bi tp khc c ni dung lin quan.
B.Trng tm:
Khi nim phn ng thy phn, phn ng thy phn ca mui.
Vn dng vo vic gii cc bi ton tnh khi lng v th tch ca cc sn phm thu
c, tnh nng mol ion thu c sau phn ng.
C. Hng dn thc hin:
T th nghim hnh thnh khi nim phn ng thy phn v gii thch c qu trnh
phn li ra ion ca cc dung dch mui to ra cc mi trng axit hoc kim ty theo mui l
sn phm ca phn ng gia axit mnh v baz yu hay baz mnhv axit yu.
II. Phng php :m thoi ,th nghim.
III. Chun b :
Gio vin :-Chun b phiu hc tp.
1. n nh lp:
2. Kim tra bi c:
3. Bi mi.
Hot ng ca GV v HS
Ni dung
Hot ng 1:
GV:Chun b 4 ON;
(1)H2O; (2)dd CH3COONa, (3)dd Fe(NO3)3,
(4)dd NaCl.Nhng giy qu vo 4 ON .
HS: Nhn xt hin tng?
GV: Kt lun
Hot ng 2(trng tm):

GV:Gt cho HS hin tng CH3COONa.
HS:Gt cc hin tng cn li.Nhn xt v
thnh phn cc mui.
GV:Vd3,4 mui ca axit yu v baz yu
hoc mui ca axit yu khi ho tan vo H2O
th pH thay i nh th no?
II.Phn ng thu phn ca mui.

1. Khi nim s thu phn ca mui.
Vd:Nhng qu tm vo:
H2O khng i mu
mi trng trung
tnh.
CH3COONa chuyn sang mu xanh
mt
kim.
Fe(NO3)3 chuyn sang mu
mt axit.
NaCl khng i mu
mt trung tnh.
Kt lun: P trao i ion gia mui v nc
l p thu phn ca mui.
2. P thu phn.
a)Khi mui trung ho to bi cation ca baz
mnh v anion gc axit yu tan trong nc th
gc axit yu b thu phn,mi trng ca dd l
kim (pH>7,0).
Vd:CH3COONa, K2S, Na2CO3.
Gii thch: CH3COONa
Na+ +
CH3COO .
150

CH3COOH + OH-.
CH3COO- + H2O
Hot ng 6:Cng c.
Cc anion OH- c gii phng,nn mi

trng c pH>7,0.
b) Khi mui trung ho to bi cation ca baz
yu v anion gc axit mnh tan trong nc th
cation ca baz yu b thu phn,mi trng
ca dd l c tnh axit (pH<7,0).
Vd: Fe(NO3)3, NH4Cl, AlBr3
c)Khi mui trung ho to bi cation ca baz
mnh v anion gc axit mnh tan trong nc
th cc ion khng b thu phn ,mi trng ca
dd vn trung tnh(pH=7,0).
Vd:NaCl, Ba(NO3)2, KBr
d)Khi mui trung ho to bi cation ca baz
yu v anion gc axit yu tan trong nc th
cction vnion u b thu phn. Mi trng
ca dd ph thuc vo thu phn ca hai ion.
4. Dn d- BT 2,4 SGK trang 28 -29

Chun b n tp l thuyt v bt tit sau luyn tp.
5.Rt kinh nghim :
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------151
Ngy son: 15/9/2012

