English Grammar (Final)

ENGLISH GRAMMAR
English Alphabetic
Parts of Speech
Sentences
Verb to BE
Verb to DO
Verb to HAVE
Nouns
Countable Nouns
Spelling Rules for Plurals
Uncountable Nouns
Definite & Indefinite Articles

Pronouns
Object Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
Making Questions
How
some/ any/
Making Negative
TENSES
Present Simple Tense
Past Simple Tense

Future Simple Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Main Menu
Past Continuous Tense
Future Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous

Imperatives
Modals
Comparing Adjectives
Adverbs
Active & Passive
Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
...
Prepositions
Question-Tags
Conditional if
Reported Speech
Countries and Nationalities
English Alphabet

.1
Capital Letters
.2
Small Letters
Consonant Letters
v w
l m
g h
Vowels Letters
u
Parts of Speech

Noun
Ahmed, book
. ..I, he, she, it, etc
Pronoun
Play, played, will play
Verb
rich man

.Ahmed writes quickly

.
Adjective
Adverb
Parts of Speech

Ahmed goes to school.

Preposition

They traveled by plane.

Ali and Ahmad visited us

yesterday. .
Conjunction

Alas! She died.
Interjection

. !
Parts of Speech

Article

:
a, an, the
a
.
.This is a book
.
.This is an apple
.
an
.
This is the book I bought the

.yesterday
.
:

:
) ( :
.Ali doctor

:
.Ali is a doctor
Sentences

Simple Sentences
Compound Sentences
Complex Sentences
Simple Sentences
:
:
.I saw a boy (1
.The boy was riding a bicycle (2
:
.I saw a boy riding a bicycle
Compound Sentences

:
and/ but /or
:and
Ahmed did his homework yesterday. Anas
.helped him
:
Ahmed did his homework yesterday and

.Anas helped him
Compound Sentences

but
He is unhappy
: :
.Khaled is rich.
.Khaled is rich but he is unhappy

or
We can watch TV
: :
.We can play football.
.We can play football or we can watch TV
Complex Sentences

:
Main Clause
Subordinate Clause :
Noun Clause
Adjectival Clause
Adverbial Clause
Clause & Phrase

A clause is a combination of words containing a verb
.and has a complete meaning
: .
.I saw the man who was carrying a stick
A phrase is a combination of words forming part of
. the sentence but without a verb
: .
.I saw the man carrying a stick
Verb to BE
.It is used as a principal and a helping verb
:
Past participle

) (
Past
Present
Subject
been
was
am
been
was
is
He, She, It
been
were
are
We, They,
You
Verb to BE
.
.
Examples:
.I am a pupil
.They are boys
Negative Sentences with the verb to
BE
We make negative statements with the verb

to BE by using the word not after the verb
.to be
)(
(not) .
Affirmative
Negative
.I am at home
.I am not at home
.You are tall
.You are not tall
Making Questions with the

verb to BE
Yes or No questions and short answers
: )( )(
Yes or No questions
Short Answers

Affirmative
Negative
Be
Subject+
Complement+
Yes + Subject + Be
No + Subject + Be + not
Are
you
?a teacher
.Yes, I am
.No, I am not
Were
the boys
?at school
.Yes, they were
.No, they were not
Verb to DO
:
Past
participle

) (
Past
Present
Subject
done
did
do
I, you, we,
they
done
did
does
He, She, It
.
.

HAVE Verb to
:
Past participle

) (
Past
Present
Subject
had
had
have
I, you, we,
they
had
had
has
He, She, It
.
.
Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE

as a main verb

Subject
+
do/does/did
not+
do
not
have
.a car
He
does
not
have
.a new watch
They
did
not
have
breakfast this
.morning
have+
Complement+
Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a main verb

Yes or No questions
Short Answers

Affirmative
Negative
Do/Does/
Did
Subject+
have+
Complement+
Yes + Subject
+
do/does/did
No + Subject +
do/does/did
not +
Do
you
have
?a car
.Yes, I do
.No, I do not
Does
he
have
?a new watch
.Yes, he does
No, he does not
Did
they
have
Breakfast this
?morning
.Yes, they did
No, they did

.not
Verb to HAVE as a helping verb

Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the

.perfect tense
.
:
.They have lived here for two years
.Adel has just finished his work
Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verb

not .
:
.I have lived here for a long time
. I have not lived here for a long time
Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb

Yes or No questions and short answers
:
.
:
.They have lived here for a long time
?Have they lived here for a long time
.Yes, they have.
No, they have not
Other Uses of Verb to HAVE

To express necessity in the present and past have to, has
.to, had to
: .
.I have to leave now
________________________________________________
.With some modal auxiliaries
: .
.You had better see a doctor
____________________________________________________
.To show that something is caused by another person
: .
.I have my shoes cleaned every week
Nouns
:Nouns are words we use to name
:
.
People
, man, father, teacher, neighbor
Things
, book, table, sugar, fruit
Places
, ..school, street, city, house
Ideas
, .freedom, honesty, truth
Feelings
, .happiness, anger, boredom, joy
Countable & Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns: are things that are

.counted as one, two, three, and so on
:
.
.Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted

: .
Countable Nouns

.These nouns have singular and plural forms
.
.Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an
)(a/an
You cannot use singular countable nouns alone

: without words such as
.a, an, one, my, your, his, etc
.

