-o/m

-mus

-s

-tis

-t

-nt

Basic Tense endings

Basic Passive endings

-r

-mur

-ris

-mini

-tur

-ntur

Perfect Active Endings

-i

-imus

-isti

-istis

-it

-erunt

Imperfect Active Tense Formation

-bam

bamus

-bas

-batis

-bat

-bant

Imperfect tense of sum

Eram

Eramu
s

Eras

Eratis

Erat

erant

Future Active tense Formation

3rd and 4th
conj.

1 and 2
conj.
-bo

-bimus

-am

-emus

-bis

-bitis

-es

-etis

-bit

-bunt

-et

-ent

Future Tense of sum

Ero

Erimus

Eris

Eritis

Erit

erunt

MODELOFPRINCIPALPARTS
PrincipalPart

SampleFormandIdentification

1stPrincipalPart

dc(1stpersonsingularpresentactiveindicative)

2ndPrincipal
Part

dcere(presentactiveinfinitive)

to

3rdPrincipalPart

dx(1stpersonsingularperfectactiveindicative)

4thPrincipalPart

dictus(perfectpassiveparticiple)

ha

FIRSTCONJUGATIONVERBS

Memorizetheirregular1stConjugationformsindicatedbyall
accs

accsre

accsv

ac

ADIUV

ADIUVRE

ADIV

aedifici

aedificre

aedificv

ae

ambul

ambulre

ambulv

am

am

amre

amv

am

appell

appellre

appellv

ap

appropinqu

appropinqure

appropinquv

ap

cant

cantre

cantv

ca

cl

clre

clv

cn

cnre

cnv

cess

cessre

cessv

ce

clm

clmre

clmv

cl

cgit

cgitre

cgitv

convoc

convocre

convocv

co

cr

crre

crv

dlect

dlectre

dlectv

dmnstr

dmnstrre

dmnstrv

dsider

dsiderre

dsiderv

dvor

dvorre

dvorv

DARE

DED

err

errre

errv

er

excit

excitre

excitv

ex

exclm

exclmre

exclmv

ex

explic

explicre

explicv

ex

exspect

exspectre

exspectv

ex

festn

festnre

festnv

fe

habit

habitre

habitv

ha

incit

incitre

incitv

in

interpell

interpellre

interpellv

in

intr

intrre

intrv

in

labr

labrre

labrv

la

lacrim

lacrimre

lacrimv

la

ltr

ltrre

ltrv

laud

laudre

laudv

la

LAV

LAVRE

LV

mnstr

mnstrre

mnstrv

muss

mussre

mussv

nrr

nrrre

nrrv

nvig

nvigre

nvigv

nec

necre

necv

ne

observ

observre

observv

ob

par

parre

parv

pa

pernoct

pernoctre

pernoctv

pe

port

portre

portv

po

praecipit

praecipitre

praecipitv

pr

pugn

pugnre

pugnv

pu

purg

purgre

purgv

pu

recuper

recuperre

recuperv

re

revoc

revocre

revocv

re

rog

rogre

rogv

ro

salt

saltre

saltv

sa

salt

saltre

saltv

sa

serv

servre

servv

se

simul

simulre

simulv

si

spect

spectre

spectv

sp

ST

STRE

STET

tempt

temptre

temptv

te

verber

verberre

verberv

ve

VET

VETRE

VETU

vex

vexre

vexv

ve

vigil

vigilre

vigilv

vi

vsit

vsitre

vsitv

vt

vtre

vtv

SECONDCONJUGATIONVERBS
admove

admovre

admv

ad

appre

apprre

appru

auge

augre

aux

au

cave

cavre

cv

ca

cnse

cnsre

cnsu

dbe

dbre

dbu

doce

docre

docu

do

dole

dolre

dolu

fave

favre

fv

gaude

gaudre

(gvsussum)15

habe

habre

habu

ha

haere

haerre

haes

iace

iacre

iacu

iube

iubre

iuss

iu

licet

licre

licuit(impersonal:only3rdsing.)

