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Tasheel-al-Nahw-2nd Edition PDF
Tasheel-al-Nahw-2nd Edition PDF
TASHEEL AL-NAHW
based on
Ilm al-Nahw of Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
List of Tables
Acknowledgments
Foreword
i
vii
ix
xi
Arabic Terms
xiii
CHAPTER 1
1.1.
Arabic Grammar
1.2
The Word
Noun
Verb
Particle
1.3
4
Types of Noun
Types of Verb
Types of Particle
1.4
6
6
Nominal Sentence
Verbal Sentence
1.4.2
6
7
8
1.4.3
1.
Types of Phrases
Descriptive Phrase
2.
Possessive Phrase
3.
Demonstrative Phrase
4.
Numerical Phrase
9
10
10
Indeclinable Phrase
5.
11
14
Summary
1.5
15
16
Signs of a Noun
16
Signs of a Verb
16
Sign of a Particle
16
17
1.6
Personal Pronouns
19
1.7
Prepositions
20
1.8
1.9
CHAPTER 2
22
25
27
27
Signs of Iraab
27
Conditions of Murab
Difference Between
2.2
27
and
Indeclinable Word
28
29
30
2.3
Declinable Word
2.4
31
Personal Pronouns
32
33
2.4.2
- Relative Pronouns
39
2.4.3
Demonstrative Pronouns
42
2.4.4
45
2.4.5
ii
46
2.4.6
2.4.7
Adverbs
47
Adverbs of Time
47
Adverbs of Place
49
2.4.8
Numerical phrase
2.5
52
52
53
53
53
53
2.6
58
CHAPTER 3
Further Discussion of Nouns
61
3.1
61
Relative Adjective
3.2
Diminutive Noun
3.3
63
3.4
64
3.5
65
3.6
67
Types of Plural
3.7
68
73
Subject/Doer
3.7.2
73
3.7.3
Substitute of
The Noun of Those
75
and , Which Are
76
Similar to
3.7.4
The
77
(Class)
3.8
Object
79
79
iii
3.8.2
81
3.8.3
81
3.8.4
81
3.8.5
82
3.8.6
State / Condition
84
3.8.7
87
Rules for
(Numerals)
88
3.8.8
3.9
92
Words Which Are Always Majroor
3.10
95
96
3.10.1
Adjective
96
3.10.2
Emphasis
111
3.10.3
Substitute
103
3.10.4
Conjunction
105
105
3.10.5
108
CHAPTER 4
109
Governing Words
4.1
Governing Particles
110
110
110
4.1.1
111
4.1.2
114
4.2
Governing Verbs
116
4.2.1
Active Verb
116
4.2.2
Passive Verb
116
4.2.3
Intransitive Verb
116
iv
4.2.4
116
4.2.5
Transitive Verb
117
4.2.6
119
4.2.7
4.2.8
4.3
Verbs of Wonder
123
Governing Nouns
4.3.1
124
Conditional Nouns
4.3.2
124
126
4.3.2.1
127
4.3.3
4.3.4
121
129
That Adjective Which is Similar to
130
4.3.5
132
4.3.6
134
4.3.7
135
4.3.8
135
4.3.9
136
4.4
Non-Governing Particles
1.
2.
3.
Particles of Notification
Particles of Affirmation
Particles of Clarification
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
137
137
137
138
138
Particles of Exhortation
Particle of Anticipation
Particles of Interrogation
Particle of Rebuke
138
139
139
140
9.
140
10.
140
11.
140
12.
13.
Extra Particles
141
Jazm
142
14.
143
15.
143
Appendix
145
Bibliography
149
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table No
Page No
1.1
Personal Pronouns
19
1.2
Prepositions
20
1.3
1.4
in
2.1
in
2.2
and
2.3
in
and
2.4
25
(also called
(also called
22
34
35
(also called
36
)
in
(also called
37
2.5
39
2.6
39
2.7
42
2.8
42
2.9
45
2.10
45
2.11
59
3.1
69
3.2
69
3.3
70
3.4
70
3.5
73
3.6
77
3.7
81
vii
3.8
93
4.1
111
4.2
114
4.3
117
4.4
118
4.5
119
4.6
124
4.7
127
4.8
130
4.9
132
viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
There are many people whom I would like to thank for making this project a success. To
begin with, I am in debt to the sister who typed up the old Tasheel al-Nahw, and thus helped
to kick-start the project. She does not want her name to be publicized. I would also like to
thank Mawlana Ibrahim Memon and his students of Darul Uloom al-Madanias eAlim
program for their valuable feedback. Last but not the least, I am indebted to my First year
students at Darul Uloom al-Madania (both 20102011 and 20112012), who have been
continuously giving me feedback. I would especially like to mention my current First year
students Abdullah, Ayyub, Muhammad, Saeed, Umair, Umar, and Wahid. I have greatly
benefitted from their intelligent questions, wise comments, useful suggestions, and help with
proof-reading. May Allah reward them, and all others for their contributions and help.
ix
FOREWORD
This book is the second edition of the revised Tasheel al-Nahw, which in turn was a somewhat
expanded translation of the Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar, Ilm al-Nahw by
Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali. Mawlana Charthawalis primers for Nahw (Arabic
grammar) and Sarf (Arabic Morphology) are standard textbooks in Western madrasahs. The
original English translation of Ilm al-Nahw was prepared by scholars from Madrasah
Islamiyyah, Benoni, South Africa. They put in a lot of hardwork and made the English
translation much more beneficial than the Urdu original. May Allah reward them. At least
two versions of this translation are available online. The first one had many errors and typing
issues. The newer version made some improvements but issues remained, especially with
regards to language and clarity of the English and Arabic texts. In 2010, we decided to bring
out a revised edition of this translation to address these issues. During the course of our
revision and editing, we consulted various grammar works including al-Nahw al-Wadih, Sharh
ibn Aqil, Mujam al-Qawaid al-Arabiyyah, and A Simplified Arabic Grammar. We completely
revised some sections, as well as a number of definitions. The organization was changed in a
way that we felt would make it easier for students to understand how each section fits in the
overall picture.
This second edition has undergone more changes. Further improvements have been
made in many sections; some sections have been completely revised; confusing sentences have
been elaborated; more examples and exercises have been included, including many from alNahw al-Wadih and Muallim al-Insha; and where needed, the relevant al-Nahw al-Wadih
section has been pointed out in the footnotes. These footnotes are for the benefit of the
teachers. The students can choose to ignore them. Lastly, an appendix has been attached at
the end, identifying Tasheel al-Nahws place in Nahw texts, as well as suggesting a possible
curriculum of classical Arabic studies.
This is a beginner-to-intermediate level text; therefore, we have not transliterated Arabic
words exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be comfortable with
Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, we have used approximate equivalents that are easier
to read for the untrained. Nevertheless, non-English words have been italicized to reflect their
non-English origin. The documentation in the foot-notes does not follow any particular
academic standard; rather, it has been modified for ease of the students. It should also be
noted that the English equivalents of Arabic grammar terms are mere approximations. In
some cases, they convey the exact meaning. In many cases, they do not. The student is,
therefore, urged to focus on the original term in Arabic.
We would also like to point out that this is not a do-it-yourself text. First of all, it
assumes some prior knowledge of Arabic such as that acquired through studying Ten Lessons of
Arabic and/or Durus al-Lughah al-Arabiyyah vol. 1. Moreover, it needs to be studied with a
xi
teacher. However, it can be used as a revision text by those who have already studied Nahw
using other texts. It is respectfully suggested to the teachers to also use al-Nahw al-Wadih (all
six volumes) while teaching, as reference and for additional examples and exercises, as and
when needed. Moreover, it should also be pointed out that this is not an exhaustive text. It
does not cover every issue of Nahw, in brief or in detail. It is assumed that the student will be
studying relatively advanced Nahw texts (such as Hidayat al-Nahw or al-Nahw al-Wadih) after
this to round off his/her training of Nahw. The sample curriculum given in the appendix can
be used for that purpose.
To the best of our ability, we have tried to remove all errors. However, we are merely
human. There are bound to be some mistakes in it, and definitely, room for improvement.
Your comments, constructive criticism, and suggestions are all welcome. You can contact us
with your feedback at the email address given at the end.
We hope and pray that this revised translation will be of benefit to the students. We
also pray that Allah Most High accepts this humble effort from all those who have contributed
to it in any way, and gives us the power to continue with more. We also request the readers
and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember us in their prayers.
