Primary Sources

Hine, Lewis W. 9 P.M. in an Indiana Glass Works, Aug., 1908. Location: Indiana. 1908. Library
of Congress, Washington D.C.
I used this photo to show variations in the type of work children did. These boys are in a
glass work in a crowded condition. It varies from plantations and mines, which most
children worked in.

Hine, Lewis W. An Act to Prevent Interstate Commerce in the Products of Child Labor, and for
Other Purposes, 09/01/1916. 1916. National Archives, Washington D.C.
This was an act created in 1916 to prohibit the manufacturing of good in factories that
illegally hired underage children. This demonstrates Hines legacy because his
photographs helped to influence it.

Hine, Lewis W. An Awful Blot. 1914. Library of Congress, Washington D.C.Loc.gov. Web.
This photo supports the thesis because it demonstrates Hines way of conveying issues
with child labor and how widespread the problem is.

Hine, Lewis W. A Greaser in a Coal Mine. See 1835. Location: Bessie Mine, Alabama. 1910.
Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
Coal mines were one of the most dangerous places to work in because of the exposure to
a large amount of dirt and dust. In this photo the young greaser looks dirty and the area he
is working in looks dangerous. This serves as an example of how conditions in coal
mines were.

Hine, Lewis W. A Tipple, Gaston Mine. Location: Fairmont, West Virginia.1908. Library of
Congress, Washington D.C.
These children are working in a coal mine and are inhaling a large amount of smoke.
They look unclean and are covered in dirt. This photo demonstrates the hazardous mining
conditions children were subjected to.

Hine, Lewis W. Child Labor In the Canning Industry Of Maryland. N.d. Library of Congress,
Washington D.C. Loc.gov. Web.
This letter from Lewis Hine to the NCLC shows the process in which the photos aided
the government. In this letter he describes his investigations and the results of his
investigation in Maryland.

Hine, Lewis W. Child Labor in the Cotton Mills of Mississippi. N.d. Library of Congress,
Washington D.C. Loc.gov. Web.
In this letter Lewis Hine describes the result of a child labor investigation in Mississippi.
It describes how in a family their kids are missing school to work in a factory. One of
their children is eleven and one is fifteen. They spend many hours in school daily. This is
useful because it is an example of Lewis Hines exploitations.

Hine, Lewis W. Children Thrashing Corn during School Hours on a Farm near Dublin. Many
Such Light Occupations Fall to the Lot of the Georgia Child. Location: Dublin [vicinity],
Georgia. 1915. Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
Instead of going to school, the children in this photo are trashing corn. This demonstrates
that children were forced to work instead of allowing them to get an education, an issue

that was unacceptable. Lewis Hine took this photo, and many others, with titles that
addressed similar issues.

Hine, Lewis W. D.H. Holmes Co...LTD. N.d. Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
The owner of this factory believes that raising the age will benefit the service and is still
very much in favor of child labor. This document is part of the antithesis towards ending
child labor.

Hine, Lewis W. Eight-year Old Jack Driving Horse Rake. A Small Boy Has Difficulty Keeping
His Seat on Rough Ground and This Work Is More or Less Dangerous. See Hine Report,
Rural Child Labor, August, 1915. Location: Western Massachusetts, Massachusetts.
1915. Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
This photo again portrays a child being put at risk of injury. As Jack drives the horse rake
he struggles to stay on his seat because he is only eight years old and is not strong enough
to drive the horses alone.

Hine, Lewis W. Eight-year Old Jack Driving Load of Hay. See Hine Report, Rural Child Labor,
August, 1915. Location: Western Massachusetts, Massachusetts. 1915. Library of
Congress, Washington D.C.
In this photo an eight year old boy is controlling the horses as the carry hay throughout
the field. He is riding while standing up and looks too small to keep the horses in control.
This photo demonstrates dangerous conditions children were put in.

Hine, Lewis W. Exhibit Panel. 1913. Library of Congress, Washington D.C.

This is an example of Lewis Hine spreading awareness of child labor through bringing
attention to exhibit panels. These panels were created by Hine and the National Child
Labor Committee to convey how widespread child labor really was.

