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1 Deflection
1 Deflection
Therefore if the moment diagram is known, it will be easy to construct the elastic curve. In particular, there must be
an inflection point at the point where the curve changes from concave down to concave up, since this is a zero moment.
A
=0
=0
=0
=0
SCHEMATICALLY
Moment
Diagrams
Elastic Curves
Inflection point
Inflection point
GEOMETRY OF CURVES
Elastic
curve
dy
=
dx
.d = ds
1
dx
Line tangent at B
d
=
ds
ds
dy
= tan
dx
d 1
=
dx
Line tangent at A
d d 2 y
=
dx dx 2
d d 2 y M
=
=
= =
2
dx
dx
EI
1
Example : For the cantilever beam in figure establish the equations for slope and deflection by the double integration
method. Also determine the magnitude of the slope B and deflection B at the tip of the cantilever. EI is constant.
y
Boundary conditions
M = P (L x)
x
L-x
dy
= 0 ... then ... C 1 = 0
dx
P (L x)
d2y
M
=
=
dx 2
EI
EI
dy
PLx
Px 2
=
+
+ C1
dx
EI
2 EI
PLx 2
Px 3
y =
+
+ C1x + C 2
2 EI
6 EI
dy PLx Px 2
=
+
=
dx
EI
2 EI
2
3
Px
PLx
y=
+
2 EI
6 EI
PL2
B =
2 EI
PL3
B =
3 EI
Example : Use the double integration method, establish the equations for slope and deflection for the uniformly loaded
beam in figure. Evaluate the deflection at mid-span and the slope at support A. EI is constant.
y
dx
qL/2
-dy
C
dx
dy
qLx qx 2
M =
2
2
x
d 2 y qLx qx 2
=
EI
dx 2
2
2
2
dy qLx
qx 3
=
+ C1
EI
dx
4
6
qLx 3 qx 4
+ C1 x + C 2
EIy =
12
24
Boundary ...Conditions
x = 0 ... y = 0 ... C 2 = 0
qL 4 qL 4
qL 3
+ C 1 L ... C 1 =
x = L ... y = 0 ... 0 =
12
24
24
2
3
3
dy qLx
qx
qL
=
=
dx
4 EI
6 EI 24 EI
3
4
qLx
qx
qL 3 x
y=
12 EI 24 EI 24 EI
5 qL 4
y=
384 EI
qL 3
A =
24 EI
MOMENT-AREA METHOD
There are two moment-area theorems. These theorems were developed by Otto Mohr and later stated formally
by Charles E. Greene in 1872. These theorems provide a semi-graphical technique for determining the slope of
the elastic curve and its deflection due to bending. They are particularly advantageous when used to solve
problems involving beams especially those subjected to serious of concentrated loadings or having segments with
different moments of inertia. The first theorem is used to calculate a change in slope between two points on
the elastic curve. The second theorem is used to compute the vertical distance (called a tangential deviation)
between a point on the elastic curve and a line tangent to the elastic curve at a second point. These quantities
are illustrated in the following figure.
Elastic curve
B
tBA
AB
Tangent at A
C
Derivation of the moment-area theorems : The
relation between slope and moment and bending
stiffness EI is
d
M
=
dx
EI
M
d =
dx
EI
AB =
M
dx
EI
The ordinates of the moment curve must be divided by the bending stiffness EI to produce M/EI curve. The last
equation forms the basis for the first moment-area theorem.
The change in slope between any two points on a continuous elastic curve is equal to the area
under the M/EI curve between these points.
