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Introduction To Aluminum Alloys and Tempers PDF
Introduction To Aluminum Alloys and Tempers PDF
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J. Gilbert Kaufman
ASM International
Materials Park, OH 44073-0002
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Copyright 2000
by
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kaufman, J. G. (John Gilbert), 1931Introducton to aluminum alloys and tempers / J. Gilbert Kaufman.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Aluminum alloys. 2. MetalsHeat treatment. I. Title.
TA480.A6 K36 2000
620.186dc21
00-056544
ISBN 0-87170-689-X
SAN: 204-7586
ASM International
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Printed in the United States of America
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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
CHAPTER 1: Introduction: The Nature of the Problem . . . . . . . 1
The Keys to Understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Characteristics of Wrought Aluminum Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . .
Characteristics of Cast Aluminum Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Definitions for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys . . . . . . . . . .
Applications of Aluminum Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Microscopy of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys . . . . . . . . . .
Units and Unit Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Investment Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Die Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Combinations of Casting and Forging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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ASM International
Technical Books
Committee (1999-2000)
Sunniva R. Collins (Chair)
Swagelok/Nupro Company
Eugen Abramovici
Bombadier Aerospace (Canadair)
A.S Brar
Seagate Technology Inc.
Ngai Mun Chow
Det Norske Veritas Pte Ltd.
Seetharama C. Deevi
Phillip Morris, USA
Bradley J. Diak
Queens University
Dov B. Goldman
Precision World Products
James F.R. Grochmal
Metallurgical Perspectives
Nguyen P. Hung
Nanyang Technological University
Serope Kalpakjian
Illinois Institute of Technology
Gordon Lippa
North Star Casteel
Jacques Masounave
Universit du Qubec
Charles A. Parker (Vice Chair)
AlliedSignal Aircraft Landing
Systems
K. Bhanu Sankara Rao
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic
Research
Mel M. Schwartz
Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation
(retired)
Peter F. Timmins
University College of the Fraser
Valley
George F. Vander Voort
Buehler Ltd.
vi
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Preface
The idea for this timely reference book was originally suggested by
Tom Croucher, a California-based consulting metallurgist. Dr. Croucher
and Harry Chandler of ASM International provided input for the first draft
version. I broadened it out substantially to cover the understanding of the
advantages and limitations of aluminum alloy/temper combinations in
terms of the relationship of their composition, process history, and
microstructure to service requirements.
I would like to acknowledge Dr. John A. S. Green and the Aluminum
Association, Inc. for making available critically important material for
inclusion in this book. Among the Aluminum Association publications
used as key references, notably on the alloy and temper designation
system and aluminum terminology, were the following:
O Aluminum Standards and Data
O Standards for Aluminum Sand and Permanent Mold Castings
O Aluminum: Technology, Applications, and Environment
More complete citations to these and other reference materials are given
in the Selected References, Chapter 8.
Among the ASM International books used as major sources, most
notably for micrographs, are the following:
O Heat Treaters Guide: Practices and Procedures for Nonferrous Alloys
O ASM Specialty Handbook: Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
Finally, I want to acknowledge the publications of the American
Foundrymens Society, Inc. and the Diecasting Development Council,
whose publications Aluminum Casting Technology and Product Design
for Die Casting, respectively, provided excellent resources for casting
terminology and descriptions of casting procedures.
J. Gilbert Kaufman
Columbus, Ohio
vii
CHAPTER
Introduction: The
Nature of the Problem
THE NEED FOR THIS BOOK stems directly from the increasing use
of aluminum and aluminum alloys in automobiles and a great variety of
other products that we encounter in everyday living. The excellent
combination of light weight, high strength, great corrosion resistance, and
reasonable cost has made aluminum and its alloys one of the most
commonly used metal groups. Whereas weight saving by substituting
light metals for heavy metals has been standard practice for generations
in critical aerospace structures, it has now reached top priority status in a
variety of other industries, including those manufacturing cars, trucks,
military vehicles, aviation ground support vehicles, munitions, building
and highway structures, and construction equipment.
The transition from heretofore more widely used iron and steel can be
especially difficult for those with little or no experience with aluminum
and aluminum alloys. Of necessity, they must become conversant with a
new alloy designation system and, perhaps even more importantly, with a
great number and variety of tempers, the designations for which provide
background on how the alloys have been produced to obtain the desired
properties and characteristics.
The positive news is twofold. First, contrary to the case for other
metals, there are widely accepted alloy and temper designation systems
for aluminum, created and maintained by the Aluminum Association, that
are used throughout the aluminum industry. Those systems are published
in the Aluminum Association publication Aluminum Standards and Data
(see Chapter 8, Selected References) and are recognized by the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as the American National
Standard Alloy and Temper Designation Systems for Aluminum (see
Chapter 8). The second item of positive news is that, with a little
concentration, the aluminum alloy and temper designation systems are
consistent, logical, and easily understood.
tion, maintains the alloy and temper designation systems and registers
new alloys and tempers as they come along. At times, there is an
unfortunate tendency on the part of some producers and fabricators to
intentionally or unintentionally create their own designations for aluminum alloys and tempers and to do so in a style that misleadingly suggests
that the newly created designations have been recognized by the industry
as a whole through the registration process. This is unethical and
improper because it misleads producers and users alike as to the heritage
of the designation and dilutes the value of systems based on uniformity
and industry standards. The independent creation of either alloy or temper
designations without the complete registration process dened by the
Aluminum Association and ANSI H35.1 is to be avoided.
Any questions or decisions needed on existing or new registrations
should be directed to that group at the following address:
Aluminum Association Technical Committee on Product Standards
The Aluminum Association, Inc.
900 Nineteenth Street, NW, Suite 300
Washington, DC 20006
We want to emphasize that the mission of this publication is to provide
a brief introduction to aluminum alloys, including their applications. For
more detail on the various aspects of this subject, readers are encouraged
to consult the selected references in Chapter 8, particularly the complete
treatise on the aluminum industry by D.G. Altenpohl, Aluminum: Technology, Applications, and Environment.
A few of the most useful denitions for aluminum and aluminum alloys
and products applicable to the discussion in this book are listed in this
section. A more complete listing of applicable terminology is included in
the Appendix. The denitions included therein are taken primarily from
Aluminum Standards and Data, with some additions from Product Design
for Die Casting in Recyclable Aluminum, Magnesium, Zinc, and ZA
Alloys and Aluminum Casting Technology (Chapter 8, Selected References, contains details).
Some widely used denitions include:
O Commercially pure aluminum: Commercially pure (CP) aluminum
contains a minimum of 99% pure metal. Various specialty grades of
CHAPTER
The Aluminum Association Wrought Alloy Designation System consists of four numerical digits, sometimes including alphabetic prexes or
suffixes, but normally just the four numbers:
O The rst digit denes the major alloying class of the series starting with
that number.
O The second denes variations in the original basic alloy: that digit is
always a zero (0) for the original composition, a one (1) for the rst
variation, a two (2) for the second variation, and so forth. Variations are
typically dened by differences in one or more alloying elements of
0.15 to 0.50% or more, depending on the level of the added element.
O The third and fourth digits designate the specic alloy within the series;
there is no special signicance to the values of those digits, nor are they
necessarily used in sequence.
Table 1 shows the meaning of the rst of the four digits in the alloy
designation system. The alloy family is identied by that number and the
associated main alloying ingredient(s), with three exceptions:
O Members of the 1000 series family are commercially pure aluminum or
special purity versions and as such do not typically have any alloying
elements intentionally added; however, they do contain minor impurities that are not removed unless the intended application requires it.
O The 8000 series family is an other elements series comprising alloys
with rather unusual major alloying elements such as iron and nickel.
O The 9000 series is unassigned.
1xxx
2xxx
Copper
3xxx
Manganese
4xxx
Silicon
5xxx
Magnesium
6xxx
7xxx
Zinc
8xxx
9xxx
Unassigned
The major benet for understanding this designation system is that a great
deal will be known about the alloy just from knowledge of the series of
which it is a member, for example:
O 1xxx series alloys are pure aluminum and its variations; compositions
of 99.0% or more aluminum are by denition in this series. Within the
1xxx series, the last two of the four digits in the designation indicate the
minimum aluminum percentage. These digits are the same as the two
digits to the right of the decimal point in the minimum aluminum
percentage specied for the designation when expressed to the nearest
0.01%. As with the rest of the alloy series, the second digit indicates
modications in impurity limits or intentionally added elements.
Compositions of the 1xxx series do not respond to any solution heat
treatment but may be strengthened modestly by strain hardening.
O 2xxx series alloys have copper as their main alloying element, and
because copper will go in signicant amounts into solid solution in
aluminum, these alloys will respond to solution heat treatment and are
referred to as heat treatable.
O 3xxx series alloys are based on manganese and are strain hardenable.
These alloys do not respond to solution heat treatment.
O 4xxx series alloys are based on silicon; some alloys are heat treatable,
others are not, depending on the amount of silicon and the other
alloying constituents.
O 5xxx series alloys are based on magnesium. They are strain hardenable,
but not heat treatable.
O 6xxx series alloys have both magnesium and silicon as their main
alloying elements, which combine as magnesium silicide (Mg2Si)
following solid solution. Alloys in this series are heat treatable.
O 7xxx series alloys have zinc as their main alloying element, often with
signicant amounts of copper and magnesium. They are heat treatable.
O 8xxx series contain one or more of several less frequently used major
alloying elements such as iron or tin. The characteristics of this series
depend on the major alloying element(s).
The compositions of a representative group of widely used commercial
aluminum alloys are given in Table 2, taken from Aluminum Standards
and Data (see Chapter 8, Selected References).
Table 2
Alloy
Silicon
Copper
Nickel
Zinc
Titanium
1050
...
...
Manganese
Magnesium
Chromium
...
...
...
1060
...
...
...
...
...
1100
...
0.12
...
...
...
1145
...
...
...
...
...
1175
...
...
...
...
...
1200
...
...
...
...
...
1230
...
...
...
...
...
1235
...
...
...
...
...
1345
...
...
...
...
...
1350(a)
...
...
...
...
...
2011(b)
...
5.5
2014
0.8
4.4
2017
0.50
4.0
2018
...
4.0
2024
...
2025
...
...
...
...
...
...
0.8
0.50
...
...
...
...
0.7
0.6
...
...
...
...
...
0.7
...
2.0
...
...
4.4
0.6
1.5
...
...
...
...
0.8
4.4
0.8
...
...
...
...
...
2036
...
2.6
0.25
0.45
...
...
...
...
2117
...
2.6
...
0.35
...
...
...
...
2124
...
4.4
0.6
1.5
...
...
...
...
2218
...
4.0
...
1.5
...
2.0
...
...
2219(c)
...
6.3
0.30
...
...
...
...
0.06
2319(c)
...
6.3
0.30
...
...
...
...
0.15
2618(d)
0.18
2.3
...
1.6
...
1.0
...
0.07
3003
...
0.12
1.2
...
...
...
...
...
3004
...
...
1.2
1.0
...
...
...
...
3005
...
...
1.2
0.40
...
...
...
...
3105
...
...
0.6
0.50
...
...
...
...
4032
12.2
0.9
...
1.0
...
0.9
...
...
4043
5.2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4045
10.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4047
12.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4145
10.0
4.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
4343
7.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4643
4.1
...
...
0.20
...
...
...
...
5005
...
...
...
0.8
...
...
...
...
5050
...
...
...
1.4
...
...
...
...
5052
...
...
...
2.5
0.25
...
...
...
5056
...
...
0.12
5.0
0.12
...
...
...
5083
...
...
0.7
4.4
0.15
...
...
...
5086
...
...
0.45
4.0
0.15
...
...
5154
...
...
...
3.5
0.25
...
...
5183
...
...
0.08
4.8
0.15
...
...
...
5252
...
...
...
2.5
...
...
...
...
5254
...
...
...
3.5
0.25
...
...
...
5356
...
...
0.12
5.0
0.12
...
...
0.13
...
(continued)
Listed herein are designations and chemical composition limits for some wrought unalloyed aluminum and for wrought aluminum alloys registered with the Aluminum
Association. This does not include all alloys registered with the Aluminum Association. A complete list of registered designations is contained in the Registration Record
of International Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys. These lists are maintained by the Technical
Committee on Product Standards of The Aluminum Association. (a) Formerly designated EC. (b) Lead and bismuth, 0.40 each. (c) Vanadium, 0.10; zirconium 0.18. (d) Iron,
1.1. (e) Lead and Bismuth, 0.55 each. (f) Zirconium, 0.14. (g) Zirconium, 0.12. (h) Zirconium, 0.18. (i) Iron, 0.7. (j) Boron, 0.02. (k) Iron, 0.35.
Table 2
(continued)
Percent of alloying elements; aluminum and normal impurities constitute remainder
Alloy
Silicon
Copper
Manganese
Magnesium
Chromium
Nickel
Zinc
Titanium
5454
...
...
0.08
2.7
0.12
...
...
...
5456
...
...
0.08
5.1
0.12
...
...
...
5457
...
...
0.30
1.0
...
...
...
...
5554
...
...
0.08
2.7
0.12
...
...
0.12
5556
...
...
0.08
5.1
0.12
...
...
0.12
5652
...
...
...
2.5
0.25
...
...
...
5654
...
...
...
3.5
0.25
...
...
0.10
5657
...
...
...
0.8
...
...
...
...
6003
0.7
...
...
1.2
...
...
...
...
6005
0.8
...
...
0.50
...
...
...
...
6053
0.7
...
...
1.2
0.25
...
...
...
6061
0.6
0.28
...
1.0
0.20
...
...
...
6063
0.40
...
...
0.7
...
...
...
...
6066
1.4
1.0
0.8
1.1
...
...
...
...
6070
1.4
0.28
0.7
0.8
...
...
...
...
6101
0.50
...
...
0.6
...
...
...
...
6105
0.8
...
...
0.6
...
...
...
...
6151
0.9
...
...
0.6
0.25
...
...
...
6162
0.6
...
...
0.9
...
...
...
...
6201
0.7
...
...
0.8
...
...
...
...
6253
0.7
...
...
1.2
0.25
...
2.0
...
6262(e)
0.6
0.28
...
1.0
0.09
...
...
...
6351
1.0
...
0.6
0.6
...
...
...
...
6463
0.40
...
...
0.7
...
...
...
...
6951
0.35
0.28
...
0.6
...
...
...
...
7005(f)
...
...
0.45
1.4
0.13
...
4.5
0.04
7008
...
...
...
1.0
0.18
...
5.0
...
7049
...
1.6
...
2.4
0.16
...
7.7
...
7050(g)
...
2.3
...
2.2
...
...
6.2
...
7072
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.0
...
7075
...
1.6
...
2.5
0.23
...
5.6
...
7108(h)
...
...
...
1.0
...
...
5.0
...
7175
...
1.6
...
2.5
0.23
...
5.6
...
7178
...
2.0
...
2.8
0.23
...
6.8
...
7475
...
1.6
...
2.2
0.22
...
5.7
...
8017(i)
...
0.15
...
0.03
...
...
...
...
8030(j)
...
0.22
...
...
...
...
...
...
8176(i)
0.09
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
8177(k)
...
...
...
0.08
...
...
...
...
Listed herein are designations and chemical composition limits for some wrought unalloyed aluminum and for wrought aluminum alloys registered with the Aluminum
Association. This does not include all alloys registered with the Aluminum Association. A complete list of registered designations is contained in the Registration Record
of International Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys. These lists are maintained by the Technical
Committee on Product Standards of The Aluminum Association. (a) Formerly designated EC. (b) Lead and bismuth, 0.40 each. (c) Vanadium, 0.10; zirconium 0.18. (d) Iron,
1.1. (e) Lead and Bismuth, 0.55 each. (f) Zirconium, 0.14. (g) Zirconium, 0.12. (h) Zirconium, 0.18. (i) Iron, 0.7. (j) Boron, 0.02. (k) Iron, 0.35.
The cast alloy designation system also has four digits, and the rst digit
species the major alloying constituent(s) as shown in Table 3. However,
a decimal point is used between the third and fourth digits to make clear
that these are designations used to identify alloys in the form of castings
or foundry ingot.
As for the wrought alloy designation system, the various digits of the
cast alloy system convey information about the alloy:
O The rst digit indicates the alloy group, as can be seen in Table 3. For
2xx.x through 8xx.x alloys, the alloy group is determined by the
alloying element present in the greatest mean percentage, except in
cases in which the composition being registered qualies as a modication of a previously registered alloy. Note that in Table 3, the 6xx.x
series is shown last and for cast alloys is designated as the unused
series.
O The second and third digits identify the specic aluminum alloy or, for
the aluminum 1xx.x series, indicate purity. If the greatest mean
percentage is common to more than one alloying element, the alloy
group is determined by the element that comes rst in sequence. For
the 1xx.x group, the second two of the four digits in the designation
indicate the minimum aluminum percentage. These digits are the same
as the two digits to the right of the decimal point in the minimum
aluminum percentage when expressed to the nearest 0.01%.