Hine, Lewis W. Field-workers, Goodrich Tobacco Farm, near Gildersleeve, Conn. See
Report, L.W. Hine. Location: Gildersleeve, Connecticut. 1917. Library of Congress,
Washington D.C.
The children in this photo look dirty and most of them have unhappy faces. Their
countenance and appearance demonstrate that they were tired of working and that they
were at risk of tobacco poisoning because the residue from the tobacco processing is all
over them.

Hine, Lewis W. Florence Kelly Speaks on Child Labor. 1904. Library of Congress,
Washington D.C.
Florence Kelley was one of the leaders involved in the National Child Labor Committee.
She was an activist for the rights of children and in this article she addressed the issue of
child labor and explained why it needed to be ended. The article served as good
background to help with the historical context.

Hine, Lewis W. Group of Tobacco Pickers in Bermant Plantation, 3 Were 10 Yrs., 3

Were 11 Yrs., 13 Were 12, 12 Were 13 Yrs., 2 - 14 Yrs. Old. The Owner Said,
"They All Get $1.25 a Day." Location: Rockwell, Connecticut. 1917. Library of Congress,
Washington D.C.
This picture shows tobacco pickers from 10 to 14 years of age. This demonstrates

the large number of child laborers and also shows how many children are at risk.

Hine, Lewis W. Housing Tobacco in Barn of W.L. Fugate. Will Go to Schoolsville School but It
Has Not Opened on Account of Repairs. Lewis W. Hine. See 4398-9 and 4400. Location:
Hedges Station, Kentucky.1916. Library Of Congress, Washington DC.
This is a picture of children processing tobacco on a farm. It demonstrates one of the
ways children were put to work. Tobacco contains nicotine, which is very dangerous to
the children because it puts them at risk for nicotine poisoning through contact with skin.

Hine, Lewis W. Lane Cotton Mills Co. N.d. Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
I used this letter in my website to portray the opinion of people who advocated for the
continuation of child labor. The factory owner isnt going to comply unless the laws are
actually enforced.

Hine, Lewis W. Little Spinner in Mollahan Cotton Mills, Newberry, S.C. Many Others as
Small. Dec. 3/08 Witness Sara R. Hine. Location: Newberry, South Carolina.
1908. Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
In this photo there is a very young looking girl working in a cotton mill. She is at risks for
many injuries which include, being crushed by machinery and losing her fingers as many
of the workers did. This photo clearly demonstrates the harmful conditions that children
who worked in cotton mills faced.

Hine, Lewis W. Millie Cornaro, Philadelphia, 10 Years Old. Been Picking Cranberries for 6
Years. White's Bog, Browns Mills, N. J. This Is the Fourth Week of School and the People

Here Expect to Remain Here Two Weeks More. Sept. 28, 1910. Witness, E. F. Brown.
Location: Browns Mills, New Jersey. 1910. Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
The title of this photo tells it all, Millie has been picking cranberries since she was only
four years old. Although school had opened four weeks prior to this photo, Millie is not
allowed to go to school for at least two more weeks. The lack of education among child
laborers was in need of drastic reformation.

Hine, Lewis W. Norma Lawrence Is 10 Years Old and Picks from 100 to 150 Pounds of Cotton a
Day. Drags the Sack Which Often Hold 50 Pounds or More before Emptied. Lewis W.
Hine. See 4569. Location: Comanche County, Oklahoma. 1916. Library of Congress,
Washington D.C.
The little girl in this picture had to carry around 50 pounds of cotton before her bag was
emptied. She picked two to three times that amount daily. At only ten years old this girl
had to struggle dragging her sack around. This shows the lack of consideration of the
owners of the plantation had towards children like her.

Hine, Lewis W. One of the Smallest Spinners in the Mollahan Mills. Witness, Sara R. Hine.
Location: Newberry, South Carolina. 1908. Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
I used this photo in my background section because I wanted to portray the different
kinds of work that young children did. Working in a cotton mill was one of these
hazardous jobs.

Hine, Lewis W. Rose Biodo, 1216 Annan St., Philadelphia. 10 Years Old. Working 3 Summers.
Minds Baby and Carries Berries, Two Pecks at a Time. Whites Bog, Brown Mills, N.J.

