Lines and Planes

Perpendicular
Intersecting

Perpendicular Lines
Concept:
When lines are perpendicular to each other, they
will appear perpendicular in a view in which ONE
or BOTH of the lines are in TRUE LENGTH (TL).

Perpendicular Lines
D

Determining if two
lines are perpendicular
1. Project both lines
to a view in which
ONE or BOTH lines
are in true length.
2. Measure the angle
between the lines.

HRP
FRP
D
A
C

B
B

TL
A

Perpendicular Lines
3

2
TL

F
4

HRP
FRP
TL
J
Location of point J

Ex. 1
Line 12 and Line 34 are
perpendicular to Line
JF. In FRP, Line JF is in
true length while Line
34 is in PV. Complete
all views.

Line 34
PV
2

Perpendicular Lines
Ex. 1
Is line 12 perpendicular
to line JA?

1
HRP
FRP
1

Ans. No

1
A

2
J

ARP1
FRP

Note: If the lines appear

perpendicular but neither line
is in true length, the lines
are NOT perpendicular.

Line Perpendicular to a Plane

Concept:
A line is perpendicular to a plane if it is
perpendicular to EVERY line in that plane. This
relationship can be determined in at least two
views, if the line can be shown to be
perpendicular to at least two non-parallel lines in
the plane in those two views.

Line Perpendicular to a Plane

2

Ex. 1
JF 12 (TL)
JF 13 (TL)
Line JF is perpendicular
to plane 123.

TL

HRP
FRP

1
F

J
3
TL
F
1

Line Perpendicular to a Plane

Concept:
A line can be shown perpendicular to a plane in a
view where line is in true length and the plane in
edge view.

Line Perpendicular to a Plane

Ex. 1
Plane 1234 is
Perpendicular to line JF.

1
4

F
PV 14

2
3

PV 23

Plane Perpendicular to a Plane

Concept:
A plane is perpendicular to a plane if atleast one
line contained in a plane is perpendicular to two
different lines (in TL) in another plane.

Plane Perpendicular to a Plane

C

Ex. 1
CB 12 (TL)
CB 13 (TL)
Plane ABC is
perpendicular to plane
123.

TL
B
1

A
HRP
FRP

3
TL

A
B

Plane Perpendicular to a Plane

Ex. 1
Two planes are
perpendicular if their
edge views are
perpendicular to each
other.

B
1
HRP
FRP

PV of AC
PV of 23

INTERSECTING LINES

Intersecting Lines
Concept:
When two lines intersect, they have one point in
common called point of intersection. The
projection line between the points of
intersection in one view must be parallel to all
other projection lines between the views.

Intersecting Lines
Ex. 1
Without drawing an
additional view,
determine which lines
intersect.

E
I

A
F

HRP
FRP
C

Ans:
Line EF intersects
line CD

C
E

B
F

F
H

D
H