O The fourth digit indicates the product form: xxx.0 indicates castings,
and xxx.1, for the most part, indicates ingot having limits for alloying
elements the same as or very similar to those for the alloy in the form
of castings. A fourth digit of xxx.2 may be used to indicate that the
ingot has composition limits that differ from but fall within the xxx.1
limits; this typically represents the use of tighter limits on certain
impurities to achieve specic properties in the nished cast product
produced from that ingot.
A letter before the numerical designation indicates a modication of the
original alloy or an impurity limit. These serial letters are assigned in
alphabetical sequence starting with A, but omitting I, O, Q, and X, with
X being reserved for experimental alloys. Note that explicit rules have
been established for determining whether a proposed composition is a
modication of an existing, or whether it is a new, alloy.
Table 4 presents the nominal compositions of a representative group of
commercial aluminum casting alloys.
Table 3
Alloy
1xx.x
2xx.x
Copper
3xx.x
4xx.x
Silicon
5xx.x
Magnesium
7xx.x
Zinc
8xx.x
Tin
9xx.x
Other elements
6xx.x
Unused series
Table 4
Alloy
Silicon
Iron
Copper
Manganese
Magnesium
Chromium
Nickel
Zinc
Titanium
Notes
201.0
...
...
4.6
0.35
0.35
...
...
...
0.25
(a)
204.0
...
...
4.6
...
0.25
...
...
...
...
A206.0
...
...
4.6
0.35
0.25
...
...
...
0.22
208.0
3.0
...
4.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
213.0
2.0
1.2
7.0
...
...
...
...
2.5
...
222.0
...
...
10.0
...
0.25
...
...
...
...
224.0
...
...
5.0
0.35
...
...
...
...
...
240.0
...
...
8.0
0.5
6.0
...
0.5
...
...
242.0
...
...
4.0
...
1.5
...
2.0
...
...
A242.0
...
...
4.1
...
1.4
0.20
2.0
...
0.14
295.0
1.1
...
4.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
308.0
5.5
...
4.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
319.0
6.0
...
3.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
328.0
8.0
...
1.5
0.40
0.40
...
...
...
...
332.0
9.5
...
3.0
...
1.0
...
...
...
...
333.0
9.0
...
3.5
...
0.28
...
...
...
...
336.0
12.0
...
1.0
...
1.0
...
2.5
...
...
354.0
9.0
...
1.8
...
0.5
...
...
...
...
355.0
5.0
...
1.25
...
0.5
...
...
...
...
C355.0
5.0
...
1.25
...
0.5
...
...
...
...
356.0
7.0
...
...
...
0.32
...
...
...
...
A356.0
7.0
...
...
...
0.35
...
...
...
...
357.0
7.0
...
...
...
0.52
...
...
...
...
A357.0
7.0
...
...
...
0.55
...
...
...
0.12
359.0
9.0
...
...
...
0.6
...
...
...
...
360.0
9.5
...
...
...
0.5
...
...
...
...
A360.0
9.5
...
...
...
0.5
...
...
...
...
380.0
8.5
...
3.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
A380.0
8.5
...
3.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
383.0
10.5
...
2.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
384.0
11.2
...
3.8
...
...
...
...
...
B390.0
17.0
...
4.5
...
0.55
...
...
...
...
413.0
12.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
A413.0
12.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
443.0
5.2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
B443.0
5.2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
C443.0
5.2
(e)
A444.0
7.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
512.0
1.8
...
...
...
4.0
...
...
...
...
513.0
...
...
...
...
4.0
...
...
1.8
...
514.0
...
...
...
...
4.0
...
...
...
...
518.0
...
...
...
...
8.0
...
...
...
...
520.0
...
...
...
...
10.0
...
...
...
...
535.0
...
...
...
.18
6.8
...
...
...
0.18
705.0
...
...
...
0.5
1.6
0.30
...
3.0
...
707.0
...
...
...
0.50
2.1
0.30
...
4.2
...
(b)
(c)
(c)
(c, d)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(f)
(continued)
Values are nominal (i.e., average of range of limits for elements for which a range is specied). (a) Also contains 0.7% silver. (b) Also contains 0.10% vanadium and 0.18%
zirconium. (c) For this alloy, impurity limits are signicantly lower than for the similar alloy listed just above. (d) Also contains 0.055% beryllium. (e) May contain higher
iron (up to 2.0% total) than 443.0 and A443.0. (f) Also contains 0.005% beryllium and 0.005% boron. (g) Also contains 6.2% tin.
Table 4
(continued)
Percent of alloying elements; aluminum and normal impurities constitute remainder
Alloy
Silicon
Iron
Copper
Manganese
Magnesium
Chromium
Nickel
Zinc
Titanium
Notes
710.0
...
...
0.50
...
0.7
...
...
6.5
...
711.0
...
1.0
0.50
...
0.35
...
...
6.5
...
712.0
...
...
...
...
0.58
0.50
...
6.0
0.20
713.0
...
...
0.7
...
0.35
...
...
7.5
...
771.0
...
...
...
...
0.9
0.40
...
7.0
0.15
850.0
...
...
1.0
...
...
...
1.0
...
...
(g)
851.0
2.5
...
1.0
...
...
...
0.50
...
...
(g)
852.0
...
...
2.0
...
0.75
...
1.2
...
...
(g)
Values are nominal (i.e., average of range of limits for elements for which a range is specied). (a) Also contains 0.7% silver. (b) Also contains 0.10% vanadium and 0.18%
zirconium. (c) For this alloy, impurity limits are signicantly lower than for the similar alloy listed just above. (d) Also contains 0.055% beryllium. (e) May contain higher
iron (up to 2.0% total) than 443.0 and A443.0. (f) Also contains 0.005% beryllium and 0.005% boron. (g) Also contains 6.2% tin.
Up to 6
79
1012
8
9
10
1315
11
1618
12
1924
13
2520
14
3136
15
3742
16
43 and over
17
Table 5M
(metric)
Up to 40
55
4560
62
6580
69
85100
76
105120
83
125160
90
165200
97
205240
103
245280
110
285320
115
120
O
O
Fabricated from
H114
O temper
Table 7
Temper
Application
Applies to plate and rolled or cold-nished rod or bar, die or ring forgings, and rolled rings when
stretched the indicated amounts after solution heat treatment or after cooling from an elevated
temperature shaping process. The products receive no further straightening after stretching.
Plate, 1123% permanent set
Rolled or cold-nished rod and bar, 13% permanent set
Die or ring forgings and rolled rings, 15% permanent set
TX510
Applies to extruded rod, bar, proles (shapes), and tube and to drawn tube when stretched the indicated
amounts after solution heat treatment or after cooling from an elevated temperature shaping
process. These products receive no further straightening after stretching.
Extruded rod, bar, proles (shapes), and tube, 13% permanent set
Drawn tube, 123% permanent set
TX511
Applies to extruded rod, bar, proles (shapes), and tube and to drawn tube when stretched the indicated
amounts after solution heat treatment or after cooling from an elevated temperature shaping
process. These products may receive minor straightening after stretching to comply with standard
tolerances.
Extruded rod, bar, proles (shapes), and tube, 13% permanent set
Drawn tube, 123% permanent set
Applies to products that are stress relieved by compressing after solution heat treatment or cooling from
an elevated temperature shaping process to produce a permanent set of 15%.
Applies to die forgings that are stress relieved by restriking cold in the nish die.
Same digits (51, 52, 54) may be added to the designation W to indicate unstable solution heat treated and stress-relieved tempers.
T42
Solution heat treated from annealed or F temper and naturally aged to a substantially stable condition
T62
T7X2
Solution heat treated from annealed or F temper and articially overaged to meet the mechanical
properties and corrosion resistance limits of the T7X temper
These temper designations have been assigned for wrought products test material heat-treated from annealed (O, O1, etc.) or F
temper to demonstrate response to heat treatment. Temper designations T42 and T62 also may be applied to wrought products heat
treated from any temper by the user when such heat treatment results in the mechanical properties applicable to these tempers.
Summary
This completes an overview of the Aluminum Association Alloy and
Temper Designation Systems in the terms described in Aluminum
Standards and Data and in ANSI H35.1. In the chapters that follow, we
will look at the systems in more detail, discuss the meanings of some of
the variations, and provide illustrations of the usage of the systems. With
this information, heat treaters, fabricators, and end users of aluminum
products should be able to better understand the designations and, hence,
the practices used in their particular situations.
For more detailed information on any of the discussion presented in this
chapter, the reader is referred directly to the master sources (publication
information can be found in Chapter 8, Selected References):
O Aluminum Standards and Data (English/engineering and metric editions)
O American National Standard Alloy and Temper Designation Systems
for Aluminum
O Standards for Aluminum Sand and Permanent Mold Casting
CHAPTER
Understanding Wrought
and Cast Aluminum
Alloys Designations
THE WROUGHT ALLOY DESIGNATION SYSTEM consists of four
numerical digits, sometimes preceded by a capital letter as indicated in
Chapter 2. The rst digit indicates the principal alloying elements, as
described in this chapter in the section Principal Alloying Elements and
Table 1; the second digit is the variation of that alloy; and the last two
digits represent the specic alloy designation.
1xxx
2xxx
Copper
3xxx
Manganese
4xxx
Silicon
5xxx
Magnesium
6xxx
7xxx
Zinc
8xxx
9xxx
Unassigned
alloys contain copper as the principal alloying constituent in concentrations from 1 to 10%. Because these alloys naturally age at room
temperature, it is advantageous to do any required working or forming of
the metal soon after quenching from solution heat treatment. If a delay is
needed, it may be desirable to cool them until the mechanical work can
be performed.
In the fully hardened (age-hardened) condition, the ductility of 2xxx
alloys is generally lower than for some other alloys (except in special
variations that are discussed later), and their resistance to atmospheric
corrosion is not as good as that of pure aluminum or most non-heattreatable alloys.
Unless given special treatments, 2xxx alloys in the T3 and T4 conditions
may be susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) when stressed in
the short-transverse direction (i.e., normal to the principal plane of grain
ow). Precipitation hardening improves resistance to SCC but reduces
ductility and toughness.
Most aluminum-copper alloys are not readily welded by commercial
processes, but a few alloys such as 2219 and 2195 have been developed
especially for applications requiring welding.
3xxx, Manganese. Manganese provides only modest strength increase
even when strain hardened but relatively high formability and ductility,
and very high resistance to corrosion in almost all environments. Alloys
of the 3xxx series are readily weldable and are among the best for brazing
and soldering applications.
Commercial aluminum-manganese alloys contain up to 1.2% manganese, but it is appropriate to note that manganese is commonly employed
as a supplementary alloying constituent in alloys of the other series to
enhance strength.
4xxx, Silicon. There are two types of silicon-bearing aluminum alloys:
those with silicon alone, which are not very strong but provide excellent
ow and nishing characteristics, and those that also include copper
and/or magnesium as well as silicon and so gain strength by solution heat
treatment and aging.
The 4xxx alloys are not highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion and
tend to gray with time in humid environments. Interestingly, this
characteristic is used to advantage with nishing techniques such as
anodizing to obtain a variety of rich gray shades.
Because silicon adds to their ow characteristics during working,
some 4xxx alloys (e.g., 4032) are used for complex or nely detailed
forgings such as pistons. The 4xxx alloys are readily welded and, in fact,
include some of the mostly widely used weld ller alloys, another result
of their high uidity.
5xxx, Magnesium. Magnesium additions to aluminum provide among
the highest strength non-heat-treatable alloys. These alloys also are
exceptionally tough, absorbing lots of energy during fracture, and so
designation. The degree of inuence is directly related to the percentage of the alloying element present. For example, alloys with magnesium and lithium present are lighter than pure aluminum, while alloys
with copper, iron, and zinc are heavier. Those alloys with mostly
silicon or silicon combined with magnesium have densities about the
same as pure aluminum. In Section 2 of Aluminum Standards and
Data, Tables I and II provide both typical density values and
procedures for calculating densities. Practical estimates of the density
of an alloy also may be made by summing the percentages of each
element present multiplied by the respective density of that element
(representative values given in Table 2).
O Modulus of Elasticity: As in the case of density, the moduli of elasticity
of aluminum alloys, with a few exceptions, are inuenced by the
modulus of elasticity of the alloying elements in direct relation to the
amount present. Thus, by summing the percentages of each element
present multiplied by the respective modulus, the modulus of the alloy
may be estimated. There are two important exceptionsmagnesium
and lithium; both of these relatively low-modulus elements have the
effect of increasing the modulus of aluminum: magnesium by a small
amount and lithium by a large amount. Table 3 provides the moduli of
the major alloying elements for use in estimating the moduli of alloys
in which they are used. It must be emphasized that calculations made
on this basis are to be considered to be rough estimates, not suitable for
Table 2 Densities of aluminum and aluminum alloying elements
Density
Alloying element
g/cm3
lb/in.3
Aluminum
2.699
0.0971
Silver
10.49
0.379
Gold
19.32
0.698
Beryllium
1.82
0.066
Bismuth
9.80
0.354
Cadmium
8.65
0.313
Cobalt
8.9
0.32
Chromium
7.19
0.260
Copper
8.96
0.324
Iron
7.87
0.284
Lithium
0.53
0.019
Magnesium
1.74
0.0628
Manganese
7.43
0.268
Molybdenum
Nickel
Lead
Silicon
13.55
0.490
8.90
0.322
11.34
0.410
2.33
0.084
Tin
7.30
0.264
Titanium
4.54
0.164
Zinc
7.13
0.258
Zirconium
6.5
0.23
GPa
106 psi
Aluminum
69
Silver
71
11.0
Gold
78
12.0
Beryllium
10.0
255
37.0
Bismuth
32
4.6
Cadmium
55
8.0
Cobalt
21
30.0
Chromium
248
36.0
Copper
128
16.0
Iron
208
28.5
Lithium
0.7(b)
0.1(b)
Magnesium
44(a)
Manganese
159
23.0
Molybdenum
325
50.0
Nickel
207
30.0
Lead
261
2.6
Silicon
110
16.0
Tin
Titanium
6.5(a)
44
6.0
120
16.8
Zinc
69(c)
10(c)
Zirconium
49.3
11.0
alloy with all the advantages of 2024 but substantially higher elongation
and toughness, especially in the short transverse direction. The process
was adopted subsequently to create 2324, an alloy for extrusions with
similar attributes. Some special processing also may be required for such
alloys.
Example 2. Alloys 7175 and 7475 are modications of alloy 7075.
Both 7175 and 7475 alloys have the same major alloying elements as
7075 but, as in the case of the 2xxx alloys, scientists learned that control
of the impurities and the relationship of the levels of certain minor
elements added to the fracture toughness of alloys, making them
especially useful for critical aerospace applications. Alloy 7175 has found
most of its application in forgings, while 7475 is most often used in
applications requiring sheet and plate. Designations 7275 and 7375 were
assigned earlier but then discarded and are no longer in commercial use.
Current designation
1S
1100
3S
3003
4S
3004
14S
2014
17S
2017
A17S
2117
24S
2024
25S
2025
26S
2026
32S
4032
50S
5050
B51S
6151
52S
5052
56S
5056
61S
6061
63S
6063
75S
7075
76S
7076
Table 5
Series
Alloying element(s)
1xx.x
Unalloyed compositions
2xx.x
Copper
3xx.x
4xx.x
Silicon
5xx.x
Magnesium
6xx.x
Not used
7xx.x
Zinc
8xx.x
Tin
9xx.x
Other elements
the alloy, the alloy is designated in accordance with the sequence: copper,
silicon plus copper and/or magnesium, silicon, magnesium, or zinc.
The second and third digits identify a specic alloy of the family. For
all except the 1xx.x series, there is no special signicance to those
numbers; they neither indicate a sequence of any type nor represent any
characteristic of the alloy. In some, though not all, instances, the numbers
may refer back to an earlier designation system. In the 1xx.x series, the
last two digits represent the percentage of aluminum present in terms of
the two digits to the right of the decimal point in that percentage; for
example, 160.0 represents a casting of 99.60% minimum aluminum,
relatively high purity.
The nal digit following the decimal indicates the product
formcasting or ingot. If the designation applies to a nished casting, a
zero always is used (xxx.0); if it applies to the ingot from which the
casting was or will be produced, a 1 or 2 is used (xxx.1 or xxx.2). In the
latter case, the xxx.1 designation is the most common and refers to the
common commercial composition. The xxx.2 designation usually is
limited to those cases where a narrower composition range of one or more
of the elementsall within the composition limits for the xxx.1 versionis used to achieve special properties.
As an example, alloy 356.0 represents a nished casting of the silicon
plus copper and/or magnesium series. The designation 356.1 normally
would represent the ingot from which the 356.0 casting was made.
Prex letters such as A or B indicate variations in the composition of
casting alloys, but overall similarity. Continuing the example above, alloy
A356.0 indicates a variation of 356.0 alloy, but with tighter controls on
iron and other impurities. The ingot from which the A356.0 was made
may be designated A356.1 or 356.2, both indicating the tighter control at
the ingot stage.
