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Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Denitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Bessel Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Modied Bessel Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Kelvins Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Hankel Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Orthogonality of Bessel Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Assigned Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Background
Bessel functions are named for Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784 - 1846), however, Daniel
Bernoulli is generally credited with being the rst to introduce the concept of Bessels functions in 1732. He used the function of zero order as a solution to the problem of an oscillating
chain suspended at one end. In 1764 Leonhard Euler employed Bessel functions of both zero
and integral orders in an analysis of vibrations of a stretched membrane, an investigation
which was further developed by Lord Rayleigh in 1878, where he demonstrated that Bessels
functions are particular cases of Laplaces functions.
Bessel, while receiving named credit for these functions, did not incorporate them into his
work as an astronomer until 1817. The Bessel function was the result of Bessels study of a
problem of Kepler for determining the motion of three bodies moving under mutual gravitation. In 1824, he incorporated Bessel functions in a study of planetary perturbations where
the Bessel functions appear as coecients in a series expansion of the indirect perturbation
of a planet, that is the motion of the Sun caused by the perturbing body. It was likely
Lagranges work on elliptical orbits that rst suggested to Bessel to work on the Bessel
functions.
The notation Jz,n was rst used by Hansen9 (1843) and subsequently by Schlomilch10 (1857)
and later modied to Jn(2z) by Watson (1922).
Subsequent studies of Bessel functions included the works of Mathews11 in 1895, A treatise
on Bessel functions and their applications to physics written in collaboration with Andrew
Gray. It was the rst major treatise on Bessel functions in English and covered topics such
as applications of Bessel functions to electricity, hydrodynamics and diraction. In 1922,
Watson rst published his comprehensive examination of Bessel functions A Treatise on
the Theory of Bessel Functions 12 .
Hansen, P.A. Ermittelung der absoluten Strungen in Ellipsen von beliebiger Excentricitt und Neigung,
I. Schriften der Sternwarte Seeberg. Gotha, 1843.
10
Schlmilch, O.X. Ueber die Besselschen Function. Z. fr Math. u. Phys. 2, 137-165, 1857.
11
George Ballard Mathews, A Treatise on Bessel Functions and Their Applications to Physics, 1895
12
G. N. Watson , A Treatise on the Theory of Bessel Functions, Cambridge University Press, 1922.
Denitions
1. Bessel Equation
The second order dierential equation given as
d2 y
dx2
+x
dy
dx
+ (x2 2 )y = 0
is known as Bessels equation. Where the solution to Bessels equation yields Bessel functions
of the rst and second kind as follows:
y = A J (x) + B Y (x)
where A and B are arbitrary constants. While Bessel functions are often presented in text
books and tables in the form of integer order, i.e. = 0, 1, 2, . . . , in fact they are dened
for all real values of < < .
2. Bessel Functions
a) First Kind: J (x) in the solution to Bessels equation is referred to as a Bessel
function of the rst kind.
b) Second Kind: Y (x) in the solution to Bessels equation is referred to as a
Bessel function of the second kind or sometimes the Weber function or the
Neumann function.
b) Third Kind: The Hankel function or Bessel function of the third kind can be
written as
H(1) (x) = J (x) + iY (x)
x>0
x>0
Because of the linear independence of the Bessel function of the rst and second
kind, the Hankel functions provide an alternative pair of solutions to the Bessel
dierential equation.
d2 y
dx2
+x
dy
dx
(x2 + 2 )y = 0
The solution to the modied Bessel equation yields modied Bessel functions of the rst and
second kind as follows:
y = C I (x) + D K (x)
x>0
5. Kelvins Functions
A more general form of Bessels modied equation can be written as
x2
d2 y
dx2
+x
dy
dx
( 2 x2 + 2 )y = 0
y = C I (x) + D K (x)
If we let
2 = i
where
i=
1
4
and we note
y = C J (i3/2 x) + DK (i1/2 x)
The Kelvin functions are obtained from the real and imaginary portions of this solution as
follows:
ber = Re J (i3/2 x)
bei = Im J (i3/2 x)
J (i3/2 x) = ber x + i bei x
ker = Re i K (i1/2 x)
kei = Im i K (i1/2 x)
i K (i1/2 x) = ker x + i kei x
Theory
Bessel Functions
Bessels dierential equation, given as
x2
d2 y
dx2
+x
dy
dx
+ (x2 2 )y = 0
is often encountered when solving boundary value problems, such as separable solutions
to Laplaces equation or the Helmholtz equation, especially when working in cylindrical or
spherical coordinates. The constant , determines the order of the Bessel functions found in
the solution to Bessels dierential equation and can take on any real numbered value. For
cylindrical problems the order of the Bessel function is an integer value ( = n) while for
spherical problems the order is of half integer value ( = n + 1/2).
