Professional Documents
Culture Documents
bnl
manchester
Introduction to Nanotechnology
March 10, 2007
1 nanometer = 1 x 10-9 m
nano.gov
How small are
nanostructures?
Single Hair
Width = 0.1 mm
= 100 micrometers
= 100,000 nanometers !
.
Red blood cell
3 nanometers
An Early Nanotechnologist?
Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov. 7, 1773)
...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large
Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I
saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oil
tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and
extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that
Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking
Glass....
... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ...
... perhaps half an Acre
Volume = (Area)(Thickness)
V=At
~1 nm thick
An Early Nanotechnologist!
Langmuir hydrophobic end
Film
e.g., steric acid
pressure
hydrophilic end
QuickTimeª and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Langmuir-Blodgett Film
Must control movable
barrier to keep constant
pressure
multiple dips -
multiple layers
"Optical Lever"
laser pointer
x2
x1
y1
y2
y 2 y1
= x2
x 2 x1 y 2 = y1
x1
For example, if the laser pointer is 2" long, and the wall
is 17' (204") away,
204
y2 = y1 » 100y1 Motion amplified
2 by 100 times!
"Optical Lever" for Profilometry
laser
cantilever
.
"Optical Lever" for Profilometry
cantilever
.
Scanning probe microscope
Laser Beam
Vibrating Cantilever
AFM image
Surface
PS/PEO
(large χ )
µm
AFM, STM, MFM, others
AFM Cantilever Chip AFM Instrument Head
Quicktime
ibm.com
Electronics Keeps On Getting Better
Moore's "Law": Number of Transistors per Microprocessor Chip
intel.com
Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading
commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but
other areas (materials, biotech, energy, etc) are
of significant and growing importance.
QuickTimeª and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
"Biggest science
initiative since the
Apollo program"
National Nanotechnology Initiative
Program Component Areas (2007 Federal Budget)
1.Fundamental Nanoscale Phenomena and Processes
2.Nanomaterials
3.Nanoscale Devices and Systems
4.Instrumentation Research, Metrology and Standards for
Nanotechnology
5.Nanomanufacturing
6.Major Research Facilities and Instrumentation Acquisition
7.Societal Dimensions
Making Nanostructures:
Nanofabrication
• Top down versus bottom up methods
•Lithography •Chemical
•Deposition •Self-Assembly
•Etching
•Machining
Lithography
Mark
Mark
Tuominen
Tuominen
Electron Beam
Polymer film
Silicon crystal
Nanoscopic Mask !
Lithography
Patterned
IBM Several
Copper Times
Wiring
On a
Computer
Chip
NANOFABRICATION BY SELF ASSEMBLY
One Example: Diblock Copolymers
~10 nm
Scale set by molecular size
Ordered Phases
Etching
Mask
Remove polymer
block within cylinders
(expose and develop)
Nanoporous
Membrane
Television Set
TV screen
eye
electron beam
electron
Light !
source
Scanning Electron Microscope
Electron
Beam
DETECTOR
SAMPLE
Scanning probe microscope
Laser Beam
Vibrating Cantilever
AFM image
Surface
PS/PEO
(large χ )
µm
AFM, STM, MFM, others
STM
Image of Nickel Atoms
Pushing Atoms Around
STM