Tit 11:
LUYN TP
I. Mc tiu bi hc:
Luyn tp: + Vit phng trnh in li axit, baz, mui tan theo a-re-ni-ut v theo
Bron-stet
+ Thit lp biu thc ca hng s phn li axit v hng s phn li baz cho mt s axit,
baz c th.
+ p dng tnh hng s Ka hoc Kb theo nng cho trc v ngc li
: + Xc nh mi trng da vo nng [H+]; [OH] v pH
+ Xc nh pH khi bit hng s Ka hay Kb v ngc li
+ Xc inh pH ca dung dch sau khi phn ng xy ra
: + Vit phng trnh ion v phng trnh ion rt gn
+ Bi ton tnh mt trong cc yu t: nng , in li, Ka, Kb khi bit cc yu t cn
li
II. Phng php :
- Phng php m thoi - kim tra.
III. Chun b :
Gio vin :
- Bi tp SBT 1.34 tr. 8 HS gii thm. .
1. n nh lp:
2. Kim tra bi c:
Pht biu nh ngha mi trng axit, baz v trung tnh theo nng H+ v pH?
3. Luyn tp:
Hot ng dy v hc:
Ni dung ghi bi:
Hot ng 1:
I. Kin thc cn nh:
- Cho HS tho lun khc su kin thc,
1. Khi nim v axit, baz v mui
theo cc cu hi:
a, Axit:
1, Axit l g theo Arniut, Bronstt?
- Arniut: cha H+, tan trong nc H+
2, Baz l g theo Arniut, Bronstt ?
- Bronstt: cho proton H+
3, Cht lng tnh l g ? V d?
b, Baz:
4, Cht trung tnh l g ? V d?
- Arniut: cha OH, tan trong nc OH5, Mui l g? Mui thng gp c my loi
- Bronstt: nhn proton H+
mui VD ?
c, Cht lng tnh: c nhn, c nhng
6, Vit biu thc tnh hng s phn li axit ca proton
1 axit yu HA v vit biu thc hng s phn Vd: ZnO, PbO, Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3, Cr(OH)3,
li baz yu NH3. Cho bit c im v
H2O, HPO42-, H2PO4-, HCO3-, HSO3-, HS-,
ngha ca hng s ny.
d, Cht trung tnh: khng nhn, khng
7, Tch s ion ca nc l g ? ngha tch s nhng proton
ion ca nc ?
Vd: Na+, K+, Li+, Ca2+, SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, ClO48, Mi trng ca dd c nh gi da vo
,
+
nng H v pH nh th no ?
e, Mui: tan trong nc cation kim loi
9, Cht ch th no thng c dng xc
(NH4+) vi gc axit.
nh mi trng ca dd? Mu ca chng thay Mui trung ho, mui axit, mui khc:phc,
i nh th no?
kp
2. Nhng i lng c trng cho dd axit,
baz:
a, Biu thc hng s cn bng:
H . A
HA
H+ + A- ; Ka =
HA
NH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OH-
152
NH .OH
=
Kb
NH 3 . H 2O
Ka, Kb ph thuc vo t0 v nguyn l LSatli.

b, Tch s ion ca H2O
[ H+]. [ OH-] = 10-14 pH + pOH = 14
c, Mi trng ca dung dch:
- Mi trng axit: [ H+] > 10-7 pH < 7.
+
-7
Hot ng 2:GV thit k phiu hc tp - Mi trng baz: [ H ] < +10 -7pH > 7.
- Mi trng trung tnh:[ H ] = 10 pH = 7.
cng c cc kin thc cn nh sau:
d, Cht ch th mu: qu tm,
phenolphtalein
Cu 1:iu kin xy ra p trao i ion trong
dd cc cht in li l g?Cho vd tng ng.
a)To thnh cht kt ta.
b)To thnh cht in li yu.
c) To thnh cht kh.
Cu 2:P thu phn ca mui l g?Nhng
trng hp no xy ra p thu phn?
Cu 3:PT ion rt gn c ngha g?Nu cch
vit
PT ion rt gn ?
Hot ng 3:
Bi 1: vit cc biu thc tnh hng s phn li II. Bi tp:
Bi 1:
axit Ka hoc hng s phn li baz Kb ca cc
H . ClO
axit v baz sau: HClO, BrO , HNO2, NO2
+
a, HClO
H
+
ClO
,
K
=
a
- Gi 2 HS tnh, HS cn li lm vo v bi tp
HClO
v sau nhn xt bi lm ca bn
HBrO + OHb, BrO + H2O
- Cc bi 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 Hs lm trc nghim
HBrO. OH
theo nhm.
Kb =
Bi 2: i vi dd axit yu HNO2 0,10M, nu
BrO
b qua s in li ca nc th nh gi no
c, HNO2 + H2O
H3O+ + NO2sau y l ng ?
H 3O . NO2
A. pH < 1,00;
B. pH > 1,00
Ka =
HNO2
C.[ H+] > [ NO2-];
D. [ H+] < [ NO2-]
HNO2 + OHBi 3: i vi dd axit yu HNO3 0,10M, nu d, NO2 + H2O
b qua s in li ca nc th nh gi no
HNO2 . OH
K
=
b
sau y l ng ?
NO2
B. pH < 1,00;
B. pH > 1,00
C.[ H+] = [ NO3-];
D. [ H+] > [ NO3-] Bi 2: ng A, D
Bi 3: ng A, C
Bi 4: in li ca axit yu tng theo
Bi 4: ng C
pha long dd. Khi gi tr ca hng s phn
Bi 7: ng B
li axit Ka
Bi 8: ng C
A. tng;
B, gim;
Bi 9: ng C
C, khng i;
D. c th tng, c th
Bi 5: a, Tnh pH:
gim
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
Bi 5: a, Ho tan hon ton 2,4 g Mg trong
0,1
0,2
100,0 ml dd HCl 3,0 M. Tnh pH ca dd thu
2, 4
c.
nMg =
= 0,1 ( mol )
24
b, Tnh pH ca dd thu c sau khi trn 40,0
nHCl = 3. 0,1 = 0,3 (mol)
ml dd HCl 0,50M vi 60,0 ml dd NaOH
DD thu c gm: MgCl2: 0,1 (mol); HCl
0,50M.
+
d
0,1 (mol)
Bi 10: Tnh nng mol ca ion H trong dd
[ HCl] d = 0,1/ 0,1 = 1 (M) = [ H+]
HNO2 0,10M, bit rng hng s phn li axit
153
ca HNO2 l Ka = 4,0.10-4
Bi 5, 10 lm theo nhm ( nhm l lm bi 5,
nhm chn lm bi 10 ), sau gi i din
ln trnh by, nhm khc b sung.
Hot ng 4:GV chn bi tp thch hp