lce

lcre

lx

mane

manre

mns

move

movre

mv

noce

nocre

nocu

obside

obsidre

obsd

ob

remove

removre

remv

re

responde

respondre

respond

re

rde

rdre

rs

sede

sedre

sd

se

sole

solre

(solitussum)15

stupe

stupre

stupu

tace

tacre

tacu

ta

taedet

taedre

taeduit/(taesumest)15(impersona

tene

tenre

tenu

te

terre

terrre

terru

te

time

timre

timu

vide

vidre

vd

THIRDCONJUGATIONVERBS
accid

accidere

accid(onlyusedinbookin3rdsi

advesperscit

advesperscere

advespervit(onlyusedin3rdsing

agnsc

agnscere

agnv

ag

ag

agere

al

alere

alu

al

ascend

ascendere

ascend

as

cad

cadere

cecid

claud

claudere

claus

cl

col

colere

colu

cu

concid

concidere

concid

cond

condere

condid

co

condc

condcere

condx

co

cnfd

cnfdere

(cnfsussum)15

cnsid

cnsidere

cnsd

cnstitu

cnstituere

cnstitu

cnsul

cnsulere

cnsulu

coqu

coquere

cox

co

curr

currere

cucurr

cu

dfend

dfendere

dfend

dscend

dscendere

dscend

dvert

dvertere

dvert

dc

dcere

dx

di

discd

discdere

discess

di

dc

dcere

dx

du

em

emere

em

extend

extendere

extend

ex

extrah

extrahere

extrx

ex

gem

gemere

gemu

ge

ger

gerere

gess

ge

indu

induere

indu

in

inr

inrere

inuss

in

lamb

lambere

lamb

la

leg

legere

lg

ld

ldere

ls

mitt

mittere

ms

[Thisnextverbistheancientattestedformoftheverbpresentedasob
obdormsc

obdormscere

obdormv

occurr

occurere

occurr

oc

pet

petere

petv

pe

pluit

pluere

pluit/plvit(usuallyonly3rdsing

pn

pnere

posu

po

praecurr

praecurrere

praecucurr28/praecurr

pr

prmitt

prmittere

prms

pr

quisc

quiscere

quiv

qu

reg

regere

rx

relinqu

relinquere

relqu

re

repell

repellere

reppul

re

reprehend

reprehendere

reprehend

re

scrb

scrbere

scrps

sc

stert

stertere

stertu

string

stringere

strnx

st

sm

smere

smps

surg

surgere

surrx

su

trd

trdere

trdid

tr

trah

trahere

trx

tr

trem

tremere

tremu

vert

vertere

vert

ve

vinc

vincere

vc

vi

THIRDICONJUGATION
arripi

arripere

arripu

ar

capi

capere

cp

ca

cnfici

cnficere

cnfc

conici

conicere

conic

co

cnspici

cnspicere

cnspex

effugi

effugere

effg

ef

excipi

excipere

excp

ex

faci

facere

fc

fa

fugi

fugere

fg

fu

iaci

iacere

ic

ia

nspici

nspicere

nspex

olfaci

olfacere

olfc

ol

perfici

perficere

perfc

pe

FOURTHCONJUGATIONVERBS
adveni

advenre

advn

ad

aperi

aperre

aperu

ap

audi

audre

audv

au

custdi

custdre

custdv

cu

dormi

dormre

dormv

do

suri

surre

surv

feri

ferre

ferv

fe

fni

fnre

fnv

impedi

impedre

impedv

im

inveni

invenre

invn

in

nesci

nescre

nescv

ne

[Thisnextformfromchapter21isunattestedinancient
obdormi

obdormre

obdormv

ob

pni

pnre

pnv

sci

scre

scv

sc

veni

venre

vn

ve

IRREGULARVERBS

Memorizetheseforms.Payspecialattentiontothecapitaliz
abe

abre

abi/abv

ab

absum

abesse

fu

adsum

adesse

adfu

circume

circumre

circumi/circumv

ci

RE

I/V

IT

exe

exre

exi/exv

ex

FER

FERRE

TUL

NL

NLLE

NLU

POSSUM

POSSE

POTU

praetere

praeterre

praeteri/praeterv

pr

rede

redre

redi/redv

re

SUM

ESSE

FU

VOL

VELLE

VOLU

FOOTNOTES
1

ambul

4thformintext:ambultrus

appropinqu

4thformintext:appropinqutrus

cess

4thformintext:cesstrus

err

4thformintext:errtrus

ltr

4thformintext:ltrtrus

nvig

4thformintext:nvigtrus

pugn

4thformintext:pugntrus

salt

4thformintext:salttrus

st

4thformintext:statrus

vigil

4thformintext:vigiltrus

appre

4thformintext:appritrus

dbe

4thformintext:dbitrus

dole

4thformintext:dolitrus

fave

4thformintext:fautrus

10

11

12

13

14

Fourverbsinthislistformtheirperfecttensesinanunusualway:gaude/sole
theimpersonalverbtaedet.Noneofthe4thprincipalpartslistedaboveoccursin
thestandardperfectendings+3rdprincipalpart,theseverbsuseaparticipialfor
formschangetomatchthenumberandgenderofthesubjectofthesentence.Tra
anyotherperfecttenseverb;donottranslatethesumform.Theseverbsarecalle
15

SAMPLESEMIDEPONENTVERB

TRANSL

(Thefirstformoftheparticipleismasculineandthesecondfeminine.Therewil
possibilitiesforgaudesinceonlymalesandfemalescanrejoice.)
gvsus/gvsasum

(Irejoiced)

gvsus/gvsaes

(yourejoiced)

gvsus/gvsaest

(herejoiced/sherejoiced)

gvs/gvsaesumus

(werejoiced)

gvs/gvsaeestis

(yourejoiced)

gvs/gvsaesunt

(theyrejoiced)

haere

4thformintext:haesrus

iace

4thformintext:iacitrus

16

17

manedemonstratestheinconsistencyoftheprinciplesbehindEcceRomani:in
mnsrus
18

noce

4thformintext:nocitrus

responde

4thformintext:respnsrus

sede

4thformintext:sessrus

cad

4thformintext:csrus

cnsd

no4thformintext

curr

4thformintext:cursrus

discd

4thformintext:discessrus

ld

4thformintext:lsrus

occurr

4thformintext:occursrus

praecurr

praecucurrnotintext;preferredb

praecurr

4thformintext:praecursrus

19

20

21

22

22

24

25

26

27

28

29

quisc

4thformintext:quitrus

surg

4thformintext:surrctrus

effugi

no4thformintext

fugi

no4thformintext

adveni

4thformintext:adventrus

dormi

4thformintext:dormtrus

suri

4thformintext:suritrus

obdormi

4thformintext:obdormtrus

veni

4thformintext:ventrus

abe

4thformintext:abitrus

absum

4thformintext:futrus

adsum

4thformintext:adfutrus

4thformintext:itrus

exe

4thformintext:exitrus

rede

4thformintext:reditrus

sum

4thformintext:futrus

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45