Thesis Police Intel

College of Criminology
Taguig City University
CCTV Camera Tool for Crime Deterrence

Term Paper
Presented to the
Faculty of Criminology
In Partial fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Subject
Police Intelligence and secret service
By
Leader: Santelices, Ma.Christinalyn A.

Member:
Abayon, Kenneth
Edrea, Julius Y.
Saludar, John Gliezon
Lustestica, Charol Ara
Albaio, Arjo
Usman, Ahmed
Fajardo,Kenneth C.
2014
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CCTV Camera Tool for Crime Deterrence
I.
INTRODUCTION
II.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
III.
RELEVANT LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Foreign Literature
Local Literature
Foreign Studies
Local studies
6
11
18
25
IV.
RELEVANCE TO THE POLICE INTELLIGENCE
31
V.
BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES
33
I. INTRODUCTION
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Due to the rapid increase of population the capacity of the police visibility
is limited many crimes can be committed in any area so in order to catch or
capture some important information
that can be used as evidence in the
commission of the crime. Closed Circuit Television Cameras (CCTV) are used to
monitor and record images of what takes place in specific locations in real time.
The images collected are sent recorded on video tape or as digital information.
The cameras can be fixed or set to scan an area or they can be operated by
controllers. Monitors can be watched by controllers or left unmonitored. The
recorded information can be stored and/or reviewed by those who have access
to the recordings at their convenience. CCTV camera helps a lot to the law
enforcer because of the recorded information the identity of the perpetrator can
easily be determine.
This kind of information recorded by the CCTV Camera can be used

as a reliable evidence that can be present in court like the case of Vhong Navaro,
recent case of Cherry pie Picache's mother, etc. CCTV can seen anywhere such
as public places for the citizens to feel safe.
II. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

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Closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras can produce images or

recordings for surveillance purposes, and can be either video cameras, or digital
stills cameras. Marie Van Brittan Brown was the inventor of the CCTV camera.
The laws and policies regarding to use the CCTV system in the country is
not yet implemented but there some local government and private companies in
the Philippines using CCTV security camera system.
There is a house Bill 6720 authored by former President Gloria M. Arroyo.

The purpose for all commercial
establishments to put up CCTV monitor
criminal acts being committed in their premises will soon be required.
Presidential Issuance Executive No.57

Establishing a national coast watch system, providing for its structure and
defining the roles and structure and defining the roles and
responsibilities of member agencies in providing coordinated interagency
maritime security operations and for other purposes (September 6, 2011).
Analogue Camera
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Can record straight to a video recorder which are able to record analogue
signals as pictures. If the analogue signals are recorded to tape, then the tape
must run at a very slow speed in order to operate continuously. This is because
in order to allow a three hour tape to run for 24 hours, it must be set to run on a
time lapse basis which is usually about four frames a second. In one second, the
camera scene can change dramatically. A person for example can have walked a
distance of 1 meter, and therefore if the distance is divided into four parts, i.e.
four frames or "snapshots" in time, then each frame invariably looks like a blur,
unless the subject keeps relatively still.
Digital Camera
These cameras do not require a video capture card because they work
using a digital signal which can be saved directly to a computer. The signal is
compressed 5:1, but DVD quality can be achieved with more compression
(MPEG-2 is standard for DVD-video, and has a higher compression ratio than
5:1, with a slightly lower video quality than 5:1 at best, and is adjustable for the
amount of space to be taken up versus the quality of picture needed or desired).
The highest picture quality of DVD is only slightly lower than the quality of basic
5:1-compression DV.
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III. Relevant literature and studies
Foreign literature
According to Norris Armstrong CCTV was a panacea for crime and
disorder. CCTV system was requires the combine efforts of the government as
well as the private sector involvement has contributed to reduce cost for local
councils (department of crim-2009).
According to Ditton and Short subsequent to the installation of openstreet CCTV in Airdrie, recorded crimes and offenses fell to 79% of their
previously recorded levels and detections rose from 50%-58% conversely after
the installation of open-street CCTV in Glasglow recorede crimes and offenses
rose to 109% of their previously recorded levels, and detection fell from 64%60%.
According to Cohen and Felson fundamental of routine activity theory

states that an incident can occur where the convergence of the presence of a
potential offender in the vicinity of a suitable target in the same place and time in
the absence of a capable guardian (a person on system that could prevent
discourage the offense). CCTV applied to routine activity theory can be perceived
is a form of capable guardian that could be utilized to charge the offender
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calculated decision to commit street come where the risk, is to high the offender
being seen resulting in being caught.
Sociological and Criminological theory has provided useful ways of