The tangential deviation dt can be expressed by
dt = d .x
A
dt = (
M/EI
diag.
dx
A
Elastic
curves
dx
Tangent at B
B
x
dt
Tangent at A
tBA
M .x
dx
EI
A
t BA = dt =
A
B
A
M
dx).x
EI
AB
P
C
t BA = vB
AB
PL2
1 PL PL2
AB =
= L
=
2 EI 2 EI
2 EI
PL
EI
B = A + AB = AB
AC
2
x= L
3
M/EI DIAGRAM
AC
1 PL PL L 3PL2
=
+
=
2 EI
2 EI 2
8 EI
3PL2
=
8 EI
t BA
1 PL 2 L PL3
= vB = L
=
2 EI 3
3EI
Example : Determine the deflection at points B and C of the beam shown below. Values for the moment of inertia of
each segment are IAB= 8.106 mm4 , and IBC= 4.106 mm4 . Take E= 200 GPa,
500 N.m
B
EI
2EI
4m
500
EI BC
250
EI BC
A
B
M/EI
diagram
tan C
B = t BA =
250
2000
*4*2 =
=
EI BC
EI BC
2000
= 0.0025m
200.109 * 4.10 6
C
A
B = t BA
C = tCA
C = tCA =
250
500
* 4*5 +
* 3 *1.5 =
EI BC
EI BC
7250
= 0.00906m = 9.06mm
EI BC
Since both answers are positive, they indicate that points B
and C lie above the tangent at A.
C = A AC
C =
4m
12/EI
M/EI
DIAGRAM
4/EI
t BA
AC
L
1 4
4
AC = * 2 =
2 EI EI
1 12
1 12
2 160
t BA = * 6 * 4 + * 2 * 2 * =
2 EI
2 EI
3 EI
160 4 16
20
............ A =
=
C =
8EI EI EI
EI
C =
2x
x
A
'
t DA
Horizontal
tangent
t DA =
20 1
40 5
* *2 5 =
EI 3
3EI
t BA
AC
L
t BA
20 x 2
A =
=
x = 2 5 = 4.47m
EI EI
3
' t BA
=
' = t BA
6
8
4
3 160 40 5 90.186
max = 't DA =
=
EI
4 EI
3EI
Example : Determine the deflection at point C of the beam. E= 200 GPa, I=250 10-6 m4
8m
8m
1 192
1 1
192 3
* 8 8 + * 8 + * 8 *
* 8
EI 4
2 EI
3 3
11264
=
EI
1 192 1 2048
t BA =
* 8 8 * =
EI
2 EI
3
tCA =
192/EI
' t BA
=
' = 2t BA
16 8
C = tCA ' = tCA 2t BA
6 kN/m
C =
7168 .kNm 3
C =
= 0.143 m.
200 *10 6.kN / m 2 .250 *10 6
= 143 mm
tBA
11264
2048 7168
2*
=
EI
EI
EI
'
tCA
dQ
= q
dx
dM
= Q
dx
d 2M
or........ 2 = q
dx
which relate a beams internal shear and moment to its applied loading, and
d M
=
dx EI
d2y M
=
2
dx
EI
which relate the slope and deflection of its elastic curve to the internal moment divided by EI. Or integrating
Q=
( q )dx
M
dx
EI
M = ( q )dx
y=
M
EI dx
We want to replace the integration indicated in the equations by drawing the shear and bending moment diagrams. To
do this we will consider a beam having the same length as the real beam, bot referred to here as the conjugate beam.
It is loaded with the M/EI diagram of the real beam. Shear and moment diagrams of the conjugate beam represent
one and two integrations, respectively of the M/EI diagram of the real beam. We thus conclude that shear and
moment diagrams of the conjugate beam represent the slope and deflection of the real beam. Now we can therefore
state two theorems related to conjugate beam, namely
Theorem 1: The slope at a point in the real beam is equal to the shear at the corresponding point in the conjugate
beam.
Theorem 2: The displacement at a point in the real beam is equal to the moment at the corresponding point in the
conjugate beam.
Since each of the previous equations requires integration it is important that the proper boundary conditions be used
when they are applied.
REAL BEAM
CONJUGATE BEAM
pin
roller
=0
=0
=0
=0
fixed
free
M =0
M =0
Q=0
M =0
Q
M
=0
Internal pin
Internal
roller
=0
hinge
M =0
pin
roller
free
fixed
hinge
hinge
M =0
Q
M
Internal
roller
REAL BEAM
CONJUGATE BEAM
As a rule, neglecting axial force, statically determinate real beams have statically indeterminate conjugate beams;
and statically indeterminate real beams, as in the last figure above become unstable conjugate beams. Although this
occurs, the M/EI loading will provide the necessary equilibrium to hold the conjugate beam stable.