And He alone gives success.
Aamir Bashir
Buffalo, NY
14th Shaban, 1433 (4th July, 2012)
E-mail: ainbay97@yahoo.com
xii
ARABIC TERMS
Arabic Term
Approximate
Transliteration
ism
Noun
fil
Verb
harf
Particle
mudhakkar
Masculine
muannath
Feminine
waahid
Singular
tathniyah
Dual
jam
Plural
dammah
fathah
kasrah
harakah
plural: harakaat
huroof al-illah
iraab
tanween
sukoon
saakin
tashdeed
mushaddad
faail
mafool
aamil
xiii
Arabic Term
Approximate
Transliteration
mamool
fil maroof
fil majhool
fil laazim
fil mutaaddi
marifah
nakirah
marfoo
mansoob
majroor
. For
, which is
, which is
, which is
xiv
CHAPTER 1
Section 1.1
Arabic Grammar
Definition:
Nahw is that science, which teaches us how to join a noun, verb and particle to form a correct
sentence, as well as what the
(condition) of the last letter of a word should be.
Subject Matter:
Its subject matter is
(word) and
(sentence).
Objective:
The immediate objective is to learn how to read, write and speak Arabic correctly, and
to avoid making mistakes in this. For example, , ,
, and
are four words.
The science of Nahw teaches us how to put them together to form a correct sentence.
The mid-term objective is to use our Arabic skills to understand the Quran, Hadeeth,
Fiqh and other Islamic sciences, so that we can act upon them.
The ultimate objective through the above is to gain the pleasure of Allah Most High.
Section 1.2
The Word
Any word uttered by humans is called a
and
(meaningless).
.
Singular: It is that single word, which conveys one meaning. It is also called
.
2.
Types of
There are three types of
1.
(noun)
2.
(verb)
3.
(particle)
Noun:
It is that
another word.
It does not have any tense.1
It is the name of a person, place or thing.2
e.g.
man
house
Note: A noun can never have a
(tanween) and an
Sharh ibn Aqil ala Alfiyyat ibn Malik, (Cairo: Dar al-Turath, 1980), vol. 1, 15. The definition given by ibn
Aqil is as follows: (
).
This third bullet by itself is the definition found in more modern texts like al-Nahw al-Wadih. See, for
example, Ali al-Jaarim & Mustafa Ameen, al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Ibtidaiyyah, (Cairo: Dar alMaarif, n.d.), vol. 1, 16. Their definition of
is as follows:
Verb:
It is that
another word.
It has one of the three tenses: past, present, or future.3
It denotes an action.4
e.g.
He hit.
Note: A
He helped.
(tanween) or an .
Particle:
It is that
or a
or both to
it.
e.g.
(from)
(on top)
EXERCISES
1. State with reason whether the following words are
or
i.
(He sat.)
iii.
(girl)
ii.
(and)
iv.
(He broke.)
2. Find the meaning and the plural of the following nouns using a dictionary.
3
4
i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
Section 1.3
Types of Noun
is of three types:
1.
2.
3.
horse
to hit
to help
which is derived from a masdar.
hitter
the helped
Types of Verb
is of four types:
1.
Past tense
e.g.
He hit.
2.
e.g.
He is hitting or will
hit.
3.
Positive Command/
Imperative
e.g.
Hit!
4.
Negative Command/
Prohibitive
e.g.
Dont hit!
Types of Particle
is of two types:
1.
2.
after it.
e.g.
, which causes
then
and
EXERCISES
1.
2.
3.
Correct the following words (stating a reason) and give its meaning.
i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
Find the meaning and the plural of the following nouns using a dictionary.
i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
Translate the following sentences, and identify the different types of verbs in them.
i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
Section 1.4
Sentences and Phrases
is of two types:
is also called
Often, it is just called
and
,
and
is also called
and
. This is a phrase,
: It is that sentence, which does not have the possibility of being true or false.
Section 1.4.1
is of two types:
1.
Nominal Sentence:
Definition: It is that sentence, which begins with a noun.
information).
The
is generally
Both parts (
and the
and
) are
(predicate) or
generally
Sentence Analysis
The house is clean.
=
Verbal Sentence:
Definition: It is that sentence, which begins with a verb.
The first part of the sentence is called
or
.
or
and is always
Sentence Analysis
Zayd sat.
=
, then a
Sentence Analysis
Allah created the sky.
=
EXERCISES5
1.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
For more examples and exercise, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 1, 11-19 & 36-46.
Section 1.4.2
is of ten types:
1.
Positive Command
e.g.
Hit!
2.
Negative Command
e.g.
Dont Hit!
3.
Interrogative
e.g.
4.
Desire
e.g.
Note:
5.
Note:
e.g.
Hopefully, the
examination will be easy.
6.
Exclamation
e.g.
O Allah!
7.
Request/Offer
e.g.
Note:
8.
Oath
e.g.
By Allah!
9.
Amazement
e.g.
10.
Transaction
e.g.
are in reality
with respect to all contracts, and requires that they (past tense verbal sentences)
EXERCISE
1. State what type of
i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
Section 1.4.3
- Types of Phrases
Phrases are of five types:
Descriptive Phrase:6 It is a phrase in which one word describes the
1.
other.
The describing word is called
The
1.
2.
3.
4.
and
Iraab.
Gender i.e. being masculine or feminine.
Number i.e. being singular, dual or plural.
Being marifah or nakirah.
For example,
a righteous men
2.
The
is always
or a
.
e.g.
Zayds book
) is
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 1, 82-86.
Notes:
1.
Sometimes many
2. If a
of the
with an
. For example,
the new door of the house
3.
If a
of the
it should correspond to it (
), and
example,
the door of the new house
3.
The
).
must have an .
e.g.
This man
Note: If the
e.g.
This is a man.
=
/
4.
) points
(eleven)
It was originally
10
.
(19).
).
and
in place of the (
(
).
Examples:
1.
is a noun, which
of an idol and
and
and
Note: The above mentioned various types of phrases/incomplete sentences form part of a
complete sentence.
Example 1
11
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
This is Balabakk.
EXERCISES
1.
2.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
and
ii.
and
iii.
and
12
iv.
3.
4.
and
iii.
ii.
iv.
13
Section 1.4.4
Additional Notes About
1. Sometimes, the
e.g.
).7
+
=
2. The
Example 1:
=
Example 2:
+
Zayd ate the food.
EXERCISE
1.
is taken to be
14
Summary
15
Section 1.5
Signs of a Noun:
1.
It is preceded by an .
e.g.
2.
It accepts
e.g.
3.
e.g.
a man
4.
e.g.
a word
5.
It is a dual
e.g.
two men
6.
It is a plural
e.g.
men
7.
It is a
e.g.
e.g.
Zayd sat.
e.g.
book of Zayd
e.g.
tall man
8.
It is
9.
It is
.8
.
or
.
.
the man
in Zayds new house
10. It is
e.g.
O man!
11. It is
e.g.
a little man
e.g.
a Makkan
12. It is
.
Signs of a Verb:
1.
It is preceded by .
e.g.
2.
It is preceded by .
e.g.
3.
It is preceded by
e.g.
4.
It is preceded by
e.g.
5.
It is preceded by
e.g.
6.
It has a hidden
e.g.
He went out.
7.
It is an imperative
e.g.
Go out.
8.
It is a prohibitive
e.g.
Do not go out.
9.
e.g.
She ate.
.
.
.
.
Sign of a Particle:
That word which has no sign of a noun or verb is a particle (a particle has no sign of its own).
8
Verbs are said to be dual and plural with respect to their doers
16
Section 1.5.1
General Notes
1. The indefiniteness of a noun
e.g.
is incorrect.
4. When the last letter of a word and the first letter of the following word have sukoon ( ), it
is called
. The
before the
will not be
pronounced.
In some case, the first sukoon is changed to a fathah.
e.g.
(from Japan) will become
.
In some cases, the first sukoon is changed to dammah.
e.g.
5. When an
of
of
(sun
the tree
the sun
the pen
is a feminine
noun.
blackboard
8. The
generally be
will
the moon
of
etc. of a
.
17
e.g.
many idols
these idols
e.g.
However, If there is a round
added.
e.g.