This Is the Fourth Week of School and the People Here Expect to Remain Two Weeks
More. Sept. 28, 1910. Witness E. F. Brown. Location: Browns Mills, New Jersey. 1910.
Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
The girl in this picture is not allowed to go to school, although it had already started. She
was expected to work on the farm and watch her younger siblings. The education of
young girls is important and they werent given the opportunity to get one.

Hine, Lewis W. Six-year Old Henry and Three-year Old Hilda, Beet Workers on a Wisconsin
Farm. See Hine Report, Wisconsin Sugar Beet, July 1915. Location: Wisconsin. 1915.
Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
The children in this photo a very young. The girl is only six years old and looks tired and
hard worked. The boy is ten and he also looks tired. These two are examples of children
working very young and examples of an issue that needed to be addressed.

Hine, Lewis W. Sugar Beet Workers, Sugar City, Colorado. Mary, Six Years, Lucy, Eight, Ethel,
Ten. Family Has Been Here Ten Years. Children Go to School in the Winter. See Hine
Report, Colorado Beet Workers, July 1915.] Location: [Sugar City, Colorado. 1915.
Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
This photo portrays children ages ten and under working, a common trend among
plantations in rural areas. The children look like they need to rest, but instead they are
forced to work. This photo serves as an example of common disregard that child
employers had towards their child workers.

Lewis Wickes Hine. 1935. George Eastman House, Rochester, New York.

I used this photo in my biography section to show the viewers what Lewis Hine looked
like.

Manning, Joe. "Joe Manning Interview." Telephone interview. 6 Jan. 2015.

In my interview with Joe Manning, we discussed Hines leadership and legacy. From this
interview I gained many useful quotes that I have used throughout my website.

N.d. Office of Cultural Education, n.p.

This is demonstrating the antithesis of child labor. In this case, mothers were upset that
the government was trying to tell them what to do with their children.

Nordstrm, Alison. "Alison Nordstrm Interview." Telephone interview. 8 Jan. 2015.

In this interview, Alison Nordstrm gave me her opinion on Lewis Hines legacy and his
leadership. She made many arguments including how important Hine is to modern use of
photography as social reform. She also described him as a pioneer in social reform.

Portrait of Lewis Hine. 1935. George Eastman House, Rochester, New York.
I used this photo in the biography section. I placed it next to the timeline of dates so that
the reader can have an idea of how Hine looked like.

Secondary Sources
A Child Labor Revolution. The Scranton Republican. 1911. Web

This article discusses how the Keating-Owen Act is affecting the rate of students that are
attending school. In the article, Lewis Hine isnt mentioned, but because of his
photographs there is an increase in student attendance. There is also an overcrowding in
schools. The paper examines the effects of the law on education and how it benefits the
students. It explains that this law provides better opportunities for children to gain skills
other than work ethic. This article doesnt seem to be biased towards Lewis Hines, but in
favor of the children who are freed from child labor. The Scranton Republican newspaper
was a weekly public newspaper in the early 1900s. This article is useful is evaluating the
effects of Lewis Hine as a photographer for the NCLC and his child labor efforts.

Children at Work Costly To The Country. The Era Leader. 1914. Web.

This article takes place during the time of Lewis Hines work for the NCLC. In
the article, Lewis Hine is being interviewed at a showing of his photographs. In the
interview he explains that his drive for child labor comes from the fact that the witnessed
it first-hand when he was growing up, for he too worked at an early age. In the article, the
secretary for the NCLC also speaks on her position. Likely, she feels that child labor is a
vicious act. The article doesnt show bias, but ironically it is in a newspaper that says that
children should be put to work. The Era Leader was founded in 1910 and is the oldest
running newspaper in the Washington Parish

Children In Cotton Mills. Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 1909. Web.

This article evaluates Lewis Hines presentation the previous day before the article was
written. The article demonstrates how during his time working for the NCLC Lewis Hine
brought about recognition to child labor in the south, as well as in the north. For example,
the article describes what Lewis Hine told the various other committees during his
speech. He explained how the factory owners, who permitted child labor, were
rationalizing their decisions. He says that they must put an end to it. This article seems
biased towards Lewis Hines opinion on the conditions of the children. It says that he
doesnt exaggerate his descriptions and that he is accurate. This article also says that
Lewis Hine gained support from the Social Problems Club, with the presentation of his
photographs. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle was a New York publication during the 1900s.