Example : Determine the slope and deflection of point B of the steel beam shown in figure. The reactions are given in
the figure. Take E=200 GPa, I=333 106 mm4
22 kN
22 kN
Real
Beam
4.6 m
4.6 m
232.76
+ QB = 0
EI
232.76
232.76
QB =
=
EI
200.106 * 333.106
QB = 0.00349
101.2 kNm
Conjugate
Beam
101.2
EI
B = 0.00349rad
7.667 m
232.76
EI
MB
QB
232 . 76
* 7 . 667 = 0
EI
1784 . 5
1784 . 5
M B = B =
=
=
EI
200 . 10 6 * 333 . 10 6
B = 0 . 0268 m
MB +
Positive shear indicates negative slope, and the negative moment of the beam indicates downward displacement.
Example : Determine the maximum deflection of the steel beam shown below. Reactions are given. I= 60.106 mm4
8 kN
A
B
9m
2 kN
6 kN
B
A
81
EI
External reactions
Real
Beam
3m
18
EI
45
EI
27
EI
Conjugate
Beam
18 x 2 x
=
EI 9 EI
45
EI
63
EI
M = 0
45
1 2 * 6 . 71
6 . 71
* 6 . 71
* 6 . 71 *
+ M = 0
EI
2
EI
3
201 . 2
201 . 2
max = M =
=
= 0 . 0168 m
EI
200 . 10 6 * 60 . 10 6
x
Internal reactions
Fy = 0
45
1 2x
+
EI
2 EI
x = 6 . 71 m
x = 0
0 x 9m
Example: Determine the displacement of the pin at B and the slope of the each beam segment connected to the pin
for the beam shown in the figure. E=200 GPa I=135.106 mm4
35 kN
M= 120 kNm
C
Real
Beam
B
3.60
3.60
187.33
EI
4.60
Conjugate Beam
126
EI
M
676.17
EI
120
EI
593.74
EI
4.8 m
B
A
6m
226.8
EI
3.067
1.533 m
767.11
EI
276
EI
593.74
EI
Q
276
EI
y
=0
276 593 . 74
+
=0
EI
EI
317 . 74
317 . 74
Q Br =
=
EI
200 . 10 6 * 135 . 10 6
Q Br = 0 . 011768
Q Br
Br = 0 . 011768 rad
M = 0
B
276
593 . 74
* 3 . 076
* 4 . 60 = 0
EI
EI
1884 . 8
1884 . 8
= M B =
=
EI
200 . 10 6 * 135 . 10
+
= 0 . 070 m
593.74
EI
Q
276
EI
The slope Bl can be found from a section of beam just to the left of B thus
593.74
EI
767.11
EI
276
EI
=0
+
=0
EI
EI
EI
449 . 37
449 . 37
Q Bl = Bl =
=
EI
200 . 10 6 * 135 . 10 6
Q Bl = 0 . 01667
Q Bl
Bl = 0 . 01667 rad
W=U
External work done by a force : When a force F undergoes a
displacement dx in the same direction as the force, the work done is,
dW = F .dx
x
W =
F .dx
0
P
F= x
W =
P
F .dx =
x .dx =
P
2
P F
W = P.
The work of F
F
P
External work done by a moment: The work of a moment is defined by the product
of the magnitude of the moment and the angle d through which it rotates.
If the total angle of rotation is radians, the work becomes
As in the case of force, if the moment is applied to a structure gradually,
from zero to M, the work is then
W =
dW = M .d
W = M .d
0
1
M
2
However if the moment is already applied to the structure and other loadings further distort the structure by an
amount , then the M rotates , and the work is
W = M .