Since Bessels dierential equation is a second-order equation, there must be two linearly
independent solutions. Typically the general solution is given as:
y = AJ (x) + BY (x)
where the special functions J (x) and Y (x) are:
1. Bessel functions of the rst kind, J (x), which are nite at x = 0 for all real values
of
2. Bessel functions of the second kind, Y (x), (also known as Weber or Neumann functions) which are singular at x = 0
The Bessel function of the rst kind of order can be be determined using an innite power
series expansion as follows:
J (x) =
(1)k (x/2)+2k
k=0
k!( + k + 1)
1
(1 + )
x
2
(x/2)2
1(1 + )
1
(x/2)2
2(2 + )
1
(x/2)2
3(3 + )
(1
Jnx
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
J0
J1
J2
8
x
10
12
14
Figure 4.1: Plot of the Bessel Functions of the First Kind, Integer Order
J (x) =
(1)k (x/2)+2k
k=0
k!( + k)!
Bessel Functions of the rst kind of order 0, 1, 2 are shown in Fig. 4.1.
The Bessel function of the second kind, Y (x) is sometimes referred to as a Weber function
or a Neumann function (which can be denoted as N (x)). It is related to the Bessel function
of the rst kind as follows:
Y (x) =
in which case Y is needed to provide the second linearly independent solution of Bessels
equation. In contrast, for non-integer orders, J and J are linearly independent and Y
is redundant.
The Bessel function of the second kind of order can be expressed in terms of the Bessel
function of the rst kind as follows:
Y (x) =
J (x) ln
1
x
2
+
k1
(1)
k=0
1 ( k 1)!
1
k=0
k!
2k
x
2
1
1
1
1
2k+
+ 1 + + +
1 + + +
x
2
k
2
k+
k!(k + )!
2
Bessel Functions of the second kind of order 0, 1, 2 are shown in Fig. 4.2.
1
Y0
Ynx
0.5
Y1
Y2
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0
8
x
10
12
14
Figure 4.2: Plot of the Bessel Functions of the Second Kind, Integer Order
J+1 (x) =
x
1
(x) =
J+1
J (x) J1 (x)
d
dx
Y+1
(x) =
J (x) = J1 (x)
J (x) =
Y+1 (x) =
2
x
1
Y (x) Y1 (x)
Y (x) = Y1 (x)
J (x)
Y (x) =
[x J (x)] = x J1 (x)
dx
d
x J (x) = x J+1 (x)
dx
Jn(x) =
J0 (x) =
J1 (x) =
=
d
x Y (x) = x Y+1 (x)
dx
cos(x sin ) d =
0
cos(x sin n) d
0
cos(x cos ) d
cos( x sin ) d =
cos(n x sin ) d =
Y (x)
[x Y (x)] = x Y1 (x)
First Kind
cos(x sin ) d
0
J0 (x) =
cos(x sin ) d
/2
/2
cos(x cos ) d
1 (t 1)
n
2
1
1 nt
Yn(x) =
sin(x sin n) d
e + ent cos(n) exp(x sinh t) dt
0
0
x>0
Y0 (x) =
4
2
Y0 (x) =
/2
cos(x cos ) + ln(2x sin2 ) d
x>0
cos(x cosh t) dt
x>0
Approximations
Polynomial Approximation of Bessel Functions
For x 2 one can use the following approximation based upon asymptotic expansions:
Jn(x) =
2
x
1/2
[Pn(x) cos u Qn(x) sin u]
where u x (2n + 1)
10
Pn(x) = 1
(4n2 12 )(4n2 32 )
2 1(8x)2
(4n2 52 )(4n2 72 )
4 3(8x)2
(4n2 92 )(4n2 112 )
(1 )
1
6 5(8x)2
and
Qn(x) =
4n2 12
1!(8x)
1
(4n2 32 )(4n2 52 )
(1 )
3 2(8x)2
1
(4n2 72 )(4n2 92 )
5 4(8x)2
Pn(x) =
Qn(x) =
k = 1, 2, 3 . . .
k = 1, 2, 3 . . .