O
O
O
O
1xx.0:
2xx.0:
3xx.0:
4xx.0:
Unalloyed; non-heat-treatable
Copper; heat treatable
Silicon plus copper and/or magnesium; heat treatable
Silicon; heat treatable
O
O
O
O
5xx.0:
6xx.0:
7xx.0:
8xx.0:
Magnesium; non-heat-treatable
Unused series
Zinc; heat treatable
Tin; heat treatable
Cracking
Tightness
1xx.0
Corrosion
Finishing
Joining
2xx.0
13
24
3xx.0
12
12
12
23
34
13
4xx.0
23
45
5xx.0
45
12
7xx.0
12
8xx.0
Table 7
AA/ANSI
UNS
Federal
Old ASTM
Old SAE
201.0
...
A02010
...
CQ51A
382
204.0
...
A02040
...
...
...
208.0
108
A02080
108
CS43A
...
213.0
C113
A02130
C113
CS74A
33
222.0
122
A02220
122
CG100A
34
242.0
142
A02420
142
CN42A
39
295.0
195
A02950
195
C4A
38
296.0
B295
A02960
B295
...
380
308.0
A108
A03080
A108
...
...
319.0
319, Allcast
A03190
319
SC64D
326
328.0
Red X-8
A03280
Red X-8
SC82A
327
332.0
F332.0
A03320
F132
SC103A
332
333.0
333
A03330
333
SC94A
331
336.0
A332.0
A03360
A132
SN122A
321
354.0
354
A03540
...
...
...
355.0
355
A03550
355
SC51A
322
C355
A33550
C355
SC51B
335
356
A03560
356
SG70A
323
A356
A13560
A356
SG70B
336
C355.0
356.0
A356.0
357.0
357
A03570
357
...
...
A357
A13570
...
...
...
359.0
359
A03590
...
...
...
360.0
360
A03600
360
SG100B
...
A360
A13600
A360
SG100A
309
A357.0
A360
380.0
380
A03800
380
SC84B
308
A380
A13800
A380
SC84A
306
383.0
383
A03830
383
SC102
383
384.0
384
A0384
384
SC114A
303
B390.0
390
A23900
390
SC174B
...
413.0
13
A04130
13
S12B
...
A13
A14130
A13
S12A
305
A380
A413.0
443.0
43
A04430
...
S5B
35
B443.0
43
A24430
43
S5A
...
C443.0
43
A34430
43
S5C
304
A444.0
...
A14440
...
...
...
512.0
B514.0
A05120
B214
GS42A
...
513.0
A514.0
A05130
A214
GZ42A
514.0
214
A05140
214
G4A
518.0
218
A05180
218
G8A
...
520.0
220
A05200
220
G10A
324
535.0
Almag 35
A05350
Almag 35
GM70B
...
705.0
603, Ternalloy 5
A07050
Ternalloy 5
ZG32A
311
707.0
607, Ternalloy 7
A07070
Ternalloy 7
ZG42A
312
710.0
A712.0
A07100
A612
ZG61B
313
320
711.0
C721.0
A07110
...
ZC60A
314
712.0
D712.0
A07120
40E
ZG61A
310
713.0
613, Tenzaloy
A07130
Tenzaloy
ZC81A
315
771.0
Precedent 71A
A07710
Precedent 71A
...
...
850.0
750
A08500
750
...
...
851.0
A850.0
A08510
A750
...
...
852.0
B850.0
A08520
B750
...
...
CHAPTER
Understanding the
Aluminum Temper
Designation System
This chapter provides additional detail and illustrations for the use of
temper designations in the aluminum industry today for both wrought and
cast alloys. This discussion expands on the basic Aluminum Association
Temper Designation System as described in Chapter 2. All standard
tempers (i.e., those recognized by the industry because they have been
registered by the Aluminum Association Technical Committee on Product
Standards) are published either in Aluminum Standards and Data or in the
Alloy and Temper Registration Records together with the procedures for
registering alloys.
O
O
O
O
Applications
Applications
Applications
Applications
and
and
and
and
variations
variations
variations
variations
of
of
of
of
the
the
the
the
F temper
W temper
H tempers
T tempers
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Hardness,
Brinell
No., 500 kg load,
10 mm ball
Shear,
ultimate
shearing
strength,
ksi
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
ksi
Modulus,
modulus of
elasticity(c),
ksi
% 103
Yield
In 2 in.
116 in.
thick
specimen
1060-O
1060-H12
1060-H14
1060-H16
1060-H18
10
12
14
16
19
4
11
13
15
18
43
16
12
8
6
19
23
26
30
35
7
8
9
10
11
3
4
5
6.5
6.5
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
1100-O
1100-H12
1100-H14
1100-H16
1100-H18
13
16
18
21
24
5
15
17
20
22
35
12
9
6
5
45
25
20
17
15
23
28
32
38
44
9
10
11
12
13
5
6
7
9
9
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
1350-O
1350-H12
1350-H14
1350-H16
1350-H19
12
14
16
18
27
4
12
14
16
24
(d)
(e)
8
9
10
11
15
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
2011-T3
2011-T8
55
59
43
45
15
12
(continued)
95
100
32
35
Strength, ksi
Alloy and temper
Ultimate
18
18
10.2
10.2
Note: Table values not intended for use in design. (a) The indicated typical mechanical properties for all except O temper material are higher than the specied minimum
properties. For O temper products, typical ultimate and yield values are slightly lower than specied (maximum) values. (b) Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely
reversed stress using the R.R. Moore type of machine and specimen. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is about 2% greater than tension
modulus. (d) 1350-O wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 10 in. (e) 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approximately 112% in 10 in. (f) Tempers
T361 and T861 were formerly designated T36 and T86, respectively. (g) Based on 107 cycles using exural type testing of sheet specimens. (h) Based on 14 in. thick specimen.
(i) T7451, although not previously registered, has appeared in literature and in some specications as T73651.
Table 1
(continued)
Tension
Elongation, %
Strength, ksi
In 4D
12 in.
diam
specimen
Hardness,
Brinell
No., 500 kg load,
10 mm ball
Shear,
ultimate
shearing
strength,
ksi
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
ksi
Modulus,
modulus of
elasticity(c),
ksi
% 103
Ultimate
2014-O
2014-T4, T451
2014-T6, T651
Alclad 2014-O
Alclad 2014-T3
27
62
70
25
63
14
42
60
10
40
21
20
18
20
13
45
105
135
18
38
42
18
37
13
20
18
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.5
10.5
61
68
26
62
61
37
60
10
40
46
22
10
22
22
12
45
105
120
37
41
18
38
39
13
18
17
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.8
2024-O
2024-T3
2024-T4, T351
2024-T361(f)
Alclad 2024-O
27
70
68
72
26
11
50
47
57
11
20
18
20
13
20
22
19
47
120
120
130
18
41
41
42
18
13
20
20
18
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
Alclad
Alclad
Alclad
Alclad
Alclad
65
64
67
65
70
45
42
63
60
66
18
19
11
6
6
40
40
41
40
42
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
2025-T6
2036-T4
2117-T4
2124-T851
2218-T72
58
49
43
70
48
37
28
24
64
37
24
19
27
8
11
110
70
95
35
28
30
18
18(g)
14
10.4
10.3
10.3
10.6
10.8
2219-O
2219-T42
2219-T31, T351
2219-T37
2219-T62
25
52
52
57
60
11
27
36
46
42
18
20
17
11
10
15
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
2219-T81, T851
2219-T87
2618-T61
3003-O
3003-H12
66
69
64
16
19
51
57
54
6
18
10
10
30
10
10
40
20
115
28
35
38
11
12
15
15
18
7
8
10.6
10.6
10.8
10.0
10.0
3003-H14
3003-H16
3003-H18
Alclad 3003-O
Alclad 3003-H12
22
26
29
16
19
21
25
27
6
18
8
5
4
30
10
16
14
10
40
20
40
47
55
14
15
16
11
12
9
10
10
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
Alclad 3003-H14
Alclad 3003-H16
Alclad 3003-H18
22
26
29
21
25
27
8
16
5
14
4
10
(continued)
14
15
16
10.0
10.0
10.0
2024-T3
2024-T4, T351
2024-T361(f)
2024-T81, T851
2024-T861(f)
Yield
In 2 in.
116 in.
thick
specimen
Note: Table values not intended for use in design. (a) The indicated typical mechanical properties for all except O temper material are higher than the specied minimum
properties. For O temper products, typical ultimate and yield values are slightly lower than specied (maximum) values. (b) Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely
reversed stress using the R.R. Moore type of machine and specimen. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is about 2% greater than tension
modulus. (d) 1350-O wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 10 in. (e) 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approximately 112% in 10 in. (f) Tempers
T361 and T861 were formerly designated T36 and T86, respectively. (g) Based on 107 cycles using exural type testing of sheet specimens. (h) Based on 14 in. thick specimen.
(i) T7451, although not previously registered, has appeared in literature and in some specications as T73651.
Table 1
(continued)
Tension
Elongation, %
In 4D
12 in.
diam
specimen
Hardness,
Brinell
No., 500 kg load,
10 mm ball
Shear,
ultimate
shearing
strength,
ksi
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
ksi
Modulus,
modulus of
elasticity(c),
ksi
% 103
Ultimate
Yield
In 2 in.
116 in.
thick
specimen
3004-O
3004-H32
3004-H34
3004-H36
3004-H38
26
31
35
38
41
10
25
29
33
36
20
10
9
5
5
25
17
12
9
6
45
52
63
70
77
16
17
18
20
21
14
15
15
16
16
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10
Alclad
Alclad
Alclad
Alclad
Alclad
26
31
35
38
41
10
25
29
33
36
20
10
9
5
5
25
17
12
9
6
16
17
18
20
21
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
3105-O
3105-H12
3105-H14
3105-H16
3105-H18
17
22
25
28
31
8
19
22
25
28
24
7
5
4
3
12
14
15
16
17
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
3105-H25
4032-T6
5005-O
5005-H12
5005-H14
26
55
18
20
23
23
46
6
19
22
25
10
6
120
28
15
38
11
14
14
16
10.0
11.4
10.0
10.0
10.0
5005-H16
5005-H18
5005-H32
5005-H34
5005-H36
26
29
20
23
26
25
28
17
20
24
5
4
11
8
6
36
41
46
15
16
14
14
15
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
5005-H38
5050-O
5050-H32
5050-H34
5050-H36
29
21
25
28
30
27
8
21
24
26
5
24
9
8
7
51
36
46
53
58
16
15
17
18
19
12
13
13
14
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
5050-H38
5052-O
5052-H32
5052-H34
5052-H36
32
28
33
38
40
29
13
28
31
35
6
25
12
10
8
30
18
14
10
63
47
60
68
73
20
18
20
21
23
14
16
17
18
19
10.0
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
5052-H38
5056-O
5056-H18
5056-H38
5083-O
42
42
63
60
42
37
22
59
50
21
8
35
10
15
22
77
65
105
100
24
26
34
32
25
20
20
22
22
10.2
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
5083-H321, H116
46
33
16
(continued)
23
10.3
Strength, ksi
Alloy and temper
3004-O
3004-H32
3004-H34
3004-H36
3004-H38
Note: Table values not intended for use in design. (a) The indicated typical mechanical properties for all except O temper material are higher than the specied minimum
properties. For O temper products, typical ultimate and yield values are slightly lower than specied (maximum) values. (b) Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely
reversed stress using the R.R. Moore type of machine and specimen. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is about 2% greater than tension
modulus. (d) 1350-O wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 10 in. (e) 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approximately 112% in 10 in. (f) Tempers
T361 and T861 were formerly designated T36 and T86, respectively. (g) Based on 107 cycles using exural type testing of sheet specimens. (h) Based on 14 in. thick specimen.
(i) T7451, although not previously registered, has appeared in literature and in some specications as T73651.
Table 1
(continued)
Tension
Elongation, %
In 4D
12 in.
diam
specimen
Hardness,
Brinell
No., 500 kg load,
10 mm ball
Shear,
ultimate
shearing
strength,
ksi
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
ksi
Modulus,
modulus of
elasticity(c),
ksi
% 103
Ultimate
Yield
In 2 in.
116 in.
thick
specimen
5086-O
5086-H32, H116
5086-H34
5086-H112
5154-O
38
42
47
39
35
17
30
37
19
17
22
12
10
14
27
58
23
27
22
17
10.3
10.3.
10.3
10.3
10.2
5154-H32
5154-H34
5154-H36
5154-H38
5154-H112
39
42
45
48
35
30
33
36
39
17
15
13
12
10
25
67
73
78
80
63
22
24
26
28
18
19
20
21
17
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
5252-H25
5252-H38, H28
5254-O
5254-H32
5254-H34
34
41
35
39
42
25
35
17
30
33
11
5
27
15
13
68
75
58
67
73
21
23
22
22
24
17
18
19
10.0
10.0
10.2
10.2
10.2
5254-H36
5254-H38
5254-H112
5454-O
5454-H32
45
48
35
36
40
36
39
17
17
30
12
10
25
22
10
78
80
63
62
73
26
28
23
24
20
21
17
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
5454-H34
5454-H111
5454-H112
5456-O
5456-H25
44
38
36
45
45
35
26
18
23
24
10
14
18
24
22
81
70
62
26
23
23
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.3
10.3
5456-H321, H116
5457-O
5457-H25
5457-H38, H28
5652-O
51
19
26
30
28
37
7
23
27
13
22
12
6
25
16
30
90
32
48
55
47
30
12
16
18
18
16
10.3
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.2
5652-H32
5652-H34
5652-H36
5652-H38
5657-H25
33
38
40
42
23
28
31
35
37
20
12
10
8
7
12
18
14
10
8
60
68
73
77
40
20
21
23
24
12
17
18
19
20
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.0
5657-H38, H28
6061-O
6061-T4, T451
6061-T6, T651
Alclad 6061-O
28
18
35
45
17
24
8
21
40
7
7
25
22
12
25
30
25
17
50
30
65
95
15
12
24
30
11
9
14
14
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
33
19
22
(continued)
22
10.0
Strength, ksi
Note: Table values not intended for use in design. (a) The indicated typical mechanical properties for all except O temper material are higher than the specied minimum
properties. For O temper products, typical ultimate and yield values are slightly lower than specied (maximum) values. (b) Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely
reversed stress using the R.R. Moore type of machine and specimen. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is about 2% greater than tension
modulus. (d) 1350-O wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 10 in. (e) 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approximately 112% in 10 in. (f) Tempers
T361 and T861 were formerly designated T36 and T86, respectively. (g) Based on 107 cycles using exural type testing of sheet specimens. (h) Based on 14 in. thick specimen.
(i) T7451, although not previously registered, has appeared in literature and in some specications as T73651.
Table 1
(continued)
Tension
Elongation, %
Strength, ksi
Ultimate
Yield
In 2 in.
116 in.
thick
specimen
In 4D
12 in.
diam
specimen
Hardness,
Brinell
No., 500 kg load,
10 mm ball
Shear,
ultimate
shearing
strength,
ksi
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
ksi
Modulus,
modulus of
elasticity(c),
ksi
% 103
42
13
22
25
27
37
7
13
13
21
12
20
22
12
25
42
60
27
10
14
17
8
9
10
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
6063-T6
6063-T83
6063-T831
6063-T832
6066-O
35
37
30
42
22
31
35
27
39
12
12
9
10
12
18
73
82
70
95
43
22
22
18
27
14
10
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
6066-T4, T451
6066-T6, T651
6070-T6
6101-H111
6101-T6
52
57
55
14
32
30
52
51
11
28
10
15(h)
18
12
90
120
71
29
34
34
20
16
14
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
6262-T9
6351-T4
6351-T6
6463-T1
6463-T5
58
36
45
22
27
55
22
41
13
21
20
14
20
12
10
120
95
42
60
35
29
14
17
13
13
10
10
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
6463-T6
7049-T73
7049-T7352
7050-T73510, T73511
7050-T7451(i)
35
75
75
72
76
31
65
63
63
68
12
12
11
12
11
74
135
135
22
44
43
44
10
10.0
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
7050-T7651
7075-O
7075-T6, T651
Alclad 7075-O
Alclad 7075-T6, T651
80
33
83
32
76
71
15
73
14
67
17
11
17
11
11
16
11
60
150
47
22
48
22
46
23
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
7175-T74
7178-O
7178-T6, T651
7178-T76, T7651
Alclad 7178-O
76
33
88
83
32
66
15
78
73
14
15
10
16
11
16
11
11
135
42
23
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.3
10.4
81
82
85
72
75
71
71
74
61
65
10
11
12
13
13
10.4
10.2
10.4
10.4
10.2
7475-T7651
Alclad 7475-T61
Alclad 7475-T761
8176-H24
77
75
71
17
67
66
61
14
11
12
15
12
10
10.4
10.2
10.2
10.0
Note: Table values not intended for use in design. (a) The indicated typical mechanical properties for all except O temper material are higher than the specied minimum
properties. For O temper products, typical ultimate and yield values are slightly lower than specied (maximum) values. (b) Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely
reversed stress using the R.R. Moore type of machine and specimen. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is about 2% greater than tension
modulus. (d) 1350-O wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 10 in. (e) 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approximately 112% in 10 in. (f) Tempers
T361 and T861 were formerly designated T36 and T86, respectively. (g) Based on 107 cycles using exural type testing of sheet specimens. (h) Based on 14 in. thick specimen.