We form plurals of most nouns by adding
.s to the singular noun

s .
Plural
Singular
two books
one book
many horses
one horse

sh, ch, z, x, es
s
Plural
Singular
matches
match
buses
bus
dishes
dish
boxes
box

y y
ie
s
Plural
Singular
cities
city
babies
baby
y s.
Plural
Singular
boys
boy
keys
key

o es
Plural
Singular
potatoes
potato
tomatoes
tomato
o s.
Plural
Singular
radios
radio
zoos
zoo

f fe v es
Plural
Singular
knives
knife
shelves
shelf
Plural
Singular
classrooms
classroom
policemen
policeman

:
Plural
Singular
men
man
women
woman
children
child
people
person
feet
foot
teeth
tooth
geese
goose
mice
mouse

Uncountable Nouns

.Uncountable nouns cannot be counted
es ,

:
.salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood
a
an
Uncountable Nouns

meat
salt
flour
knowledge
coffee
information
tea
food
butter
blood
gold
sugar
cheese
glass
news
bread
paper
milk
furniture
wood
rice
grass
steel
rain
marble
music
cloth
Uncountable Nouns

.
:
.Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia
. Milk has many minerals

.
.Two cups of tea are not enough for me
.Five liters of oil do not operate this machine
Definite & Indefinite Articles

a/an
.are used as indefinite articles .
The
.is used as definite articles

.We put a before a noun starting with a constant sound
a .
.We put an before a noun starting with a vowel sound
an .
Indefinite Articles a & an

We put a before a noun starting with a constant
.sound
a .
We put an before a noun starting with a vowel
.sound
a .
Vowels :

We use a/an
Before a singular
.countable noun
a table
an egg
Before a job, a particular

group of people or a
.nationality
Saleh is a doctor
He is an engineer.
She is an English
.woman
With numbers that mean

.every
He washes his
hands ten times a
day. (means every
.day)

We DO NOT use a/an

No article is used with
abstract nouns and
. the names of metals
No article is used
before plural or
.uncountable nouns

.

Love, beauty,
hatred, wood,
silver, gold
There are books

. on the table
Milk is good for
.you
The Definite Article The

: : The is used before
A noun that is the

. only one of its kind
The river Nile

The Kaaba
Names of rivers,
.seas, oceans, etc

.........
The Arabian Gulf

The Red Sea
A noun which is the

object of a
.sentence
Umar answered
.the question
The names of
musical
.instruments
Can you play the

?piano

:The is used before :
Names of some
. countries
The United Kingdom The

.U.S.A
With some time

.expressions
at the weekend
in the evening
.With dates
On the first day of every

.month
With some general

.expressions
.Listen to the radio/news

.Go to the market/desert

Use article with the
.name that is repeated

.
I saw a man. The man

.was young
No article is used with

the names of studies of
. subjects

.
I do not like science. My

favorite subject is
.mathematics
No article is used before

such words as school,
. home, bed, work, etc

....
.I am going to school
.I always go to bed early
No article is used before

such words such as day
.and month names

.
on Monday, in June
in summer (sometimes
.in the summer)
.before breakfast
Pronouns
.A pronoun replaces a noun
Subject
Pronouns

Object
Possessive
Pronouns Adjectives

Possessive
Pronouns

Reflexive
Pronouns

me
my
mine
myself
you
you
your
yours
yourself
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
it
it
its
its
itself
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
you
you
your
yours
yourselves
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
Pronouns
.We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or what we are talking about
.
Examples
.Ali is a good student. He has passed all his tests
Object Pronouns

We use an object pronoun
.After a preposition
Do you live near them?

Send the box directly to me.
After to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend,
. pass, take, show
The little boy made it for
her.
Reflexive Pronouns

:Reflexive pronouns are used
for emphasis
Did you do the decorations yourself ?

I did the painting myself.
With some special expressions

Help yourself .
Enjoy yourself.
Behave yourself.
I live by myself. (I live alone)
Relative Pronouns

The relative pronouns are used to join
.sentences together
.
:
- 1 .
who
.

which . that
whose
.
.