A, E
= E
A
L
NL
=
EA
N 2L
1
U =
N . =
2
2 EA
Tangent to
right end
d
x
dx
M
dx
EI
1
M 2 .dx
dU = M .d =
2 EI
2
L
M2
dx
U =
2 EI
0
d =
d
dx
The strain energy for the beam is
determined by integrating this result
over the beams entire length
Tangent to
left end
EI , L
PL
M ( x) = P ( x L)
W =U
P
=
EI
1
P . =
2
M2
P2
dx =
2 EI
2 EI
(x L)
0
L3
L3
2
+ L3
2
PL 3
=
3 EI
HOMEWORK
EI , L
P
= .... ?
dx
If we take a deformable structure, and apply a series of loads to it, it will cause internal loads and internal displacements
P1
P2
Internal forces
And
Internal displacements
N2, dL2
dL 1
3,
N1
dL
External Forces
Equilibrium Equations
Internal Forces
External Displacements
Compatibility Equations
internal Displacements
M
EI , L
P . = N .L
P . = M .d
i
Virtual
forces
1 . =
N j . L j
N .L
L =
EA
L = . T .L
L
3.m
0.625
C
0
200
4.m
150kN
D
MEMBER
L (m)
N (kN)
Nv
Nh
N.Nv.L
N.Nh.L
AB
37,5
-0,5
-0,375
-112,5
-84,375
BC
-62,5
0,834
0,625
-260,625
-195,313
CA
-187,5
-0,834
0,625
781,875
-585,938
CD
-250
DA
200
408,75
-865,625
SUM
N .Nv.L
408.75
=
= 0.0008175m
EA
200.10 6 * 0.0025
N .Nh.L
865.625
hc =
=
= 0.00173m
EA
200.106 * 0.0025
Vc =
4.m
0.625
250
187.5
A
1.kN
0.375
0.834
37.5
0.864
0 .5
62.5
3.m
1.kN
225kN
Example: The truss shown below is distorted during fabrication because member BC is 12.7 mm short. What
vertical deflection is introduced at point E because of this misfit.
12.7 mm
6.m
A
0
D
0
9
0
9.m
0.75
0.625
0.625
0.625
0.375
0.375
1.kN
0.625
1 .VE = N j . L j =
0 .75 * ( 12 .7 mm ) = 9 .525 mm
Example: Determine the vertical displacement that occurs at point B as a result temperature change of +300 C in
members AD and DC. The coefficient of thermal expansion is 11.7*10-6 1/0C.
D
LAD = LDC = 11.7 *10 6 * 30 * 6.25
2.194
2.194
5m
0
C
3.75m
3.75m
0.625
0.375
B
A
MEMBER
dL
Nv
Nv.dL
AD
2,194
-0,625
-1,371
DC
2,194
-0,625
-1,371
DB
AB
0,375
BC
0,375
-2,743
0.625
0.375
1.kN
1 .VB =
. L j = 2 .74 mm
Example: Determine the change in member length for member BD of the truss so that, when combined with the
prescribed loading, will produce a net vertical displacement of zero at point D. E= 200 GPa.
20.kN
2.m
(1000.mm 2 )
(500.mm )
(800mm 2 )
(1000.mm )
12.kN
1.m
(800mm 2 )
C 1.m
8.25
D
8.944
12.kN
4.m
4.m
16.97
10
20.kN
C
20
16
B
1.25
1.75
A
1.031
Member
1.414
D
1.kN 1.118
L(m)
Nv
EA
N.Nv.L/EA
AB
10
-1,25
200000
-0,0003124
AD
4,125
-8,25
1,031
160000
-0,0002193
BC
5,657
-16,97
-1,414
200000
0,0006787
BD
1,75
100000
0,00021
DC
4,472
-8,944
1,118
160000
-0,0002795
sum=
7,744E-05
N .Nv.L
= 0.00007744m
EA
0.07744mm
1.VD =
1.75
1 . =
. L j
1 * 0 .07744 = ( 1 .75 ) * L
L = 0 .0443 mm
1kN
Application of unit force method to beams and frames
Real
displacements
Virtual
forces
1 . =
d =
EA
M q . M p dx
EI
.d
M p .dx
f (x)F (x)
dx
EI
f ( x ) : i .... const .
F ( x ) : k ... const . =
L .i . k
EI
i
x ..... linear
L
k
F (x) :
x .... linear
L
f (x) :
f (x) : i
X
i
L
k
L
i
L
L .i . k
3 EI
i
x
L
k
L .i . k
x ....... =
L
6 EI
i
x
L
k
L .i . k
F ( x ) : 2 x 2 ..... =
4 EI
L
f (x) :
F (x) :
Example: Determine the rotation at A and B to an applied moment M on the beam as shown.