Dimock, George. "Children of the Mills: Re-Reading Lewis Hine's Child-Labour Photographs."
Oxford Art Journal 16.2, 1993. Web.

In this journal entry, George Dimock explains how hine was unique for being one of the
first in his time to use photography as a means of reform. He explains his photographs go
against child labor and show a negative impact of industrialization during the Progressive
Era. The rest of the journal consists of photograph evaluations. George Dimock has a
PhD in art history from the university of Rochester, BA from Harvard University. This
article shows bias because he evaluates how Hine was able to portray this necessity for
reform and he focuses mostly on the positive.

Freedman, Russell. Kids at Work: Lewis Hine and the Crusade against Child Labor. New York:
Clarion, 1994. Print.

In this book Freedman tells the story of Lewis Hine and the effect of his photos on
creating anti-child labor laws. In the book there are 61 photographs taken by Lewis Hine
that document children working. This includes three year olds working in cotton mills or
coal mines. He addresses the issue of child labor still very existent in todays society. In
Chapter One: A Crusader With a Camera and Chapter Two: Becoming a Photographer,
Russell Freedman explains how he went through with his investigations and how his
work started. He also gives some biographical information on Lewis Hine. In the rest of
the book he evaluates his photos and work. For example, his trip to Mississippi. He
emphasizes the dangerous conditions that Hine exposed.

Gutman, Judith Mara. Lewis Hines Last Legacy. The New York Times. The New York
Times Company. 17 April 1983. web. 9 October 2014.

Judith Mara Gutmans article is an overview of the the positive impacts of Lewis Hines
photographs in the era of The Great Depression and his child labor efforts. It is also an
account of his photography as an approach to reformation. In the article, she addresses
the different projects that Lewis Hine worked on and the purpose of his photographs. She
includes his efforts in the National Child Labor committee and his work with the Work
Progress Administration. According to Judith Mara Gutman, Lewis Hine, unlike other

people during his time thought of technology as a means of innovation. In her

interpretation of his photos, she conveys that photography was his way of portraying the
suffering that child laborers and factory workers, in general, were facing. His focus
wasnt primarily on urging people to show empathy, it was to influence people to make a
change. This source is somewhat useful. It doesnt really focus on the issue of child labor,
thats only a fragment, but it does give insight on hardships Lewis Hine faces in the field
of photography and gives.

Nordstrom, Alison. Lewis Hine. New York: George Eastman House, n.d. Print.

Alison Nordstrom is a curator at the George Eastman House, it is a museum dedicated to

photography. The article gives background on Lewis Hines life and his transition to a
photographer. This lean leads to the bigger pictures: His role in documentaries and more
importantly photography as a mass media. She evaluates some of his popular and less
popular photographs. The main idea of the article is that we should be aware of the other
aspects of Hines photo instead of only focusing on its role in history. This is useful in
understand Hines career and work with the National Child Labor Committee.

Oden, Lori. Lewis Hine. International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum. Photographic
Art and Science Foundation. n.d. Web.

Lori Odens describes the influences in Lewis Hines life that led him to photography. The
first influence was him taking on the role of photographer at the Ethical Culture School.
She also describes the various projects he worked on, and his contribution to National

Child Labor Committee. According to Oden, Hines investigations were often dangerous
to him. He had to take on undercover roles and deceive factory owners. In all eventuality,
Hiness photos would be mailed out across the country and would lead to stricter child
labor laws. Lori Odens characterizes Lewis Hine as a selfless and hard-working
photographer. She mentions that in many of his jobs and projects he put himself in lifethreatening positions for the sake of getting his job done. This source does seem to show
bias towards Lewis Hine as a person. The information summarizes his career and
significance in the way we see photography today. The source is a useful for a brief
summary and overview of Lewis Hine.

OKain, Dennis. Lewis Hine in Georgia. The Georgia Review. 1980. Web.