- 2 .
Relative Pronouns

[
[
]
]
Who
Who
who .
:
.Here is the man. The man is a doctor
who
The

:

man
.Here is the man who is a doctor
:
.The man came here. The man is a doctor) 1
The man who came here is a doctor
.My friend swims well. He lives here) 2
.My friend who lives here swims well
Relative Pronouns

[
[
]
]
Whom
Whom
whom .
:
.The man came here. I visited him
him whom
) ( :
.The man whom I visited came here
.The man was working with me. I paid him ) 1

.The man whom I paid was working with me
.This is the girl. You gave her a flower ) 2
.This is the girl whom you gave a flower
Relative Pronouns

] [
] [
Which
Which
which
. :
.He found his book. He lost it yesterday
his book which

him
)
( :
.He found his book which he lost yesterday
.This is the house. I live in it) 1

.This is the house which I live in
.This book is cheap. It is very useful) 2
.This book which is very useful is cheap
Relative Pronouns

] [
] [
That
That
that
. :
.This is the boy. You met her
.This is the boy that (whom) you met
.I have a bird. It sings
.I have a bird that (which) sings
Relative Pronouns

[
][
]
Whose
Whose
whose . :
.This is the man. His car hit the boy

.This is the man whose car hit the boy
car the man
whose . car
Making Questions

:
Helping Verbs :
am is are was were have has
had will would shall should can
could may might must ought to
:
?Are they doctorsThey are doctors.
?Can they help usCan she help us?
? Will you go to the market
Making Questions

do
(1 s
:
?They play tennis. Do they play tennis
?I write books. Do you write books
:
) (
(2 s : does
:
?Ahmed plays tennis. Does Ahmed play tennis
?Huda watches TV. Does Huda watch TV
) (
Making Questions

did
(3
:
.They watched TV last night
?Did they watch TV last night
.I played football yesterday
?Did you play football yesterday
) (
Yes No .
Making Questions
Wh Questions

?Where
?When
?Why
?What
?Which
?Who
?Whom
Making Questions

)Wh Questions (Cont.

?Whose
?How
?How many
?How much
?How long
?How old
?How far
Steps for Making a Question

(1 :
When, Where, Why..etc
(2 ) helping verb ( .
(3 :
* s d
* s doeo
s
* did
(4

.
(5 .
.They are going to eat meat

?What are they going to eat
are they meat .
*
.They played tennis at school

?Where did they play tennis
* did . ed
. at school .

:
:
I
youyou
I
my we
your you

what
who

.
?Who broke the windowAhmed broke the window.

? What describes accidentsThe book describes accidents.

How

How
How
many
.I am twenty years old

?How old are you
How old
.You paid five pounds for this coat

?How much did you pay for this coat
How
much
He was very pleased when he met his

.friend
?How was he when he met his friend
.Thirty boys are in this class
?How many boys are in this class

How
.It is 450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh
How far is it from Dammam to
?Riyadh
How far
.This rope is two meters long

?How long is this rope
How
long
.This fence is four meters high

?How high is this fence
How
high
.Sami is one meter and a half tall

?How tall is Sami
How tall
/
some / any
. some
1) We have some books.

2) Somebody was
there.
3) He is somewhere.
.
an
y :
1) Do you have any books?

2) Is anybody at
home?
3) Is he anywhere?
1) We do not have any books.

2) I did not see
anybody.
3) He is not anywhere.

Making Negative

: not
:Helping Verbs are
:
am is are was were have has had will
would shall should can could may
might must ought to
.They are happy. They are not happy
.He can help us. He can not help us
Making Negative

Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be
(Affirmative)
(Negative)
Long Forms
Short Forms
Long Forms
Short Forms
(written)
(spoken)
(written)
(spoken)
I am
Im
I am not
Im not
He is
Hes
He is not
Hes not
She is
Shes
She is not
Shes not
It is
Its
It is not
Its not
You are
Youre
You are not
Youre not
We are
Were
We are not
Were not
They are
Theyre
They are not
Theyre not
Making Negative

.

:
.
(do, does,
) did :
:
Negative
Affirmative
no, any
neither.nor
not
some
bothand
....
...... either..or
neither.nor
never
not so..as
sometimes
....... asas
not all
no, not every
all
every
TENSES

1. Present Simple Tense
)?(What always happens
.
.
:
usually
always
sometimes
often
from time to time

never
every
generally
rarely
TENSES
1. Present Simple Tense

(What always happens?)
. I go to school everyday
.They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m
.We often drink coffee in the morning
.She is never late to school
. s :
.Ali drinks milk every morning
.A cow gives us milk
TENSES
2. Past Simple Tense

)?(What happened yesterday
.
ed
Irregular verbs
:
ago
last
yesterday
:in 1988 AD, in 1415 AH
TENSES
2.
Past Simple Tense
(What happened yesterday, last night?)
was
were
I, He, She, it
They, We, You
.I watched television last night