cng c kin thc cn nm vng
pH = - lg [ H+] = - lg 1 = 0
b, nHCl = 0,5. 0,04 = 0,02 ( mol ) = [ H+]
nNaOH = 0,5. 0,06 = 0,03 ( mol ) = [ OH-]
H+ +
OH- H2O
0,02
0,02
nOH- d = 0,03 0,02 = 0,01 (mol )
[ OH-] d = 0,01/ 0,1 = 0,1M
pOH = - lg[ OH-] = - lg 0,1 = 1
pH = 14 1 = 13.
Bi 10: HNO2
H+ + NO2B
0,1M
p/
x
x
x
Sau p/ ( 0,1 x)
x
x
2
x
Ta c: Ka =
= 4.10-4
0,1 x
x = 6,3. 10-3 = [ H+]
Bi 1.Cng c vit Pt ion rt gn: SGK /Trang
30.Cho HS ln bng vit.GV kim tra li.
Ch :Cc Pt sau:
d) SO32- + H2O HSO3- + OHe) Cu2+ + H2O
Cu(OH)+ + H+
g)Ca2+ + HCO3- + OH- CaCO3 +
H2O
Bi 2.B
Bi 3.Cc PTHH xy ra:
SO32- + H2O2 SO42- + H2O
SO42- + Ba2+ BaSO4
Bi 4.Cho HS nu cch lm ,cch nhn bit,
PTHH ion:
Mui n :Dng dd Ag+
Gim :Dng vi CaCO3.
Bt n : Dng dd kim OH-.
Phn chua : Ho tan vo nc xut hin kt
ta trng:Al3+ + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3H+ .
Mui iot:Dng H2O2,h tinh bt
Bi 5.Kim loi M l Ba.
Bi 6,7,8 Cng c p thu phn ca mui,xc
nh mi trng 6D,7C,8D.
Bi 9.HS t lm.
Bi 10 GV hng dn HS lm.
4.Dn d:-BTVN SBT.

-Xem trc ni dung v cch tin hnh TN bi 8
5. Rt kinh nghim:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------154
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ngy son: 17/9/2012