understanding the role of CCTV in contemporary society speaking heuristically,
theorization based around Neo-marxist and Foucauldian positions have been
particularly prevalent. Other criminologist contends that foucault's notion of
panoptic surveillance under pinning disciplinary society.
.
According to Cullen and Agnew rational choice theory operates on the
premise that humans behave in a purely rational manner performing action that
are for their own benefit, humans will naturally make a decision that will avoid
pain and provide the greatest amount of pleasure even if it means violating the
law. Rational choice theory establish that street crimes occurs when the law
considering both opportunistic factors.
Student Retention Policy Department of Special Education, Counseling,

and Student Affairs Kansas State University Kansas City, TX
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We, the Faculty of the Department of Special Education, Counseling, and
Student Affairs, support a regularized system for monitoring academic and
professional (e.g., affective, ethical, social) aspects of individual student
performance. This document sets out policies and procedures for implementing a
student retention process. The principles and aspirations that underlie that
process are consistent with those expressed in the College of Educations
undergraduate policy entitled Qualitative Aspects of Student Performance,
found in the Colleges Undergraduate Student Handbook. Specifically, we
propose to implement a process that (a) is comprehensive as to the sources of
input about each students progress and in terms of establishing a cumulative
record in cases of concern, (b) takes a case-by-case approach and allows for
varieties of responses; and (c) involves collaboration in professional judgment.
In the Article IP CCTV - The Next Generation's Surveillance Technology by

Emily Robinson published on July 06, 2011 that came from the website
www.ezinearticles.comstated,stated that CCTV cameras are used only in high
profile events. Indeed this may be the fact in the days to come. They are made
compulsory by government as to avoid any miscreant's problems and untowardly
incidents. These modern day tools if properly put into use can do wonders in the
area of security. This article is related to the present study because the
researchers believe that CCTV is a very useful tool to solve problems in the
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society because it serves as credible evidence. In May 22, 2009, Mr. Andy J.
Thompson wrote an article entitledCCTV Security Cameras do they help fight
crime where stated thatThe UK has more CCTV camera coverage than any
other country.
Recent study examined the effectiveness of UK security cameras as it pertains to
crime prevention. CCTV is clearly an effective deterrence to criminal activity. It
was also stated that CCTV video is often used in police investigations and the
writer believes that most people are convinced of the effectiveness of video
surveillance and may even feel a certain amount of comfort in knowing that it
adds to their sense of personal safety and they understand that their chances of
being a victim of crime are reduced when they find themselves in an area
monitored with CCTV cameras. In relation to the present study, the researchers
believe that CCTV is a very effective tool to distinguish criminals and secure
public places.
Lester J. Hesters article CCTV System- The Advantages and

Disadvantages published in Ezine Articles stated that CCTV is highly useful for
crime prevention as it increases the chance of the perpetrator being caught,
aiding police investigations, preventing theft from the till, proving innocence by
sense of protecting and defending the people in any accusations, but CCTV does
not always works in proper system. It could not display every single square of
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your office, banks, stores, and other areas. Although you set the location of the
system in a very careful way, you still cannot get total guarantee of security level.
This article is related to the present study because it gives the people the
information that CCTV doesnt only have its advantagesbecause at some point it
also has its disadvantages.
In the article CCTV Surveillance for Your Safety by Emily Robinson on

March 28, 2011, it was stated that CCTV surveillance is not only a great way to
catch perpetrators after your property has been broken into, but also a perfect
way to prevent them from breaking. This therefore means that if some criminals
might actually be put off of the thought of trying to break into your property and
this in turn would mean that your belongings were kept. In relation to the present
study, the researchers believe that the use of CCTV camera is a very effective
way to gain safety and security from criminal actions.
In the article CCTV actually plays a very important role written by

Dave Wilkinson Technical Manager of British Security Industry Association (BSIA)
published on September 3, 2009 from the websitewww.PublicService.Co.UK.com
stated that CCTV plays an important role in the security of public, in using CCTV
it can identify offenders and use it as an evidence in the criminal justice system.
Dave Wilkinson stated that CCTV is playing a supportive role as part of jigsaw of
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evidence which may then culminate in convictions. This article is related to the
present study because it can give assurance that using a CCTV that we are safe
and it can be use this as an evidence to the victims
Local literature
In the article Security Camera now within reach of many by Theresa
S. Samaniego published on August 7, 2011 issue Philippine Daily Inquirer stated
that the Compro IP70 enables users to identify people and objects clearly, at
least three times better than the conventional CCTV camera with a 10x digital
zoom. In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that as days
passed by technology get bigger and better. CCTV cameras improve its qualities
in order to solve crimes faster than before.
In the article QC bank heist captured on CCTV police by Karen