.They visited their uncle yesterday
.We went to Makkah two months ago
TENSES
Future Simple Tense
3.
)?(What will happen tomorrow, next week, in the future
3.
.
shall .
will will
we
shal I
.
l
will
shall
:
in the future
next
tomorrow
: in 2010 AD, in 1430 AH
TENSES
3.
Future Simple Tense
(What will happen tomorrow, next week, in the future?)
.I will go to school tomorrow

.They will play football next Friday
.He will join the army in the future
:
am , is , are
going to
TENSES
4.
4. Present
PresentContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
(What
(Whatisishappening
)?happeningnow
)?now
.
:
am / is
am/ are
++ +
ing
I
verb + ing
He, she, it
is + verb + ing
They, we, you
are + verb + ing
:
look
at the moment
now
listen at the present time
TENSES
4.
4. Present
PresentContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
(What
(Whatis
ishappening
happeningat
atthe
themoment?)
moment?)
.I am reading at the moment

.They are watching television now
.Look! The bus is coming
TENSES
4.
4. Present
PresentContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
love
prefer
feel
dislike
hate
seem
think
hear
fear
fit
want
consider
understand
trust

like
wish
hope
appear
believe
TENSES
5.
5. Past
PastContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
(What
(Whatwas
)?washappening
)?happening
.
:
:
+ + ing was / were
:
.
because
as
while
when
TENSES
Past
PastContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
5.
5.
.While I was sleeping, a thief entered my room

) (
.
.When we were eating, my father came

) (
.
TENSES
5.
5.Past
PastContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
:
:
.A thief entered while I was sleeping

.My father came when we were eating

TENSES
5.
5. Past
PastContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
:
while
.
while
.
TENSES
6.
6.Future
FutureContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
(What
(Whatwill
willbe
)?behappening
)?happening
.
:
) + + ing ( will + be
in
after
by
all..
at
fromto
TENSES
6.
6.Future
FutureContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
.By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo

. They will be waiting for you at 5 o'clock
TENSES
7.
7.Present
PresentPerfect
PerfectTense
Tense
((What
Whathas
)?hashappened
)?happened
Past participle
Past participle

.
:
I
has / have + past participle
just
never
for
ever
already
since
yet
recently
TENSES
7.
7.Present
PresentPerfect
PerfectTense
Tense
. I have lived in Riyadh for six years

.I have not visited him since 1995
.Ahmed has already finished his homework
.She has written three letters just now
TENSES
Since
Since&
&For
For
Since means from some definite point or period n the past up to now
.
For means a definite period of time
since
for
oclock 2
a moment
Monday
minutes 3
yesterday
an hour
last night
many hours
last week/ last month/ last year
days/ 5 weeks / 4 months 3
1996
a year
last century
years 10
he came
a century
TENSES
8.
8. Past
PastPerfect
PerfectTense
Tense
(What
(Whathad
)?hadhappened
)?happened
Past
Pastparticiple
participle
.
:
I
had +past participle
before
after
as soon as
when
TENSES
Past
PastPerfect
PerfectTense
Tense
8.
8.
. I had washed before I prayed

.They went home after they had finished their work
.Ahmed had done his homework before he went to school
.As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to Makkah
.
TENSES
9.
9. Future
FuturePerfect
PerfectTense
Tense
(What
(Whatwill
willhave
havehappened
)?happenedby
)?by
Past paticiple
Past paticiple
.
:
I will + have + past participle
at
by
TENSES
9.
9. Future
FuturePerfect
PerfectTense
Tense
. By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished my work

.At 10.00 tonight, she will have written five letters
TENSES
10.
10.Present
PresentPerfect
PerfectContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense

(What
(Whathas
hasbeen
)?beenhappening
)?happening
.
:
++ ing I has / have + been
since
for
TENSES
10.
10.Present
PresentPerfect
PerfectContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
I have been studying English for six years.
(I am still studying English)
She has been sleeping since 2 oclock.
(She is still sleeping)
TENSES
10.
10. Present
PresentPerfect
PerfectContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
.Present Perfect Cont

: Present Perfect
Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are
.now one hundred cakes on the table
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
.She has been making cakes for three hours

..She has made 100 cakes
Present Perfect Tense
Imperatives
Imperatives are verbs used at the beginning

of sentences either in the affirmative or
negative to indicate instructions,
invitations, signs and notices or telling
.someone what to do

.
The Imperatives uses the simple form of the

.verb such as: walk, read, open,.etc
.
Imperatives
Give Instructions

.Mix the flour and the sugar (Affirmative)
.Take two tablets every four hours (Affirmative)