Tit :12
BI THC HNH S 1
I.Mc tiu:
Kin thc
Bit c mc ch, cch tin hnh v k thut thc hin cc th nghim c th :
Tc dng ca cc dung dch HCl, CH3COOH, NaOH, NH3 vi cht ch th mu.
Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li :
+ Dung dch Na2CO3 vi CaCl2.
+ Dung dch HCl v kt ta to thnh trn.
+ CH3COOH vi dung dch NaOH c phenolphtalein.
+ Dung dch CuSO4 tc dng t t vi dung dch NH3 d.
K nng
S dng dng c, ho cht tin hnh c thnh cng, an ton cc th nghim
trn.
Quan st hin tng th nghim, gii thch v rt ra nhn xt.
Vit tng trnh th nghim.
B. Trng tm
Tnh axit baz ;
Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li.
C. Hng dn thc hin
Hng dn HS cc thao tc ca tng TN nh:
+ Rt cht lng vo ng nghim
+ Nh git cht lng vo ng nghim bng cng t ht
+ Nh git cht lng ln giy ch th bng cng t ht
+ Lc ng nghim
+ Gn cht lng ra khi ng nghim gi li kt ta
Hng dn HS quan st hin tng xy ra v nhn xt
Th nghim 1. Tnh axit - baz
a) mu ca giy ch th c pH = 1
b) + Dung dch NH4Cl 0,1 M: khong pH = 2,37
+ Dung dch CH3COONa 0,1 M: khong pH = 11,63
+ Dung dch NaOH 0,1 M: c pH = 13
Th nghim 2. Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li
a) c vn c CaCO3:
Ca2+ + CO 32 CaCO3
b) kt ta tan ra dung dch trong dn: CaCO3 + 2H+ Ca2++ CO2 + H2O
c) + Dung dch chuyn mu hng
2H2O
+ Dung dch mt mu hng: H3O+ + OH
d) kt ta tan dn dung dch trong dn Zn2+ + 2OH Zn(OH)2

Zn(OH)2 + 2OH Zn(OH) 24
II.Chun b: *Gio vin : Chia hs thnh 8 nhm
- Chun b dng c v ho cht cho 8 nhm
155
- Mi nhm gm
*Dng c: 1/a thu tinh(2)
2/ng ht nh git(4)
3/B gi ng nghim (1)
*Ho cht:
1/Giy o pH
2/dd HCl 0,1M(1l)
3/dd CaCl2 c
(1l)
4/Kp ng nghim (1)
4/ dd CH3COOH
5/ng nghim (6)
5/ddNaOH
0,1M(1l)
0,1M(1l)
6/ d.d NH3
7/dd Na2CO3 c
* Hc sinh:
(1l)
-Xem trc ni dung thc hnh
-Chun b trc mu tng trnh th nghim(ct 1,2lm trc
nh)
III.T chc hot ng thc hnh:
1. n nh ch ngi
2. Hot ng
Hot ng ca gio vin
*
Hot ng 1:
GV:-Hng dn hs sp xp v tr theo 8
nhm
-Cc em trong mt nhm thay nhau lm th
nghim cho c nhm quan st.
- Tin hnh ht cc th nghim ghi li hin
tng xong gii thch v vit PT sau:
-Hng dn hs cch kp ng nghim ly
ho cht.Ch lyho chtng nh hng
dn :v lng cht v th t cc cht.
-Sau khi th nghim xong ra dng c sch
s,sp xp lai cn thn nh trc khi dng
Hot ng 2: Theo di hs lm th
nghim
Hot ng ca hc sinh
Tin hnh th nghim
Th nghim1:Tnh Axit-Baz
- Nh dd HCl ln giy pH
-so snh mu ca mu giy vi giy
chun bit gi tr ca pH
(pH=1) tnh Axit mnh.
- Nh dd NH4Cl ln mu giy pH.So snh
mu Axit yu
- Nh dd CH3COONa ln mu giy pH.So
snh mu tnh baz yu.
*Nh dd NaOH ln mu giy pH.So
snh. pH 13 tnh Ba z mnh
Th nghim 2:
Phn ng trao i trong dd cc cht in li.
Mu Tng Trnh
a/Cho 2ml dd CaCl2 t vo ng nghim.
Sau nh thm 2ml dd Na2CO3 dc vo.
Xut hin kt ta trng
b/Cho dd HCl vo tip , kt ta tan v c
GV hng dn cho HS lm th nghim 2d. bt kh thot ra.
Cho ZnSO4 vo trc ri sau cho t t c/ nh t t ff vodd NaOH. Nhn xt mu
d.dch NaOH vo gn d.dch pha trn, thu
ca d.d
kt ta. Sau cho tip d.dch NaOH n d Nh t t d.d HCl long vo ng nghim
cho n khi kt ta tan li
trn ,va nh va lc cho n khi mt mu
d/ iu ch kt ta Zn(OH)2 bng d.dch
ZnSO4 v d.dch NaOH vo n d. Quan
st cc hin tng xy ra.
Vit phng trnh ho hc ca cc phn ng
xy ra di dng phn t v ion rt gn
.
GV:Nhn xt:- nh gi gi thc hnh
- thc t chc k lut
-K nng thc hnh-th nghim
156
-Thu mu tng trnh