M
A
EI
Mq
Mq
Mp
1* A =
M q . M p dx
1* B =
EI
M p .M q
EI
M p .M q
EI
1
dx =
L
L
ML
i.k =
M .1 =
6 EI
6 EI
6 EI
dx =
ML
L
L
M .1 =
i.k =
3EI
3EI
3EI
Example: What is the vertical deflection of the free end of the cantilever beam.
P
B
L/2
L/2
Mp
-PL/2
L
A =
M p .M q
EI
-L
Mq
L
L / 2 PL
L
5 PL 3
dx =
i.( 2 k1 + k 2 ) =
2L + =
6 EI
6 EI 2
2 48 EI
Example: Determine both the vertical and the horizontal deflection at A for the frame shown. E=200 GPa I=200 106 mm4
50 kN
1
-
C
100
5m
Mp
D
2m
1
-
100
Mq
2m
=
v
A
M p .M q
EI
dx =
L .i.k
L
k .( i1 + 2 i 2 ) +
=
EI
6 EI
1 2
2333 .33
= 0 . 058 m
100 * ( 2 + 8 ) + 5 * 100 * 4 =
EI 6
EI
=
h
A
Mq
M p .M q
EI
dx =
1250
L
1 5
i.k =
. 100 .5 =
= 0 .031 m
EI 2
EI
2 EI
20 kN/m
40 kN
B
120
3m
80 kN
360
40
6m
0.5
Mp
40
Mq
0.5
The internal work for the given structure consists of two parts : the work due to bending of the frame and the
work due to axial deformation of the cable.
hc =
=
M p .M q
EI
dx +
N p . N q .L
EA
1 3
6
6
80 * 0 .5 * 4
* 120 * 3 + * 480 * 3 * 360 * 3 +
EI 3
3
4
EA
1620
160
+
= 0 . 070 m = 70 mm
30000 10000
10 kN/m
A
C
1m
4m
3m
60 kN
D
A
2m
2m
60 kN
2m
tCA
tDA
A
B
4m
80/EI
2m
F1
12 F2
F1
11 F1
1
1 = 11 F1 + 12 F2
ij
i
j
21 F1
F2
W=
W =
place of deflection
place of unit load
22 F2
F2
1
2
2 = 21 F1 + 22 F2
(F11 + F2 2 )
(F1 (11 F1 + 12 F2 ) + F2 ( 21 F1 + 22 F2 ))
W=
1
2
1
2
2
11 1
F1
W 1 = 12 F1.11 F1 = 12 11 F12
11 F1
F1
W 2 = F1 (12 F2 ) + 12 F2 ( 22 F2 )
factor is absent on the first term because F1
remains constant at its full value during the entire
displacement. The total work due to F1 and F2 .
12 F2
W=
1
2
F2
22 F2
2
2
F
+
F
11 1
22 2 + 12 F1 F2
In a linear system, the work performed by two forces is independent of the order in which the forces
are applied. Hence the two works must be equal.
1
2
2
2
(
)
F
+
F
F
+
F
11 1
12
21
1 2
22 2
(12 + 21 ) = 12
(12 + 21 ) = 212
1
2
2
2
F
+
F
11 1
22 2 + 12 F1 F2
1
2
12 = 21
This relationship is known as Maxwell s reciprocal theorem
1
2
21
1
21
1
1
21 = 12
12
1
21 = 12
2
12
1
21
12
21 = 12
Consider two different loading on a linear elastic structure. The virtual work done by the forces of the first system
acting through the displacements of the second system is equal to the virtual work done by the forces of the second
system acting through the corresponding displacements of the first system. .