(i) T7451, although not previously registered, has appeared in literature and in some specications as T73651.
Table 1M
Hardness,
Brinell
No., 500 kgf load,
10 mm ball
Shear,
ultimate
shearing
strength,
MPa
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
MPa
Modulus,
modulus of
elasticity(c),
MPa % 103
Yield
In 50 mm
1.60 mm
thick
specimen
1060-O
1060-H12
1060-H14
1060-H16
1060-H18
70
85
100
115
130
30
75
90
105
125
43
16
12
8
6
19
23
26
30
35
50
55
60
70
75
20
30
35
45
45
69
69
69
69
69
1100-O
1100-H12
1100-H14
1100-H16
1100-H18
90
110
125
145
165
35
105
115
140
150
35
12
9
6
5
42
22
18
15
13
23
28
32
38
44
60
70
75
85
90
35
40
50
60
60
69
69
69
69
69
1350-O
1350-H12
1350-H14
1350-H16
1350-H19
85
95
110
125
185
30
85
95
110
165
(d)
(e)
55
60
70
75
105
50
69
69
69
69
69
2011-T3
2011-T8
2014-O
2014-T4, T451
2014-T6, T651
380
405
185
425
485
295
310
95
290
415
13
10
16
18
11
95
100
45
105
135
220
240
125
260
290
125
125
90
140
125
70
70
73
73
73
Alclad 2014-O
Alclad 2014-T3
Alclad 2014-T4, T451
Alclad 2014-T6, T651
2017-O
170
435
421
470
180
70
275
255
415
70
21
20
22
10
20
45
125
255
255
285
125
90
73
73
73
73
73
2017-T4, T451
2018-T61
2024-O
2024-T3
2024-T4, T351
425
420
185
485
472
275
315
75
345
325
21
20
18
20
20
10
20
17
105
120
47
120
120
260
270
125
285
285
125
115
90
140
140
73
74
73
73
73
2024-T361(f)
Alclad 2024-O
Alclad 2024-T3
Alclad 2024-T4, T351
Alclad 2024-T361(f)
495
180
450
440
460
395
75
310
290
365
13
20
18
19
11
130
290
125
275
275
285
125
73
73
73
73
73
450
485
400
340
295
415
455
255
195
165
6
6
24
17
24
110
70
275
290
240
205
195
125
125(g)
95
73
73
72
71
71
2124-T851
485
440
(continued)
73
Strength, MPa
Alloy and temper
Ultimate
Note: Table values not intended for use in design. (a) The indicated typical mechanical properties for all except O temper material are higher than the specied minimum
properties. For O temper products, typical ultimate and yield values are slightly lower than specied (maximum) values. (b) Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely
reversed stress using the R.R. Moore type of machine and specimen. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is approximately 2% greater than
tension modulus. (d) 1350-O wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 250 mm. (e) 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approximately 112% in 250 mm.
(f) Tempers T361 and T861 formerly were designated T36 and T86, respectively. (g) Based on 107 cycles using exural type testing of sheet specimens. (h) Based on 6.3 mm
thick specimen. (i) T7451, although not previously registered, has appeared in literature and in some specications as T73651.
Table 1M
(continued)
Tension
Elongation, %
In 5D
12.5 mm
diam
specimen
Hardness,
Brinell
No., 500 kgf load,
10 mm ball
Shear,
ultimate
shearing
strength,
MPa
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
MPa
Modulus,
modulus of
elasticity(c),
MPa % 103
Ultimate
Yield
In 50 mm
1.60 mm
thick
specimen
2218-T72
2219-O
2219-T42
2219-T31, T351
2219-T37
330
170
360
360
395
255
75
185
250
215
18
20
17
11
95
205
74
73
73
73
73
2219-T62
2219-T81, T851
2219-T87
2618-T61
3003-O
415
455
475
440
110
290
350
395
370
40
10
10
10
30
10
37
115
28
260
75
105
105
105
90
50
73
73
73
73
69
3003-H12
3003-H14
3003-H16
3003-H18
Alclad 3003-O
130
150
175
200
110
125
145
170
185
40
10
8
5
4
30
18
14
12
9
37
35
40
47
55
85
95
105
110
75
55
60
70
70
69
69
69
69
69
Alclad 3003-H12
Alclad 3003-H14
Alclad 3003-H16
Alclad 3003-H18
3004-O
130
150
175
200
180
125
145
170
185
70
10
8
5
4
20
18
14
12
9
22
45
85
95
105
110
110
95
69
69
69
69
69
3004-H32
3004-H34
3004-H36
3004-H38
Alclad 3004-O
215
240
260
285
180
170
200
230
250
70
10
9
5
5
20
15
10
8
5
22
52
63
70
77
115
125
140
145
110
105
105
110
110
69
69
69
69
69
Alclad 3004-H32
Alclad 3004-H34
Alclad 3004-H36
Alclad 3004-H38
3105-O
215
240
260
285
115
170
200
230
250
55
10
9
5
5
24
15
10
8
5
115
125
140
145
85
69
69
69
69
69
3105-H12
3105-H14
3105-H16
3105-H18
3105-H25
150
170
195
215
180
130
150
170
195
160
7
5
4
3
8
95
105
110
115
105
69
69
69
69
69
4032-T6
5005-O
5005-H12
5005-H14
5005-H16
380
125
140
160
180
315
40
130
150
170
25
10
6
5
120
28
260
75
95
95
105
110
79
69
69
69
69
5005-H18
200
195
(continued)
110
69
Strength, MPa
Note: Table values not intended for use in design. (a) The indicated typical mechanical properties for all except O temper material are higher than the specied minimum
properties. For O temper products, typical ultimate and yield values are slightly lower than specied (maximum) values. (b) Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely
reversed stress using the R.R. Moore type of machine and specimen. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is approximately 2% greater than
tension modulus. (d) 1350-O wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 250 mm. (e) 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approximately 112% in 250 mm.
(f) Tempers T361 and T861 formerly were designated T36 and T86, respectively. (g) Based on 107 cycles using exural type testing of sheet specimens. (h) Based on 6.3 mm
thick specimen. (i) T7451, although not previously registered, has appeared in literature and in some specications as T73651.
Table 1M
(continued)
Tension
Elongation, %
In 5D
12.5 mm
diam
specimen
Hardness,
Brinell
No., 500 kgf load,
10 mm ball
Shear,
ultimate
shearing
strength,
MPa
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
MPa
Modulus,
modulus of
elasticity(c),
MPa % 103
Ultimate
Yield
In 50 mm
1.60 mm
thick
specimen
5005-H32
5005-H34
5005-H36
5005-H38
5050-O
140
160
180
200
145
115
140
165
185
55
11
8
6
5
24
36
41
46
51
36
95
95
105
110
105
85
69
69
69
69
69
5050-H32
5050-H34
5050-H36
5050-H38
5052-O
170
190
205
220
195
145
165
180
200
90
9
8
7
6
25
27
46
53
58
63
47
115
125
130
140
125
90
90
95
95
110
69
69
69
69
70
5052-H32
5052-H34
5052-H36
5052-H38
5056-O
230
260
275
290
290
195
215
240
255
150
12
10
8
7
16
12
9
7
32
60
68
73
77
65
140
145
160
165
180
115
125
130
140
140
70
70
70
70
71
5056-H18
5056-H38
5083-O
5083-H321, H116
5086-O
435
415
290
315
260
405
345
145
230
115
22
9
13
20
14
105
100
235
220
170
165
150
150
160
71
71
71
71
71
5086-H32, H116
5086-H34
5086-H112
5154-O
5154-H32
290
325
270
240
270
205
255
130
115
205
12
10
14
27
15
58
67
185
150
150
115
125
71
71
71
70
70
5154-H34
5154-H36
5154-H38
5154-H112
5252-H25
290
310
330
240
235
230
250
270
115
170
13
12
10
25
11
73
78
80
63
68
165
180
195
145
130
140
145
115
70
70
70
70
69
5252-H38, H28
5254-O
5254-H32
5254-H34
5254-H36
285
240
270
290
310
240
115
205
230
250
5
27
15
13
12
75
58
67
73
78
160
150
150
165
180
115
125
130
140
69
70
70
70
70
5254-H38
5254-H112
5454-O
5454-H32
5454-H34
330
240
250
275
305
270
115
115
205
240
10
25
22
10
10
80
63
62
73
81
195
160
165
180
145
115
70
70
70
70
70
5454-H111
260
180
14
(continued)
70
160
70
Strength, MPa
Alloy and temper
Note: Table values not intended for use in design. (a) The indicated typical mechanical properties for all except O temper material are higher than the specied minimum
properties. For O temper products, typical ultimate and yield values are slightly lower than specied (maximum) values. (b) Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely
reversed stress using the R.R. Moore type of machine and specimen. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is approximately 2% greater than
tension modulus. (d) 1350-O wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 250 mm. (e) 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approximately 112% in 250 mm.
(f) Tempers T361 and T861 formerly were designated T36 and T86, respectively. (g) Based on 107 cycles using exural type testing of sheet specimens. (h) Based on 6.3 mm
thick specimen. (i) T7451, although not previously registered, has appeared in literature and in some specications as T73651.
Table 1M
(continued)
Tension
Elongation, %
In 5D
12.5 mm
diam
specimen
Hardness,
Brinell
No., 500 kgf load,
10 mm ball
Shear,
ultimate
shearing
strength,
MPa
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
MPa
Modulus,
modulus of
elasticity(c),
MPa % 103
Ultimate
Yield
In 50 mm
1.60 mm
thick
specimen
5454-H112
5456-O
5456-H25
5456-H321, H116
5457-O
250
310
310
350
130
125
160
165
255
50
18
22
22
20
14
62
90
32
160
205
85
70
71
71
71
69
5457-H25
5457-H38, H28
5652-O
5652-H32
5652-H34
180
205
195
230
260
160
185
90
195
215
12
6
25
12
10
27
16
12
48
55
47
60
68
110
125
125
140
145
110
115
125
69
69
70
70
70
5652-H36
5652-H38
5657-H25
5657-H38, H28
6061-O
275
290
160
195
125
240
255
140
165
55
8
7
12
7
25
9
7
27
73
77
40
50
30
160
165
95
105
85
130
140
60
70
70
69
69
69
6061-T4, T451
6061-T6, T651
Alclad 6061-O
Alclad 6061-T4, T451
Alclad 6061-T6, T651
240
310
115
230
290
145
275
50
130
255
22
12
25
22
12
22
15
65
95
165
205
75
150
185
95
95
69
69
69
69
69
6063-O
6063-T1
6063-T4
6063-T5
6063-T6
90
150
170
185
240
50
90
90
145
215
20
22
12
12
25
42
60
73
70
95
115
150
55
60
70
70
69
69
69
69
69
6063-T83
6063-T831
6063-T832
6066-O
6066-T4, T451
255
205
295
150
360
240
185
270
85
205
9
10
12
16
16
82
70
95
43
90
150
125
185
95
200
69
69
69
69
69
6066-T6, T651
6070-T6
6101-H111
6101-T6
6262-T9
395
380
95
220
400
360
350
75
195
380
10
15(h)
10
120
71
120
235
235
140
240
110
95
90
69
69
69
69
69
6351-T4
6351-T6
6463-T1
6463-T5
6463-T6
250
310
150
185
240
150
285
90
145
215
20
14
20
12
12
(continued)
95
42
60
74
200
95
115
150
90
70
70
70
69
69
69
69
69
Strength, MPa
Alloy and temper
Note: Table values not intended for use in design. (a) The indicated typical mechanical properties for all except O temper material are higher than the specied minimum
properties. For O temper products, typical ultimate and yield values are slightly lower than specied (maximum) values. (b) Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely
reversed stress using the R.R. Moore type of machine and specimen. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is approximately 2% greater than
tension modulus. (d) 1350-O wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 250 mm. (e) 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approximately 112% in 250 mm.
(f) Tempers T361 and T861 formerly were designated T36 and T86, respectively. (g) Based on 107 cycles using exural type testing of sheet specimens. (h) Based on 6.3 mm
thick specimen. (i) T7451, although not previously registered, has appeared in literature and in some specications as T73651.
Table 1M
(continued)
Tension
Elongation, %
In 5D
12.5 mm
diam
specimen
Hardness,
Brinell
No., 500 kgf load,
10 mm ball
Shear,
ultimate
shearing
strength,
MPa
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
MPa
Modulus,
modulus of
elasticity(c),
MPa % 103
Ultimate
Yield
In 50 mm
1.60 mm
thick
specimen
7049-T73
7049-T7352
7050-T73510, T73511
7050-T7451(i)
7050-T7651
515
515
495
525
550
450
435
435
470
490
10
9
11
10
10
135
135
305
295
305
325
72
72
72
72
72
7075-O
7075-T6, T651
Alclad 7075-O
Alclad 7075-T6, T651
7175-T74
230
570
220
525
525
105
505
95
460
455
17
11
17
11
14
9
10
60
150
135
150
330
150
315
290
160
160
72
72
72
72
72
7178-O
7178-T6, T651
7178-T76, T7651
Alclad 7178-O
Alclad 7178-T6, T651
230
605
570
220
560
105
540
505
95
460
15
10
16
10
14
9
9
72
72
71
72
72
7475-T61
7475-T651
7475-T7351
7475-T761
7475-T7651
565
585
495
515
530
490
510
420
450
460
11
12
13
13
12
70
72
72
70
72
Alclad 7475-T61
Alclad 7475-T761
8176-H24
515
490
160
455
420
95
11
12
15
70
70
70
69
Strength, MPa
Alloy and temper
Note: Table values not intended for use in design. (a) The indicated typical mechanical properties for all except O temper material are higher than the specied minimum
properties. For O temper products, typical ultimate and yield values are slightly lower than specied (maximum) values. (b) Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely
reversed stress using the R.R. Moore type of machine and specimen. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is approximately 2% greater than
tension modulus. (d) 1350-O wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 250 mm. (e) 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approximately 112% in 250 mm.
(f) Tempers T361 and T861 formerly were designated T36 and T86, respectively. (g) Based on 107 cycles using exural type testing of sheet specimens. (h) Based on 6.3 mm
thick specimen. (i) T7451, although not previously registered, has appeared in literature and in some specications as T73651.
Table 2
Type of casting
Sand
Alloy
and temper
Ultimate
strength, ksi
Yield
strength(a),
ksi
201.0-T6
201.0-T7
201.0-T43
204.0-T4
A206.0-T4
65
68
60
45
51
55
60
37
28
36
208.0-F
213.0-F
222.0-O
222.0-T61
224.0-T72
21
24
27
41
55
14
15
20
40
40
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
ksi
Modulus
of
elasticity(c),
106 ksi
Hardness,
Brinell No.,
500kg/10mm
Shear,
ultimate
strength,
ksi
8
6
17
6
7
130
40
14
3
2
1
<0.5
10
70
80
115
123
17
20
21
32
35
11
9
9.5
8.5
9
Elongation
in 2 in.
or 4D, %
10.7
10.5
(continued)
Values are representative of separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. (a) For tensile yield strengths, offset 0.2%. (b) Based on 500,000,000
cycles of completely reversed stress using R.R. Moore type of machines and specimens. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally
approximately 2% greater. Data taken from various industry handbooks.
Table 2
(continued)
Tension
Type of casting
Sand
(continued)
Modulus
of
elasticity(c),
106 ksi
Hardness,
Brinell No.,
500kg/10mm
Shear,
ultimate
strength,
ksi
1
1
1
1
90
70
85
90120
21
26
8
11
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
23
16
24
32
2
2
9
5
2
75
80
75
90
24
26
30
33
10.5
7
7.5
8
10.3
10.0
10.0
10.0
29
27
30
36
25
16
18
26
24
14
3
2
2
2
1
5585
70
80
80
4575
22
24
29
10
11
11
10.0
10.7
10.7
10.7
328.0-T6
355.0-F
355.0-T51
355.0-T6
355.0-T61
34
23
28
35
35
21
12
23
25
35
1
3
2
3
1
6595
65
80
90
22
28
31
8
9
9.5
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
355.0-T7
355.0-T71
C355.0-T6
356.0-F
356.0-T51
38
35
39
24
25
26
29
29
18
20
1
2
5
6
2
85
75
85
60
28
26
20
10
10
10.2
10.2
10.5
10.5
356.0-T6
356.0-T7
356.0-T71
A356.0-F
A356.0-T51
33
34
28
23
26
24
30
21
12
18
4
2
4
6
3
70
75
60
26
24
20
8.5
9
8.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
A356.0-T6
A356.0-T71
357.0-F
357.0-T51
357.0-T6
40
30
25
26
50
30
20
13
17
42
6
3
5
3
2
75
10.5
10.5
357.0-T7
A357.0-T6
359.0-T62
A390.0-F
A390.0-T5
40
46
50
26
26
34
36
42
26
26
3
3
6
<1.0
<1.0
60
85
16
100
100
40
12
A390.0-T6
A390.0-T7
443.0-F
B443.0-F
A444.0-F
40
36
19
17
21
40
36
8
6
9
<1.0
<1.0
8
3
9
140
115
40
2555
3060
14
13
10.3
Ultimate
strength, ksi
Yield
strength(a),
ksi
34
31
27
32
32
28
20
18
30
20
242.0-T77
A242.0-T75
295.0-T4
295.0-T6
295.0-T62
30
31
32
36
41
295.0-T7
319-F
319.0-T5
319.0-T6
328.0-F
Alloy
and temper
240.0-F
242.0-F
242.0-O
242.0-T571
242.0-T61
Elongation
in 2 in.
or 4D, %
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
ksi
(continued)
Values are representative of separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. (a) For tensile yield strengths, offset 0.2%. (b) Based on 500,000,000
cycles of completely reversed stress using R.R. Moore type of machines and specimens. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally
approximately 2% greater. Data taken from various industry handbooks.