18
Section 1.6
Personal Pronouns
Definition:
to the speaker
(singular:
) are those words, which are used in place of names and refer
Table 1.1
Personal Pronouns
Unattached Form
Attached Form
He (one male), it
their, them
their, them
her, its
their, them
their, them
your
your
your
your
your
your
my, mine, me
our
In the unattached form, these dameers can appear as mubtada, faail, etc. In the attached form,
they can appear as mafool or mudaaf ilayhi. For more details, see section 2.4.1.
e.g.
Sometimes, a
be incorrectly read as
He is Zayd.
your pen
I am a student.
I helped her.
of
to protect an iraab as in
is
19
).
Section 1.710
Prepositions
Effect: A
gives a
Table 1.2
Prepositions
Meaning
Example
1.
with
2.
by (for oath)
By Allah!
3.
like
4.
for
5.
by (oath)
By Allah!
6.
since
7.
since/for
8.
besides, except
9.
many a
10.
besides, except
11.
from
12.
besides, except
13.
in, regarding
14.
from, regarding
15.
on
16.
up to, until
17.
up to, towards
I travelled to Madinah.
Example 1:
10
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 1, 76-81.
20
=
Note: Together, the
and
are known as
(connected) of the
(there is more detail to this, and will follow later), and of the
in
EXERCISE
1.
iii.
ii.
iv.
21
in
Section 1.811
(also called
Verb
These
because like
appear before a
to the
and
to the
.
which is then known as
(or
(or
and so
and so on).
Table 1.3
Those Particles That Resemble the Verb
Meaning
Example
1.
2.
that
3.
as if
4.
but, however
5.
if only, I wish
6.
maybe, hopefully,
perhaps
Sentence Analysis:
Indeed, Allah is All-Knowing.
Notes:
1. Difference between
a.
and :
11
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 1, 69-75.
22
b. Sometimes,
two cases:
i.
When it is used after a word with root letters
e.g.
ii.
2. The
Example 2:
e.g.
12
.12
Example 1:
3. If the
is (
), then the
23
second.
4. When
e.g.
must be
EXCERISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab, and analyze the following sentences.
i.
iv.
ii.
v.
iii.
vi.
24
to convey
Section 1.913
(also called
is called
two mamools (
e.g.
, it needs
to the
and a
(or
(or
and so on).
Table 1.4
Meaning
Example
1.
was
2.
became
3.
OR
became
4.
5.
happen at midmorning,
became
6.
7.
8.
as long as
9.
always, continuously
10.
always, continuously
11.
always, continuously
12.
always, continuously
13.
no, not
13
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 1, 62-68 & vol. 2, 151155.
25
Sentence Analysis:
The house was clean.
Notes:
1. When
is used with
e.g.
of
is a
2.
can be used in
3.
can be used in
4.
and
5.
6. The
of
but not in
or
and
as well.
).
e.g.
7. If the
is (
), then the
e.g.
second.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab, and analyze the following sentences.
i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
26
CHAPTER 2
Declinable and Indeclinable Words
Words are of two types with respect to changes, which may or may not take place at their
ends. If the end of a word remains the same in all conditions, it is called
; and that word
whose end changes is called
Section 2.114
: Those conditions or states (
are four:
and
, and
words
(governing word).
Signs of Iraab
Iraab can be expressed in different ways. These are called
: These are the basic signs and are the most common. Iraab is shown by
means of a
i.e.
or
or
or
).
e.g.
2.
i.e. or
or .
e.g.
States of Murab
As mentioned above, the conditions or states that occur at the end of
14
This section is based upon the discussion in al-Nahw al-Wadih. See al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibdtidaiyyah, vol. 2,
7-18.
27
1.
appears at the
appears at
appears at
e.g.
4.
e.g.
Note: It should be remembered that verbs can only be in the state of
nouns can only be in a state of
, or
Difference Between
The words
a
, while
The words
or
and
at the end. It is
, e.g.
has
.
are used for all other places where ( ), ( ) and ( ) appear.
, respectively, wherever
they occur except when one needs to precisely point out the end of a
could say
has a
on ( ), a
on ( ), and a
28
) is
Section 2.2
Indeclinable Word
As mentioned earlier, a
governing it.
e.g.
This came.
Note: The
I saw this.
at the end of
I passed by this.
requirement.
Types of
1.
All Particles
2.
3.
4.
*
*
Those seeghahs of
that are
and
) or have
and
).
5.
Amongst nouns
i.e.
words (
or
a.
b.
or
, which is
(one of the
meaning.
Resemblance in dependency. For example, the noun
dependent on a
, which is
(one of the
),
Resemblance in having less than three letters. For example, the noun
, which is
d.
letters.
Resemblance in having had a
resembles a
*These three are known as
29
:15
When a
,
place of
, or
the sentence.
For example,
We helped him.
Keeping in mind that all pronouns are
is
is
is
and is
, is
, is
.
and
and
EXERCISE
1. Analyze the following sentences like in the example given above.
i.
ii.
iii.
15
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 2, 35-38.
30
Section 2.3
Declinable Word
As mentioned above, a
requirement of the
is that word whose end accepts any of the iraab according to the
governing it.
e.g.
A man came.
Note: The iraab of
Types of
I saw a man.
I passed by a man.
1. Amongst verbs
and
besides those of
and
) are
. They are
. For example,
EXERCISES
1. State with reason whether the following words are
or
i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
and
i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
31
words in them.
Section 2.4
Types of Indeclinable Nouns
The types of
1.
are as follows:
(personal pronouns)
2.
(relative pronouns)
3.
(demonstrative pronouns)
4.
5.
6.
(adverbs)
7.
8.
(numerical phrase)
32
Section 2.4.116
Personal Pronouns
We have discussed
Definition:
(singular:
to the speaker
) are those words, which are used in place of names and refer
or the third person
distinct form. It can appear on its own, i.e. unattached to another word (known as
), or it can be attached to another word (known as
follows:
i.
ii.
2.
).
conditions/states (haalaat).
16
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 2, 120-135.
33
Table 2.1
in
(also called
e.g.
34
Table 2.2
in
(also called
35
Table 2.3
and
in
(also called
Dameer
and
Example
17
e.g.
17
Sometimes, a
be incorrectly read as
of
to protect an iraab as in
is
).
36
appears in
Table 2.4
in
(also called
e.g.
Note: The
in
will always be
37
:
It is that
(an earlier word that it refers to). The sentence after it clarifies such a
e.g.
:
It is that
(an earlier word that it refers to). The sentence after it clarifies such a
e.g.
:
It is that
e.g.
and a
for emphasis.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyze the following sentences, pointing out all the
as well as their type and
i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
38
Section 2.4.218
- Relative Pronouns
Definition: An
is an
An
, which is generally a
. This
is called
, must have a
.
Table 2.5
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
18
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 2, 136-140.
39
7.
8.
and
) and
is used for
).
e.g.
2.
and
3.
and used in
.
from which book
.
which girl
and an
e.g.
would equal
would equal
would equal
4.
According to the dialect of the tribe
, it is an
It is used for all genders and all numbers, without its form changing.
e.g.
equals
equals
equals
40
Sentence Analysis:
That person whose father is knowledgeable, came.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab, and analyze the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
41
Section 2.4.319
Demonstrative Pronouns
Definition: An
of of two types.
i.
: It is used for pointing at something near.
ii.
Table 2.7
this
that
these
two
these
two
those
two
those
two
these
those
Table 2.8
e.g.
this
that
these
two
these
two
those
two
those
two
these
those
that book
these women
those men
19
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 2, 141-145.
42
Notes:
1. In the case of
. It is, in fact, a
2. The
of
is a
, then the
e.g.
occurs as a
, then the
e.g.
is also
which is an
, and the
e.g.
, then a suitable
e.g.
5. If the
this book
is a
and
.
e.g.
6.
will generally be a
This is a book.
However, if the
the
4. If the
If no
or
rules.
Sentence Analysis:
This pen is precious.
+
43
EXERCISE
1.
iv.
ii.
v.
iii.
vi.
44
Section 2.4.420
Those Nouns Which Have the Meaning of Verbs
Definition: These are nouns that have the meaning of verbs but do not accept its signs.
That which has the meaning of
, gives the noun after it a raf; and the one
which has the meaning of
Verb
Meaning
he/it became far, it is
far (from him)
Example
It is far from (beyond)
Zayd to do this.
he hastened
Zayd hastened.
Table 2.10
Nouns in the Meaning of
Noun
Verb
Meaning
Example
Give respite!
Take!
Hold on to (it)!;
(It is) incumbent on
you
Come!; Hasten!