Boncocan published on July 16, 2011 issued in Philippine Daily Inquirer stated
that CCTV cameras of a bank in Quezon City was robbed Friday recorded the
crime carried out by 15 heavily armed men. In relation to the present study,
CCTV can easily determine the people who commit crimes that serve as an
evidence against them.
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The Philippines is known as the Pearl of the Orient, with its exotic and
tropical islands, rare and valuable natural resources, stunning natural wonders,
warm and hospitable people, and rising national status in the world. But with all
these raves, the country is not exempt from the terrors of the rest of the world.
Despite its beauty, the country is also in danger of relentless terrorist threats and
terrorism incidences. Communications and Information Technology industries are
also booming and the workplace is getting larger and more complex as time
progresses. The country is not bereft of crimes, in the cities, suburbs, and rural
areas. The fact is that this is the harsh reality that goes hand in hand with the
wonders and delight the country can offer. But the good side to this is that we are
not left helpless to these looming possibilities of insecurity. You have the choice
of taking a proactive stance when it comes to securing your homes, your
businesses, your country, and your future. Philippine Security brings you the
latest and most reliable storage and security system technologies that can take
your safety and security confidence to a higher level. Only Philippine Security
offers the complete set of security solutions that can meet the security needs of
various types of clients from the government, to the business sector, to
academic institutions, to individual homes and to the schools and campuses. Our
line-up of products and solutions include the top-of-the-line surveillance cameras,
access control and alarm systems.
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There was a time when Pasay was an ideal place to raise a family. But
when it was the turn of Paul Hinlos generation to call Pasay home, much of the
city had already gone to seed. In the evenings, Hinlo recalls, drug dealers would
wait for buyers on the street where he lived.
So one day Hinlo, a security consultant, bought a close-circuit TV system and
had security cameras monitoring their perimeter fence and the streets leading to
the otherwise tranquil compound where he had his house. He also got a PA
system so that when the drug dealers came too close, he could tell them to go
somewhere else without setting a foot outside his house. Its not clear if they ever
knew cameras were following their every move, but they would leave as soon as
Hinlo asked them to. Other drug dealers also got the message to stay away from
the area (at least thats what the police station around the block told Hinlo).
Hinlo has since moved to a safer place, but he still has a CCTV system to help
guard his home. These days practically anyone could be a target for criminals,
and apparently, he doesnt want to be caught off-guard. With his CCTV, he
probably feels like he is on constant lookout within the safety of his own house,
and even if he isnt there.
The minute Hinlo steps outside, however, he knows its his turn to be watched.
Once confined to banks and selected government offices, CCTVs are now in
many of the malls (especially those in Makati), bus stations, LRT and MRT, hotel
lobbies and elevators, and airports. There are even cameras on a few major
thoroughfares, aimed at catching traffic violators. The Philippines seaports are
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soon to have CCTVs as well, in compliance with international rules and
regulations. But although all these may sometimes seem too much, this country
is still a long way off from the likes of London, which has been practicing what
security experts call blanket monitoring for more than a decade now..
In the article, CCTV in public vehicles proposed by Rio Rose

Ribaya published on January 29, 2011 issue of Manila Bulletin stated that Cavite
representative proposed the installation of closed-circuit television (CCTV)
camera on public vehicles, terminals and stops offer public safety and prevent
another repeat of the terrorist attack. In the relation to the present study, the
researchers believe that the used of CCTV camera is helpful in monitoring and
solving crimes.
In the articleSubdivisions, establishments Required to Install Cameras

published on July 17, 2011 issue of Philippine Daily Inquirer stated that Cebu City
ordinance proposed that no business establishment, especially those that handle
money like banks, lending firms and pawnshops, should not be allowed to
operate without CCTVs In the relation to the present study, the researchers
believe that CCTV cameras would be a useful way to record evidence against
crimes.
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In the article CCTV camera installed around Lamitan City by Julie
Alipala published on May 19, 2011 issue of Philippine Daily Inquirer stated that
the city government installed closed circuit television (CCTV)cameras in the
seaport, market areas and in the main business areas where banks and other
commercial establishments and government offices worth 2.5 million pesos. In
relation to the present study, the researchers believe that CCTV cameras are
effective tools in securing certain areas
There is a mechanism whereby CCTV has the potential to reduce crime.