3. Dn d v cng c
4. Rt kinh nghim:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ngy son: 20/9/2012

Tit :13
KIM TRA 1 TIT
A/ Mc tiu bi kim tra:

- Kim tra kin thc ca HS
- nh gi, xp loi trnh tipthu kin thc ca HS
- Rn luyn t duy, k nng vn dng khi trnh by
B/ Phng php:
Kim tra
C/ Chun b:
1/ GV : - Ra (tu trnh HS mi lp)
- Ln p n v biu im: Trc nghim 20 cu x 0,25 = 5 im
T lun: 5 im
2/ HS: n tp kin thc chng I : S in li
D/ Ni dung v p n
A. Trc nghim (4 im)
Bi 1: Trong s cc dung dch c cng nng mol sau y, dung dch no c dn in nh
nht:
A . NaCl
B . CH3COONa
C . CH3COOH
D . Na2SO4
Bi 2: Nh 1 git qu tm vo dung dch HCl, dung dch chuyn sang mu . Nh t t dung
dch NaOH cho ti d vo dung dch c mu trn th :
A . Mu dd vn khng thay i
B . Mu dd nht dn ri mt hn
C . Mu nht dn , mt hn ri chuyn sang mu xanh
D . Mu dd m thm dn
Bi 3: Nhng cp cht no sau y cng tn ti trong cng 1 dung dch
A. NaCl v AgNO3
B . H2SO4 v NaNO3
C . KOH v FeCl3
D . NaHCO3 v NaOH
Bi 4: Cc tp hp ion no sau y c th ng thi tn ti trong cng 1 dung dch
A . Cu2+ , Na+ , OH- , NO3C . CO32- , Na+ , OH- , Ba2+
B . Fe3+ , K+ , OH- , NH4+
D . Cu2+ , Fe3+ , NO3- , Cl- .
Bi 5: trn 300ml dung dch MgCl2 0,5M vi 200ml dung dch NaCl 1M th nng Ion Cl
trong dung dch mi l:
A. 2M
B. 1,5M
C. 1,75M
D.1M
157
Bi 6: cho 150ml dung dch HCl 2M tc dng vi 150ml dung dch NaOH 1.8M . dung dch
sau phn ng c pH :
A. 1,5
B. 0.5
C. 2
D. 1
Bi 7:Mt dung dch c cha 2 cation l Fe2+ (0,1mol ) l; Al3+ (0,2 mol ) v 2 anion Cl- (xmol)
SO42- ( y mol). khi c cn dung dch thu c 46,9g mui khan . Tr s ca x v y ln lt l :
A. 0,3 v 0,2
B. 0,2 v 0,3
C. 0,1 v 0,2
D. 0,2 v 0,1
Bi 8: Cn dng bao nhiu th tch H2O (V2) so vi th tch ban u (V1) pha long dung
dch c pH = 2 , thnh dung dch c pH = 3
A. V2 = 9V1
B. V2 = 3V1
C. V2 = V1
D. V1 = 3V2
+
-9
Bi 9: Dung dch X c [H ] = 2012 M. Nu cho vi git phenolphtalein vo dung dch X th
dung dch s c mu g ?
A. mu xanh
B. mu hng
C. mu vng
D. khng mu.
Cu 2012: Dy cht no sau y gm nhng cht in li mnh
A. CaCO3, NH4Cl, HCl, Ca(OH)2
B. H2SO4, CH3COONa, HF, NaOH
C. C2H5OH, Na2SO4, HNO3, Al(OH)3
D. H3PO4, Ba(OH)2, Fe2(SO4)3, H2S
B. T lun (6 im)
Cu 1: Vit phng trnh phn t v ion rt gn ca cc phn ng xy ra (nu c) khi cho dd
NaOH d vo cc dung dch FeCl3, HCl, (NH4)2SO4, Ba(HCO3)2, ZnCl2
Cu 2: Cho 20120 ml dung dch AlCl3 1M vo 350ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Cc phn ng xy
ra hon ton. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c sau phn ng.
Cu 3: Trn 300 ml dung dch c cha NaOH 0,05 mol/l v Ba(OH)2 0,05 mol/l vi 200 ml
dung dch c cha K2SO4 0,01mol/l v H2SO4 0,1 mol/l, sau phn ng thu c m gam kt ta
v 500 ml dung dch C. Hy tnh
a) Nng mol/l cc ion trong dung dch C
b) pH dung dch C
c) Gi tr m
(Coi H2SO4 in li hon ton c hai nc).
Cho nguyn t khi cc nguyn t: Na = 23, Ba = 137, S = 32, O = 16, K = 39, H = 1
Gii
A. Trc nghim (mi cu ng 0,4 )
STT
Cu 1
Cu 2
Cu 3
Cu 4
Cu 5
Cu 6
Cu 7
Cu 8
Cu 9
Cu
2012
p
n
B. T lun
Cu 1 (2 ): Phng trnh phn t v ion rt gon: (mi PT ng 0,4 )
+
3NaOH + FeCl3
Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl
3+
3OH + Fe
Fe(OH)3
+
NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H2O
+
OH + H
H2O
+
2NaOH + (NH4)2SO4
Na2SO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O
+
OH + NH4
NH3 + H2O
+
2NaOH + Ba(HCO3)2
BaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O
2+
2OH + Ba + 2HCO3
BaCO3 + CO32- + 2H2O
+
2NaOH + ZnCl2
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaCl
2+
2OH + Zn
Zn(OH)2
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH
Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O
Zn(OH)2 + 2OH
ZnO22- + 2H2O
158
0,25
Cu 2 (2 ): nAl 3 0,1 mol , nOH 0,35 mol