20
Hold on to my
Sunnah.
Come to salah.
For more examples and exercises, please refer to Ali al-Jaarim & Mustafa Ameen, al-Nahw al-Wadih li alMadaris al-Thanawiyyah, (Cairo: Dar al-Maarif, n.d.), vol. 1, 40-43.
45
Notes:
1. There are some other nouns which have the meaning of verbs. These are as follows:
( come)
(
accept)
(
(
keep quite)
bring, give)
suffice)
(
i.
e.g.
Say: bring your proof, if you are truthful.
ii.
e.g.
Say: O people of the book! Come to a word
e.g.
Then, come, I will make provision for you and release you with
kindness.
Section 2.4.5
Those Nouns Which Denote a Sound
To denote a cough.
To denote pain.
To denote happiness, pleasure.
To make a camel sit.
To denote the cawing of a crow.
21
is an abbreviation for
46
Section 2.4.622
Adverbs
Definition: An
is that noun, which gives us an idea of the place or time when (or
Adverbs of Time:
1.
(when)
could be a
e.g.
e.g.
or a
e.g.
That you are together in punishment will never benefit you today because
you oppressed.
[This is according to one translation.]
2.
22
(when/if)
or preferably a
could be a
e.g.
e.g.
The list of
given in this section is by no means exhaustive. There are many more that should be studied
47
, in which case
must be
e.g.
3.
(when)
4.
and
get a
5.
(when)
It is used as an interrogative.
e.g.
Note:
6.
(yesterday)
e.g.
7.
followed by a
(followed by a
) or as
.
I have not seen him since Friday.
48
8.
(not, never)
It is used to emphasize
e.g.
9.
.
I never hit him.
(never)
It is used to emphasize
e.g.
10.
.
I will never hit him.
(before)
(after)
They are
and the
e.g.
Allahs is the decision before and after (i.e. before everything and after
everything).
e.g.
I have been present from before (i.e. before you).
e.g.
When will you come after (i.e. after this)?
When the
e.g.
Adverbs of Place:
1.
(where)
It is generally
to a sentence.
e.g.
2.
&
(behind)
and
e.g.
The people stood in front and behind.
(i.e. in front of him and behind him).
49
3.
(under)
&
and
e.g.
Zayd sat under and Amr above. (i.e. under the tree and above the tree.)
4.
Note:
e.g.
5.
from Allah
(where)
e.g.
and
e.g.
6.
will get a
).
)).
is generally preceded by
the person.
Note: That adverb which is
and is
the adverb
which is
This is the day when the truth of the truthful will benefit them.
and
faces on that day
50
EXERCISE
1. Translate the follows ayahs of the Quran and identify the
whether they are from among
or
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
51
Section 2.4.7
Those Nouns Which Indicate an Unspecified Quantity
1.
e.g.
2.
e.g.
or
e.g.
or
Section 2.4.8
Numerical Phrase
This has been discussed earlier. Please, refer to section 1.4.3.
52
Section 2.5
Types of Declinable Nouns
These are of two types:
1.
Definition: It is that noun which does not have two causes from amongst the nine causes
that prevent declension (
) or one such cause, which is equivalent to two.
2.
Definition: It is that noun which has two causes from amongst the nine causes that
prevent declension (
) or one such cause, which is equivalent to two.
Such a noun does not accept a kasrah and never gets a tanween. In
, it gets a
There are nine reasons/causes which prevent iraab changes. Each one of these has its own
conditions, which must exist for it to be a cause. The nine causes are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
: It refers to the case when a noun gives up its original form to assume a new form.
1.
is of two types:
i.
e.g.
In the case of
: It refers to the case when it is assumed that a noun had an original because
ii.
it is used as
e.g.
by the Arabs.
as
. Therefore, in order to keep the grammar rule intact, it is assumed that the
second reason is
23
is
This discussion is based upon Hidayat al-Nahw. It is presented in an entirely different manner in al-Nahw alWadih. See al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibdtidaiyyah, vol. 3, 125-133.
53
2.
red
ii. The
3.
) meaning. If such a
is
green
has
: It refers to the case when a noun is a proper noun (name of a person, place or thing).
e.g.
female name
name of a region in Yemen
4.
: It refers to the case when a noun is such a feminine proper noun, which has one of
the following characteristics:
i. It ends with a round . For example,
25
ii. It does not end with a round and has more then three letters. For example,
iii. It is a non-Arabic three-letter word and the middle letter is
Note:
or
. For example,
.
.
are feminine.
pregnant
red
Presence of
or
: It refers to the case when a word, which is a proper noun in a non-Arabic language,
5.
has either
or
has three letters and the middle letter is
Thus,
e.g.
.
e.g.
24
25
Even though
(name of a fort)
.
54
and
is that
and
is
: It refers to the case when a word is a combination of two words. This word must
6.
be an
e.g.
7.
and
and one of
(proper noun).
e.g.
Note: Thus, the word
noun.
ii.
The
of
and
.
26
e.g.
27
intoxicated
and
thirsty
of
.
are not extra or added (i.e. not
26
is on
For example,
is mainly used as ghayr munsarif (without tanween), and is sometimes used as munsarif (with tanween).
). See E. W. Lane, An Arabic-English Lexicon, (Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1968), book I, part
4, 1391.
27
is interchangeably used as munsarif (with tanween) and ghayr munsarif (without tanween). The reason
55
8.
is on the wazn of a
or when a
e.g.
is an
, and
is a
and
e.g.
Here,
9.
is an
.
(alif of plural) one of the
following:
i.
two
letters.
ii.
one
iii.
letter.
.
e.g.
mosques
e.g.
animals
e.g.
keys
Note:
If any of the above words ends with a round , it will not be ghayr munsarif.
e.g.
polishers
when it is
when it has
.
before it.
e.g.
e.g.
EXERCISES
1.
Mention with reason why the following words are munsarif or ghayr munsarif.
i.
28
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
29
28
This is the name of a major Hanafi Imam. It is non-Arabic in origin and is pronounced with a dammah on
the first letter and a fathah on the second letter.
29
56
2. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out with reason the words which are ghayr munsarif.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
57
Section 2.6
Iraab of the Various Types of Murab Nouns
We begin this section by defining some terms. Then, we will outline the iraab of each of the
various types of murab nouns.
: It is that noun, which does not end with any of the
e.g.
man
: It is that noun, which ends with a or
e.g.
bucket
preceded by a
deer
: These are six nouns, which are not in their diminutive form
. These
are as follows:
father
mouth
brother
something insignificant
brother-in-law
(plural:
e.g.
: It is that noun which ends with a
e.g.
preceded by a kasrah.
the judge
, the
is visible in an
becomes
when it is
. However, in
.
, it
(I saw a judge).
Before we list the iraab of each of the various types of murab nouns in a table, it
would be useful to remember that a simple method of illustrating different iraab is to make
three sentences on the following pattern:
Zayd came.
I saw Zayd.
I passed by Zayd.
.
58
, and a fathah in
, and a
Table 2.11
Noun Type
a. When
to
to
dameer.
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
c. when not
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
(masculine)
(feminine)
(masculine)
(feminine)
30
31
The of
is dropped when it is
followng hadith:
32
Both of them.
59
(plural of
)
hidden
EXERCISE35
1.
Translate, fill in the iraab and identify which rule from among those given in Table
2.11, is applicable.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
33
was originally
changed to a
. First, the
, then the
and the dammah before the is changed into a kasrah. Thus, it became
34
was originally
were joined (
35
. It became
. First, the
). Thus, it became
was
.
. It became
For more exercises, refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 2, 13-51 & 83-94.
60
. Then, the
),
CHAPTER 3
Further Discussion of Nouns
Section 3.1
Relative Adjective
Definition: It is that noun, which shows something or someone to be related to it.
e.g.
Rules of Forming
, then
should be changed to a .
e.g.
becomes
should be dropped.
becomes
becomes
becomes
and
becomes
of
and
becomes
61
should be
of
should
should be dropped.
becomes
can be dropped or it
can be changed to a .
e.g.
becomes
or
8. If an original letter from the end of a noun was dropped, it should first be brought back,
and then, the relative adjective should be made.
e.g.
(originally )
becomes
(originally
becomes
(originally
becomes
9. Some words do not follow any particular rule. They are based on usage.
e.g.
becomes
becomes
EXERCISE
1. Form the relative adjective from the following words.
i.
ii.
v.
iii.