Make Invitations
.Come in; make yourselves at home (Affirmative)
Please start; do not wait
(Negative) f
. or me
.Tell someone what to do open your book
(Affirmative)
) Negative ( .Do not forget to post the letter
Imperatives
Give Warnings
( Affirmative)Keep out! Danger.
Make Signs & Notices
(Affirmative)Push.
( Affirmative)Insert 2 X 50 SR.
( Affirmative)Keep off the grass..
Make Requests
Please open the door (Affirmative)
Modals
A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but
it can have several meanings and time frames,
.depending on the context in which it is used

.
Form
,shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could,

+ ought to ()
must
.Modals have no infinitives or past participles

.
Modals
Modals
shall
:Expresses
:
Promise
.You shall take a reward
Determination
He does not want to obey

.me: but he shall
Threat
should
will
Example
Duty
You shall be punished if you

.come late
You should obey your
.teachers
Advice or opinion

.You should stop smoking
.The simple future tense

.He will visit us tomorrow
Determination or promise

.I will travel when I like

.We will do as you wish
Modals
Modals
:Expresses
:
Example
might
Possibility
.I hoped that I might succeed

I thought that the weather might change
can, am/is/are
able to
Ability
shall be able,
will be able
Ability in the future

.I shall be able to help you
could
Past, present or
future possibility
/ /
.Fahad could drive his car a year ago

.Ali is not in class today. He could be sick
.Do not leave now. It could rain now
must
Necessity
had to
The past form of

must: past
necessity

.He can do it carefully

.He is able to solve the problem
.You must listen to your teachers

Faisal could not come to our dinner
.party. He had to stay home to study
Modals
Modals
:Expresses
:
Example
ought to +
infinitive
Advice
.You ought to help the poor
ought to
have + past
participle
Actions that
were advisable
in the past

.You ought to have studied

You did not. That was a(
)mistake
Modals
Affirmative
Negative
Question
Short Answers

Affirmative
Negative
They should
.eat now
They should
.not eat now
Should they eat

?now
Yes, they
.should
No, they
.should not
.He will leave
He will not
.leave
?Will he leave
Yes, he
.will
No, he will
.not
He would
.succeed
He would not
.succeed
?Would he leave
Yes, he
.would
No, he
.would not
I might
.succeed
I might not
.succeed
?Might I succeed
.I may sleep
I may not
.sleep
?May I sleep
Modals
Affirmative
Negative
Question
Short Answers

Affirmative
Negative
.I can do it
I cannot do
.it
?Can I do it
.Yes, you can
No, you can

.not
.He could talk
He could not
.talk
Could he
?talk
.Yes, he could
No, he could
.not
We could have a
.test tomorrow
We could
not have a
test
.tomorrow
Could we
have a test
?tomorrow
Yes, you
.could
No, he could
.not
.You must go now
You must
.not go now
Must you go
?now
.Yes, I must
No, I must
.not
You ought to help

. them
You ought
not to help
.them
Ought you
to help
?them
Yes, I ought
.to
No, I ought
.not

1.
1.Comparing
ComparingShort
ShortAdjectives
Adjectives
.1 :

. Ali is older than Ahmed

.My Car is faster than yours
r thansafe e
safer
simpler thansimple
easier
y thaneasy y
heavier thanheavy
er

er
than

1.
1.Comparing
ComparingShort
ShortAdjectives
Adjectives
.2 :
the est .
. Everest is the highest mountain
.This is the biggest building in Riyadh

e.

the safestsafe
the easiesteasy
est.

2.
2.Comparing
ComparingLong
LongAdjectives
Adjectives
.1 :
difficult
correct
dangerous
fluent.
important
er
beautiful
est
.Jeddah is more
than
morebeautiful than Riyadh
.French is more difficult than English

2.
2.Comparing
ComparingLong
LongAdjectives
Adjectives
the most
.Amal is the most beautiful girl in her class

.This is the most important subject in this book

2.
2.Comparing
ComparingLong
LongAdjectives
Adjectives
good
better than
the best
bad
worse than
the worst
( )
)
(
many
much
more than
the most
)
(
little
less than
the least
.Adel
than his
brother at the
school
far is better
farther
than
farthest
.This girl is the worst one in her class
as..as )(

not as.as
(
))(
as..as
as..as
.
.Ali is as tall as his brother
.This bag is as big as my bag
not
notas..as
as..as
.
.Ali is not as tall as his brother
.This bag is not as big as my bag
Adverbs [ ]
.An Adverb always modifies a verb

.Most adverbs are formed by adding
to the adjectives
nice
carefully
ly
nicely slow slowly

happy
careful
l
y

happily
] Adverbs
:There are many kinds of adverbs
:
.Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done