Table 2
(continued)
Tension
Type of casting
Sand
(continued)
Permanent mold
Elongation
in 2 in.
or 4D, %
Hardness,
Brinell No.,
500kg/10mm
Shear,
ultimate
strength,
ksi
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
ksi
Modulus
of
elasticity(c),
106 ksi
Ultimate
strength, ksi
Yield
strength(a),
ksi
A444.0-T4
511.0-F
512.0-F
514.0-F
520.0-T4
23
21
20
25
48
9
12
13
12
26
12
3
2
9
16
43
50
50
50
75
17
17
20
34
8
9
7
8
535.0-F
535.0-T5
A535.0-F
707.0-T5
707.0-T7
35
35
36
33
37
18
18
18
22
30
9
9
9
2
1
6090
6090
65
70100
6595
710.0-F
710.0-T5
712.0-F
712.0-T5
713.0-F
32
32
34
34
32
20
20
25
25
22
2
2
4
4
3
6090
6090
6090
6090
6090
713.0-T5
771.0-T5
771.0-T52
771.0-T53
771.0-T6
32
32
36
36
42
22
27
30
27
35
3
3
2
2
5
6090
70100
70100
75105
771.0-T71
850.0-T5
851.0-T5
852.0-T5
48
20
20
27
45
11
11
22
2
8
5
2
105135
45
45
65
14
14
18
10
10.3
10.3
10.3
201.0-T6
201.0-T7
201.0-T43
204.0-T4
A206.0-T4
65
68
60
48
62
55
60
37
29
38
8
6
17
8
17
130
42
14
A206.0-T7
208.0-T6
208.0-T7
213.0-F
222.0-T551
63
35
33
30
37
50
22
16
24
35
12
2
3
2
<0.5
75105
6595
85
115
37
24
30
9.5
8.5
10.7
222.0-T52
238.0-F
242.0-T61
A249.0-T63
296.0-T7
35
30
47
69
39
31
24
42
60
20
1
2
1
6
5
100
100
110
80
25
24
35
30
10
10.7
10.3
10.1
308.0-F
319.0-F
319.0-T6
324.0-F
324.0-T5
28
34
40
30
36
16
19
27
16
26
2
3
3
4
3
70
85
95
70
90
22
24
13
10.7
10.7
324.0-T62
45
39
105
Alloy
and temper
(continued)
Values are representative of separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. (a) For tensile yield strengths, offset 0.2%. (b) Based on 500,000,000
cycles of completely reversed stress using R.R. Moore type of machines and specimens. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally
approximately 2% greater. Data taken from various industry handbooks.
Table 2
(continued)
Tension
Type of casting
Permanent mold
(continued)
Ultimate
strength, ksi
Yield
strength(a),
ksi
Elongation
in 2 in.
or 4D, %
Hardness,
Brinell No.,
500kg/10mm
Shear,
ultimate
strength,
ksi
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
ksi
Modulus
of
elasticity(c),
106 ksi
332.0-T5
328.0-T6
333.0-F
242.0-T571
333.0-T5
36
34
34
40
34
28
21
19
34
25
1
1
2
1
1
105
6595
90
105
100
27
30
27
15
10.5
12
10.3
333.0-T6
333.0-T7
336.0-T551
336.0-T65
354.0-T61
42
37
36
47
48
30
28
28
43
37
2
2
1
1
3
105
90
105
125
33
28
28
36
15
12
14
354.0-T62
355.0-F
355.0-T51
355.0-T6
355.0-T61
52
27
30
42
45
42
15
24
27
40
2
4
2
4
2
75
90
105
24
34
36
10
10
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
355.0-T7
355.0-T71
C355.0-T6
C355.0-T61
C355.0-T62
40
36
48
46
48
30
31
28
34
37
2
3
8
6
5
85
85
90
100
100
30
27
10
10
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
356.0-F
356.0-T51
356.0-T6
356.0-T7
356.0-T71
26
27
38
32
25
18
20
27
24
5
2
5
6
3
80
70
6090
30
25
13
11
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
A356.0-F
A356.0-T51
A356.0-T6
357.0-F
357.0-T51
27
29
41
28
29
13
20
30
15
21
8
5
12
6
4
80
10.5
10.5
10.5
357.0-T6
357.0-T7
A357.0-T6
359.0-T61
359.0-T62
52
38
52
48
50
43
30
42
37
42
5
5
5
6
6
100
70
100
35
35
13
15
16
A390.0-F
A390.0-T5
A390.0-T6
A390.0-T7
443.0-F
29
29
45
38
23
29
29
45
38
9
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
10
110
110
145
120
45
16
17
15
8
10.3
B443.0-F
A444.0-F
A444.0-T4
513.0-F
535.0-F
21
24
23
27
35
6
11
10
16
18
6
13
21
7
8
3060
44
45
60
6090
16
22
8
10
705.0-T5
37
17
10
5575
Alloy
and temper
(continued)
Values are representative of separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. (a) For tensile yield strengths, offset 0.2%. (b) Based on 500,000,000
cycles of completely reversed stress using R.R. Moore type of machines and specimens. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally
approximately 2% greater. Data taken from various industry handbooks.
Table 2
(continued)
Tension
Alloy
and temper
Type of casting
Permanent mold
(continued)
Die cast
Ultimate
strength, ksi
Yield
strength(a),
ksi
Elongation
in 2 in.
or 4D, %
Hardness,
Brinell No.,
500kg/10mm
Shear,
ultimate
strength,
ksi
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
ksi
Modulus
of
elasticity(c),
106 ksi
707.0-T7
711.0-T1
713.0-T5
850.0-T5
851.0-T5
45
28
32
23
20
35
18
22
11
11
3
7
4
12
5
80110
5585
6090
45
45
15
14
9
9
10.3
10.3
851.0-T6
852.0-T5
18
32
23
8
5
70
21
11
10.3
10.3
360.0-F
A360.0-F
380.0-F
A380.0-F
383.0-F
44
46
46
47
45
25
24
23
23
22
3
4
3
4
4
75
75
80
80
75
28
26
28
27
20
18
20
20
21
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
384.0-F
390.0-F
B390.0-F
392.0-F
413.0-F
48
40.5
46
42
43
24
35
36
39
21
3
<1
<1
<1
3
85
120
80
29
25
20
20
19
11.8
10.3
A413.0-F
C443.0-F
518.0-F
42
33
45
19
14
28
4
9
5
80
65
80
25
29
29
19
17
20
10.3
Values are representative of separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. (a) For tensile yield strengths, offset 0.2%. (b) Based on 500,000,000
cycles of completely reversed stress using R.R. Moore type of machines and specimens. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally
approximately 2% greater. Data taken from various industry handbooks.
Table 2M
Type of casting
Sand
Shear,
ultimate
strength,
MPa
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
MPa
Modulus
of
elasticity(c),
106 MPa
130
275
95
70
80
115
123
115
140
145
220
240
75
60
65
60
60
1
1
1
1
90
70
85
90120
145
180
55
75
71
71
71
71
2
2
75
165
70
71
Alloy
and temper
Ultimate
strength, MPa
Yield
strength(a),
MPa
201.0-T6
201.0-T7
201.0-T43
204.0-T4
A206.0-T4
450
470
415
310
350
380
415
255
195
250
8
6
17
6
7
208.0-F
213.0-F
222.0-O
222.0-T61
224.0-T72
145
165
185
285
380
655
105
140
275
275
3
2
1
<0.5
10
240.0-F
242.0-F
242.0-O
242.0-T571
242.0-T61
235
145
185
220
220
195
140
125
205
140
205
215
160
242.0-T77
A242.0-T75
Elongation
In 5D,
%
Hardness,
Brinell
No.,
500kg/10mm
74
73
(continued)
Values are representative of separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. (a) For tensile yield strengths, offset 0.2%. (b) Based on 500,000,000
cycles of completely reversed stress using R.R. Moore type of machines and specimens. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally
approximately 2% greater than the tension modulus. Data taken from various industry handbooks.
Table 2M
(continued)
Tension
Type of casting
Sand
(continued)
Ultimate
strength, MPa
Yield
strength(a),
MPa
Elongation
In 5D,
%
Hardness,
Brinell
No.,
500kg/10mm
Shear,
ultimate
strength,
MPa
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
MPa
Modulus
of
elasticity(c),
106 MPa
295.0-T4
295.0-T6
295.0-T62
295.0-T7
319-F
220
250
285
200
185
110
165
220
110
125
9
5
2
3
2
80
75
90
5585
70
180
205
230
150
50
50
55
70
69
69
69
69
74
319.0-T5
319.0-T6
328.0-F
328.0-T6
355.0-F
205
250
170
235
160
180
165
95
145
85
2
2
1
1
3
80
80
4575
6595
165
200
75
75
74
74
70
355.0-T51
355.0-T6
355.0-T61
355.0-T7
355.0-T71
195
240
240
260
240
160
170
240
180
200
2
3
1
1
2
65
80
90
85
75
150
195
215
195
180
55
60
65
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
C355.0-T6
356.0-F
356.0-T51
356.0-T6
356.0-T7
270
165
170
230
235
200
125
140
135
205
5
6
2
4
2
85
60
70
75
140
180
165
55
60
60
73
73
73
73
356.0-T71
A356.0-F
A356.0-T51
A356.0-T6
A356.0-T71
195
160
180
275
205
145
85
125
205
140
4
6
3
6
3
60
75
140
60
73
73
73
73
73
357.0-F
357.0-T51
357.0-T6
357.0-T7
A357.0-T6
170
180
345
275
315
90
115
295
235
250
5
3
2
3
3
60
85
275
85
359.0-T62
A390.0-F
A390.0-T5
A390.0-T6
A390.0-T7
345
180
180
275
250
290
180
180
275
250
6
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
16
100
100
140
115
90
443.0-F
B443.0-F
A444.0-F
A444.0-T4
511.0-F
130
115
145
23
145
55
40
60
60
85
8
3
9
12
3
40
2555
3060
43
50
95
115
55
55
71
512.0-F
514.0-F
520.0-T4
535.0-F
535.0-T5
140
170
330
240
240
90
85
180
125
125
2
9
16
9
9
50
50
75
6090
6090
115
140
235
60
50
55
250
125
65
Alloy
and temper
A535.0-F
(continued)
Values are representative of separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. (a) For tensile yield strengths, offset 0.2%. (b) Based on 500,000,000
cycles of completely reversed stress using R.R. Moore type of machines and specimens. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally
approximately 2% greater than the tension modulus. Data taken from various industry handbooks.
Table 2M
(continued)
Tension
Type of casting
Sand
(continued)
Permanent mold
Alloy
and temper
Ultimate
strength, MPa
Yield
strength(a),
MPa
Elongation
In 5D,
%
Hardness,
Brinell
No.,
500kg/10mm
Shear,
ultimate
strength,
MPa
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
MPa
Modulus
of
elasticity(c),
106 MPa
707.0-T5
707.0-T7
710.0-F
710.0-T5
712.0-F
230
255
220
220
235
150
205
140
140
170
2
1
2
2
4
70100
6595
6090
6090
6090
712.0-T5
713.0-F
713.0-T5
771.0-T5
771.0-T52
235
220
220
220
250
170
150
150
185
205
4
3
3
3
2
6090
6090
6090
70100
70100
771.0-T53
771.0-T6
771.0-T71
850.0-T5
851.0-T5
852.0-T5
250
290
330
140
140
185
185
240
310
75
75
150
2
5
2
8
5
2
75105
105135
45
45
65
95
95
125
60
71
71
71
201.0-T6
201.0-T7
201.0-T43
204.0-T4
A206.0-T4
450
470
415
330
430
380
415
255
200
260
8
6
17
8
17
130
290
95
A206.0-T7
208.0-T6
208.0-T7
213.0-F
222.0-T551
435
240
230
205
255
345
150
110
165
240
12
2
3
2
<0.5
75105
6595
85
115
255
165
205
65
60
74
222.0-T52
238.0-F
242.0-T571
242.0-T61
A249.0-T63
240
205
275
325
475
215
165
235
290
415
1
2
1
1
6
100
100
105
110
170
165
205
450
70
70
74
74
74
296.0-T7
308.0-F
319.0-F
319.0-T6
324.0-F
270
195
235
275
205
140
110
130
185
110
5
2
3
3
4
80
70
85
95
70
205
150
165
60
90
70
74
74
324.0-T5
324.0-T62
332.0-T5
328.0-T6
333.0-F
250
310
250
235
235
180
270
195
145
130
3
3
1
1
2
90
105
105
6595
90
185
105
333.0-T5
333.0-T6
333.0-T7
336.0-T551
235
290
255
250
170
205
195
193
(continued)
1
2
2
1
100
105
90
105
185
230
195
193
85
105
85
95
Values are representative of separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. (a) For tensile yield strengths, offset 0.2%. (b) Based on 500,000,000
cycles of completely reversed stress using R.R. Moore type of machines and specimens. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally
approximately 2% greater than the tension modulus. Data taken from various industry handbooks.
Table 2M
(continued)
Tension
Type of casting
Permanent mold
(continued)
Shear,
ultimate
strength,
MPa
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
MPa
Modulus
of
elasticity(c),
106 MPa
125
75
250
165
70
70
4
2
2
3
8
90
105
85
85
90
235
250
205
185
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
235
255
125
140
185
6
5
5
2
5
100
100
80
205
90
70
70
73
73
73
220
170
165
200
285
165
90
140
205
6
3
8
5
12
70
6090
80
170
75
73
73
73
73
73
357.0-F
357.0-T51
357.0-T6
357.0-T7
A357.0-T6
195
200
360
260
360
105
145
295
205
290
6
4
5
5
5
100
70
100
240
240
90
105
359.0-T61
359.0-T62
A390.0-F
A390.0-T5
A390.0-T6
330
345
200
200
310
255
290
200
200
310
6
6
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
110
110
145
110
115
A390.0-T7
443.0-F
B443.0-F
A444.0-F
A444.0-T4
260
160
145
165
160
260
60
40
75
70
<1.0
10
6
13
21
120
45
3060
44
45
110
110
105
55
55
71
513.0-F
535.0-F
705.0-T5
707.0-T7
711.0-T1
185
240
255
310
195
110
125
115
240
125
7
8
10
3
7
60
6090
5575
80110
5585
150
70
713.0-T5
850.0-T5
851.0-T5
851.0-T6
852.0-T5
220
160
140
125
220
150
75
75
160
(continued)
4
12
5
8
5
6090
45
45
70
105
95
145
60
60
75
71
71
71
71
Ultimate
strength, MPa
Yield
strength(a),
MPa
Elongation
In 5D,
%
336.0-T65
354.0-T61
354.0-T62
355.0-F
355.0-T51
325
330
360
185
205
295
255
290
105
165
1
3
2
4
2
355.0-T6
355.0-T61
355.0-T7
355.0-T71
C355.0-T6
290
310
275
250
330
185
275
205
215
195
C355.0-T61
C355.0-T62
356.0-F
356.0-T51
356.0-T6
315
330
180
185
260
356.0-T7
356.0-T71
A356.0-F
A356.0-T51
A356.0-T6
Alloy
and temper
Hardness,
Brinell
No.,
500kg/10mm
Values are representative of separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. (a) For tensile yield strengths, offset 0.2%. (b) Based on 500,000,000
cycles of completely reversed stress using R.R. Moore type of machines and specimens. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally
approximately 2% greater than the tension modulus. Data taken from various industry handbooks.
Table 2M
(continued)
Tension
Type of casting
Die cast
Hardness,
Brinell
No.,
500kg/10mm
Shear,
ultimate
strength,
MPa
Fatigue,
endurance
limit(b),
MPa
Modulus
of
elasticity(c),
106 MPa
3
4
3
4
4
75
75
80
80
75
195
180
195
185
140
124
140
140
145
71
71
71
71
71
165
240
250
270
145
3
<1
<1
<1
3
85
120
80
200
170
140
140
130
81
71
130
95
193
4
9
5
80
65
80
170
200
200
130
115
140
71
Alloy
and temper
Ultimate
strength, MPa
Yield
strength(a),
MPa
360.0-F
A360.0-F
380.0-F
A380.0-F
383.0-F
305
315
315
325
310
170
165
160
160
150
384.0-F
390.0-F
B390.0-F
392.0-F
413.0-F
330
280
315
290
295
A413.0-F
C443.0-F
518.0-F
290
230
310
Elongation
In 5D,
%
Values are representative of separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. (a) For tensile yield strengths, offset 0.2%. (b) Based on 500,000,000
cycles of completely reversed stress using R.R. Moore type of machines and specimens. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally
approximately 2% greater than the tension modulus. Data taken from various industry handbooks.
form and may be used for products that have been rolled, extruded,
forged, or any combination of those processes.