The cameras may be able to assist in the detection and arrest of offenders. This
crime prevention mechanism requires that police can respond in a timely manner
to any significant incidents identified by camera operators, and that the local
criminal justice system can pursue the offenders' conviction. This mechanism will
work if incarcerated offenders are prevented from committing further crimes
within the CCTV area (or other local area). Although there may be some initial
crime reduction due to the installation and publicity of a new system, offenders
may soon learn what types of incidents elicit a police response and the speed of
that response. The availability of local resources is therefore a factor in the
success of this mechanism.
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The potential for a CCTV system to have a role in crime prevention, it can
still make a contribution in a detection role. There are numerous examples of
CCTV tapes aiding in an offender's conviction. Camera footage can also help
identify potential witnesses who might not otherwise come forward to police.
CCTV camera evidence can be compelling, though issues of image quality are a
factor if CCTV images are used for identification purposes. If the cameras record
an incident, and police respond rapidly and make an arrest within view of the
camera (and the offender does not leave the sight of the camera), the recording
of the incident can help investigators gain a conviction, usually through a guilty
plea. The potential to assist in police investigations may also drive offenders
away from committing offenses that take time, as they run a greater risk of
capture.
Provision of Medical Assistance
As a community safety feature, CCTV camera operators can contact medical
services if they see people in the street suffering from illness or injury as a result
of criminal activity (such as robberies and assaults) or non-crime medical
emergencies. The ability to summon assistance is a public safety benefit of
CCTV. Squires found that police are called about 10 to 20 times for every 700
hours of observation 15.
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CCTV can be used for general location management. The cameras can
be used to look for lost children, to monitor traffic flow, public meetings, or
demonstrations that may require additional police resources, or to determine if
alarms have been activated unnecessarily thus removing the need for a police
response. Brown reports that some police commanders claim that assaults on
police have reduced because the cameras allow them to determine the
appropriate level of response to an incident, either by sending more officers to
large fights, or by limiting the number of officers to a minor incident and avoid
inflaming the situation16. Information Gathering Cameras can also be used to
gather intelligence and to monitor the behavior of known offenders in public
places (such as shoplifters in public retail areas). Camera operators often come
to know the faces of local offenders, and the cameras become a way to monitor
their movements in a less intrusive manner than deploying plainclothes police
officers. For example, officers in one city were able to gather intelligence on the
behavior of individuals selling stolen goods. This intelligence was gathered
remotely by CCTV cameras and enabled police to interdict in an organized and
coordinated manner17. Although intelligence gathering is a potential benefit of
CCTV, the use of intelligence gathered from CCTV to control public order through
surveillance is perceived by some to be a threat to civil liberties 18.
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Foreign studies
Waples, Sam; Gil, Martin; Fisher, Peter. Criminology and Criminal
Justice, May 2009, Vol. 9, No. 2, 207-224. doi: 10.1177/1748895809102554.
Crime displacement is a concern often raised regarding situational crime
prevention measures. A national evaluation of closed circuit television cameras
(CCTV) has provided an interesting test-bed for displacement research. A
number of methods have been used to investigate displacement, in particular
visualization techniques making use of geographical information systems (GIS)
have been introduced to the identification of spatial displacement. Results concur
with current literature in that spatial displacement of crime does occur, but it was
only detected infrequently. Spatial displacement is found not to occur uniformly
across offence type or space, notably the most evident spatial displacement was
actually found to be occurring within target areas themselves.
The study by Chen et al. (2005) examined task performance issues within a realworld context, and like the study London Underground study by Luff and Heath
(2001), both studies examine one specific task: locating a scene. As both these
studies examines one specific task within one specific control room setting, the
findings are limited and therefore do not provide a broader understanding of the
task performance issues within control rooms where CCTV and other related
technology is heavily used. For example, the interaction between different control room
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stakeholders was not examined, nor was there a discussion of the interplay between users
when using communication devices such as radio and telephone.
(Gill et al, 2005) was that CCTV is not effective in lowering crime and the public fear
of crime. Although this study did not specifically focus on the technical failures of CCTV
technology, Gill et al. identified a number of technical problems which affected operator
performance when operators observed and reviewed CCTV video footage. Firstly, operators
were expected to monitor a vast number of CCTV cameras and video monitors at one time.
Secondly, when CCTV video is used for post-incident investigation work by the police, the
recorded video at a majority of control rooms was very low. In addition, it was found that in
most cases, the deployment of a CCTV system is decided based on the funding
available and partial advice from security consultants. Gills evaluation was conducted
during the turning point of CCTV technology. Since then, there have been a number of
important developments, which have changed the way in which CCTV is being used.
Park, Hyeon Ho; Oh, Gyeong Seok; Paek, Seung Yeop. International Journal of
Law, Crime and Justice, September 2012, Vol. 40, Issue 3, 179-191. doi:
10.1016/j.ijlcj.2012.03.003.
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Abstract: Along with CCTVs perceived high expectations as crime deterrent, there is also a
growing controversy over CCTVs potentially unexpected limitations. For example, the crime
displacement (the presence of CCTV will change the locations of crime and its total number
will not change) and the diffusion effects of crime control benefits (the crime prevention effect
of CCTV may filter through to neighboring areas) are the representative controversial issues.
In this study, we aimed to verify the crime displacement and the diffusion of benefit of openstreet CCTV by analyzing the crime tendencies empirically. The results [of this study]
showed that the crime prevention effect of the CCTV was significant. The number of
robberies and thefts in the areas with CCTV installed reduced by 47.4%, while the areas
without CCTV showed practically no change in the number of crimes. The crime
displacement caused by the CCTV was not either found or inconsequential and the crime
rates in the neighboring areas also decreased slightly.
The Home Office's National Evaluation of CCTV (Gill and Spriggs, 2005)
attempted to address some of the deficiencies identified in previous CCTV
evaluations by combining a process and impact evaluation that incorporated
control areas and identified other crime control initiatives that were operating in
the target area to evaluate their impact on recorded crime levels. Thirteen CCTV
systems were evaluated across a range of system including town centres, city
centres, car parks, hospital and residential areas. The inclusion of residential
areas reflected the governments push to include these types of areas into the
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Phase 2 of the Crime Reduction Programme (Home Office, 2007). The main
findings were:
Out of the 13 systems evaluated six showed a relatively substantial reduction in
crime in the target area compared with the control area, but only two showed a
statistically significant reduction relative to the control area, and in one of these
cases the change could be explained by the presence of confounding variables.
Crime increased in seven areas but this could not be attributed to CCTV. The
findings in these seven areas were inconclusive as a range of variables
accounted for the changes in crime levels, including fluctuations in crime caused
by seasonal, divisional and national
trends and additional initiatives.
(Gill and Spriggs, 2005i).
Welsh, Brandon C.; Farrington, David P. Justice Quarterly, October 2009,