For n = 0
1
sin u = (sin x cos x)
2
1
cos u = (sin x + cos x)
2
1
[P0 (x)(sin x + cos x) Q0 (x)(sin x cos x)]
J0 (x) =
x
11
or
1/2
Q0 (x) sin x
P0 (x) cos x
J0 (x) =
x
4
4
12 32
52 72
92 112
P0 (x) = 1
(1 )
1
1
2!(8x)2
4 3(8x)2
6 5(8x)2
32 52
12
72 92
1
(1 )
1
Q0 (x) =
8x
3 2(8x)2
5 4(8x)2
For n = 1
1
sin u = (sin x + cos x)
2
1
cos u = (sin x cos x)
2
1
J1 (x) =
[P1 (x)(sin x cos x) Q1 (x)(sin x + cos x)]
x
or
1/2
3
3
Q1 (x) sin x
P1 (x) cos x
J1 (x) =
x
4
4
35
21 45
77 117
P1 (x) = 1 +
(1 )
1
1
2 1(8x)2
4 3(8x)2
6 5(8x)2
35
3
45 77
1
(1 )
1
Q1 (x) =
8x
2 1(8x)2
5 4(8x)2
12
1/2
x
Y1 (x) =
1/2
2
x
(1)k (x/2)+2k
k=0
k!( + k + 1)
1
x
(1 + )
(x/2)2
1(1 + )
Y
k(k + )
k = 1, 2, 3, . . .
= (x/2)2
where
B0 = 1
B + 1 = Z1 B0
B2 = Z2 B1
..
.
Bk = Zk Bk1
13
1
(x/2)2
2(2 + )
1
(x/2)2
3(3 + )
(1
J (x) =
(1 +
Bk
k=0
J (x) =
(1)k (x/2)2k
k=0
k!(k + 1 )
x
1
(1 )
(x/2)2
1(1 )
1
(x/2)2
2(2 )
k = 1, 2, 3, . . .
k(k )
= (x/2)2
where
B0 = 1
B + 1 = Z1 B0
B2 = Z2 B1
..
.
Bk = Zk Bk1
U
(x/2)
(1 )
Bk
k=0
where U is some arbitrary value for the upper limit of the summation.
14
1
(x/2)2
3(3 )
(1
Y (x) =
= 0, 1, 2, . . .
+
...
4
34
156
1058
31510
34
156
Note: xn+1 xn as n
These roots can also be computed using Stokes approximation which was developed for large
n.
6
6
4716
3902418
895167324
1+ 2 + 4
+
+ ...
xn =
4
5 6
35 8
35 10
10 6
= xin
xi+1
n
Accurate polynomial approximations of the Bessel functions J0 () and J1 () may be employed. To accelerate the convergence of the Newton-Raphson method, the rst value for
the (n + 1)th root can be related to the converged value of the nth root plus .
Aside:
Fisher-Yovanovich modied the Stokes approximation for roots of J0 (x) = 0 and J1 (x) =
0. It is based on taking the arithmetic average of the rst three and four term expressions
For Bi roots are solutions of J0 (x) = 0
n, =
1+
2
2
62
34
15116
306
16
n,0 =
1
6
2
6
4
4716
10 6
Potential Applications
1. problems involving electric elds, vibrations, heat conduction, optical diraction plus
others involving cylindrical or spherical symmetry
2. transient heat conduction in a thin wall
3. steady heat ow in a circular cylinder of nite length
17
d2 y
dx2
+x
dy
dx
+ ((ix)2 2 )y = 0
or equivalently
d2 y
dx2
+x
dy
dx
(x2 + 2 )y = 0
The last equation is the so-called modied Bessel equation of order . Its solution is
y = AJ (ix) + BY (ix)
x>0
or
y = CI (x) + DK (x)
x>0
and I (x) and K (x) are the modied Bessel functions of the rst and second kind of order
.