O O, annealed: This designation is used for wrought or cast products
made by some shaping process such as rolling, extrusion, forging,
drawing, or casting, and which product at some point in the process has
been annealed (i.e., given a high-temperature recrystallization treatment, sufficient to remove the effects of any prior working or thermal
treatments and usually resulting in complete recrystallization of the
material). Annealing treatments are used to achieve the lowest-strength
condition for the particular alloy involved. The primary reason for
using such a treatment on wrought alloys generally is to maximize
subsequent workability or increase toughness and ductility to a
maximum. For example:
a. 2014-O designates any product form of 2014 whose most recent
treatment has been holding at a high temperature (410 C, or
770 F) for 2 to 3 h, slow cooling to 260 C (500 F) and then
cooling at an uncontrolled rate to room temperature. For this alloy,
the treatment would normally be given to increase ease of subsequent working while completely removing any effects of prior
treatments.
b. 5083-O designates any product form of 5083 whose most recent
treatment has been heating up to a high temperature (345 C,
650 F) and then cooled at an uncontrolled rate to room
temperature. For this alloy, the treatment would normally be given
to increase toughness and ductility for its use in critical structural
applications such as liqueed natural gas tanks.
O H, strain hardened: This designation is used for non-heat-treatable
wrought alloys that have had their strength increased by strain
hardening (e.g., rolling, drawing) usually at room temperature. This
designation may, but does not necessarily, also apply to products that
have been given supplementary thermal treatments to achieve some
stabilization in strength level, since a number of aluminum alloys will
gradually soften slightly with time after cold working. The H is always
followed by two or more digits, the purpose of which is to indicate the
approximate amount of cold work and the nature of any thermal
treatments that followed. The variety of subsequent designations
available is discussed later, so the examples focus more on the H
designation itself at this point. For example:
a. 1350-H12 indicates that sheet, plate, rod, or wire of alloy 1350 has
been cold worked to increase its strength. The H12 combination
indicates approximately 20 to 25% cold reduction without any
subsequent thermal treatments (other variations are discussed later).
which certain alloys, especially of the 5xxx series, are prone). This also
may be accomplished by the heat applied during a subsequent forming.
O H4 indicates strain hardening followed by some thermal operation such
as paint curing or lacquering in which the heat applied during this
processing effectively reduces the degree of hardening remaining in the
alloy and provides some stabilization to the nal properties. It is useful
to note that there are no unique property limits associated with H4X
tempers; rather, the property limits associated with the comparable
H2X or H3X tempers are used.
As noted earlier, these H1, H2, H3, and H4 designations always are
followed by a second number that indicates the approximate amount of
cold work.
Examples of the application of these designations include:
O 3003-H12: Strain hardened approximately 25%; no other treatment
(i.e., meets properties for H12 temper)
O 3005-H26: Strain hardened and partial annealed to effective strain
hardening of about 75% (i.e., meets properties for H26 temper)
O 5052-H32: Strain hardened and stabilized to effective strain hardening
of about 25% (i.e., meets properties for H32 temper)
O 5052-H42: Strain hardened and given some nishing treatment that
provides effective strain hardening of approximately 25% (i.e., meets
properties for H42/H22 temper)
As indicated by these examples, the digit following H1, H2, H3, or H4,
indicates the effective degree of strain hardening remaining in the metal
following the sequence of operations indicated by the rst digit. In other
words:
O H1X temper: The X represents the actual amount of strain hardening
given the alloy; no thermal treatment has been given to reduce the
effective work remaining in the metal.
O H2X temper: The X represents the effective cold work remaining after
the metal has been cold worked beyond the nal level desired, and
partial annealed back.
O H3X and H4X tempers: The X indicates the effective cold work
remaining in the metal following cold working and the intermediate
temperature stabilization treatment or the thermal exposure involved in
the subsequent forming, painting, or lacquering processes.
The second numerical digits have both a technical denition according
to the Aluminum Association and a schematic, or approximate, denition as used in the trade. According to the Aluminum Association rules,
the second digit is dened based upon the minimum value of the ultimate
Up to 6
7 to 9
10 to 12
10
13 to 15
11
16 to 18
12
19 to 24
13
25 to 30
14
31 to 36
15
37 to 42
16
43 and over
17
Table 3M
(metric)
Up to 40
55
4560
62
6580
69
85100
76
105120
83
125160
90
165200
97
205240
103
245280
110
285320
115
120
H114
Fabricated from
O temper
the best way to illustrate and understand this usage better is to examine
the major examples, as in the following sections that cover:
O
O
O
O
O
O
Stress relief
Heat treatment by user
Variations in heat treatment procedures
Variations in quenching procedures
Addition of cold work before or after aging
Special practices for unique properties
that the specications for strength and dimensional tolerances are met
when parts are purchased by a customer who then performs some other
shaping or machining procedure before the part is heat treated. However,
the original producer no longer has any control over the degree to which
the required nal specications are met. Therefore, special temper
designations have been developed to cover the condition when the nal
heat treatment and meeting of property specications is the responsibility
of the customer rather than the original producer. These are the TX2
tempers.
It is important to note that the TX2 temper is the proper one to use any
time a customer or vendor rather than the original producer heat treats a
product. An independent heat treater, regardless of how reliable, cannot be
assumed to apply one of the standard tempers described heretofore to a
product in the same manner and with the same reliability as the original
producer. It is important, therefore, to make clear that the responsibility
for meeting mechanical properties rests with the customer rather than the
producer.
The TX2 descriptor is applied to wrought products heat treated from
any temper by the user of the product or the vendor (e.g., an aircraft
company or its heat treating service) rather than the original material
producer (e.g., an aluminum company). The TX2 designation is used in
combination with tempers such as T4, T6, T73, or T76, indicative of other
aspects of the processing (e.g., T42, T62, T732, or T762). In practice, the
TX2 temper is used most often for wrought products that have been heat
treated from the O or F temper to demonstrate response to heat treatment.
Aluminum producer mills are almost always starting with freshly
produced F temper materials and are accustomed to paying close attention
to the consistency in processing operations needed to ensure meeting
materials specications. These procedures provide the mill with a
consistent statistical base of operations and good knowledge of allowable
variations in aging times and temperatures for the seminished parts.
There are times when the mechanical property limits for the standard
temper and the TX2 version of that temper (e.g., T6 and T62) differ. This
is because of the difference in controls of processing variables in the
producers operations compared with those in customers and their
vendors plants, and because customers and their vendors may not be able
to do standard stress relief treatments such as those done by producers.
On the other hand, structural engineers, such as those in the aerospace
industry, may use tensile strength and yield strength values based on their
extensive statistical analyses of nished parts, which become the basis of
their design values. These values may differ from producer-developed
specication limits.
Differences in producer and user testing requirements also must be
taken into account. The producer guarantees tensile, yield, and elongation
properties of each heat or lot of material to be delivered by the producer.
Each heat or lot is tensile tested to be sure that property requirements are
met. Questionable material is either reprocessed or rejected. By comparison, the end-user heat treater of the material may or may not be asked by
the customer to tensile test each lot. Typically, the heat treater relies solely
on the results of hardness and conductivity tests to determine whether
heat treatment is done correctly. There is an assumption made by the
customer that the material would pass tensile test minimums if tested. For
example, for 7075-T62 die forging, the basic temper is T6, indicating
solution heat treatment, quenching, and articial aging. The added digit 2
in T62 indicates that the heat treatment and aging were carried out by
other than the original producer of the forging (i.e., by the user or a
contractor of the user).
Association, and anyone interested in remaining abreast of such developments should purchase the Registration Records Series Tempers for
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Products in addition to Aluminum
Standards and Data.
It is strongly emphasized once again that it is incorrect and unethical for
anyoneproducer, heat treater, or customer/userto make up a temper
designation in a format that implies or might be misconstrued to mean
that the alloy has been registered by the Aluminum Association and
recognized by others in the industry. Such practices dilute the value and
reliability of the entire temper designation standards recognized by the
industry, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and the
International Accord (see Chapter 8, Selected References) community.
ment, sufficient to remove the effects of the thermal cycles it experienced during the casting and cooling processes, thermal treatments,
and to result in a softening of the material and the minimum practical
level of mechanical strength. For castings, the treatment may be used
both to improve ductility and increase dimensional stability, but it is
not a very common nish temper for castings as it is for wrought
non-heat-treatable aluminum alloys. For example, 222.0-O designates
a 222.0 casting whose most recent treatment has been holding at a high
temperature (415 C, or 775 F) for 5 h, slow furnace cooling by
a carefully dened program, intended for dimensional stability.
O T, thermally treated to produce stable tempers other than O or F: The
T designation applies to any cast alloy that has been given a solution
heat treatment followed by a suitable quench and either natural (i.e., in
air) or articial (i.e., in a furnace) aging. The T is always followed by
one or more digits that dene in general terms the subsequent
treatments, which are discussed in more detail subsequently. For
example: 356.0-T6 designates a 356.0 casting that has been heat
treated, quenched, and articially aged.
O T7 indicates the casting has been solution heat treated and articially
aged to an overaged (i.e., past peak strength) condition. This treatment
is used to provide a better combination of high strength and high
ductility and stabilization of properties and dimensions. Example:
356.0-T7
Additional digits are used sometimes with these T5, T6, and T7 tempers,
but the variations are not as well dened for castings as for wrought
products; they do denote variations from the standard practices of either
casting or heat treating the part. For different alloys, the same temper
designation may not always mean the same variation in casting or heat
treating practice:
O For T5: The T51, T52, T53, T533, T551, and T571 tempers are
recognized variations, intended to either increase dimensional stability
or increase strength. For example, for 242.0-T571, the basic temper,
T5, indicates that the casting has been cooled from the casting process
and then articially aged (i.e., in a furnace). A special chill was added
as the casting cooled to ensure higher strengths.
O For T6: The T61, T62, and T65 variations exist and deal with
variations in quench media and/or articial aging conditions, once
again to increase dimensional stability or improve certain properties.
For example, for A356.0-T61, the basic temper, T6, indicates that the
casting has been solution heat treated, quenched, and articially aged
following casting. The aging practice has been modied from the
peak-strength treatment (which would have been indicated by T6) to
ensure optimal performance.
O For T7: The T71, T75, and T77 tempers are recognized, also primarily
to increase dimensional stability or improve certain properties. For
example, for 355.0-T71, the basic temper, T7, indicates that the casting
has been heat treated and articially aged to an overaged (i.e., past
peak strength) solution condition. The articial aging practice has been
modied to further enhance the corrosion resistance and ductility.
Unfortunately, there is no clear resource to document the exact nature and
degree of consistency of these variations in temper for cast aluminum
alloys, as only a few of the tempers for casting have been recently enough
registered to appear in Aluminum Association publications such as the
Registration Record Series Tempers for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy
Products. Many of the tempers go back many years and have not been
through a rigorous rationalization process.
CHAPTER
Applications for
Aluminum Alloys and
Tempers
THERE ARE AT LEAST two approaches to overviewing important
applications of aluminum alloys: by alloy class, as initiated in Chapter 3
and carried out in greater detail subsequently, and by type of application.
Both approaches are considered in this chaptera review rst by alloy
class and then by application.
Readers are referred to Aluminum: Technology, Applications and
Environment (see Chapter 8) for more detailed information on many of
the applications mentioned in this chapter.
All photographs are courtesy of the Aluminum Association unless
otherwise indicated, many from the reference noted in the previous
paragraph.
(99.50% min Al) and 1175 (99.75 % min Al). The 1xxx series of alloys are
strain hardenable but would not be used where strength is a prime
consideration.
The primary uses of the 1xxx series would be applications in which the
combination of extremely high corrosion resistance and formability are
required (e.g., foil and strip for packaging, chemical equipment, tank car
or truck bodies, spun hollowware, and elaborate sheet metal work).
Electrical applications are one major use of the 1xxx series, primarily
1350, which has relatively tight controls on those impurities that might
lower electrical conductivity. As a result, an electrical conductivity of
62% of the International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) is guaranteed
for this material, which, combined with the natural light weight of
aluminum, means a signicant weight and, therefore, cost advantage over
copper in electrical applications.
Specic illustrations provided include an aluminum electrical bus bar
installation (Fig. 1), food packaging trays of pure aluminum (Fig. 2),
decorated foil pouches for food and drink (Fig. 3), aluminum foil of CP
aluminum and pet food decorated wrap (Fig. 4), and a bright-polished
telescopic mirror of a high-purity aluminum (Fig. 5).
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Heat treatable
High strength, at room and elevated temperatures
Typical ultimate tensile strength range: 190 to 430 MPa (2762 ksi)
Usually joined mechanically, but some alloys are weldable
The 2xxx series of alloys are heat treatable and possess in individual
alloys good combinations of high strength (especially at elevated temperatures), toughness, and, in specic cases, weldability. They are not as
resistant to atmospheric corrosion as several other series and so usually
are painted or clad for added protection.
Fig. 3
(a)
Fig. 4
(b)
(a) Reynolds Wrap (Reynolds Metals Co., Richmond, VA) aluminum foil of commercially pure aluminum (1100
or similar) and (b) Reynolds pet food decorated wrap
Primary Uses. The higher-strength 2xxx alloys are widely used for
aircraft (2024) and truck body (2014) applications, where they generally
are used in bolted or riveted construction. Specic members of the series
(e.g., 2219 and 2048) are readily joined by gas metal arc welding
(GMAW) or gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and so are used for
aerospace applications where that method is the preferred joining method.
Alloy 2195 is a new lithium-bearing aluminum alloy providing very
high modulus of elasticity along with higher strength and comparable
weldability to 2219 for space applications.
For applications requiring very high strength plus high fracture toughness, there are high-toughness versions of several of the alloys (e.g., 2124,
2324, and 2419) that have tighter control on the impurities that may
diminish resistance to unstable fracture, all developed specically for the
aircraft industry.
Alloys 2011, 2017, and 2117 are widely used for fasteners and
screw-machine stock.
Illustrations of applications for the 2xxx series alloys include aircraft
internal and external structures (Fig. 6), structural beams of heavy dump
and tank trucks and trailer trucks (Fig. 7), the fuel tanks and booster
rockets of the Space Shuttle (Fig. 8), and internal railroad car structural
members (Fig. 9).
3xxx, Aluminum-Manganese Alloys. The major characteristics of the
3xxx series are:
O High formability and corrosion resistance with medium strength
O Typical ultimate tensile strength range: 110 to 285 MPa (1641 ksi)
O Readily joined by all commercial procedures
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Heavy dump and tank trucks and trailer trucks may employ 2xxx
extrusions for their structural members.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 8
(a) The booster rockets and (b) fuel tanks of the Space Shuttle are 2xxx
alloys, originally 2219 and 2419; now sometimes aluminum-lithium
Weldalite alloy 2195
The 3xxx series of alloys are strain hardenable, have excellent corrosion
resistance, and are readily welded, brazed, and soldered.
Primary Uses. Alloy 3003 is widely used in cooking utensils and
chemical equipment because of its superiority in handling many foods
and chemicals, and in builders hardware because of its superior corrosion
resistance. Alloy 3105 is a principal for roong and siding.
Because of the ease and exibility of joining, 3003 and other members
of the 3xxx series are widely used in sheet and tubular form for heat
exchangers in vehicles and power plants.
Alloy 3004 and its modication 3104 are the principals for the bodies
of drawn and ironed can bodies for beverage cans for beer and soft drinks.
As a result, they are among the most used individual alloys in the
aluminum system, in excess of 1.6 billion kg (3.5 billion lb) per year.
Typical applications of the 3xxx alloy series include automotive radiator
heat exchangers (Fig. 10) and tubing in commercial power plant heat
exchangers (Fig. 11). In addition, the bodies of beverage cans (Fig. 12)
are alloys 3004 or 3104, making it the largest volume alloy combination
in the industry.
4xxx, Aluminum-Silicon Alloys. The major characteristics of the
4xxx series are:
O
O
O
O
Heat treatable
Good ow characteristics, medium strength
Typical ultimate tensile strength range: 175 to 380 MPa (2555 ksi)
Easily joined, especially by brazing and soldering
Primary Uses. There are two major uses of the 4xxx series, both
generated by the excellent ow characteristics provided by relatively high
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
silicon contents. The rst is for forgings: the workhorse alloy is 4032, a
medium high-strength, heat treatable alloy used principally in applications such as forged aircraft pistons. The second major application is a
weld ller alloy; here the workhorse is 4043, used for GMAW and GTAW
6xxx alloys for structural and automotive applications.
Fig. 12
The bodies of beverage cans are alloys 3004 or 3104, making it the
largest volume alloy combination in the industry.