Vol. 26, No. 4. This meta-analysis examined 93 studies on surveillance systems
to see how effective they are at reducing crime and deemed 44 to be sufficiently
rigorous for inclusion. Many of the studies were based in the United Kingdom,
while others were in U.S. cities such as Cincinnati and New York. The analysis
found that surveillance systems were most effective in parking lots, where their
use resulted in a 51% decrease in crime. Systems in other public settings had
some effect on crime a 7% decrease in city centers and in public housing
communities, and a 23% drop in public transit systems but the results werent
statistically significant. When sorted by country, systems in the United Kingdom
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accounted for the majority of the decrease; the drop in other countries was
insignificant. The study concludes that while surveillance cameras can be
effective in specific contexts such as parking lots and public-transit systems, the
potential financial and societal costs require greater research.
The findings of Griffiths (2009) suggest that the installation of the Gillingm
CCTV project may have deterred crime. Police statistics across all types of crime
experienced an initial dramatic decrease for both the target area, Gillingham
(44% crime reduction), and the control area, Strood (22% crime reduction),
during the first year following the installation of CCTV. These figures then rose
again in both areas during the course of the next 2 years after that, before
declining again once more in Strood, and rising slightly further in Gillingham.
When these figures were broken down into specific crime types, it became
apparent that CCTV had the biggest impact on shoplifting (-49%), and vehicle
theft (-37%) in Gillingham, and that the only two average increases in Gillingham
were for drugs (+550%) and violence (+32%). It is important to note however,
that the figure for drug crime was so small prior to the installation of CCTV (only
two recorded instances) that it did not allow for any informative comparison
between the prior- and post-CCTV period to be made. Caution should therefore,
be taken when drawing conclusions from this +550% figure. The failure of this
CCTV project to deter violent crime is indeed consistent with previous findings
and therefore, unsurprising. It is possible that the 32% increase in recorded
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violent crime observed in this study is attributable to an increased level of
detection however, the potential to confirm this suggestion goes beyond the
scope of this study as recorded crime statistics were the only outcome measure
of crime included.
Farrington, Bennett, & Welsh (2007) found that the percentage of

respondents in their survey reporting to having been victimized before the
installation of CCTV (26.4% in the target area; 11.4% in the control area), did not
significantly change after the installation of CCTV (28.5% in the target area;
13.6% in the control area). Police-recorded crime statistics however, decreased
by 15% in the control area compared to the target area, following the introduction
of CCTV to the target area. These results therefore suggest that where the
Cambridge CCTV project may have failed to deter crime (evident from the
consistent victimization survey data prior- and post-CCTV installation), it did
succeed in increasing the detection of criminal activity (evident from the
increased police crime statistics in the target area, compared to the control area).
This conclusion highlights the importance supplementing police crime statistics
with other data, in order to accurately distinguish between two conflicting and
equally plausible causes of change in crime statistics following the introduction of
CCTV deterrence effects, and increased crime detection. Importantly, the
methodology in this study was robust whereby, the minimum criteria outlined by
Welsh and Farrington (2002) were conformed to, and where steps were taken to
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minimize potential bias when conducting the victimization surveys.
This
conclusion can therefore, be drawn in confidence.
Griffiths (2002), and Mazzerolle et al (2002) suggest that CCTV may be

effective in deterring crime, and in the case of the latter study, anti-social
behavior, but only initially upon installation, where recorded instances of crime
and anti-social behaviour in both studies gradually increased again with time. It
has been speculated that the media may have a role to play in this trend where,
initial intensive media coverage may result in an immediate deterrence of crime
upon installation, but where a decrease in media attention over time will also lead
to diminished deterrence effects.
In the study of closed-circuit television control and prevention by Nancy G.