Unlike the ordinary Bessel functions, which are oscillating, I (x) and K (x) are exponentially growing and decaying functions as shown in Figs. 4.3 and 4.4.
It should be noted that the modied Bessel function of the First Kind of order 0 has a value
of 1 at x = 0 while for all other orders of > 0 the value of the modied Bessel function
is 0 at x = 0. The modied Bessel function of the Second Kind diverges for all orders at
x = 0.
18
2.5
Ix
2
1.5
I0
I1
0.5
I2
0
0.5
1.5
x
2.5
Figure 4.3: Plot of the Modied Bessel Functions of the First Kind, Integer Order
2.5
Kx
2
1.5
K2
K1
1
K0
0.5
0
0.5
1.5
x
2.5
Figure 4.4: Plot of the Modied Bessel Functions of the Second Kind, Integer Order
19
I (x) =
d
dx
I (x)
2
x
K (x) = K1 (x)
I (x)
K (x) =
[x I (x)] = x I1 (x)
dx
d
x I (x) = x I+1 (x)
dx
K (x)
1
K (x) = [K1 (x) + K+1 (x)]
2
I (x) = I1 (x)
I (x) =
K (x)
[x K (x)] = x K1 (x)
d
x K (x) = x K+1 (x)
dx
exp(x cos ) d
0
20
I0 (x) =
I1 (x) =
cosh(x cos ) d
dI0 (x)
dx
Second Kind
Note: These are also valid for non-integer values of Kv (x).
(x/2)n
sinh2n t exp(x cosh t) dt
Kn(x) =
1 0
n+
2
Kn(x) =
cosh(nt) exp(x cosh t) dt
x>0
0
K0 (x) =
exp(x cosh t) dt
x>0
K1 (x) =
21
x>0
x>0
Approximations
Asymptotic Approximation of Modied Bessel Functions
for Large Values of x
ex
1
In(x) =
2x
ex
1+
I0 (x) =
2x
ex
1
I1 (x) =
2x
4n2 12
(4n2 32 )
(4n2 52 )
1
1
1(8x)
2(8x)
3(8x)
1
9
25
1+
1+
(1 + . . . )
8x
2(8x)
3(8x)
5
21
3
1+
1+
(1 + . . . )
8x
2(8x)
3(8x)
(1 . . . )
I (x) =
k=0
(x/2)+2k
k!( + k + 1)
1
(1 + )
x
1+
(x/2)2
1(1 + )
Y
k(k + )
k = 1, 2, 3, . . .
= (x/2)2
22
1+
(x/2)2
2(2 + )
1+
(x/2)2
3(3 + )
(1 +
where
B0 = 1
B + 1 = Z1 B0
B2 = Z2 B1
..
.
Bk = Zk Bk1
(x/2)
(1 + )
U
Bk
k=0
where U is some arbitrary value for the upper limit of the summation.
I (x) =
(x/2)2k
k=0
k!(k + 1 )
1
(1 )
x
2
1+
(x/2)2
1(1 )
Y
k(k )
k = 1, 2, 3, . . .
= (x/2)2
23
1+
(x/2)2
2(2 )
1+
(x/2)2
3(3 )
(1 +
where
B0 = 1
B + 1 = Z1 B0
B2 = Z2 B1
..
.
Bk = Zk Bk1
U
(x/2)
(1 )
Bk
k=0
where U is some arbitrary value for the upper limit of the summation.
K (x) =
[I (x) I (x)]
2 sin
1+
z2
z2
z2
z2
(1 + . . . )
1+
1+
2(n + 2)
3(n + 3)
4(n + 4)
z2
z2
z2
z2
2
1+
1+
1+
(1 + . . . )
I0 (x) = 1 + z 1 +
22
33
44
55
z2
z2
z2
z2
1+
1+
1+
(1 + . . . )
I1 (x) = z 1 +
12
23
34
45
In(x) =
n!