62
Section 3.2
Diminutive Noun
Definition: It is that noun, which is used to express the diminutive form of a noun.
Sometimes, the purpose is to show affection or contempt.
Rules:
1. A three-letter noun would come on the wazn of
e.g.
(or
becomes
(a little man)
becomes
(a little slave)
for feminine).
becomes
(paper)
becomes
as the fourth letter, would come on the scale of
becomes
Notes:
1. In the diminutive form, the hidden of a
e.g.
becomes apparent.
becomes
2. In the diminutive form, the last letter of a noun which has been dropped becomes
apparent.
e.g.
(originally )
becomes
(
was originally
EXERCISE
1. Form the diminutive noun from the following words.
i.
iv.
ii.
v.
iii.
vi.
63
Section 3.3
Definite and Common Nouns
(common noun): It is that noun, which denotes something unspecified.
e.g.
a man
(definite noun): It is that noun which denotes something specific. There are seven
types of
1.
2.
.
: It is a personal pronoun. It has been discussed earlier in Section 2.4.1.
3.
4.
5.
the man
which is mudaaf to any of the above five definite nouns.
e.g.
7.
e.g.
EXERCISE
1. Which of the following words are marifah (state what type) and which are nakirah.
i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
64
Section 3.4
Masculine and Feminine Noun
- Masculine Noun: It is that noun, which does not have any sign from amongst
the signs of femininity
- Feminine Noun: It is that noun, which has a sign from amongst the signs of
femininity. This sign could be apparent or hidden.
: The signs of being feminine are of two types:
1.
(in words): It is that sign, which is visible in words. These signs are of the
following three types:
e.g.
e.g.
(assumed): It is that sign, which is not visible in words and is assumed to exist.
This is determined by looking at the diminutive form
This reveals the original letters of the word.
e.g.
The diminutive form is
The diminutive form is
or
of a particular word.
. Therefore, it is
. Therefore, it is
.
.
is of two types:
sign of
sign of
femininity.
2.
femininity.
In terms of
1.
(essence),
2.
is of two types:
(woman). Its masculine is
(man).
(darkness)
(spring)
65
Notes:
1. The following are used as feminine
a.
Name of females.
e.g.
b.
c.
d.
e.
(cheek),
masculine.
Names of various types of winds.
e.g.
f.
g.
used as masculine.
..
e.g.
2. There are some words that Arabs use as feminine without regard to the presence or absence
of signs of femininity. Examples include the following:
(bucket)
(tillage/field)
(well)
(self)
(fire)
66
(house)
Section 3.5
Singular, Dual and Plural
Singular: It is that noun, which denotes one.
e.g.
one man
Dual: It is that noun, which denotes two. It is formed by placing at the end of a
singular
e.g.
two men
for
for
.
e.g.
two men
men
of
and
e.g.
is dropped in case of
(Originally,
.
but the
(Originally,
.)
.)
(Originally,
(Originally,
but the
but the
EXERCISE
1. Translate the following into Arabic.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
67
.)
.)
Section 3.6
Types of Plural
Sound Plural: It is that plural whose
(letter sequence/form) of
does not
change, when its plural is made. In other words, the singular letter sequence does not break.
e.g.
(singular
for
.
e.g.
] for
.
e.g.
2.
An
preceded by a fathah and followed by a madmoom long
i.e.
and
for
.
e.g.
An
i.e.
for
.
e.g.
Broken Plural: It is that plural whose
changes, when its plural is made. In other words, the singular letter sequence breaks.
e.g.
(singular
68
Restricted Plural: It is that plural, which denotes a number from three to ten. It has
four common
.
Table 3.1
Wazn
Examples
Meaning
Singular
Plural
self
statement
food
boy
Note: The masculine and feminine sound plural, which is not preceded by an
considered
is also
e.g.
intelligent females
intelligent males
Unrestricted Plural: It is that plural, which denotes a number from ten upwards.
Some of the common
Wazn
Examples
Meaning
Singular
slave
knowledgeable
prophet
messenger
star
servant
patient
student
group/sect
boy
69
Plural
is also
e.g.
Plural of a Plural: It is the plural of a plural. Sometimes, it appears on the wazn
of
Singular
Meaning
Plural
Plural of Plural
blessing
nail
house
well-qualified
two
one
letters.
e.g.
letter.
e.g.
.
e.g.
Wazn
Examples
Meaning
Singular
mosque
key
rule/maxim
message/letter
elder
70
Plural
(mother)
(mouth)
(water)
(human being)
(goat/sheep)
). Because of
that, it refers to an entire genus (category/class). Generally, its singular has a ( ). For example,
refers to trees. Its singular is
(a tree).
36
(a date-palm tree).
For more details, please refer to Abd al-Ghaniyy al-Daqr, Mujam al-Qawaid al-Arabiyyah fi al-Nahw wa alTasreef, (Damascus: Dar al-Qalam, 1986), 36.
37
For more details, please refer to Mujam al-Qawaid al-Arabiyyah, 36.
71
EXERCISE
1. What type of plurals are the following?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
72
Section 3.7
- Words That Are Always Marfoo
There are eight words that are always in the state of
1.
4.
2.
3.
6.
5.
7.
8.
(subject) and
(predicate) were
was
Subject/Doer
Definition: It is the doer of the action or of the meaning contained in the verb.
The
can either be a personal pronoun or an
(i.e. visible in words after the
). We have discussed personal pronouns before in Section 2.4.1. Now, we will
discuss what the
Table 3.5
If the
is
Then the
will be
Example
and there is
1.
.
and its singularity,
2.
3.
or
or
and
4.
or
or
5.
or
or
73
is
Then the
will be
Example
beside the
corresponding in
6. any
above five categories
gender
and its singularity,
7.
8.
or
EXERCISE
1. Fill in a suitable
i.
iii.
v.
_______
_______
_______/_______
ii.
_______/_______
iv.
_______/_______
vi.
_____/_______
74
Section 3.7.2
/
Substitute of
of such a
e.g.
whose
(substitute of
is not mentioned).
The same
e.g.
of a
1.
2.
3.
or
4.
or
5.
or
6.
or
7.
8.
or
or
or
or
Sentence Analysis:
The door was opened.
EXERCISE
1. Convert the following to
with its
i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
75
is
) or
Section 3.7.338
The Noun of Those
It means that
e.g.
) as
Like
e.g.
When the
e.g.
ii.
The word
If the
e.g.
38
e.g.
iii.
The effect of
i.
and .
and/or
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 95-102.
76
Section 3.7.439
The
gives its
e.g.
(Category/Class)
and the
are
No man is standing.
Table 3.6
Different Forms of the Noun of and Its Iraab
If the
1.
of
is
Then it will be
Explanation
Example
or
There is no servant of
a man in the house.
No one who attempts
to do good is
blameworthy.
2.
There is no man in
the house.
3.
- The has to be
repeated with
another
.
- The effect of
is cancelled.
4.
with a word
- The has to be
repeated.
- The effect of
between it and
is cancelled.
5.
and
Neither is there a
man in it nor a
woman.
repeated
with
no
between them
word
39
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 118-122.
It refers to the case when a word is connected to another word, which completes its meaning, in the same way
that mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi are connected to one another.
41
There is no power (to do good) and there is no power (to stay away from evil)[except with Allahs help].
40
77
Note: The
e.g.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the rule which applies.
i.
v.
ii.
vi.
78
Section 3.8
Words Which Are Always Mansoob42
1.
7.
2.
8.
3.
known as
9.
4.
10.
5.
11.
6.
12.
Of these, 8,9,10 and 11 have been discussed before. Here, we will discuss the remaining.
Section 3.8.1
Object
Definition: It is that word on which the action of the
e.g.
takes place.
Khalid drank water.
a.
e.g.
O son of Zayd!
It was originally
. The verb
Note:
The
was dropped.
is near.
is far.
42
There are exceptions to the rule. Mustathnaa, for example, is not always mansoob. It is still mentioned under
this category because most of the time, it is mansoob.
43
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 3, 120-124.
79
Table 3.7
Rules Governing the Iraab of the
If the
Then it will
be
is
Example
1.
O son of Zayd!
2.
O reader of a book!
44
3.
(Unspecified nakirah)
4.
(Specified nakirah)
5.
O Zayd!
(Singular marifah)
6.
(masculine) or
(feminine) has to be
and
O man!
.
O woman!
can become
or
can become
Note: The last letter can be given a dammah or it can retain its original harakah.
b.