. :
.I closed the window carefully
.The soldier fought bravely
.Adverbs of time express the time when an action is or was done:
. :
.Im going to leave for Cairo tomorrow
?Whats going to happen next
Adverbs [ ]
.Adverbs of place: express when an action is done
. :
.I shall stand here
.Ive looked everywhere for my lost pen
Some words that end in ly can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of
.them refer to time
: . . ly
daily
monthly
weekly
yearly
.A daily newspaper is published daily

.We get up early to catch an early train
][ Adverbs
Adverbs of frequency tell how often we do something
:
: . :
always
sometimes
usually
rarely
seldom
never
often
occasionally
: :Verb to BE
.Ali is always on time
: :Other Verbs
.Ali sometimes reads a book
Adverbial Clause of Time

Conjunctions
when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after,

before, until, since
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of
.time with the main sentence
:
.I found a watch. I was walking in the street
.I found a watch while I was walking in the street
Adverbial Clause of Place

:Conjunctions
where, wherever
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial
.clause of place with the main sentence
.
:
.Wherever he goes his brother follows him
Adverbial Clause of Cause

:Conjunctions
because, since, as
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause

.of cause with the main sentence
:
.I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining
Adverbial Clause of Manner

:Conjunctions
As, as if, as though

.clause of manner with the main sentence
.
as if .

:
.He speaks as if he were a king
wer was .
e
.It looks as if it would rain
wil .
would
Adverbial Clause of Purpose

:Conjunctions
that, so that, in order that
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of purpose with the
.main sentence
.
.a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future
. ( + )
:
.He works hard. He wishes to succeed
.He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed
.b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past
.( + )
:
. He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late
Adverbial Clause of Result

We use: to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of
.result
so + adjective or adverb + that
such + noun+ that
.
.The man is so weak that he cannot walk

.The student walked so slowly that he reached school late
.He wrote such good answers that he got he marks
. It was such a good performance that everybody applauded
Adverbial Clause of Contrast

:Conjunctions
though, although
.clause of contrast with the main sentence
.He is poor. He is happy

.Although (though) he is poor, he is happy
Adverbial Clause of Contrast

:Conjunctions
as.as, soas

.clause of contrast with the main sentence
.Nabeel is as clever as his father

.Sami is not so strong as his brother
Adverbial Clause of Condition

:Conjunctions
if, unless (if not)
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of condition
.with the main sentence
.
:
If we are ill, we go to bed. (conditional if type 1)

If we work hard, we will succeed. (conditional if type 1)
If we worked hard, we would succeed. (conditional if type 2)
If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself. (conditional if type 3)
Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow. (conditional if type 1)
] [
as..as
not as.as
[[
]
]
as..as
as..as
.
.Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother
not
notas..as
as..as
.
.Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother
Active & Passive

.

.
:

Statements
Questions
Command
Active & Passive

A.
A. Statements
Statements
.Ahmed broke the window yesterday

Active .Ahmed
___________________________________________
.The window was broken yesterday
.The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday
Passiv Ahmed
e
by
.
Active & Passive

A.
A. Statements
Statements
Active Passiv
e
:
.1
) . (
.2 to be .
.3 (Past participle).
.4 by .
. 5 .
Active & Passive

A.
A. Statements
Statements
Active
Passive
.Ali writes letters
.Letters are written (by Ali)
.Huda wrote the lesson
.The lesson was written (by Huda)
.Saleh will buy a car
.A car will be bought (by Saleh)
.Khaled is helping Ahmed
.Ahmed is being helped (by Ali)
.She has eaten the apple
.The apple has been eaten (by her)
Active & Passive

to
be
A.
A. Statements
Statements
am, is, are
was, were
shall be, will be
am being, is being, are being
was being, were being
has been, have been
had been
can be, could be, may be, might be, must be,
ought to be
Active & Passive

B.
B. Questions
Questions
Active Passive
:
.1
) . (
.2 to be .
.3 .
.4 by .
. 5 .
Active & Passive

B.
B. Questions
Questions
:
Active
Passive
?Does Ahmed write letters
?Are letters written (by Ali)
?.Did he eat the cake
?Was the cake eaten (by him)
?Will Ali buy a new car
?Will a new car be bought (by Ali)
?Why is he using a pen
.Ahmed is being helped (by Ali)
?Who broke the window
?By whom the window was broken
Active & Passive

C.
C. Command
Command
Active Passive
:
.1 let .
.2
) . (
.3 to . be
.4 be
.
Active & Passive

C.
C. Command
Command
:
Active
Passive
.Do the work
.Let the work be done
.Open the door
.Let the door be opened
Send this letter to your

.friend
Let this letter be sent to

.your friend
Active & Passive

Passive
Active
).Letters are not written (by Ali
Ali does not write letters
Those novels were written by