1(n + 1)
1+
24
Second Kind
When n is a positive integer
Kn(x) =
1/2
K0 (x) =
2x
(4n2 32 )
(4n2 52 )
(4n2 12 )
1+
1+
(1 + . . . )
1+
1(8x)
2(8x)
3(8x)
9
25
1
1
1
1
8x
2(8x)
3(8x)
5
21
3
1
1
1+
8x
2(8x)
3(8x)
1/2
e
2x
2x
K1 (x) =
1/2
e
Series expansions based upon the trapezoidal rule applied to certain forms of the integral
representation of the Bessel functions can be developed for any desired accuracy. Several
expansions are given below.
For x 12, 8 decimal place accuracy is obtained by
7
15J0 (x) = cos x + 2
cos(x cos j/15)
j=1
7
sin(x cos j/15) cos(j/15)
15J1 (x) = sin x + 2
j=1
25
4K1 (x) = e
x cosh 6
+ cosh 6e
11
+2
exp[x cosh(j/2) cosh(j/2)]
j=1
Potential Applications
1. displacement of a vibrating membrane
2. heat conduction in an annular n of rectangular cross section attached to a circular
base
26
Kelvins Functions
Consider the dierential equation
x2
d2 y
dx2
+x
dy
dx
(ik2 x2 + n2 )y = 0
i=
x2
d2 y
dx2
+x
dy
dx
( 2 x2 + n2 )y = 0
i=
y = AIn(x) + BKn(x)
the general solution of the given equation can be expressed as
In(x) = inJn(ix)
inIn(x) = Jn(ix)
27
It is, however, customary to omit the subscript from the latter denitions when the order n
is zero and to write simply
The complex function ber x + i bei x is often expressed in terms of its modulus and its
amplitude:
0 = arc tan
bei x
ber x
n = arc tan
bein x
bern x
d2 y
dt2
+t
dy
dt
t2 y = 0
x2
d2 y
dx2
+x
dy
dx
i x2 y = 0
with the solutions I0 (x i) and K0 (x i). The ber and bei functions are dened as follows.
Since
I0 (t) = 1 +
2
t
2
(t/2)2
(2!)2
(t/2)6
(3!)2
= ber x + i bei x
(x/2)4
(2!)2
bei x = (x/2)
2
(x/2)8
(4!)2
(x/2)6
(3!)2
(x/2)10
(5!)2
29
Both ber x and bei x are real for real x, and it can be seen that both series are absolutely
convergent for all values of x. Among the more obvious properties are
ber 0 = 1
bei 0 = 0
and
x ber x dx = x bei x,
0
x bei x dx = x ber x
In a similar manner the functions ker x and kei xare dened to be respectively the real
and imaginary parts of the complex function K0 (x i), namely
ker x + i kei x = K0 (x i)
From the denition of K0 (x) we can see that
bei x +
(1)r (x/2)4r
r=1
[(2r)!]2
(2r)
and
ber x +
r=1
where
(r) =
r
1
s=1
(1)r (x/2)4r+2
30
[(2r + 1)!]2
(2r + 1)
Potential Applications
1. calculation of the current distribution within a cylindrical conductor
2. electrodynamics of a conducting cylinder
31
Hankel Functions
We can dene two new linearly dependent functions
Hn(1) (x) = Jn(x) + iYn(x)
x>0
x>0
which are obviously solutions of Bessels equation and therefore the general solution can be
written as
32
x2 u + xu + (2 x2 n2 )u = 0
and
x2 v + xv + (2 x2 n2 )v = 0
where the primes denote dierentiation with respect to x.
Multiplying the rst equation by v and the second by u, and subtracting, we obtain
d
dx
[x(vu uv )] = (2 2 )xuv
xuv dx = x(vu uv )
This integral is the so-called Lommel integral. The right hand side vanishes at the lower
limit zero. It also vanishes at some arbitrary upper limit, say x = b, provided
Jn(b) = 0 = Jn(b)
or
xJn(x)Jn(x) dx = 0
a
This property is useful in Bessel-Fourier expansions of some arbitrary function f (x) over
the nite interval 0 x b. Further the functions Jn(x) and Jn(x) are said to be
orthogonal in the interval 0 x b with respect to the weight function x.