Its original is
and have trampled comfortable ground. In other words, you are welcome. Here
two verbs,
and
is used instead of
Beware of the road! Here, the verb
is used instead of
is dropped due to
80
Section 3.8.245
Definition: It is the masdar of the verb that governs it and is used for the following:
(emphasis)
e.g.
I beat him severely.
(number of times)
sit.
e.g.
. Originally, it was
Here, the verb
Only the
, and
of the
, which is
Section 3.8.346
Definition: It is that noun, which explains the reason for the action taking place. Generally, it
is a masdar.
e.g.
I beat/hit him to teach (him) manners.
Section 3.8.447
is known as
e.g.
(with).
.
Zayd came with the book.
I came with Zayd.
45
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 2, 156-160. For
additional types of
81
Section 3.8.5
in which an action
(limited, restricted)
Both types of
and
or place
, namely,
and
(unlimited, unrestricted).
Types of
i.
ii.
day
e.g.
night
e.g.
month
e.g.
year
e.g.
Types of
i.
(limited, restricted):
ii.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
in front of
e.g.
, the preposition
, it is assumed to exist (
82
).
1.
=
=
=
2.
|
=
|
(
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and identify the type of
i.
viii.
ii.
ix.
iii.
x.
iv.
xi.
v.
xii.
vi.
xiii.
vii.
xiv.
83
Section 3.8.648
State / Condition
Definition: It is a noun, which describes the condition of either the
or the
or both at
gets a
3. The
is generally
and the
e.g.
is generally
4. If the
is
, the
e.g.
5. The
can be a
e.g.
6. The
is
in
can be a sentence.
If the
is a
, then a
(with or without a
meaning of condition.
e.g.
If the
is a
and the
is
.
e.g.
48
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 3, 101-109.
84
Sentence Analysis:
1.
+
=
2.
+
=
3.
=
+
=
4.
|
+
=
=
85
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the
and
i.
vi.
ii.
vii.
iii.
viii.
iv.
ix.
v.
x.
86
Section 3.8.749
/
Definition: It is an
) clarifies what (
) refers to.
Sentence Analysis:
+
=
Notes:
The ambiguous noun is called
or
The
Sometimes, the
e.g.
If the
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the
49
and
i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 3, 110-119.
87
Rules for
(Numerals)
The
and the
e.g.
Note: Normally, for one or two boy, girl, men etc., one would simply say
or
The
The
will be
and the
e.g.
second.
.
must be of opposite gender.
three pens
five cars
into account.
e.g.
Here, the singular
will be taken
is feminine, and
(day) of
is masculine.
.
The
and the
e.g.
will be
of
88
The
will be
e.g.
fourteen men
nineteen girls
The ten
(masc.)/
in terms of gender.
The gender of
whether the
to
is masculine or feminine.
e.g.
twenty men
thirty girls
and the
twenty-one men
twenty-one girls
twenty-four men
twenty-six girls
89
is masculine or
Hundred (100)
The
will be
.
is masculine or feminine.
hundred men
For 200,
will be used. (
e.g.
hundred girls
in
Since
e.g.
will be masculine.
If there are units and tens with the 100s as well, their respective gender rules will.
e.g.
Thousand (1,000)
The
will be
is masculine or feminine.
thousand men
Since
e.g.
thousand girls
will be feminine.
is
Million (1,000,000)
The
will be
is masculine or feminine.
million men
million girls
Since
e.g.
will be feminine.
is
90
EXERCISES
1. Write the following in Arabic.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
2 schools
12 women
17 doors
21 cars
150 houses
444 miles
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
11 books
14 chairs
26 boys
111 elephants
195 keys
3,333 roses
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
91
Section 3.8.851
means to exclude.
is that noun, which has been excluded and appears after the
is that noun from which the
are as follows:
e.g.
Related Terminology
refers to the case when the
e.g.
before the
before the
.
e.g.
is not mentioned.
is mentioned.
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 3, 88-100.
92
/
or
.
e.g.
/
or
.
e.g.
Sentence Type
Example
1.
The angels prostrated
except Iblees.
2.
The people came to me
except zayd.
3.
or
same as
No one came to me
except Zayd.
according to the
governing
4.
(as if
All types
The people came
except Zayd.
93
Example
All types
or
(as a
preposition)
7.
All types
The people came except
Zayd.
is to replace
was supposed
with
1)
would be.
2)
, so the
and
will be mansoob.
, so the
1)
2)
EXERCISES
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and explain the iraab of the mustathnaa.
i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
94
The second
it will be marfoo.
b. The iraab of the
and 2)
Section 3.952
Words Which Are Always Majroor
There are two types of words that are always majroor. These are as follows:
1. Noun preceded by a
.
e.g.
in the book
2.
e.g.
52
book of Zayd
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 1, 76-81.
95
Section 3.10
Definition: A
is that noun, which follows the noun before it in terms of iraab (and some
The
to
1)
2)
4)
5)
3)
Section 3.10.153
Adjective54
is of two types:
1.
1)
2)
The
follows the
e.g.
, which is the
in this
+
+
53
54
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 3, 134-142.
is another name for
; and
96
Note:
If a
Example 1
or
) is
, and (
) is the
Example 2
The boy came to me while riding the bicycle.
Here, ( ) is
, and (
) is the
Sentence Analysis
1.
2.
e.g.
is describing
, the
and
indirectly.
Iraab
Being marifah or nakirah
97
). In
2.
The
plural.
e.g.
3.
The
is singular, dual or
e.g.
Sentence Analysis:
1.
is the
of
, or more precisely
. Because of
, it is marfoo and
, in being masculine.55
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the
and the
in the following
sentences.
55
i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
There seems to be a contradiction between the sentence analysis and the note given above for
. All
the books of Nahw that we referred to, including Ilm al-Nahw, al-Nahw al-Wadih, and Sharh ibn Aqil, agree
that in this example, only
explaining the rules for
of
is the
98
the
2. Analyze the following sentences and and point out the difference between them.
i.
iii.
ii.
99
Section 3.10.256
Emphasis
Definition: It is that
The
is called
and the
and
e.g.
, which
, or sentence.
Zayd definitely came.
The absent one definitely became present.
I will definitely not break the pledge.
You open the window.
You are, indeed, the censured one.
2.
Their
in terms
56
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 3, 143-152
100
(both)
It must be
to a dual
e.g.
.
Both of the men stood up.
Both of the female teachers stood up.
c.
(all)
Note:
and
e.g.
101
Sentence Analysis
All the people came.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyze the following sentences.
i.
vi.
ii.
vii.
iii.
viii.
iv.
ix.
v.
x.
102
Section 3.10.357
Substitute
Definition: A
is that
The
is called
. The
is called
or
(the
substituted).
e.g.
:
2)
1.
3)
(also called
the
): It is that
4)
, which refers to the exact same thing as
.
e.g.
2.
(also called
The
must have a
e.g.
3.
The
: It is that
e.g.
57
must have a
e.g.
4.
: It is that
): It is that
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 3, 163-167.
103
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyze the following sentences.
i.
vi.
ii.
vii.
iii.
viii.
iv.
ix.
v.
x.
104
Section 3.10.4
Conjunction
Definition: It is that
and the
is called
The
. The
applicable to the
and the
is called
e.g.
:
The various
are as follows:
e.g.
He sends down water from the sky. Therefore, the earth becomes
green.
(then): It shows sequence with delay.
e.g.
).
105
(eitheror):
e.g.
(or):
e.g.
e.g.
ruling for that which is before it, and affirms it for that which is after it.
e.g.
Zayd came to me. Rather, Bakr (came).
If it appears after a (
) or a (
before it, and affirms its opposite (i.e. opposite of negation) for the one after it.
e.g.
i.e. to
Notes:
1. If the
is a
, then its
e.g.
, then the
3. If the
by the same
e.g.
is a
preceded by a
, then the
.
I passed by you and Zayd.
106
EXERCISE
1. Fill in a suitable
i.
ii.
iii.
_____
iv.
_______
v.
_____
vi.
107
_____
_____
Section 3.10.5
Definition: It is that
|
+
=
Example:
|
+
=
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyze the following sentences.
i.
ii.
108
CHAPTER 4
Governing Words
Definition: An
: 1)
1.
: It is that
2)
Zayd is standing.
is the
because of
ii.
gives
In the case of
, which is
because of
is the
.
, being free of a
or
gives
.
e.g.
Here
2.
