ACTIVE LEARNING ASSIGNMENT

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel institute of technology

ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING(21100050)

SUBMITTED BY:CHIRAG KAPOOR

RAVI PATEL
JAY TRIVEDI
YAGNESH PATEL

GUIDED BY:Ms. D.C.PATEL

Eddy Current Loss

Index

INTRODUCTION TO EDDY CURRENT

BIRTH OF THE NAME EDDY CURRENT

HISTORY

EFFECTS OF EDDY CURRENT

GENERATION OF EDDY CURRENT

WAYS TO REDUCE EDDY CURRENT

POWER DISSIPATION OF EDDY CURRENT

SKIN EFFECT

APPLICATIONS OF EDDY CURRENT

ELECTROMAGNETIC BRAKING

ELECTROMAGNETIC DAMPING

INDUCTION FURNACE

ELECTRIC POWER METER

Introduction to eddy current

Eddy currents (also called Foucault currents) are electric currents

induced within conductors by a changing magnetic field in the
conductor.

These circulating eddies of current have inductance and thus

induce magnetic fields. These fields can cause repulsion,
attraction, propulsion, drag, and heating effects.

The stronger the applied magnetic field, the greater the electrical
conductivity of the conductor, and the faster the field changes,
the greater the currents that are developed and the greater the
fields produced.

Birth of the name EDDY

CURRENT

The termeddy currentcomes

from analogous currents seen
inwaterwhen dragging
anoarbreadthwise: localised
areas of turbulence known
aseddiesgive rise to persistent
vortices. Somewhat analogously,
eddy currents can take time to
build up and can persist for very
short times in conductors due to
their inductance.

Eddy Current

History

French physicist Lon Foucault (18191868) is credited with

having discovered eddy currents. In September, 1855, he
discovered that the force required for the rotation of a copper
disc becomes greater when it is made to rotate with its rim
between the poles of a magnet, the disc at the same time
becoming heated by the eddy current induced in the metal.

The first use of eddy current for non-destructive testing occurred

in 1879 when David E. Hughes used the principles to conduct
metallurgical sorting tests.

Some Effects of eddy current

Eddy currents in conductors of non-zero resistivity generate heat

as well as electromagnetic forces. The heat can be used for
induction heating.

Eddy currents can also have undesirable effects, for instance

power loss in transformers. In this application, they are
minimized with thin plates, by lamination of conductors or other
details of conductor shape.

Self-induced eddy currents are responsible for the skin effect in

conductors. The latter can be used for non-destructive testing of
materials for geometry features, like micro-cracks. A similar
effect is the proximity effect, which is caused by externallyinduced eddy currents.

Generation of eddy current

Consider the apparatus shown in fig.

A copper plate is allowed to swing
like simple pendulum between the
pole pieces of a strong magnet. It is
found that the motion is damped
and in a little while the plate comes
to a halt in magnetic field.

This phenomenon can be explained

on the basis of electromagnetic
induction. Magnetic flux keeps on
changing as the plate keeps on
changing as the plate moves in and
out of the region between the
magnetic poles. Direction of eddy
current are opposite when the
plates swing in the region between
the poles and when it swings out of
the region.

Ways to reduce eddy current

If rectangular slots are made in

copper plates as shown figure,
area available to the flow of eddy
currents is less.

Thus, the pendulum plate with

holes or slots reduces
electromagnetic damping and
the plate swings more freely.

This Fact is useful in reducing

cores of transformer , electric
motors and such devices..

Continued.

In todays world transformer plays

an important role, which are
used in every street.

The also have losses due to the

eddy current.

This loss due to the eddy current

is minimised by laminating the
core into thin sheets. It is shown
in fig how the core is laminated.

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Power dissipation of eddy currents

Under certain assumptions (uniform material, uniform magnetic field,

noskin effect, etc.) the power lost due to eddy currents per unit
mass for a thin sheet or wire can be calculated from the following
equation

Where

Pis the power lost per unit mass (W/kg),

Bpis the peak magnetic field (T),

dis the thickness of the sheet or diameter of the wire (m),

fis the frequency (Hz),

kis a constant equal to 1 for a thin sheet and 2 for a thin wire,

is theresistivityof the material (m), and

Dis thedensityof the material (kg/m3).

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Skin effect

In very fast-changing fields, the magnetic field does not

penetrate completely into the interior of the material. Thisskin
effectrenders the Power loss equation invalid. However, in any
case increased frequency of the same value of field will always
increase eddy currents, even with non-uniform field penetration

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Applications of eddy current

Some of the important applications of eddy current are:-

1.

Magnetic braking in trains

2.

Electromagnetic damping

3.

Induction furnace

4.

Electric power meter

13

Continued

Other applications are:-

1.

Metal detectors

2.

Conductivity meters for non-magnetic metals

3.

Eddy current adjustable-speed drives

4.

Eddy-current testing

5.

Electric meters(Electromechanical Induction Meters)

6.

Proximity sensor(Displacement sensors)

7.

Vending machines(detection of coins)

8.

Coating Thickness Measurements

9.

Sheet Resistance Measurement

10.

Eddy current separatorfor metal separation

11.

Mechanicalspeedometers

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Electromagnetic braking

Strong electromagnets are situated above the

rails in some electrically powered trains.

When the electromagnets are activated, the

eddy current induced in the rails oppose the
motion of train.

As there are no mechanical linkages, the

braking is smooth.

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Electromagnetic damping

Certain galvanometers have a

fixed core made of nonmagnetic
metallic material.

When the coil oscillates, the

eddy currents generated in the
core opposes the motion and
bring the coil back to rest

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Induction furnace

Induction furnace can be used to

produce high temperatures and
can be utilised to prepare alloys,
by melting the constituent metals.

In this, a high frequency

alternating current is passed
through the coil which surrounds
the metals to be melted .

The eddy currents generated in

the metals produce high
temperatures sufficient to melt it.

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Electric power meters

The shiny metal disc in the

electric power meter(analogue
type) rotates due to the eddy
currents.

Electric currents are induced in

the disc by magnetic fields
produced by sinusoidally varying
currents in a coil.

We can also observe the rotating

shiny disc in the power meter of
our house.

18

Metal disc
Electric power meter

Bibliography

www.Wikipedia.org

Physics textbook by NCERT publications

Comprehensive physics by Laxmi Publications

Physics by Pradeep publications

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THANKYOU
The end