?Dickens, werent they
Dickens wrote those novels,

?didnt he
That play wasnt written by

?Dickens, was it
Dickens didnt write that play,

?did he
Prepositions

.
.
A preposition shows the relation between the
subject and the object. There are also prepositions
.of time and prepositions of place

.
Use of Prepositions

Prepositions

on
Use
Example
Days
On Monday
Day + morning, night

+
On Friday morning
, Afternoon, evening
date
My birthday is on June
.10
Special days
I will travel on the

.National Day
To mean above
.The tea is on the table
Use of Prepositions

Prepositions
in
Use
Example
Season
The trees grow in

.spring
Year
.I was born in 1968
Month
.The test is in May
The morning
I go to work in the
.morning
The evening
I go home in the
evening
To mean inside
.He is in the masjid
Use of Prepositions

Prepositions

at
Use
Time
Festival
Example
I will come back at 2

.oclock
Meal times
weekend The
I will meat you at the

.school festival
I will talk to my father
.at lunch
We will travel at the
.weekend
Noon
We pray at noon
.everyday
Night
.We sleep at night
To mean place
.He is at the grocers
Use of Prepositions

Prepositions of Place
Prepositions

at
Use

Example
at an exact
place
at work
He lives at number 5, King

.Fahad Street
.Ahmed is at work
at the table
They are standing at the

dinner table
under
.The cat is under the table
in front of
The teacher is in front of

.the class
to
/
direction/place
.I go to school everyday
Use of Prepositions

Prepositions

in
Use
To mean
inside
Example
In a country
In a
/
town/street
in bed
In a
building or area
In a chair
Put this book in the

.box
.I live in Saudi Arabia
.I live in Al-Madina
.The baby is in bed
You were in the club
.last night
Ali is sitting in his
.chair
Use of Prepositions

Prepositions

Use
Example
with
.I write with a pen
from
.I am from Riyadh
behind
.The wall is behind the class
between
Samah is sitting between Fatma

.and Salwa
on
Ali watches football on TV every

.Saturday

TV
.He arrives on time
Use of Prepositions

More Examples
Prepositions

in
at

Example
.The medicine is in the bottle
on
.The knife is on the table
.Someone is at the door
near
.Ahmed is sitting near the window
between
The house is between the school and the

.masjid
opposite
.The bank is opposite to the post office
into
onto
.The electrician is putting his hand into the TV

.The water is spilling onto the floor
Use of Prepositions

More Examples
Prepositions
Example
off
out of
.The man is falling off the chair

.The child is falling out of the window
across
.The carpenter cut across the wood
over/above
.The light is over (above) the table
.The fire is under (below) the stairs
under/below
through
.The ball is going through the window
among
The teacher is sitting among the

.students
Use of Prepositions

More Examples
Example
Prepositions

in
on
at
.The medicine is in the bottle
.The knife is on the table
.Someone is at the door
near
between
opposite
into
onto
.Ahmed is sitting near the window
The house is between the school and the

.mosque
.The bank is opposite to the post office
The electrician is putting his hand into
.the TV
.The water is spilling onto the floor
Use of Prepositions

More Examples
Prepositions

Example
round
.The car is going round the tree
in front of
.The child is sitting in front of the TV
behind
.The headmaster is sitting behind the pupils
on top of
.The sweets are on top of the table
at the side of
.The garage is at the side of the house
along
.The man is walking along the street
next to
.The bank is next to the bakers
Question-Tags

.

.
.
*
.
*
.
Question-Tags

Questions
Questionsthat
thatwe
weexpect
expectthe
theanswer
answerYes
Yes
*?Theres a supermarket near here, isnt there

.Yes , there is
* )( .
. Yes
* not
*?You come from the United States, dont you
.Yes, I do
* do .
Question-Tags

Questions
Questionsthat
thatwe
weexpect
expectthe
theanswer
answerNo
No

?You dont come from Saudi Arabia, do you) 1

.No, I dont
?It doesnt take long time by car, does it) 2
.No, it doesnt
*
do/does
?You didnt travel last year, did you) 3

.No, I didnt
*
did
Conditional if

+ will
if + present
)1
.
). If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home (
:
.If you eat too much, you will become fat
Conditional if

if + past
+ would
)2
.
.If Shakespeare lived today, he would use different English
.
( :
) +
.If I were you, I would buy a new car
would
+ subject+ would
be
if + subject + past
was
were
Conditional if

+ would have
if + had +
)3
.If he had lived in Taif, he would have been happy

.If he had visited Makkah, he would have seen the Kaaba
Conditional if

present
if + present
)0
.
) . If you boil water, it becomes steam (
becomes .
instructions
if + present
Or Turn the radio off if it is too loud
)0
the radio is too loud, turn it off.
.If
If you are under 17, dont drive a car. Or Dont drive a car if you are
.under 17