: It is that
Zayd is working.
is
and it is also
i.
ii.
iii.
109
or
Section 4.1
Governing Particles
A. Particles, Which Govern Nouns
1.
refer to section 1.7
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
110
Section 4.1.158
Particles That Give Nasb
These are as follows:
of
or
of
or
of the
.
Table 4.1
Meaning
Example
that, to
so that
then,
case
in
that
Notes:
1. Sometimes , together with its
is called
.
e.g.
i.e.
Your fasting is better for you.
2.
After
e.g.
I travelled until I entered the city.
59
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 1, 47-52.
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 2, 52-62.
111
.59
b.
After
or
: i.e. that
e.g.
Allah was not going to punish them.
c.
(until) or
e.g.
(but that/unless).
After
: i.e., that
which the
).
e.g.
Do not command the truth while you lie.
(Here, the
turned away/stopped the effect of from
e.
This
After
is also known as
: i.e., that
or
or
.)
.
.
).
e.g.
I came so I could rest.
f.
After
: i.e., that
six.
1.
e.g.
Visit me so that I treat you hospitably.
2.
e.g.
Do not cross the limit regarding it, lest My wrath descends
upon you.
3.
e.g.
You do not visit us, otherwise we would have treated you
hospitably.
4.
e.g.
Where is your house, so I can visit you.
112
5.
e.g.
I wish I had wealth, so I would have spent it.
6.
e.g.
Why dont you visit us so that you receive good!
3.
4.
if the
is joined to a
a fathah. Such an
is not a
is known as
. Therefore,
i.e., that
which was .
e.g.
e.g.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the
sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
113
Section 4.1.260
Particles That Give Jazm
These are as follows:
of
of
or
or
.
Table 4.2
Meaning
Example
if
did not
not yet
He should sit.
do not
Do not sit.
Notes:
1.
appears before two verbal sentences. The first one is called
second
2. If
(answer/result).
or
by .
e.g.
4.
. For this,
of a
when the
e.g.
If you come to me you will be treated hospitably.
60
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 1, 52-57 & vol. 2, 63-66.
114
b.
e.g.
If you see Zayd, treat him hospitably.
c.
e.g.
If Zayd comes to you, do not humiliate him.
d.
e.g.
If you treat me hospitably, then, may Allah reward you well.
5.
e.g.
May Allah reward you well.
b. preceded by
e.g.
If you sit, I will sit.
c. preceded by
e.g.
Whoever comes with good, there will be ten
like it for him.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the
sentences.
i.
iv.
ii.
v.
iii.
vi.
115
Section 4.2
Governing Verbs
Section 4.2.1
Active Verb: It is that verb whose doer is known/mentioned.
it gives
i.
to the
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Section 4.2.2
Passive Verb: It is that verb whose doer is not known/mentioned.
is also known as
It gives
It gives
to the
(a verb whose
(originally the
is not named).
).
e.g.
Zayd was beaten severely on Friday, in front of the Judge, in his office/house,
to teach him manners.
Section 4.2.3
Intransitive Verb: It is that verb whose meaning can be understood without a
.
e.g.
Zayd sat.
Section 4.2.4
: These were discussed earlier in section 1.9.
116
Section 4.2.561
Transitive Verb
Definition: It is that verb whose meaning cannot be understood without a
e.g.
e.g.
2. Those verbs, which can be given two
(to give).
etc.
I gave the beggar a bread.
etc.
e.g.
and
.
(verbs which relate to the heart/feelings).
unlike the verbs above (number 2).
Table 4.3
Verb
61
Usage
Example
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 3, 69-71.
117
Example
I informed Zayd that Khalid is sleeping.
I informed Zayd that Bakr is well-educated.
The messenger informed me that the chief is
coming.
I informed them that arrogance is hated.
I informed the boys that sport is beneficial.
I informed the travellers that the train is late.
I informed the children that swimming is
beneficial.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyze the following sentences.
i.
iv.
ii.
v.
iii.
vi.
118
Section 4.2.662
and
is always
, and give
to their
and
to their
. The difference is
2.
3.
) of the
Type
Example
preferably without
preferably without
preferably with
preferably with
Hopefully Zayd
will come out.
Zayd began
writing.
Zayd began
reading.
Zayd began eating.
without
without
without
* These verbs are used only in past tense.
The
can be used as normal verbs too.
e.g.
62
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 103-108.
119
Sentence Analysis:
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyze the following sentences.
i.
iv.
ii.
v.
iii.
vi.
120
Section 4.2.763
Verbs of Praise and Blame
Verbs of praise:
Verbs of blame:
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
The
of
i.
is called
prefixed with .
e.g.
ii.
e.g.
iii.
a hidden
followed by a
(being
e.g.
iv.
).
What a wonderful man Zayd is!
The word .
e.g.
In
or
.
is its
is the
.
.
Notes:
1. These verbs are used in the past tense in their singular form (masculine or feminine).
2. At times the
e.g.
63
is dropped.
i.e.
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 57-59.
121
Sentence Analysis:
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyze the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
122
Section 4.2.864
Verbs of Wonder
For three-letter verbs
1.
e.g.
2.
e.g.
is extra
, a word such as
of the desired verb. The
.
How very respectful people are towards the learned!
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyze the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
64
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 60-63.
123
Section 4.3
Governing Nouns
Amongst these,
Section 4.3.165
Conditional Nouns
giving both a
.
(condition) and the second
(result).
Table 4.6
Noun
1.
2.
3.
Meaning
who,
whoever
what,
whatever
however
much
Usage
Example
Whoever treats me hospitably, I
will treat him hospitably.
Whatever you eat, I will eat.
Whatever you spend in the way
of good, will benefit you.
Whenever you go, I will go.
4.
when
5.
when
6.
where
7.
where
8.
where
9.
how,
manner
any of
the above
10.
Notes:
1.
and
any of the
above
except
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 2, 66-71.
124
if
e.g.
if
e.g.
that are
to
. Some
). Amongst the
ii.
(when)
This is also a
. It also entails
).
e.g.
sentence.
e.g.
EXERCISE
1. Complete the following sentences with a suitable
i.
_______
v.
_______
ii.
_______
vi.
_______
_______
vii.
_______
_______
_______
125
Section 4.3.266
Active Participle
Definition: It is a noun which indicates the one doing or undertaking an action described by
the root letters. This is irrespective of its position in a sentence.
It is created from
verbs on the pattern of
. For other than
verbs,
it is created on the pattern of its
by changing the
; and if it is
, it gives
to the
to the
, it gives
2.
or
or
. For example,
a.
e.g.
b.
e.g.
c.
e.g.
d.
e.g.
Sentence Analysis:
|
+
+
+
66
This section and the following sub-section are based on the discussion in al-Nahw al-Wadih. See al-Nahw alWadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 2, 71-76.
126
Section 4.3.2.1
are as follows:
Table 4.7
Wazns
Examples
Meaning
most learned
Arabic
great distinguisher
someone who laughs a lot
very patient
careful maintainer/sustainer
very eloquent
someone who helps frequently
does the
of
e.g.
The one who is very grateful to the one who does good (to him), pleases me.
well-learned
is also used to denote a profession.
cook
carpenter
blacksmith
barber
127
EXERCISES
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the effect and tense of the
following sentences.
i.
v.
ii.
vi.
128
in the
Section 4.3.367
Passive Participle
Definition: It is that noun which indicates the one upon whom an action described by the
root letters is done. This is irrespective of its position in a sentence.
It is created from
verbs on the pattern of
. For other than
, it is
created on the pattern of its
by changing the
, i.e. it gives
to the
Examples:
i. prefixed with
alif-laam
e.g.
ii.
e.g.
iii.
e.g.
iv.
e.g.
v.
e.g.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the effect and tense of the
in the
following sentences.
i.
67
This section is based on the discussion in al-Nahw al-Wadih. See al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol 2, 7782.
129
Section 4.3.468
That Adjective Which Is Similar to
Definition: It is that noun, which is created from the
of a
(three-letter
Like its
e.g.
(beautiful) is a
, are
Wazns
Examples
Meaning
happy
Arabic
beautiful
noble/honorable
coward
brave
e.g.
red
mute
(feminine)
e.g.
red
mute
68
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 2, 83-91.
130
The
straight
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab, and identify all the
131
and
Section 4.3.569
Table 4.9
Masculine
Example
Feminine
Example
Meaning
Singular
Bigger/older
Dual
Bigger/older
Bigger/older
Plural
Bigger/older
Usage:
is used in three ways.