bd
p
spu
bd
p
spu
mAl (OH )3
3OH- + Al3+
Al(OH)3
0,35
0,1
0,3
0,1
0,1
0,05
0
0,1
Al(OH)3 + OH-
AlO2- + 2H2O
0,1
0,05
0,05
0,05
0,05
0
0, 05.78 3,9 gam
0,25
(mol)
(mol)
(mol)
0,5
0,25
(mol)
(mol)
(mol) 0,5
0,25
Cu 3: dd 1: nNa 0, 015 mol , nBa 2 0, 015mol , nOH 0, 045mol

dd 2: nK 0, 004mol , nH 0, 04mol , nSO2 0, 022mol
0,25
H+ + OH-
H2O
b 0,04 0,045
p 0,04 0,04
sp 0
0,005
(mol)
(mol)
(mol)
0,25
SO42- + Ba2+
BaSO4
b 0,022
0,015
p 0,015
0,015
0,015
sp 0,007
0
0,015
a) [Na+] = 0,015/0,5=0,03M.
[K+] = 0,004/0,5=0,008M
[OH-] = 0,005/0,5=0,01M
[SO42-] = 0,007/0,5=0,014M
b) pH = 2
0,25
c) m = 0,015.233=3,495 gam
159
(mol)
(mol)
(mol) 0,5
0,5
0,25
MC LC
CHNG 1: I TNG NHIM V HA HC PHN TCH V MI LIN H VI
VIC GING DY HA HC TRNG PH THNG ............................................. 1
1.1. i tng, nhim v ca ha hc phn tch .................................................................. 1
1.2. Ni dung ch yu ca ha hc trng ph thng ....................................................... 2
1.2.1. phn tch nh tnh ..................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2. Phn tch nh lng .................................................................................................. 2
1.2.3. Phn tch cng c ...................................................................................................... 2
1.3. Mi quan h gia ha hc phn tch v ha hc trng ph thng ............................. 2
CHNG 2: L THUYT CN BNG ION TRONG GING DY ............................... 3
PH THNG.................................................................................................................. 3
2.1. Cht in li .................................................................................................................. 3
2.1.1. Cht in li mnh ...................................................................................................... 3
2.1.2. Cht in li yu ......................................................................................................... 3
2.2. L thuyt ARRHENIUS v axit-baz ........................................................................... 3
2.3. L thuyt BRONSTED - LOWRRY v phn ng axit-baz ........................................ 4
2.3.1. Cc nh ngha........................................................................................................... 4
2.3.2. Hng s axt Ka . Hng s baz Kb ............................................................................. 5
2.3.3. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch axit , baz, mui ............................................................. 7
2.3.4. Dung dch m ........................................................................................................ 17
2.4. Cn bng to kt ta ................................................................................................... 19
2.4.1. iu kin to thnh kt ta Tch s tan ................................................................. 19
2.4.2. Cc yu t nh hng n tan ca kt ta ........................................................... 21
2.4.3. Kt ta phn on .................................................................................................... 24
2.3. V tr ca phn ng ion trong ging dy trng HSP v trng ph thng.......... 25
2.3.1. Tc dng ch o l thuyt cn bng ion trong ging dy ha hc phn tch trng
HSP................................................................................................................................ 25
2.3.2. V tr ca phn ng ion trong ging dy trng ph thng .................................... 25
2.4. Vn dng l thuyt cn bng ion vo vic ging dy ha hc ph thng ..................... 26
2.4.1. D on, bn cht phn ng trong dung dch cht in li ......................................... 26
2.4.2. Mt s vn l thuyt v bi tp quan trng hc sinh ph thng cn nm vng trong
chng ny. ...................................................................................................................... 26
CHNG 3. VAI TR CA PHN TCH NH TNH TRONG VIC GING DY HA
HC TRNG PH THNG ..................................................................................... 40
3.1. Nhng nguyn l c bn ca phn tch nh tnh ......................................................... 40
3.1.1. Phn ng phn tch .................................................................................................. 40
3.1.2. Phn tch theo phng php kh v phng php t .............................................. 40
3.2. Tc dng ca bi tp nhn bit cc cht ...................................................................... 41
3.3. Mi lin h gia phn tch nh tnh vi vic nhn bit cc cht ................................. 41
3.3.1. Phn tch h thng ................................................................................................... 41
3.3.2. Phn tch nh tnh cc cation nhm I Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+ ........................................... 43
3.3.3. Phn tch nh tnh cc cation nhm II Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ ................................................. 44
3.3.4. Phn tch nh tnh cc cation nhm III Al3+, Sn4+, Sn2+, Zn2+, As5+, Cr3+ ..................... 46
3.3.5. Phn tch cc cation nhm IV Fe2+, Fe3+, Sb3+, Sb5+, Mn2+, Bi3+, Mg2+ .................... 48
3.3.6. Phn tch cation nhm V Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Hg2+ ............................................. 50
3.3.7. Phn tch cc Anion ............................................................................................... 51
3.4. Cc loi phn ng thng dng nhn bit cc cht ................................................. 55
3.4.1. Mt s loi thuc th v phn ng lin quan trong ha hu c................................. 55
10/ Vi sa: ...................................................................................................................... 57
3.4.2. Mt s loi thuc th v phn ng lin quan trong ha v c................................... 58
......................................................................................................................................... 58
3.5. Cc loi bi tp nhn bit v phng php xy dng loi bi tp ............................ 60
160
3.5.1. Bi tp nhn bit s dng thuc th ty ................................................................ 60