Fig. 13
O Strain hardenable
O Excellent corrosion resistance, toughness, weldability; moderate
strength
O Building and construction, automotive, cryogenic, and marine applications
O Representative alloys: 5052, 5083, and 5754
O Typical ultimate tensile strength range: 125 to 350 MPa (1851 ksi)
Aluminum-magnesium alloys of the 5xxx series are strain hardenable and
have moderately high strength, excellent corrosion resistance even in salt
water, and very high toughness even at cryogenic temperatures to near
absolute zero. They are readily welded by a variety of techniques, even at
thicknesses up to 20 cm (8 in.).
Primary Use. As a result, 5xxx alloys nd wide application in building
and construction; highway structures, including bridges, storage tanks,
and pressure vessels; cryogenic tankage and systems for temperatures as
low as 270 C (455 F) or near absolute zero, and marine applications.
Alloys 5052, 5086, and 5083 are the workhorses from the structural
standpoint, with increasingly higher strength associated with the increasingly higher magnesium content. Specialty alloys in the group include
5182, the beverage can end alloy and, thus, among the largest in tonnage;
5754 for automotive body panel and frame applications; and 5252, 5457,
and 5657 for bright trim applications, including automotive trim.
Care must be taken to avoid use of 5xxx alloys with more than 3% Mg
content in applications where they receive continuous exposure to
temperatures above 100 C (212 F). Such alloys may become sensitized
and susceptible to SCC. For this reason, alloys such as 5454 and 5754 are
recommended for applications where high temperature exposure is likely.
Fig. 14
structure.
Alloy 4043 is one of the most widely used weld wires used in
applications such as this automated welding of an auto body
Fig. 15
High-speed, single-hull ships such as the Destriero, employ 5083H113/H321 machined plate for hulls, hull stiffeners, decking, and
superstructure.
Fig. 16
The internal hull stiffener structure of a high-speed yacht (see Fig. 15)
O Typical ultimate tensile strength range: 125 to 400 MPa (1858 ksi)
O Readily welded by GMAW and GTAW methods
The 6xxx alloys are heat treatable and have moderately high strength
coupled with excellent corrosion resistance. A unique feature is their great
extrudability, making it possible to produce in single shapes relatively
complex architectural forms, as well as to design shapes that put the
majority of the metal where it will most efficiently carry the highest
tensile and compressive stresses. This feature is a particularly important
advantage for architectural and structural members where stiffnesscriticality is important.
Primary Use. Alloy 6063 is perhaps the most widely used because of its
extrudability; it is not only the rst choice for many architectural and
structural members, but it has been the choice for the Audi automotive
space frame members. A good example of its structural use was the
all-aluminum bridge structure in Foresmo, Norway (Fig. 26); it was
prefabricated in a shop and erected on the site in only a few days.
Fig. 17
Single- or multiple-hull high-speed ferries employ several aluminum-magnesium alloys5083, 5383, and 5454as sheet and plate
(along with 6xxx extruded shapes) with all-welded construction.
Fig. 18 Alloy 5083 was the workhorse for the 32 m (125 ft) diam spheres for
shipboard transport of liqueed natural gas; the all-welded construction was 200 mm (8 in.) thick at the horizontal diam.
Fig. 19
Figure 27 shows that the power of extruded aluminum-magnesiumsilicon alloys is the put-the-metal-where-you need-it exibility these
alloys and the extrusion process provide.
Some of the other most important applications for aluminum-magnesium-silicon are in the structural members of wide-span roof structures
for arenas and gymnasiums shown in Fig. 28; geodesic domes, such as the
one made originally to house the Spruce Goose, the famous Hughes
wooden ying boat, in Long Beach, CA, the largest geodesic dome ever
constructed, at 250 m (1000 ft) across, 100 m (400 ft) high (Fig. 29); an
integrally stiffened bridge deck shape, used to produce replacement
bridge decks, readily put in the roadway in hours (Fig. 30, 31); and a
magnetic levitation (Mag-Lev) train in development in Europe and Japan
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Rugged coal cars are provided by welded 5454 alloy plate construction.
(Fig. 32). In addition, aluminum light poles are widely used around the
world for their corrosion resistance and crash protection systems providing safety for auto drivers and passengers, as shown in Fig. 33.
Representative important applications of the 6xxx alloy series in automobile structures are shown in Fig. 34 to 36.
Fig. 22
Automotive structures are likely to employ increasing amounts of 5754-O formed sheet for parts such as
internal door stiffeners or the entire body-in-white.
Fig. 23
Aluminum cans have ends of alloy 5182, making that one of the
largest volume alloys in production.
Heat treatable
Very high strength; special high-toughness versions
Typical ultimate tensile strength range: 220 to 610 MPa (3288 ksi)
Mechanically joined
Fig. 24
5xxx alloys are commonly used as external facing sheets of composite aluminum-plastic structural panels, as in this Alusuisse Alucoban example.
Fig. 25
The 7xxx alloys are heat treatable and, among the aluminum-zincmagnesium-copper versions in particular, provide the highest strengths of
all aluminum alloys. These alloys are not considered weldable by
commercial processes and are regularly used with riveted construction.
Primary Use. The widest application of the 7xxx alloys historically has
been in the aircraft industry, where fracture-critical design concepts have
Fig. 26
Fig. 27
Fig. 28
provided the impetus for the high-toughness alloy development. There are
several alloys in the series that are produced especially for their high
toughness, notably 7150, 7175, and 7475; for these alloys, controlled
impurity levels, particularly of iron and silicon, maximize the combination of strength and fracture toughness.
The atmospheric corrosion resistance of the 7xxx alloys is not as high
as that of the 5xxx and 6xxx alloys, thus, in such service, they usually are
coated or, for sheet and plate, used in an alclad version. Also, special
tempers have been developed to improve their resistance to exfoliation
Fig. 29
Fig. 30
and SCC, the T76 and T73 types, respectively. These tempers are
especially recommended in situations where there may be high short
transverse (through the thickness) stresses present during exposure to
atmospheric or more severe environments.
Applications of 7xxx alloys include critical aircraft wing structures of
integrally stiffened aluminum extrusions (Fig. 37), long-length drill pipe
(Fig. 38), and the premium forged aircraft part of alloy 7175-T736 (T74)
shown in Fig. 39.
8xxx, Alloys with Aluminum Plus Other Elements (Not Covered by
Other Series). The major characteristics of the 8xxx series are:
O Heat treatable
O High conductivity, strength, and hardness
O Typical ultimate tensile strength range: 120 to 240 (1735 ksi)
The 8xxx series is used for those alloys with lesser-used alloying elements
such as iron, nickel, and lithium. Each is used for the particular
characteristics it provides the alloys.
Fig. 31
Fig. 32
members.
Primary Use. Iron and nickel provide strength with little loss in
electrical conductivity and so are used in a series of alloys represented by
8017 for conductors.
Lithium in alloy 8090 provides exceptionally high strength and modulus, and so this alloy is used for aerospace applications in which increases
in stiffness combined with high strength reduces component weight. A
forged helicopter component of aluminum-lithium alloy 8090-T852 can
be seen in Fig. 40.
Fig. 33
Aluminum light poles are widely used around the world for their
corrosion resistance, and their breakaway-base crash protection
systems that provide safety for car drivers and passengers.
(a)
Fig. 34
(b)
Extruded aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloys make up (a) a complete Verlicchi Nino & Fugli motorcycle
chassis and (b) the entire body frame of the Audi A-8.
Cast Alloys
In comparison with wrought alloys, casting alloys contain larger
proportions of alloying elements such as silicon and copper, which results
in a largely heterogeneous cast structure (i.e., one having a substantial
volume of second phases). This second phase material warrants careful
study, since any coarse, sharp, and brittle constituent can create harmful
internal notches and nucleate cracks when the component is later put
under load. The fatigue properties are very sensitive to large heterogeneities. As is shown later, good metallurgical and foundry practices can
largely prevent such defects.
The elongation and strength, especially in fatigue, of most cast products
are relatively lower than those of wrought products. This is because
current casting practice is as yet unable to reliably prevent casting defects.
In recent years, however, innovations in casting processes such as squeeze
Fig. 35
Welded 6063 extrusions combined with 5083 tube and 357 casting
make up the axle body assembly for the BMW Model 5.
Fig. 36
The General Motors Aurora, like many other production automobiles, has aluminum closure panels of alloy 6111-T4.
casting have brought about some signicant improvements in the consistency and level of properties of castings, and these should be taken into
account in selecting casting processes for critical applications.
2xx.x, Aluminum-Copper Alloys. The major characteristics of the
2xx.x series are:
O Heat treatable sand and permanent mold castings
O High strength at room and elevated temperatures; some high-toughness
alloys
Fig. 37
Fig. 38
Fig. 39
Fig. 40
Besides the standard aluminum casting alloys, there are special alloys
for particular components, for instance, for engine piston heads, integral
engine blocks, or bearings. For these applications, the chosen alloy needs
good wear resistance and a low friction coefcient, as well as adequate
strength at elevated service temperatures. A good example is the alloy
203.0, which to date is the aluminum casting alloy with the highest
strength at approximately 200 C (400 F). An example of an application
for 2xx.x alloys is an aircraft component that is made in alloys of
high-strength alloy 201.0-T6 (Fig. 41).
3xx.x, Aluminum-Silicon Plus Copper or Magnesium Alloys. The
major characteristics of the 3xx.x series are:
O Heat treatable sand, permanent mold, and die castings
O Excellent uidity, high-strength, and some high-toughness alloys
O Approximate ultimate tensile strength range: 130 to 275 MPa (2040
ksi)
O Readily welded
The 3xx.x series of castings is one of the most widely used because of the
exibility provided by the high silicon content and its contribution to
uidity, plus their response to heat treatment, which provides a variety of
high-strength options. In addition, the 3xx.x series may be cast by a
variety of techniques ranging from relatively simple sand or die casting to
very intricate permanent mold, investment castings, and the newer
thixocasting and squeeze casting technologies.
Primary Use. Among the workhorse alloys are 319.0 and 356.0/A356.0
for sand and permanent mold casting; 360.0, 380.0/A380.0, and 390.0 for
die casting; and 357.0/A357.0 for many types of casting, including,
especially, the relatively newly commercialized squeeze/forge cast technologies. Alloy 332.0 also is one of the most frequently used aluminum
Fig. 41
Fig. 42
Fig. 43
Gearbox casting for a passenger car, in alloy pressure die cast 380.0
Fig. 44
O
O
O
O
other similar corrosive environments. These alloys often are used for door
and window ttings, which can be decoratively anodized to give a
metallic nish or provide a wide range of colors. Their castability is
inferior to that of the aluminum-silicon alloys because of its magnesium
Fig. 45
quality
Fig. 46
A356.0 cast wheels are widely used in the U.S. automotive industry.
content and, consequently, long freezing range. For this reason, it tends to
be replaced by 355.0, which has long been used for similar applications.
For die castings where decorative anodizing is particularly important,
alloy 520.0 is quite suitable.
7xx.x, Aluminum-Zinc Alloys. The major characteristics of the 7xx.x
series are:
O Heat treatable sand and permanent mold castings (harder to cast)
O Excellent machinability and appearance
O Approximate ultimate tensile strength range: 210 to 380 MPa (3055
ksi)
Primary Use. Because of the increased difficulty in casting 7xx.x alloys,
they tend to be used only where the excellent nishing characteristics and
machinability are important. Representative applications include furniture, garden tools, ofce machines, and farming and mining equipment.
8xx.x, Aluminum-Tin Alloys. The major characteristics of the 8xx.x
series are:
O
O
O
O
Primary Use. As with the 7xx.x alloys, 8xx.x alloys are relatively hard
to cast and tend to be used only where their combination of superior
surface nish and relative hardness are important. The prime example is
for parts requiring extensive machining and for bushings and bearings.
Electrical Markets
The major products for which aluminum is used in electrical applications are electric cable and bus conductors, where the high electrical
conductivity (60% IACS) makes aluminum a cost-effective replacement
for copper products:
O Electrical conductor wire: 1350 where no special strength requirements exist; 6201 where a combination of high strength and high
conductivity are needed
O Bus conductor: 6101
O Electrical cable towers: 6061 or 6063 extruded shapes
Transportation Applications
The transportation market has several major subsections, as discussed
subsequently.
Automobile, Van, Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV), Bus, and Truck
Applications. Automotive structures require a combination of aluminum
castings, sheet, and extrusions to cover all good opportunities to increase
gasoline mileage and reduce pollutants. Among examples are the following:
O Frame: 5182 or 5754 sheet (Fig. 14, 22) or, for space frame designs,
6063 or 6061 extrusions (Fig. 34a and b)
O External body sheet panels where dent resistance is important: 2008,
6111 (Fig. 36)
O Inner body panels: 5083, 5754
O Bumpers: 7029, 7129
O Air conditioner tubes, heat exchangers: 3003 (Fig. 10, 14)
O Auto trim: 5257, 5657, 5757
O Door beams, seat tracks, racks, rails, and so on: 6061, 6063
O Hood, deck lids: 2036, 6016, 6111 (Fig. 36)
O
O
O
O
Aircraft and Aerospace Applications. Aircraft and aerospace applications require high strength combined with, depending on the specic
component, high fracture toughness, high corrosion resistance, and/or
high modulus (sometimes all three). The result has been a great number
of alloys and tempers developed specically for this market, as illustrated
by the examples below:
O Space mirror: High-purity aluminum (Fig. 5)
O Wing and fuselage skin: 2024, alclad 2024, 7050 and 7475 sheet and
plate or extrusions (Fig. 6)
O Wing structures: 2024, 2124, 2314, 7050 stiffened extrusions (Fig. 37)
O Bulkhead: 2197, 7049, 7050, 7175
O Rocket tankage: 2195, 2219, 2419 (Fig. 8a, b)
O Engine components: 2618
O Propellers: 2025
O Rivets: 2117, 6053
O If high modulus is critical: Lithium-bearing alloys 2090, 2091, 2195,
8090
O If high fracture toughness is critical: 2124, 2224, 2324, 7050, 7175,
7475
O For maximum fracture toughness: 7475
O If stress-corrosion resistance is important: 7X50 or 7X75 in the
T73-type temper
O If resistance to exfoliation attack is vital: 7xxx alloys in the T76-type
temper
O For welded construction, as for shuttle tanks: 2219, 2195, 5456
Marine Transportation
Many aluminum alloys readily withstand the corrosive attack of marine
salt water and so nd applications in boats, ships, offshore stations, and
other components that are immersed in saltwater:
O
O
O
O
Rail Transportation
Much as for automobile and truck bodies, aluminum lends itself to
railcar structural and exterior panel applications:
O
O
O
O
O
Packaging Applications
Packaging applications require either great ductility and corrosion
resistance for foil and wrapping applications or great strength and
workability for rigid container sheet applications (i.e., cans). Alloy
choices include:
O Aluminum foil for foods: 1175 (Fig. 24)
O Rigid container (can) bodies: 3004 (Fig. 12)
O Rigid container (can) ends: 5182 (Fig. 23)
Other Markets
While not major markets in themselves, a variety of specialty products
nd great advantage in aluminum alloys:
O
O
O
O
CHAPTER
7
Representative
Micrographs
A COMPILATION OF MICROGRAPHS illustrating the microstructure of a wide range of aluminum alloys and tempers is a valuable
additional resource in understanding aluminum alloys and tempers.
Therefore, micrographs of a number of representative alloys and tempers
are shown in the following pages.
The reader should recognize that even within a single cross section of
a piece of plate, forging, extrusion, or casting, a considerable range of
microstructural features may be evident. Among different samples of a
single alloy, temper, and product, an even wider range of variations in
microstructure will be evident. Thus, it should be clear that the microstructures presented here are to be considered representative of the
respective alloy, temper, and product but that not all other lots or even all
other locations within these particular lots will look exactly like the
examples provided. Micrographs were taken mostly from Metallography
and Microstructures, Volume 9 of the ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1985, pages 360 to 387. A few were taken from D.G. Altenpohls
book Aluminum: Technology, Applications and Environment (see Chapter
8), courtesy of the Aluminum Association, Inc.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1
99.99% high-purity aluminum as-cast. Transmission electron micrographs show subgrain structure in 99.99% 0.1 mm (0.004 in.) thick: (a)
hard rolled; (b) after recovery, 2 h at 150 C (302 F). 350
Fig. 2
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 3 99.5% aluminum as-cast. (a) Coarse cell structure due to the solidication rate. Continuous
case 99.5% aluminum. Average cell size: 90 m. (b) Fine cell structure. Normal
solidication rate. Average cell size: 60 m. (c) Adjacent coarse and ne cells in direct chill (DC) cast
99.5% aluminum. The coarse cells solidied relatively slowly and belong to a oating crystal.
(a)
Fig. 4
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Alloy 1100, various amounts of cold work. Recrystallized grain size as a function of cold
work. The following percentage numbers indicate the degree of cold work before
annealing: (a) 0%. (b) 2%. (c) 4%. (d) 6%. (e) 8%. (f) 10%.