La Vigna, Samanta S. Lowry, Joshua A. Markman, Allison M. Daryer in certain
chapter stated that the underlying the effectiveness of public surveillance
technology as a crime control tool is based belief that if potential offenders know
they are being watched, they will refrain from criminal activity.
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Local studies
Criminologists and Others Studying Cameras Have Found Noam Biale,
Advocacy Coordinator, ACLU Technology and Liberty Program An increasing
number of American cities and towns are currently investing millions of taxpayer
dollars in surveillance camera systems. But few are closely examining the costs
and benefits of those investments, or creating mechanisms for measuring those
costs and benefits over time. There is extensive academic literature on the
subjectstudies carried out over many yearsand that research strongly
indicates that Video surveillance has no statistically significant effect on crime
rates. The principle studies on video surveillance have been conducted in the
UK, where surveillance cameras are pervasive. Those studies, which have been
commissioned by the British Home Office, have found varying results when they
look at individual camera sites in isolation. However, the best studies combine
results from multiple camera sites in a meta-analysis, which eliminates
anomalies. The two main meta-analyses conducted for the British Home Office
show that video surveillance has no impact on crime whatsoever. Video
surveillance systems are more disparate and at various levels of operability in the
United States. As such, fewer independent studies of their efficacy exist.
However, preliminary studies of surveillance cameras in California show similar
results to studies conducted in the UK: Cameras having little to no effect on
crime reduction. This White Paper is based on a literature review of major studies
of video surveillance from 2000 to 2008.It examines the key meta-analyses from
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the UK, discusses the major difficulties in determining the impact of video
surveillance on crime, and describes preliminary studies conducted in the US.
The major findings of these studies should, at a minimum, be part of the debate
around surveillance camera.
Enhancement of Monitoring System to enhance the existing monitoring

system of the College of Computer Studies to provide more efficient security
system for the College. The specific objectives of this project are as follows: To
replace the existing CCTV cameras with an added feature that is capable of
Night Vision and capable of Premium 1253 Words 5 Pages, Project Proposal
Cctv Republic of the Philippines Bulacan State University City of Malolos
PROJECT PROPOSAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION Project Title: Proposed
Upgraded CCTV Cameras for Engineering Building, Natividad Hall. Type of
Project: Security. It has been stated that many European countries now employ
public video surveillance as a primary tool to monitor population movements and
to prevent terrorism. The United Kingdom (UK) in particular relies extensively on
video surveillance as strategies to extend its viewing range. With the rise of
technology in the twentieth century, cameras are found to be a very useful tool to
survey a large area with limited resources. With an increasing numbers of
cameras, it becomes more difficult to watch every monitor and prevent incidents
in the survey.
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Now a day there are many crimes doesnt solve because of some public or
private building doesnt have a CCTV to monitor the peace and order of the
place. Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit a
signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. It differs from broadcast
television in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point
to point (P2P), point to multipoint, or mesh wireless links. Though almost all video
cameras fit this definition, the term is most often applied to those used
for surveillance in areas that may need monitoring such as banks, casinos,
airports, military installations, and convenience stores. Video telephony is seldom
called "CCTV" but the use of video in distance education, where it is an important
tool, is often so called. In industrial plants, CCTV equipment may be used to
observe parts of a process from a central control room, for example when the
environment is not suitable for humans. CCTV systems may operate
continuously or only as required to monitor a particular event. A more advanced
form of CCTV, utilizing digital video recorders (DVRs), provides recording for
possibly many years, with a variety of quality and performance options and extra
features
(such
as
motion-detection
and
email
alerts).
More
recently,
decentralized IP-based CCTV cameras, some equipped with megapixel sensors,

support recording directly to network-attached storage devices, or internal flash
for
completely
Police Intelligence
stand-alone
Page 27 of 34
operation.
Engineering College of Engineering University of the Philippines Diliman,
Quezon. CCTV is an environmental crime prevention tool. Commentators have
described its possible effects as providing surveillance function that may work to
deter people from committing crimes in the area which it is used signifying to the
public that an area with CCTV is a safe place and the increased use of the space
means that crime is less likely to happen as there are more potential witnesses
the presence of CCTV may act as prompt to remind people to take other security
measures such as locking their car (Welsh & Farrington 2009)
The study entitled The Effectiveness of Hidden Camera in Conducting