3.5.2. Bi tp s dng thuc th gii hn........................................................................... 61
3.5.3. Bi tp khng s dng thuc th.............................................................................. 62
3.5.4. Bi tp nhn bit cc cht, ion trong mt hn hp .................................................... 63
5.5.5. Bi tp nhn bit hu c .......................................................................................... 64
3.5.6. Bi tp Tch ring ................................................................................................... 64
CHNG 4: VAI TR PHN TCH NH LNG HO HC ................................... 67
4.1. Cc phng php nh lng ho hc ......................................................................... 67
4.1.1. Phn tch khi lng ................................................................................................ 67
4.1.2. Phn tch th tch ..................................................................................................... 67
4.2. Vn dng phng php phn tch khi lng xy dng cc bi tp trng ph thng
......................................................................................................................................... 70
4.2.1. Phn v c ............................................................................................................... 70
4.2.2. Phn hu c............................................................................................................. 76
4.3. Vn dng phng php phn tch th tch xy dng cc bi tp trng ph thng 82
Chnng 5 VAI TR CA PHN TCH CNG C ....................................................... 85
5.1. Phn tch in phn khi lng................................................................................... 85
5.1.1. nh lut v s in phn ........................................................................................ 85
3.2. in th phn hy v qu th...................................................................................... 86
5.2. Phn tch in th ....................................................................................................... 93
5.2.1. c im chung ca phng php phn tch o in th .......................................... 93
5.2.2. Th in cc ............................................................................................................ 94
2.2.2. in cc so snh...................................................................................................... 95
5.2.3. Phng php o in th ......................................................................................... 97
PH LC 1: MT S BI TP TRONG THI HC SINH GII ............................ 101
PH LC 2: MT S GIO N ................................................................................... 121
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
161
162

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BG Hoa Phan Tich Trong Truong Pho Thong TH Duc 2 PDF

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CHNG 1

I TNG NHIM V HA HC PHN TCH V MI LIN H

- Ha hc phn tch lm cho hc sinh rn k nng c tnh cht k thut tng hp

( C : Nng ban u ca cht tan )