1. With
: the
e.g.
2. With : the
e.g.
3. With
: the
may be
e.g.
The Zayds are the most knowledgeable of people.
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 2, 92-100.
132
verbs is
will be
.
He is redder than Zayd.
He is lamer than Zayd.
He is more hard-working than Zayd.
2. The words
and
e.g.
3.
gives
to its hidden
e.g.
.
Zayd is more virtuous than Bakr.
The dameer
in
is its
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and explain the usage of
i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
133
Section 4.3.670
Infinitive/Verbal Noun
Definition: It is that noun which refers to the action indicated by the corresponding verb
without any reference to time. It is the root of all derived words (
).
Effect: It has the same effect as that of its verb i.e. it gives
to the
and
to the
.
e.g.
Usage:
Masdar is generally used in one of the following two ways:
as a
to its
.
e.g.
i.e.
as a
e.g.
to its
.
i.e.
EXERCISE
1. Fill in the iraab and explain the usage of the masdar in the following sentences.
70
i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 2, 52-70.
134
Section 4.3.771
In the case of
between the
and
when the
is a part/type
of the
e.g.
i.e.
when the
is a
e.g.
is hidden
silver ring
.
i.e.
night prayer
i.e.
Zayds son
Section 4.3.8
after it a nasb.
tanween.
e.g.
There is not even a palms measure of clouds in the sky.
b.
hidden tanween.
e.g.
was originally
of a dual noun.
e.g.
I have two qafeezes72 of wheat.
d.
e.g.
I have twenty dirhams.
The
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 131-141.
A qafeez is a classical Islamic measure of volume. According to the Hanafis, it is equal to 40.344 litres.
135
Section 4.3.9
or as an informative exclamation
.
1.
(how many)
The
after it a
is singular.
e.g.
e.g.
2.
.
How many books do you have?
(so many)
The
after it a
(because of it being a
).
e.g.
e.g
e.g.
The
after it a nasb.
is singular.
e.g.
EXERCISE
1. What is the difference between the following sentences.
i.
ii.
73
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 2, 170-173.
136
Section 4.4
Non-Governing Particles
1.
Particles of Notification:
These are used to draw the attention of the listener. These are as follows:
meaning
e.g.
is only , while
is the
. However, in
without differentiating.
Particles of Affirmation:74
2.
These are used for affirmation of a statement made earlier. These are as follows:
(yes)
(yes)
(Zayd came.).
If someone says
(yes) meaning
(yes)
It is the same as
e.g.
If someone says
after a question.
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 3, 168-174.
137
(yes)
If someone says
(yes) meaning
Note:
3.
.
or
or
(Zayd came.).
Particles of Clarification:
These are used to clarify a word in a sentence. These are as follows:
(that is)
e.g.
4.
and
comes before a
come before a
.
.
e.g.
Until when the earth became straitened for them despite its vastness.
(
(
Note:
5.
and
)
)
Particles of Exhortation:
These are used to encourage someone to do something when they appear before
These particles are also used to create regret and sorrow in the listener when they
appear before
. Therefore, they are also called
.
e.g.
e.g.
138
Particle of Anticipation:75
6.
is as follows.
Besides
can also be used for one or more of the following. These are all more
.
e.g.
e.g.
or
e.g.
can also be used simultaneously for more than one of the above-mentioned
purposes. An example of
, and
follows:
Indeed, salah has been established.
Note:
Particles of Interrogation:76
7.
.
Is Zayd standing?
Did Zayd stand up?
75
76
This is based on Mujam al-Qawaid al-Arabiyyah. See Mujam al-Qawaid al-Arabiyyah, 338-339.
For more examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 3, 168-171.
139
, is as
8.
Particle of Rebuke:
This is
(Hit Zayd.).
9.
e.g.
:
e.g.
: It is that tanween, which subsitutes a
e.g.
10.
i.e.
.
the day when such and such happens
and
. It is of two forms:
and
e.g.
and
e.g.
If Allah did not repel some people by means of others, the earth would
be corrupted.
By Allah! I will fast tommorrow.
:
e.g.
140
12.
Extra Particles: These are not translated. However, they add beauty and
emphasis to the meaning. They may also stop the effect (
(
Usage:
: It appears after
) of an
. These are:
e.g.
: It appears after
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
blocked the
e.g.
hospitably.
of .
Whichever way you turn, there is the
face of Allah.
e.g.
e.g.
Here,
e.g.
of
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
141
13.
(if)
is added to
i.e.
.
Celebrate walimah even if it be with one
(slaughtered) goat.
and
and
(when)
This is a
in the meaning of
e.g.
. It enters upon
77
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 2, 43-48.
142
14.
e.g.
i.e.
I will stand as long as the leader is sitting.
15.
FINAL EXERCISE
Q:
Go through the whole book and identify the various meaning and uses of the
following:
143
APPENDIX
Studying Classical/Quranic Arabic
There are a number of options available for the student of sacred Islamic knowledge seeking to
learn classical Arabic on his/her path to learning the deen. The following is a set of suggested
curricula for studying Arabic language, based upon the South Asian (Indo-Paki) scholarly
tradition. It is by no means the only option. To begin with, Urdu texts have been omitted.
Moreover, those following other scholarly traditions (Arab, Turkish, South East Asian) may
have a somewhat different set of books, although they will also find some overlap here.
The books whose names are only mentioned in English are English texts, while those
whose Arabic names are also given are Arabic texts. The texts increase in difficulty and
advancement downward.
General Arabic Language
Level
Beginner to
Intermediate
Texts
Durus al-Lughah al-Arabiyyah vols. 1-3
(
)
Arabic Tutor
vols. 1-2
OR
Al-Arabiyyah Bayna Yadayk vols. 1-3
(
)
Ten Lessons
Nahw
Level
Texts
Tasheel al-Nahw
Sharh Miat Amil (
Beginner to
Intermediate
OR
Awamil al-Nahw (
Hidayat al-Nahw (
OR
Al-Ajurrumiyyah (
) with commentary
al-Tuhfah al-Saniyyah (
Al-Kafiyah (
Sharh ibn Aqil (
Sharh Jami (
Advanced
)
)
) OR
) OR
145
)
)
belong to the intermediate to advanced level. The six volumes in general, and the three alIbtidaiyyah volumes in particular, can be used in place of, or in conjunction with Tasheel alNahw. The six could also be used in conjunction with Hidayat al-Nahw. Almost always, one
of these texts has something that the other does not.
Sarf
Level
Beginner
Texts
Fundamentals of Classical Arabic vol. 1
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Ilm al-Seeghah (
Intermediate
) OR
Intermediate
Advanced
Texts
Qasas al-Nabiyyin vol. 1 (
Nafhat al-Arab
(
)
Al-Maqamat al-Haririyyah
(
)
Texts
Durus al-Balaghah (
Al-Balaghah al-Wadihah (
Intermediate
to Advanced
Talkhees al-Miftah (
OR
its commentary Mukhtasar al-Maani (
146
)
)
)
Suggested Curriculum
Below, we have provided a suggested curriculum based upon some of the texts given above
that could be followed as part of an overall traditional Arabic & Islamic Studies curriculum.
This curriculum is based on a two-semester academic year.
Year Sem
1
1
2
Texts
Ten Lessons
Tasheel al-Nahw
(using Al-Nahw alWadih Ibtidaiyyah
& Thanawiyyah for
reference/examples)
Tasheel al-Nahw
(continued, if not
completed) followed
by selected readings
& exercises from alNahw al-Wadih
Ibtidaiyyah &
Thanawiyyah
Awaamil
al-Nahw
Hidayat
OR
al-Nahw
Sharh
Miat
Aamil
1
3
Fundamentals vol. 1
Treasures of
Arabic
Morphology
Treasures of
Arabic
Morphology
(continued)
Ilm alSeeghah
Arabic
Tutor
vol. 1
Qasas alNabiyyin
vols. 1 &
2
Arabic
Tutor
vol. 1
(continued
if not
completed,
followed by
vol. 2)
Qasas alNabiyyin
vols. 3 &
4
Nafhat alArab
Qasas alNabiyyin
vol. 5
Durus al-Balaghah
Durus al-Balaghah (continued, if
not completed) followed by
selected readings from Talkhees alMiftah OR its commentary
Mukhtasar al-Maani
147
Mukhtarat vol. 1
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