F2
W=
1 = 11 F1 + 12 F2
1
2
2
2
F
+
2
F
F
+
F
11 1
12 1 2
22 2
2 = 21 F1 + 22 F2
W
= 11 F1 + 12 F 2 = 1
F1
Since the strain energy U stored in a deformed structure is equal to the work performed by the external loads
U
= i
Pi
F1
R1
The partial derivative of the strain energy in a structure with respect to one of the
external loads acting on the structure is equal to the displacement at that force in
the direction of the force. This relation is known as Castiglianos theorem
U
= 0
R1
F2
R2
U
= 0
R2
F1
F2
U
= 0
R
R
This method is called as the method of least work. Redundant must have a value that will make the strain
energy in the structure a minimum. The known values of the displacements at certain points can be used for
additional equations to the equations of equilibrium.
The strain energy for an axially loaded member
N 2L
U =
2 AE
U =
N 2L
2 AE
i =
U
=
Pi
N
N
Pi
AE
Example: Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the truss shown in the figure. The cross
sectional area of each member is A= 400 mm2 and E= 200 GPa
C
4 kN
3m
A
B
Member
4m
4m
P
/P
N (P=0)
L (m)
N./P.L
AB
0.667P+2
0.677
10.67
AC
-0.833P+2.5
-0.833
2.5
-10.41
BC
-0.833P-2.5
-0.833
-2.5
10.41
10.67
8
0,
4 kN
.5
-2
P
33
4 kN
0,
83
cv = N
3P
+2
.5
0,667P+2
0.5P-1.5
kN.m
0.5P+1.5
10.67
N L 10.67
=
=
=
6
6
P AE
AE
400 *10 * 200 *10
0.000133 m = 0.133mm
Example: Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the truss shown in the figure. Assume that A=325mm2 ,
E=200 GPa .
The 20 kN force at C is replaced with a variable force P at
F
E
joint C
20 kN
3m
P)
3m
4
9.
29
1P
13.333+0.333P
Member
N/P
N (P=20)
N.N/P.L
AB
13.333+0.333P
0.333
20
19.98
BC
6.667+0.667P
0.667
20
40.02
CD
6.667+0.667P
0.667
20
40.02
DE
-9.429-0.943P
-0.943
-28.289
4.24
113.11
EF
-13.333-0.333P
-0.333
-20
19.98
FA
-18.856-0.471P
-0.471
-28.276
4.24
56.47
BF
13.333+0.333P
0.333
20
19.98
BE
9.429-0.471P
-0.471
4.24
CE
20
60
Sum 369.56
6.667+0.667P
6.667+0.667P C
(13.333+0.333P)
43
3m
56
7
.4
.9
-(
.8
8
1
+0
20 kN
.4
+0
29
-(13.333+0.333P)
4
9.
-(
)
1P
F
13.333+0.333P
3m
20
cv = N
(6.667+0.667P)
369.56
N L
=
=
AE
P AE
369.56
=
6
6
325 *10 * 200 *10
0.005685 m = 5.685mm
20
28
.
28
20
28
.2
A
B
20+P
20
20+P
20
Membe
r
N/P
N
(P=20)
N.N/P.
L
AB
20+P
20
60
BC
20+P
20
60
CD
20+P
20
60
DE
-28.28
-28.28
4.24
EF
-20
-20
FA
-28.28
-28.28
4.24
BF
20
20
BE
4.24
CE
20
20
Sum 180
20+P
20
20
ch = N
N L 180
=
=
P AE AE
180
=
6
6
325 *10 * 200 *10
0.002769 m = 2.77 mm
M2
U =
dx
2 EI
l
M
U
M2
=
dx
M
=
=
0 P
P P 2 EI
dx
EI
= External displacement
P= External force applied to the beam or frame in the direction of the desired displacement
M= Internal moment in the beam or frame, expressed as function of x and caused by both the force P and the real loads.
E= Modulus of elasticity
I= Moment of inertia of cross sectional area computed about the neutral axis.
If the slope at a point is to be determined, the partial derivative of the internal moment M with respect to an
external couple moment M acting at the point must be computed.
l
M dx
EI
= M
0
The above equations are similar to those used for the method of virtual work except the partial derivatives replace
moments due to unit loads like the case of trusses, slightly more calculations is generally required to determine the
partial derivatives and apply Castiglianos theorem rather than use the method of virtual force method.
