Chapter 9

914 An air-standard cycle with variable specific heats is executed in a closed system
and is composed of the following four processes:
1-2 Isentropic compression from 100 kPa and 27C to 800 kPa
2-3 v = constant heat addition to 1800 K
3-4 Isentropic expansion to 100 kPa
4-1 P =constant heat rejection to initial state
(a) Show the cycle on P-v and T-s diagrams.
(b) Calculate the net work output per unit mass.
(c) Determine the thermal efficiency.
9-14 The four processes of an air-standard cycle are described. The cycle is to be
shown on P-v and T-s diagrams, and the net work output and the thermal efficiency are
to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
Analysis (b) The properties of air at various states are
P
T1 = 300K

h1 = 300.19 kJ/kg

qin

Pr1 = 1.386

u = 389.22 kJ/kg
P
800 kPa
Pr 2 = 2 Pr1 =
(1.386) = 11.088 2
T2 = 539.8 K
P1
100 kPa
T3 = 1800 K

u 3 = 1487.2 kJ/kg

P4
100 kPa
Pr3 =
(1310) = 49.10 h4 = 828.1 kJ/kg
P3
2668 kPa

From energy balances,

q in = u 3 u 2 = 1487.2 389.2 = 1098.0 kJ/kg
q out = h4 h1 = 828.1 300.19 = 527.9 kJ/kg
wnet,out = q in q out = 1098.0 527.9 = 570.1 kJ/kg

(c) Then the thermal efficiency becomes

th =

wnet,out
q in

qout

Pr3 = 1310

P3v 3 P2v 2
T
1800 K
(800 kPa ) = 2668 kPa
=

P3 = 3 P2 =
T3
T2
T2
539.8 K
Pr 4 =

570.1kJ/kg
= 51.9%
1098.0kJ/kg

T
3

qin
2
4
1

qout

922 Consider a Carnot cycle executed in a closed system with 0.003 kg of air. The
temperature limits of the cycle are 300 and 900 K, and the minimum and maximum
pressures that occur during the cycle are 20 and 2000 kPa. Assuming constant specific
heats, determine the net work output per cycle.
9-22 A Carnot cycle with the specified temperature limits is considered. The net work
output per cycle is to be determined.
Assumptions Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K, cv =
0.718 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K, and k = 1.4 (Table A-2).
Analysis The minimum pressure in the cycle is P3 and the maximum pressure is P1.
Then,
or,

T2 P2
=
T3 P3

(k 1) / k

T
P2 = P3 2
T3

T
900

k / (k 1)

900 K

= (20 kPa )
300 K

qin

1.4/0.4

= 935.3 kPa
300

s 2 s1 = c p ln

T2
T1

R ln

P2
935.3 kPa
= (0.287 kJ/kg K )ln
= 0.2181 kJ/kg K
2000 kPa
P1

Qin = mT H (s 2 s1 ) = (0.003 kg )(900 K )(0.2181 kJ/kg K ) = 0.5889 kJ

Then,
th = 1

TL
300 K
= 1
= 66.7%
900 K
TH

W net,out = th Qin = (0.667 )(0.5889 kJ ) = 0.393 kJ

The heat input is determined from

0

qout

934 An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the
compression process, air is at 95 kPa and 27C, and 750 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to
air during the constant-volume heat-addition process. Taking into account the variation
of specific heats with temperature, determine (a) the pressure and temperature at the
end of the heataddition process, (b) the net work output, (c) the thermal efficiency, and
(d) the mean effective pressure for the cycle. Answers: (a) 3898 kPa, 1539 K, (b) 392.4
kJ/kg, (c) 52.3 percent, (d ) 495 kPa
9-34 An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. The
pressure and temperature at the end of the heat addition process, the net work output,
the thermal efficiency, and the mean effective pressure for the cycle are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K. The properties of air are given
in Table A-17.
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.

T1 = 300K

v r2 =

u1 = 214.07kJ/kg

v r1 = 621.2

P
3

T = 673.1 K
v2
1
1
v r1 = v r1 = (621.2) = 77.65 2
u 2 = 491.2 kJ/kg
r
8
v1

750 kJ/kg

673.1 K
P2v 2 P1v 1
v T
(95 kPa ) = 1705 kPa
=

P2 = 1 2 P1 = (8)
T2
T1
v 2 T1
300 K

Process 2-3: v = constant heat addition.

u 3 = u 2 + q 23,in = 491.2 + 750 = 1241.2 kJ/kg

q 23,in = u 3 u 2

T3 = 1539 K

v r3 = 6.588

1539 K
P3v 3 P2v 2
T
(1705 kPa ) = 3898 kPa
=

P3 = 3 P2 =
T3
T2
T2
673.1 K

(b) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.

v r4 =

T = 774.5 K
v1
v r = rv r3 = (8)(6.588) = 52.70 4
u 4 = 571.69 kJ/kg
v2 3

Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.