2.2. L thuyt ARRHENIUS v axit-baz

Phn ng trong NH3 lng:

5. Phn ng axit-baz : L phn ng trong c s cho v nhn proton H+. Vy

Trong A l axit, B l baz lin hp vi A, axit cng mnh tc l nhng

Trong Ka c gi l hng s axit v biu th cng ca axt, Ka cng ln

Trong cc dung dch long, nng ca H2O coi nh khng i nn c th vit:

Kb c gi l hng s baz v biu th cng baz, Kb cng ln th tnh baz

Ka.Kb = [H3O+ ].[OH- ]

Nh vy tch s ca hng s axit v hng s baz ca mt cp axit-baz lin hp

V phng trnh phn li hon ton ca mui NaA

t hai phng trnh trn ta c th vit :

p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng i vi ion A- c h thc:

p dng nh lut bo ton in tch trong dung dch nn ta c:

Mui NaA phn li hon ton nn:

Cng thc (2.4) c th c thit lp nh sau:

t phng trnh (a) ta c:

Trong [HA] l nng cn bng ca HA. Nng bng nng ban u

Thay [HA] v [A- ] vo (a) ta c cng thc (2.4) :

t cng thc (2.4) ta c:

Ka = ; v [H+ ]. (CB + [H+ ] - [OH- ] 0

CA - [H+ ] - [OH- ] = 0 rt ra [H+ ] = CA + [OH- ]

Khi nng axit HA ln hn 10-7M th H+ do nc phn li ra khng ng k, tc

K H O , mi trng khi ny coi nh l trung tnh.

2.3.4.3. pH ca dung dch n baz rt mnh c nng CB

Lp lun tng t nh i vi dung dch axt mnh ta c:

CB l nng ban u ca baz . Thay gi tr ca [OH-] =

Phng trnh ny dng tnh chnh xc pH ca dung dch n baz rt mnh c

=> pH = 14 pOH = 14 + lgCB.

V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch NaOH 0,1M

K H O , mi trng khi ny coi nh l trung tnh.

2.3.4.4. pH ca dung dch n axit yu HA c hng s axt Ka v nng ban u CA

Tu tng trng hp c th li c th n gin ho cng thc (2.7) nh sau:

y l phng trnh bc hai vi [H+]

V d: - Tnh pH ca dung dch axit CH3COOH 0,1M.

S dng cng thc (2.7) th

NH3 + H3O+ suy ra NH4+ l mt axit yu.

pK NH+ = 14 - pK NH3 = 9,25

nn pH = 0,5.9,25 + 0,5 = 5,13

CA nh nn tnh pH chnh xc ta khng th b qua [H+] cnh CA c m phi p

K H O , mi trng khi ny coi nh l trung tnh.

2.3.3.5. pH ca dung dch n baz yu c hng s baz Kb v nng ban u CB

Nu [OH+] << CB c th b qua gi tr CB cnh [OH-] , khi ny li c:

[OH-]= K b .C B pOH = 0,5pKb 0,5lgCB v pH = 14 pOH

Nu nng ban u ca baz CB nh, hay baz c hng s Kb tng i ln

trng khi ny l trung tnh.

CN- l baz lin hp ca axt HCN nn pKCN = 14 pKHCN = 14 9,21 = 4,79.

Nhng thng [H+] v [OH-] khng ng k so vi CA v CB v HA v A- ngn

Nn H3O+ v HO- sinh ra khng c nhiu, do pH ca dung dch thc t

V d: - Tnh pH ca dung dch cha hn hp CH3COOH 0,2M v CH3COONa

Theo u bi th CA = 0,2 v CB = 0,1.

Nh vy axit yu trong hn hp l NH4+ v baz lin hp vi n l NH3.

V vi axit HA1 th HA1 H+ + A-1 nn [HA1] + [A-1] = CA

Nu cc nng CA v CB khng bng nhau, CA = m CB th phi gii phng trnh:

pH NH =pK H O -pK NH =14-4,76=9,24

pH=0,5.(pK HCN +pK NH )=0,5.(9,21+9,24)=9,23

2.3.3.8. pH ca cc dung dch hn hp cc n axit

tnh chnh xc nng H+ ca dung dch, phi tnh lng H+ do c 3 phng

V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch gm hai axit HCl nng 10-2 M v axit

hay 10-2 + x = 10-4,75.(1-x)/x