In this entry, Dennis OKain explains why Lewis Hines work for the NCLC was the
most important job in his career. He gives insight on Hines dedication by using examples
of his travels across the country to coal mines and factories to expose violations of
existing child labor laws. He goes on to describe how Lewis Hine was able to capture
these photos and how they have allowed for reform. In this article, specifically in
Georgia. Dennis O Kain was an architectural photographer, who writes books on
architecture and photography. He doesnt mention any other sides to the story. Like many
others, he argues that Lewis Hine was a crucial factor to the NCLC.

Rosenblum, Nina. Lewis Hine.YouTube. N.p., 2013. Web. 09 Feb. 2015.

I used this video as background information. I included it in the brief timeline of Lewis
Hines life to prevent going over the word count. It also gave many details on important

dates, which also helped me from using more words.

Seixas, Peter. Lewis Hine from social to interpretive Photographer. American Quarterly.
The John Hopkins University Press. 1987. Web. 13 October 2014.

This journal entry is about the uses of Lewis Hines photographs as a massive means of
reform during his time period. The author, Peter Seixas, was journalist for the American
Quarterly organization, which along with the John Hopkins University Press is a
professional publication of the American Studies Association. Along with a minor
biography on the life of Lewis Hine the journal entry includes the hardships he faces and
the reform his photos would evidentually lead to. According to Seixas, Lewis Hines
photographs were able to capture the crummy circumstances of child laborers and create
emotion along with them. Seixas seems to to be evaluating how his photographs evolved
over his career. He is suggesting that Lewis Hines photographs were a prominent part in
changing the opinion of the public. He most likely thinks that he was essential in child
labor reformation. This source is useful in examining the effects of Lewis Hines work
and his transformation as a photographer.

Smith-Shank, L., Deborah. Lewis Hine and his Photo Stories: Visual Cultural and Social
Reform. National Art Education Association. 2003. Web.

This article about is about how Lewis Hines helped to persuade the public to take a stand
against child labor. The author suggests that Lewis Hine carried more than just a camera,
but a way out of the injustice that children in America were facing. To support this,

Smith-Shank gives examples of the pamphlets that the NCLC gave out and evaluates
Lewis Hines photos. In doing this she comes to the conclusion that his photographs,
broadcasted with the help of the NCLC were the gateway to reform. Smith-Shank has a
Ph.D from Indiana University and is professor of Arts Administration at the Ohio State
University. She is biased in her argument because she only focuses on the positive. She
makes the point that without Lewis Hine, the NCLC wouldnt be able to create such
reform for child labor injustice.

Wallace, Vaughn. "Tracking Down Lewis Hines Forgotten Child Laborers."LightBox. New
York Times, 27 Aug. 2013. Web. 05 Feb. 2015.
In this article, Wallace discusses Joe Mannings Project and evaluates the outcomes.
Manning often claims that the photos play a big part in history and reshaping America. In
his website, Manning finds some of the people that were in Hines photographs. He tells
of their backstories and the outcome of Hines work.

Willmann, Kate Sampsell Lewis Hine, Ellis Island and Pragmatism: Photographs as Lived
Experience. Society for Historians of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era. 2008. Web.

Overall, in this journal entry, Kate Sampsell Willmann evaluates Lewis Hines transition
from an amateur photographer to an extraordinary photographer. Kate Sampsell
Willmann graduated from Georgetown University with a Ph.D in history. She also argues
that as his photos became more professional they displayed his practical ideas of child
justice in the workplace. She explains that ending child labor was more than just some

ideal vision. The practical belief was that industrialization would benefit the workplace. It
would replace human labor, specifically to Hine, child labor. That was the underlying
basis of Hines photos, yet this was facile for people to misconstrue. To support her thesis
Willmann uses evidence from Hines book: Kids at Work, She also uses his work at Ellis
Island to support her thesis. This source is completely biased. From the very beginning
Kate Sampsell Willmann mentions that Lewis Hine is a significant figure in child labor
reform and that more people should know who he is. She says that while many people
view his work as a supplement to the work of John Dewey or William James, he
communicated his own practical ideas. This source is useful in evaluating Lewis Hine as
a photographer and a child labor activist.