qout = u4 u1 = 571.69 214.07 = 357.62 kJ / kg

wnet,out = q in q out = 750 357.62 = 392.4 kJ/kg

(c)
(d)

th =

wnet,out
q in

v1 =

392.4 kJ/kg
= 52.3%
750 kJ/kg

RT1
0.287kPa m 3 /kg K (300K )
=
= 0.906m 3 /kg = v max
95kPa
P1

v min = v 2 =
MEP =

v max

wnet,out

v1 v 2

r
=

wnet,out

v 1 (1 1 / r )

kPa m 3

0.906 m 3 /kg (1 1/8) kJ

392.4 kJ/kg

= 495.0 kPa

947 An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16 and a cutoff ratio of 2.
At the beginning of the compression process, air is at 95 kPa and 27C. Accounting for
the variation of specific heats with temperature, determine (a) the temperature after the
heat-addition process, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the mean effective pressure.
Answers: (a) 1724.8 K, (b) 56.3 percent, (c) 675.9 kPa
9-47 An air-standard Diesel cycle with a compression ratio of 16 and a cutoff ratio of 2
is considered. The temperature after the heat addition process, the thermal efficiency,
and the mean effective pressure are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
P
Properties The gas constant of air is R =
q
2
3
0.287 kJ/kg.K. The properties of air are given
4
in Table A-17.
q
1
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
in

out

T1 = 300K

v r2 =

u1 = 214.07kJ/kg

v r1 = 621.2

T = 862.4 K
v2
1
1
v r = v r = (621.2 ) = 38.825 2
h2 = 890.9 kJ/kg
v 1 1 r 1 16

Process 2-3: P = constant heat addition.

h3 = 1910.6 kJ/kg
P3v 3 P2v 2
v
=

T3 = 3 T2 = 2T2 = (2 )(862.4 K ) = 1724.8 K

v r3 = 4.546
T3
T2
v2
q in = h3 h2 = 1910.6 890.9 = 1019.7kJ/kg
(b)
Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.

v r4 =

v4
v
r
16
v r3 = 4 v r3 = v r3 = (4.546 ) = 36.37 u 4 = 659.7kJ/kg
2v 2
2
2
v3

Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.

q out = u 4 u1 = 659.7 214.07 = 445.63 kJ/kg

th = 1

(c)

q out
445.63 kJ/kg
= 1
= 56.3%
1019.7 kJ/kg
q in

wnet,out = q in q out = 1019.7 445.63 = 574.07 kJ/kg

v1 =

v min = v 2 =
MEP =

RT1
0.287 kPa m 3 /kg K (300 K )
=
= 0.906 m 3 /kg = v max
P1
95 kPa

v max

wnet,out

v1 v 2

r
=

wnet,out

v 1 (1 1 / r )

kPa m 3

0.906 m 3 /kg (1 1/16 ) kJ

574.07 kJ/kg

= 675.9 kPa

984 A gas-turbine power plant operates on the simple Brayton cycle between the
pressure limits of 100 and 1200 kPa. The working fluid is air, which enters the
compressor at 30C at a rate of 150 m3/min and leaves the turbine at 500C. Using
variable specific heats for air and assuming a compressor isentropic efficiency of 82
percent and a turbine isentropic efficiency of 88 percent, determine (a) the net power
output, (b) the back work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency. Answers: (a) 659 kW, (b)
0.625, (c) 0.319
9-84 A gas-turbine plant operates on the simple Brayton cycle. The net power output,
the back work ratio, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kgK (Table A-1).
Analysis (a) For this problem, we use
Combustion
the properties from EES software.
chamber
Remember that for an ideal gas,
3
2
1.2
enthalpy is a function of temperature
only whereas entropy is functions of
Compress.
Turbin
both temperature and pressure.
500C
1 100 kPa
Process 1-2: Compression
30C
T1 = 30C
h1 = 303.60 kJ/kg
T1 = 30C
s1 = 5.7159 kJ/kg K
P1 = 100 kPa
P2 = 1200 kPa

h2 s = 617.37 kJ/kg
s 2 = s1 = 5.7159 kJ/kg.K

C =

h2 s h1
617.37 303.60

0.82 =

h2 = 686.24 kJ/kg
h2 h1
h2 303.60

Process 3-4: Expansion

T4 = 500C
h4 = 792.62 kJ/kg

T =

h3 h4
h 792.62

0.88 = 3
h3 h4 s
h3 h4 s

We cannot find the enthalpy at state 3 directly. However, using the following lines in
EES together with the isentropic efficiency relation, we find h3 = 1404.7 kJ/kg, T3 =
1034C, s3 = 6.5699 kJ/kg.K. The solution by hand would require a trial-error approach.
h_3=enthalpy(Air, T=T_3)
s_3=entropy(Air, T=T_3, P=P_2)
h_4s=enthalpy(Air, P=P_1, s=s_3)
The mass flow rate is determined from
m& =

P1V&1
(100 kPa)(150/60 m 3 / s)
=
= 2.875 kg/s
RT1
0.287 kPa m 3 /kg K (30 + 273 K )

The net power output is

W& C,in = m& (h2 h1 ) = (2.875 kg/s)(686.24 303.60)kJ/kg = 1100 kW
W& T,out = m& (h3 h4 ) = (2.875 kg/s)(1404.7 792.62)kJ/kg = 1759 kW
W& net = W& T,out W& C,in = 1759 1100 = 659 kW

(b) The back work ratio is

rbw =

W& C,in 1100 kW

=
= 0.625
W& T, out 1759 kW

(c) The rate of heat input and the thermal efficiency are
Q& in = m& (h3 h2 ) = (2.875 kg/s)(1404.7 686.24)kJ/kg = 2065 kW

th =

W& net
659 kW
=
= 0.319
&
2065 kW
Qin