As , it can be shown by the use of LHopitals rule that
0
xJn2 (x)
dx =
x2
2
2
Jn(x) + 1
where
Jn (x) =
dJn(r)
dr
with r = x
34
n2
(x)2
2
[Jn(x)]
Assigned Problems
Problem Set for Bessel Equations and Functions
1. By means of power series, asymptotic expansions, polynomial approximations or Tables, compute to 6 decimal places the following Bessel functions:
a)
J0 (x)
e)
Y0 (x)
b) J1 (y)
f)
Y1 (y)
I0 (z)
g)
K0 (z)
c)
d) I1 (z)
h) K1 (z)
given
x = 3.83171
y = 2.40482
z = 1.75755
2. Compute to 6 decimal places the rst six roots xn of the transcendental equation
x J1 (x) B J0 (x) = 0
B0
An =
2B
(x2n
+ B 2 ) J0 (xn)
for B = 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100. The xn are the roots found in Problem 2.
35
Bn =
2AnJ1 (xn)
xn
for B = 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100. The xn are the roots found in Problem 2 and the
An are the coecients found in Problem 3.
1 I2/3 (4 /3)
=
I2/3 (4 /3)
Compute for = 3.178.
1 I1 (2 )
=
I0 (2 )
Compute for = 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0.
x(1 2 )
8. Show that
i)
ii)
36
with B = constant 0
determine f , f , and f . Reduce all expressions to functions of J0 (x), J1 (x) and
B only.
ii)
xJ0 (x) dx =
i)
0
1
3
ii)
x J0 (x) dx =
0
J1 ()
2 4
3
J1 () +
2
2
J0 ()
i)
J1 (x) dx =
0
J1 (x) dx = 1
ii)
0
xJ0 (x) dx = 0
0
37
14. Given the Fourier-Bessel expansion of f (x) of zero order over the interval 0 x 1
f (x) = A1 J0 (1 x) + A2 J0 (2 x) + A3 J0 (3 x) + . . .
where n are the roots of the equation J0 (x) = 0. Determine the coecients An
when f (x) = 1 x2 .
15. Show that over the interval 0 x 1
x=2
J1 (n)
n=1
n J2 (n)
16. Obtain the solution to the following second order ordinary dierential equations:
i)
y + xy = 0
ii)
y + 4x2 y = 0
iii)
y + e2x y = 0
iv)
xy + y + k2 y = 0
v)
x2 y + x2 y +
vi)
y +
1
x
Hint: let u = ex
1
4
y=0
k>0
y 1+
x2
y=0
vii) xy + 2y + xy = 0
0 x b, m > 0
with
y(0) =
and
y(b) = y0
38
x2 y + 2xy m2 xy = 0
0 x b, m > 0
with
y(0) =
and
y(b) = y0
1/2
cosh x
x
I3/2 (x) =
2
x
1/2
sinh x
39
sinh x
cosh x
x
Selected References
1. Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I.A., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Dover,
New York, 1965.
2. Bowman, F., Introduction to Bessel Functions, Dover New York, 1958.
3. Gray A, Mathews, G. B. and MacRobert, T. M., A Treatise on Bessel Functions,
Basingstoke MacMillan, 1953.
4. Luke, Y. L., Integrals of Bessel Functions, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962.
5. Magnus W, Oberhettinger, F. and Soni, R. P. Formulas and Theorems for the
Special Functions of Mathematical Physics, Springer, Berlin, 1966.
6. McLachlan, N.W., Bessel Functions for Engineers, 2nd Edition, Oxford University
Press, London, 1955.
7. Rainville, E.D., Special Functions, MacMillan, New York, 1960.
8. Relton, F.E., Applied Bessel Functions, Blackie, London, 1946.
9. Sneddon, I.N., Special Functions of Mathematical Physics and Chemistry, 2nd Edition, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 1961.
10. Watson, G.N., A Treatise on the Theory of Bessel Functions, 2nd Edition, Cambridge
University Press, London, 1931.
11. Wheelon, A. D., Tables of Summable Series and Integrals Involving Bessel Functions,
Holden-Day, San Francisco, 1968.
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