Reported Speech

.
Indirect Speech
.There are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech
:
Statement (1

Question (2
Command (3
Exclamation (4
Reported Speech

Statement
Statement
Direct
Indirect
I live in Riyadh
.He said that he lived in Riyadh
We are happy
.They said that they were happy
She said: "I have not been in the

.school library recently
She said that she had not been to

.the school library recently
He said to me: "I shall see you

.tomorrow
:
He told me that he would see me

.the next day
:( .)
They said to him: We shall see you

.tomorrow. We shall visit Ahmed
and added that
They told him that they would see

him the next day and added that
.they would visit Ahmed
say, says
She says: I will cook the food

.tomorrow
She says that she will cook the

.food tomorrow
.We say: We are playing football now
We say that we are playing

.football now
Reported Speech

Question
Question
* Direct
Reported
:
:
asked
-1
Past Present
Past Perfect Past

- 2 .
- 3 .
-4 .
Reported Speech

Question
Question
Direct
Indirect
?What is your name
.He asked me what my name was
?Why are you late
The teacher asked me why I was

.late
?Where is your book
.He asked me where my book was

if
: if
?Is your school very large
He asked me if my school was

..very large
do
does
?Where do you live
.He asked me where I lived
?Does he go to school
.I asked him if he went to school
Reported Speech

Question
Question
Direct
Indirect
) did
.( had +past participle
?Where did you go yesterday
Sami asked me where I had gone

.the day before
?Did Ahmed buy a new car
Ali asked me if Ahmed had bought

.a new car
: ask, asks
?Who is your English teacher
They ask me who my English

.teacher is
?What are your marks
.He asks me what my marks are
Reported Speech

Command
Command
Direct
Reporte

*
d
:
- 1 ) ( ordered .
) ( begged .
I
) ( advised .
( told
)
.
-2 to
.
- 3
Please, do
-4 .
Reported Speech

Command
Command
Direct
Indirect
He said to the servant: bring me

.a glass of water
He ordered the servant to

.bring him a glass of water
The son said to his father: please

. give me some money
The son begged his father to

.give him some money
The doctor said to me: Drink a

.lot of water
The doctor advised me to

.drink a lot of water
He said to me: Do not go to the

.market tonight
He told me not to go to the

.market that night
Reported Speech

Exclamation
Exclamation
* Direct
-1 :
with anger
Reported
with regret
with admiration
with joy
with sadness
-2
- 3 .
: how, what :

Alas, Hurrah, : !.
that
Oh
Reported Speech

Exclamation
Exclamation
Direct
Indirect
He said : Alas! I will not find He said with sorrow that he

.my money
.would not find his money
He said : How foolish I have
.been
He said with regret that he

.had been foolish
Countries and Nationalities

:
i, n, ian, ish, ese
: .
Country
Nationality
Country
Nationality
Saudi Arabia
Saudi
Britain
British
Oman
Omani
Turkey
Turkish
Algeria
Algerian
China
Chinese
Libya
Libyan
Lebanon
Lebanese
Palestine
Palestinian
France
French
Syria
Syrian
Switzerland
Swiss
ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Prepared by: Mulla (2002)

Reference: Grammar For All Levels by Adnan Naim
Edited by: Dr Saif H. Al-Ansari

English Grammar (Final)

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Definite & Indefinite Articles

Past Simple Tense

Future Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Continuous

. ..I, he, she, it, etc

Play, played, will play

.Ahmed writes quickly

Ahmed goes to school.

They traveled by plane.

Ali and Ahmad visited us

Alas! She died.

This is the book I bought the

Ahmed did his homework yesterday and

.Khaled is rich but he is unhappy

.We can play football.

.We can play football or we can watch TV

Clause & Phrase

Negative Sentences with the verb to

We make negative statements with the verb

.You are tall

.You are not tall

Making Questions with the

.Yes, they were

.No, they were not

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE

Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a main verb

No, he does not

.Yes, they did

No, they did

Verb to HAVE as a helping verb

Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verb

Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb

Other Uses of Verb to HAVE

, man, father, teacher, neighbor

, book, table, sugar, fruit

, ..school, street, city, house

, .freedom, honesty, truth

, .happiness, anger, boredom, joy

Countable & Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns: are things that are

.Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted

You cannot use singular countable nouns alone

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Definite & Indefinite Articles

.are used as indefinite articles .

.is used as definite articles

Indefinite Articles a & an

Indefinite Articles a & an

Before a job, a particular

With numbers that mean

Indefinite Articles a & an

We DO NOT use a/an

There are books

The Definite Article The

A noun that is the

The river Nile

The Arabian Gulf