Investigative Report by Ramon Asam Epino published on March 2007 stated that
investigative program used hidden camera as an effective tool to gather accurate
report. In relation to the present study, CCTV cameras are used by Current
Affairs program to offer credible evidence pertaining in different crimes
nowadays.
In the study Real-Time Event Detection System for Intelligent Video

Surveillance, by Timothy John A. Chua, Andrew Jonathan W. Co and Paolo
Javier S. Ilustre published on September 2007 stated that CCTV will not be that
effective without the operators. This study suggests to automate the monitoring
process using a computer to analyze the live feed via digital signal processing
Police Intelligence
Page 28 of 34
techniques. In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that as goon
with flow of new technology CCTV will be needed innovation.
In the study Proposed Class Monitoring System using Surveillance
Camera for CAS, ESC by Raymart A. Aborque, Rodolfo B. Delorino, Joemary
A. Olanka, Mark Bryan F. Ramirez and Ron Nikko T. Socorro stated that due to
increased terrors and crimes, the use of the video surveillance camera system is
increasing and it has been operated for public interest such as prevention of
crimes and fly-tipping by the police and local government, but private information
such as faces or behavior patterns can be recorded in CCTV. When the recorded
video data is exposed, it may cause an invasion to privacy and crimes. In relation
to the present study, the researchers believe that CCTV has its negative impact
in regards of privacy exposure.
The study is relevant to the present study for it has given helpful
information about the effects of cameras in Media and how media is important in
the lives of the people. The Current Situation of Crime Associated with
Urbanization: Problems Experienced and Countermeasures Initiated in The
Philippines is the title of the study by Celia V. Sanidad-Leones which stated that
developing and maintaining safe communities, be they urban or rural, is central
to the issue of good governance. An indicator of success of crime prevention
programme are their perceived effects on peace and order. This study is related
Police Intelligence
Page 29 of 34
because one of the functions of CCTV is to prevent crimes in order to maintain
the security of a certain area.
In the research study entitled Impact of ABS-CBNs Investigative
Program Exklusibong, Esplosinbong, Espose (XXX) to the Society by Neil
Andrew Nantes Borines published on October 2006 states that the importance of
the use of cameras in exposing the stories being covered in a certain crime and
event. The study also stated that Media is undoubtedly an extremely powerful
and influential tool to reach wide audience.
For over 20 years, businesses, individuals and commercial and residential

associations have embraced video surveillance technology as a means to protect
residential privacy and property against intrusion and other forms of crime.
During the last decade, law enforcement agencies in Great Britain, France,
Monaco, Spain and other countries have increasingly relied on Close Circuit
Television (CCTV) surveillance to enhance public security. Here in the
Philippines, the use of CCTV cameras have helped in capturing thieves, traffic
violators, employees involved in red tape, and even suspects for killings.
However, not all video footages caught by CCTV are helpful at all in solving
crimes.
Police Intelligence
Page 30 of 34
IV. RELEVANCE TO THE POLICE INTELLIGENCE
The primary objective of the law enforcer is to secure the public safety
because of the progress of our economy the we are competent enough in the
other country in the field of internal security measures. And when the topic was
assign to our group there are some difficulties resulting to the lack of information
regarding this. Because there is no particular law implementing about CCTV and
the studies and thesis are also limited. As we collect the available information
regarding this particular topic we come in some conclusions are the installation
of CCTV Camera can help reduce the crime rate in particular area prior to that
many studies have proven it. yes it can reduce crime rate but it cannot prevent
crime it is only effective if the perpetrator is aware that there is a CCTV camera
installed in that particular establishment so he will not attempt anymore such
acts.
According to police digest volume 20 that there are 56 CCTV cameras will
soon installed in metro manila as part of the anti-criminality project of the PNP
under the "mamang pulis" program which is conducted during the term of PDG
Abelino Razon Jr. as he says "that the CCTV cameras are mainly for traffic
monitoring and anti-crime monitoring only and will not be used to spy anyone".
Our people in metro manila need not be afraid of these CCTV camera but
rather fell safer that with them our fellowmen are far more secured in our streets
and other public places.
Police Intelligence
Page 31 of 34
The cameras may be able to assist in the detection and arrest of offenders.
This crime prevention mechanism requires that police can respond in a timely
manner to any significant incidents identified by camera operators, and that the
local criminal justice system can pursue the offenders' conviction. This
mechanism will work if incarcerated offenders are prevented from committing
further crimes within the CCTV area (or other local area). Although there may be
some initial crime reduction due to the installation and publicity of a new system,
offenders may soon learn what types of incidents elicit a police response and the
speed of that response. The availability of local resources is therefore a factor in
the success of this mechanism.
In relation to our course police intelligence now a day cameras are used by
the undercover agents to gather more reliable information in clandestine
operation. This is use in legal purpose not intended to waive the right of the
subject.
V.
BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES
Police Intelligence
Page 32 of 34
Conger, Cristin. Do police cameras reduce crime. HowStuffWorks. Accessed 06
March 2012. http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/police-camera-crime1.htm
The perceived effectiveness of CCTV camera system in relation to the
organizational performance of city Security Force,Manila City hall.2013 Dario A
Abrenica
Police digest Feb. 2009

