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Crackwidth (Gergely & Lutz)
Crackwidth (Gergely & Lutz)
Crackwidth (Gergely & Lutz)
Lecture Goals
Serviceability
Crack width
Moments of inertia
Introduction
Recall:
Ultimate Limit States
Lead to collapse
Introduction
Types of Serviceability Limit States
- Excessive crack width
- Excessive deflection
- Undesirable vibrations
- Fatigue (ULS)
Leakage
Corrosion
(Liquid-retaining structures)
(cracks can speed up occurrence of
corrosion)
rust )
0.013 in.
0.076 f s 3 d c A
Crack width in units of 0.001 in.
Distance from NA to bottom
(tension) fiber, divided by
distance to reinforcement.
=(h-c)/(d-c)
fs Service load stress in
reinforcement in ksi
0.076 f s 3 d c A
dc Distance from extreme tension
fiber to center of reinforcement
located closest to it, (in.)
A effective tension area of
concrete surrounding tension
bars (w/ same centroid)
divided by # bars. (for 1 layer
of bars A = (2dc b)/n
Exposure Condition
Dry air or protective membrane
Humidity, moist air, soil
Deicing chemicals
Seawater and seawater spray
0.016 in.
0.004 in.
0.012 in.
0.007 in.
0.006 in.
f s 0.60 f y
fy
1.55
0.90
Example-Crack
Given: A beam with bw= 14 in. Gr 60 steel 4 #8
with 2 #6 in the second layer with a #4 stirrup.
Determine the crack width limit, z for exterior
and interior limits (145 k/in and 175 k/in.).
Example-Crack
Compute the center of the steel for the given bars.
As 4 #8 bars 2 # 6 bars
4 0.79 in 2 2 0.44 in 2
4.04 in 2
Example-Crack
The locations of the center of the bars are
db
y1 cover d stirrup
2
1.0 in.
1.5 in. 0.5 in.
2
2.5 in.
db
d b2
y2 2.5 in. d b
2
2
1.0 in.
0.75 in.
2.5 in.
1.0 in.
2
2
4.375 in.
Example-Crack
Compute the center of the steel for the given bars.
yA
y
A
i
2
2
2.5
in.
4
0.79
in
4.375
in.
2
0.44
in
2.91 in.
4.04 in
Example-Crack
Compute number of equivalent bars, n. Use the
largest bar.
Ai
Abar
4.04 in 2
5.11
2
0.79 in
15.93 in 2
n
5.11
Example-Crack
The effective service load stress is
z f s 3 d c A 36 ksi
122.9 k/in.
2
2.5
in.
15.93
in
Example-Crack
The limits magnitude of z term.
122.9 k/in. < 145 k/in. - Interior exposure
122.9 k/in. < 175 k/in. - Exterior exposure
Crack width is
w 0.076 z
0.076 1.2 122.9
11.2
or in.
Deflection Control
Reasons to Limit Deflection
(1.)
Visual Appearance
1
(2.)
Deflection Control
(3.)
Disruption of function
- sensitive machinery, equipment
- ponding of rain water on roofs
(4.)
Allowable Deflections
ACI Table 9.5(a) = min. thickness unless s are
computed
ACI Table 9.5(b) = max. permissible computed
deflection
Allowable Deflections
Flat Roofs ( no damageable nonstructural elements
supported)
LL inst
l
180
Allowable Deflections
Floors ( no damageable nonstructural elements
supported )
LL inst
l
180
Allowable Deflections
Roof or Floor elements (supported nonstructural elements
likely damaged by large s)
l
480
Allowable Deflections
Roof or Floor elements ( supported nonstructural elements
not likely to be damaged by large
s )
l
240
Allowable Deflections
allow
I cr I e I gt
M
M
cr
cr
Ie
*
I
*
I
gt
cr
Ma
M a
fr Ig
yt
= Moment of inertia of transformed cross-section
Ma
M a
M
M
cr
cr
Ie
* Ig 1
* I cr
Ma
M a
or
M
cr
I e I cr I g I cr
Ma
M
EI
slope
EI
Moment of Inertia
For wc = 90 to 155 lb/ft3
Ec 33 f c
1.5
c
psi
Ec 57000 f c
(ACI 8.5.1)
psi
wl
M
12
wl
M
24
wl
M
12
2 ends continous :
Weight Average
I e mid
I e1 I e@ end 1
I e2 I e@ end 2
Area
bw*h
As
As
y *n A
y
n A
i
*
i
*
i
n*Area
bw*h
(n-1)As
(n-1)As
n* A
yi
0.5*h
d
d
yi*(n)A
0.5*bw*h2
(n-1)*As*d
(n-1)*As*d
yi * n * Ai
2
by
nAs d
by nAs y by nAs d
yi Ai
2
y
by nAs
Ai
b 2
y nAs y nAs d 0
2
Solve for the quadratic for y
2nAs
2nAs d
2
y
y
0
b
b
y
2
2nAs
2nAs d
b
b
1 3
2
I cr by nAs d y
3
Note:
Es
Ec
2 n 1 As 2nAs
b
2 n 1 As 2nAs d
b
2
2
I cr by n 1 As y d nAs d y
3
Note:
Es
Ec
bh bh y
12
2
3
concrete
n 1 As y d n 1 As y d
2
Note:
steel
Ig
1
12
bh
y
2
2t be bw 2 n 1 As 2nAs
bw
be bw t 2 2 n 1 As 2nAs d
bw
I cr
be y bet
3
12
t
1
3
y
bw y t
3
2
beam
flange
n 1 As y d nAs d y
2
steel
As 4 0.6 in 2 2.4 in 2
1k
Ec 57000 f c 57000 4000
1000
lb
3605 ksi
8.04
Ec
3605 ksi
n
y i (in)
y i *n*area (in2)
I (in4)
d (in)
d2*n*area(in4)
A's
7.04
1.2
8.448
2.5
21.12
-9.756
804.10
As
7.04
2.4
16.896
21.5
363.26
9.244
1443.75
Ac
288
288
12
3456.00
13824
-0.256
18.89
3840.38
13824
313.344
2266.74
yi ni Ai
3840.38 in 3
y
12.26 in.
2
ni Ai 313.34 in
2 7.04 1.2 in 2
12 in.
2 8.04 2.4 in 2 21.5 in.
12 in.
y 2 4.624 y 72.664 0
4.624
6.52 in.
4.624
2
4 72.664
I cr by n 1 As y d nAs d y
3
1
3
I cr 12 in. 6.52 in.
3
7.04 1.2 in
5575.22 in 4
I cr 5575.22 in
0.346
4
I g 16090.7 in
I cr 0.35 I g
s
0.003 0.003
c
c
0.0075
217.5
f s Es s 29000 0.003
87
c
c
Cs As f s 0.85 f c
261
100.32
c
217.5
1.2 in 87
43.68
3.44 in.
c 3.44 in.
y 6.52 in.
My
I
The maximum tension stress in tension is
f r 7.5 f c 7.5 4000
474.3 psi 0.4743 ksi
My
I
M
I
y
M cr
M cr
fr I
y
fr I
650.2 k-in.
622.6 k-in.
Homework-12/2/02
Problem 8.7