Example : determine the displacement of point B of the beam shown in figure. E=200 GPa I=500*106 mm4
A
12 kN/m
B
MA
12 kN/m
10 m
B
RA
10 m
=0
M A = 10 P + 600
RA = P + 120
Castiglianos theorem
M = 6 x 2 + 120 x 600
M
= x 10
P
B = M
10
M dx
dx
= ( 6 x 2 + 120 x 600)( x 10 )
P EI 0
EI
10
1 6 4
15000
=
x + 60 x 3 900 x 2 + 6000 x =
EI 4
EI
0
=
15000
= 0.15m = 150mm
500 *10 6 * 200 *106
Example : determine the vertical displacement of point C of the beam. Take E=200 GPa I=150*106 mm2
y
20 kN
8 kN/m
A
C
4m
P
M
4m
8 kN/m
B
x
M
0 < x < 4m.....M = (24 + 0.5P ) x 4 x 2 .......
= 0.5 x........M = 34 x 4 x 2
P
M
4 < x < 8m.....M = 64 + 4 P (8 + 0.5P) x...
= 4 0.5 x...M = 144 18 x
P
ver
c
4m
24+0.5P
dx
x dx
= (34 x 4 x )
+ (144 18 x)(4 0.5 x)
2 EI 4
EI
0
2
8
1 34 3
1
426.67
=
x x4 +
576 x 72 x 2 + 3 x 3 =
4
2 EI 3
EI
EI
0
426.67
= 0.0142m = 14.2mm
200 *106 *150 *10 6
4m
8+0.5P
Example : determine the rotation at A and horizontal displacement at point D using Castiglianos first theorem
10 kN
10 kN
20 kN
5m
5m
20 kN
5m
8m
A
20 kN
5m
A variable couple
C is applied at
point A
210 + C
10
member.....BC
member... AB
M
M = C + 20 x.............
=1
C
M [C = 0] = 20 x.........M B = C + 160
A =
20 x
dx
+
EI
(160
0
8m
D
110 + C
10
C
x
10
x
M
= 1 ........M [C = 0] = 160 11x
10
C
c
5 < x < 10m.........M = C + 160 11x x 10( x 5)
10
x
M
= 1 .......M [C = 0] = 210 21x
10
C
C+160
10 kN
M
B
x
110 + C
10
10
x dx
x dx
=
+ (210 21 x ) 1
11 x ) 1
10 EI
10 EI
640
1
27
1 .1
1
42
EI
EI
EI
2
3
2
3
EI
P
B
MA
M
C
A
B
L/2
L/2
R
Reaction at point C is taken as redundant
P-R
MA=PL/2-RL
L
PL
M
= Lx
+ RL .........
..... M = ( P R ) x
R
2
2
L
M
< x < L..... M = R ( L x )......... .......... ........
= Lx
R
2
L
U
M dx
= M
=0
R 0
R EI
0< x<
L
2
PL
dx
dx
P
R
x
RL
L
x
R
L
x
L
x
=0
((
)
)
(
)
(
)(
)
0
EI L
EI
2
2
R=
5
P
16
24 kN/m
1. 6
B
EI
R
EI
C
1.6
sin = 0.3162
cos = 0.9488
D
5m
EI
E
6m
21
144 kN
N/
.6 k
B
-(45.533+0.9487R)
m
k
7 .2
-5R
6m
144 kN
2m
1. 6
N/m
EI
-136.613+0.3162R
member.... AB
M = Rx........
M
= x........M B = 5 R
R
member....BC
B
EI
R
144
M = 5 R
N = (45.53 + 0.9487 R)
Q = 0.3162 R 136.613
5 dx
1
U
M dx
= M
=0......2 R x 2
+
R
R EI
0 EI 1.6 EI
R = 38.4kN
[
]
(
)
(
)
0
.
3162
R
136
.
613
x
5
R
10
.
8
x
0
.
3162
x
5
dx
=0
6.32
12.14
124.47
+
5.76
38.4
38.4
12.14
124.47
38.4
38.4
144
163.04
MOMENT
DIAGRAM IS
DRAWN ON
TENSION
SIDE
192
192
166.47