Policy statements of his excellency BENIGNO S.AQUINO III President of the
Phil. Vol.20 July to sept. 2011
(2010, 09). Review of Related Studies. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 09, 2010,

from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Of-Related-Studies-413637.html
By Gonzagarandal1 | March 2013 THE NATIONAL TEACHERS COLLEGE

Quiapo, Manila Mrs. Josephine Gusi Date:March 2013
http://itc.uplb.edu.ph/index.php/posts/23-articles/232-how-effective-are-cctvcameras
https://www.scribd.com/doc/91701455/CCTV-CH-2
"CCTV Systems HYPERLINK "http://www.sourcesecurity.com/productcategories/cctv.html"&HYPERLINK "http://www.sourcesecurity.com/productcategories/cctv.html" Surveillance Equipment". sourcesecurity.com. Retrieved 29
June 2013.
http://www.le.ac.uk/oerresources/criminology/msc/unit8/page_10.htm
Prof. Drisencio D. Laurente, CPA, MSA, LLB d

Police Intelligence
Page 33 of 34
Dean, College of Accountancy and Public Administration
Unibersidad de Manila
Antonio J. Villegas St. MahanCarderie Manila
Dr. Luz P. Banes, LLB
Dean Graduate Studies
Dr. Amalpi B. Tabin Jr.
Dean PE Departtment
Welsh, Brandon C.; Farrington, David P. Justice Quarterly, October 2009, Vol.
26, No. 4.
Waples, Sam; Gil, Martin; Fisher, Peter. Criminology and Criminal Justice, May
2009, Vol. 9, No. 2, 207-224. doi: 10.1177/1748895809102554.
Park, Hyeon Ho; Oh, Gyeong Seok; Paek, Seung Yeop. International Journal of
Law, Crime and Justice, September 2012, Vol. 40, Issue 3, 179-191. doi:
10.1016/j.ijlcj.2012.03.003.
Raymart A. Aborque, Rodolfo B. Delorino, Joemary A. Olanka, Mark Bryan F.
Ramirez and Ron Nikko T. Socorro
Police Intelligence
Page 34 of 34

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College of Criminology

Taguig City University

CCTV Camera Tool for Crime Deterrence

Leader: Santelices, Ma.Christinalyn A.

Saludar, John Gliezon

Lustestica, Charol Ara

CCTV Camera Tool for Crime Deterrence

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

RELEVANT LITERATURE AND STUDIES

RELEVANCE TO THE POLICE INTELLIGENCE

that can be used as evidence in the

This kind of information recorded by the CCTV Camera can be used

II. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras can produce images or

There is a house Bill 6720 authored by former President Gloria M. Arroyo.

establishments to put up CCTV monitor

criminal acts being committed in their premises will soon be required.

Presidential Issuance Executive No.57

According to Cohen and Felson fundamental of routine activity theory

Sociological and Criminological theory has provided useful ways of

Student Retention Policy Department of Special Education, Counseling,

In the Article IP CCTV - The Next Generation's Surveillance Technology by

Lester J. Hesters article CCTV System- The Advantages and

In the article CCTV Surveillance for Your Safety by Emily Robinson on

In the article CCTV actually plays a very important role written by

In the article QC bank heist captured on CCTV police by Karen

In the article, CCTV in public vehicles proposed by Rio Rose

In the articleSubdivisions, establishments Required to Install Cameras

There is a mechanism whereby CCTV has the potential to reduce crime.

trends and additional initiatives.

(Gill and Spriggs, 2005i).

Welsh, Brandon C.; Farrington, David P. Justice Quarterly, October 2009,

Farrington, Bennett, & Welsh (2007) found that the percentage of

conclusion can therefore, be drawn in confidence.

Griffiths (2002), and Mazzerolle et al (2002) suggest that CCTV may be

In the study of closed-circuit television control and prevention by Nancy G.

Enhancement of Monitoring System to enhance the existing monitoring

decentralized IP-based CCTV cameras, some equipped with megapixel sensors,

The study entitled The Effectiveness of Hidden Camera in Conducting

In the study Real-Time Event Detection System for Intelligent Video

For over 20 years, businesses, individuals and commercial and residential

Police digest Feb. 2009

(2010, 09). Review of Related Studies. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 09, 2010,

By Gonzagarandal1 | March 2013 THE NATIONAL TEACHERS COLLEGE

Prof. Drisencio D. Laurente, CPA, MSA, LLB d

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