(a)
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Alloy 1100-O sheet, cold rolled and annealed. Recrystallized, equiaxed grains, and
insoluble particles of FeAl3 (black). Size and distribution
of FeAl3 in the worked structure were unaffected by
annealing. See Fig. 7. 0.5% HF. 500
Fig. 11
Fig. 10
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Alloy 2014-T6 closed-die forging, overaged. Solution heat treatment was sufcient, but specimen was overaged. Fragmented grain
structure contains particles of CuAl2 (white, outlined)
and insoluble (Fe,Mn)2SiAl12 (dark), but more CuAl2 has
precipitated. Note lack of grain contrast. Kellers reagent. 100
Fig. 14
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 15
Fig. 18
Fig. 20
Fig. 19
Fig. 21
Fig. 24
Fig. 26
Fig. 28
Fig. 29
Fig. 27
Fig. 30
(a)
(b)
Fig. 31
Fig. 32
Fig. 33
Alloy 2218-T61 closed-die forging, solution heat treated and articially aged. Fine,
recrystallized structure. The dark particles of insoluble
FeNiAl9 phase show banding, which resulted from the
working during forging. Kellers reagent. 100
Fig. 34
Fig. 35
Fig. 36
Fig. 37
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 40 Alloy 3003 as-cast. (a) Structure of a DC cast rolling ingot. Angular precipitates of the aluminummanganese-iron phase in the cast grains and at the grain boundaries. 860. (b) Structure of a DC cast
rolling ingot heat-treated 72 h at 600 C (1112 F) then quenched. Through diffusion processes the precipitates have
grown and rounded off (spheroidized). 800. (c) Structure of a DC cast rolling ingot heat-treated 6 h at 600 C (1112
F), then furnace cooled for 15 h to 450 C (842 F). A ne AlMnFe precipitate originated from the supersaturated
solid solution due to the slow cooling. At the same time, the precipitates from the cast structure spheroidized, less
than in (b) due to the shorter heat treatment. 860
Fig. 41
Fig. 42
Fig. 43
Alloy 3003-O sheet, annealed. Higher magnication of the longitudinal section shows recrystallized grains. Grain elongation indicates rolling direction, but not the crystallographic orientation within each
grain. Dispersion of insoluble particles of (Fe,Mn)Al6 (large)
and aluminum-manganese-silicon (both large and small)
was not changed by annealing. 0.5% HF. 750
Fig. 44
Fig. 45
Alloy 5083-H112 plate, cold rolled. Longitudinal section shows particles of primary MnAl6
(gray, outlined). Small, dark areas may be particles of
insoluble phases, such as phases that contain magnesium
(for example, Mg2Si) or that contain manganese. Kellers
reagent. 50
Fig. 46
Fig. 47
Fig. 49
Fig. 50
Fig. 48
Fig. 53
Fig. 52
Fig. 54
Fig. 55
Fig. 56
Fig. 57
Fig. 58
Alloy 5657 ingot. Dendritic segregation (coring) of titanium. Black spots are etch pits.
Anodized coating from Barkers reagent was stripped with
10% H3PO4 at 80 C (180 F). 200
Fig. 59
Alloy 5657-F sheet, cold rolled (85% reduction). Longitudinal section. Polarized light.
Grains are greatly elongated and contribute to high strength,
but ductility is lower than for specimen in Fig. 61. Barkers
reagent. 100
Fig. 60 Alloy 5657-F sheet, cold rolled (85% reduction). Stress relieved at 300 C (575 F) for 1 h.
Polarized light. Structure shows onset of recrystallization,
which improves formability. Barkers reagent. 100
Fig. 61
Alloy 5657-F sheet, cold rolled (85% reduction). Annealed at 315 C (600 F) for 1
h. Polarized light. Recrystallized grains and bands of
unrecrystallized grains. Barkers reagent. 100
Fig. 63
Fig. 64
Fig. 65
Fig. 66
Fig. 67
Fig. 68
Fig. 69
Fig. 70
Fig. 71
Fig. 72
Fig. 73
Fig. 76
Fig. 77
Fig. 78
Fig. 75
Fig. 79
Fig. 81
Fig. 82
Fig. 80
Fig. 83
Fig. 84
Fig. 85
Alloy 7075-T6 forging. Detail of parting- Fig. 86 Alloy 7075-T6 forging. Fracture surface of
plane fracture in Fig. 84. The fracture
parting-plane fracture in Fig. 84 (machined
started at the machined hole and progressed parallel to hole at bottom). Woody, brittle fracture pattern is typical
the aw lines of the forging. See also Fig. 88. Kellers of parting-plane fracture in this alloy. Not polished, not
reagent. 8
etched. 4
Fig. 87
Fig. 88
Fig. 89
Fig. 90
Alloy 7075-T6 forging. Section through the forging lap shown in surface view in
Fig. 89. The trough at the surface is at the left. The grains near the lap are deformed,
which indicates that the defect occurred during forging. Kellers reagent. 500
Fig. 91
Alloy 7075-T6 forging. Band of shrinkage cavities and internal cracks. The cracks
developed from the cavities, which were produced during solidication of the
ingot and which remained during forging because of inadequate cropping. See Fig. 93 and 94
for higher magnication view of this defect. Kellers reagent. 9
Fig. 92 Alloy 7075-T6 forging. Fractured lug. Arrows illustrate sites at machined hole
where stress-corrosion cracks originated because of stress acting across the short
transverse grain direction. See also Fig. 94. Kellers reagent. 2.75
Fig. 93
Fig. 95
Fig. 96
Fig. 97 Alloy 7075-T6 extrusion. Fracture in an extrusion, showing segregation of chromium particles (light gray, fractured). Segregation
originated in the ingot and persisted through to the nal product. Kellers reagent.
200
Fig. 99
Fig. 100
200
Fig. 101
Fig. 102
Fig. 103
Alloy 7075-T6 alclad sheet. Typical ductile fracture, showing the deformed grains
and necking at the fracture. Kellers reagent. 200
Fig. 105
Fig. 104
Alloy 7075-T6 alclad sheet. Brittle fracture in overheated alclad sheet, caused
by solid-solution melting at the grain boundaries.
Kellers reagent. 200
(a)
(b)
Fig. 107
Alloy 7075-T652 forging, showing the effect of saturation peening. (a) Longitudinal section. (b)
Transverse section. The forging was peened with S230 cast steel shot to an Almen-gage intensity
of 0.006 to 0.008 A. The surface of the sheet (at top) shows deformation and roughening. Kellers reagent. 150
Fig. 108
Fig. 109
Fig. 110
Fig. 111
Fig. 112
Fig. 114
Fig. 113
Weld in alloy 2024-T4 sheet clad with alloy 1230. Resistance spot
weld. Oval nugget has zone of columnar grains, surrounding
equiaxed grains. See also Fig. 115118. Tuckers reagent. 10
Fig. 115
Weld in alloy 2024-T4 sheet clad with alloy 1230. Inner zone of
nugget of the resistance spot weld shown in Fig. 114. The structure
consists of small equiaxed grains. This inner zone is surrounded by an outer zone
that consists of columnar grains. See also Fig. 116. Kellers reagent. 500
Fig. 116
Weld in alloy 2024-T4 sheet clad with alloy Fig. 117 Weld in alloy 2024-T4 sheet clad with
1230. Outer zone of nugget of the weld
alloy 1230. Transition zone of the weld in
shown in Fig. 114. Columnar grains are normal to the edge Fig. 114 showing eutectic segregationdepletion (light
of the nugget. See also Fig. 115, which shows inner zone of band) at edge of nugget and concentration (dark band) in
nugget. Kellers reagent. 550
the base metal. Kellers reagent. 550
Fig. 119 Parent metal alloy 2219-T37 sheet. Structure of 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) thick sheet
used for the weld shown in Fig. 120 and 121. Longitudinal section. Elongated grains of solid solution with
particles of CuAl2 (light) and (Fe,Mn)3SiAl12 (dark)
Kellers reagent. 100
Fig. 120
Weld in alloy 2219-T37 sheet. Gas tungsten arc weld in a butt joint.
Alloy ER 2319 ller metal. See also Fig. 122. Kellers reagent. 10
Fig. 121
Fig. 122
Fig. 123
Fig. 124
Fig. 126
Fig. 125
Fig. 128
Weld in alloy 5456-H321 plate, 25 mm (1 in.) thick. Electron beam weld in a butt joint. No ller
metal was used. See Fig. 129 for details of the edge of the fusion zone. Kellers reagent. 10
Fig. 129 Weld in alloy 5456-H321 plate, 25 mm (1 in.) thick. Edge of fusion
zone (base metal is at bottom) of the electron beam weld in Fig.
128. Kellers reagent. 100
Fig. 130
Fig. 131
Fig. 132
Fig. 133
Fig. 134
Fig. 135
Fig. 137
Fig. 136
Fig. 138
Fig. 139
Fig. 140
Fig. 141
Fig. 142
Fig. 143
Weld in alloy 7039-T63 plate, 25 mm (1 in.) thick. Electron beam weld in a butt joint of alloy.
No ller metal was used. See Fig. 144 for details of the edge of the fusion zone. Kellers reagent.
10
Fig. 144
Weld in alloy 7039-T63 plate, 25 mm (1 in.) thick. Edge of fusion zone (base metal is at bottom)
of the electron beam weld in Fig. 143. Kellers reagent. 100
Brazed Joints
Fig. 145
Fig. 146
Fig. 147
Fig. 148
Fig. 149
Fig. 151
Fig. 153
Fig. 152
Fig. 154
Fig. 155
Fig. 157
Fig. 156
Fig. 158
Fig. 160
Alloy 319.0-F, as permanent mold cast. Fig. 161 Alloy 319.0-T6, permanent solid cast,
Dendrites of aluminum solid solution
solution heat treated, and articially
show segregation (coring). Other constituents are inter- aged. Segregation in dendrites of solid solution was
dendritic network of silicon (dark gray) rounded CuAl2 eliminated by diffusion, and CuAl2 was dissolved during
and (Fe,Mn)3SiAl12 script. Kellers reagent. 100
solution heat treating. Kellers reagent. 100
Fig. 162
Alloy 356.0-F as investment cast with Fig. 163 Alloy 356.0-T51, sand cast, articially
sodium-modied ingot. Al2O3 inclusions.
aged. The angular, dark-gray constituent
Light-gray interdendritic network consists of particles of is silicon. Black script is Mg2Si. Blades are Fe2Si2Al9.
silicon. As-polished. 50
Light script is FeMg3Si6Al8. 0.5% HF. 250
Fig. 164
(a)
Fig. 168
(b)
Alloy A356.0-T6. Comparison of structure neness using dendrite arm spacing (DAS). Two structures in the
eutectic alloy A356.0-T6. (a) DAS 20 m. (b) DAS 40 m.
Fig. 169
Fig. 170
Fig. 171
Fig. 173
(a)
Fig. 174
(b)
Fig. 175
Alloy A357.0-T6. Commercial thixocast parts and the equiaxed development of the
-crystals in the solid solution before and after deformation (thixostructure). Here, the
shape and size of the primary crystals remain unchanged, the solidication process being limited to the
residual melt in the thin layers between them. (a) Microstructure of a log in A357.0-T6. (b) Microstructure
of a landing gear component thixoformed in a die casting machine.
Fig. 176
Fig. 178
Fig. 177
Fig. 179
Fig. 181
Fig. 180
Fig. 182
Fig. 183
Fig. 184
Alloy 384.0-F die casting. Area (E) in Fig. Fig. 187 Alloy 384.0-F die casting. Cold-shut (A,
B) and ow lines (C, D), both caused by
185 at higher magnication, which
shows that the Al2O3 particles (A and B) are ne and failure of the streams of molten metal to merge, at the
may not cause machining problems. Small particles of cast surface (E) of an alloy 384-F die casting. 0.5% HF.
sludge (C, D, and E) are associated with the Al2O3 55
particles. (F) is eutectic silicon; (G) is matrix of aluminum solid solution. 0.5% HF. 520
Fig. 186
Alloy 384.0-F die casting. Void (A), which was caused by poor
Fig. 188 lling
of the mold and associated ow lines (B) in an alloy 384-F
die casting. Figure 183 shows for ow lines without voids. 0.5% HF. 65
Fig. 189 Alloy 384.0-F die casting. Gas-porosity Fig. 190 Alloy 384.0-F. Coarse primary crystals of
cavity (A), which was caused by ensludge (A, B, C, and D) removed from
trapped air, at a machined surface (B) of an alloy 384-F molten alloy 384 prior to die casting. The remainder of
die casting. Microstructure is eutectic silicon (C) in an the structure consists of aluminum matrix (E), eutectic
aluminum matrix (D); some sludge (E) is present. 0.5% silicon (F), and Al2O3 (G). 0.5% HF. 40
HF. 130
Fig. 191
Fig. 192
Fig. 193
Fig. 195
Fig. 194
Fig. 197
Fig. 199
Alloy 413.0-F die casting. Area of coldshut void (A) in Fig. 198. The void resulted when two streams of molten metal failed to merge Fig. 200 Alloy 413.0-F die casting. Inner end of
cold-shut void (A) in Fig. 199 showing
and interdiffuse. One of the streams produced a normal
structure (B), and the other produced an undesirable start of ow line between region of normal structure (B),
structure (C). See also Fig. 200 and 201. 0.5% HF. 35 with eutectic silicon (C) of normal shape in matrix of
aluminum solid solution (D), and region of undesirable
structure (E). See also Fig. 201. 0.5% HF. 520
(a)
(b)
Fig. 202
(c)
Fig. 203
Alloy 443.0-F, as sand cast. Large dendrite cells resulted from slow cooling in
the sand mold. Interdendritic structure: silicon (dark
gray), Fe3SiAl12 (medium-gray script), and Fe2Si2Al9
(light-gray needles). 0.5% HF. 500
Fig. 205
Fig. 206
Fig. 209
Fig. 210 Alloy D712.0-F, as investment cast. Interden- Fig. 211 Alloy 850.0-F, as permanent mold cast. Note
dritic network: particles of CrAl7, Fe2SiAl12,
hot tear, which occurred at or above the
and FeAl6. Intergranular fusion voids (black) were caused by solidus, and some Al-CuAl2 eutectic (gray) back lling of
eutectic melting as a result of exceeding the solidus tem- tear. Particles of tin (rounded), NiAl3, and FeNiAl9 (both
irregular). 0.5% HF. 100
perature during dip brazing. Kellers reagent. 100
Fig. 212
Fig. 214
Fig. 213
Welded alloy 295.0-T6, investment casting. Edge of fusion zone of weld shown in Fig. 212 (base
metal at bottom). Large dendrites of solid
solution in base metal, small dendrites in
weld bead. Al-CuAl2-Si eutectic in both.
Kellers reagent. 150
Fig. 215
Fig. 216
Fig. 217
Fig. 218
Fig. 219
Welded alloy 6061-T6 to A356.0-T6. Edge of the fusion zone of the weld shown
in Fig. 216, with the weld bead at the top and left and the casting at bottom and
right. Interdendritic aluminum-silicon eutectic is present, some in the weld bead, and a large
amount in the heat-affected zone of the casting. Kellers reagent. 50
Fig. 220
Welded alloy 6061-T6 to A356.0-T6. Bead (near tube) at the weld in Fig. 216.
Interdendritic network of aluminum-silicon eutectic is present in the matrix solid
solution. Kellers reagent. 50
Fig. 221
Welded alloy 6061-T6 to A356.0-T6. Bead (near casting) of the weld in Fig. 216.
Dendrites of solid solution are less equiaxed, more columnar than in Fig. 220.
Kellers reagent. 50
Aluminum-steel weld. Explosive welded Fig. 223 Aluminum-steel weld. Ripple at interface
of explosive welded joint between alumijoint between aluminum sheet (top) and
steel showing characteristic ripples at the interface. A num sheet (top) and steel. Cracks have appeared in the
ripple is shown at a high magnication in Fig. 223. dark-gray phase (which probably is FeAl3). As-polished.
60
As-polished. 6
Fig. 222
Fig. 224
Aluminum-copper weld. Explosive welded joint between aluminum sheet (top) and copper. Cracks (black) have appeared in the
aluminum-copper phase (light gray) at the relatively smooth interface. Aspolished. 225
APPENDIX
Terminology
The following list of terms covers wrought and cast aluminum products
and their production. These terms may be helpful in understanding and
interpreting other information in this book regarding aluminum alloys,
tempers, production processes, and applications.
Most of these terms come from the Aluminum Association publication
Aluminum Standards and Data and are republished with the permission of
the Aluminum Association. The terms included for casting processes are
taken from publications of the American Foundrymens Society (AFS);
the reader is referred to those publications for more complete terminology
for casting and casting processes.
The list is not intended to include every term likely to be used within
the aluminum industry, but it is hoped that most of the terms that are
unique to the industry are dened and may help in understanding the alloy
and temper designations that are the subject of this book.
Note: Italicized words within a denition can be found as a separate
entry in this list.
A
AFS. American Foundrymens Society
AMS. Aerospace Material Specication.
ANSI. American National Standards Institute.
ASME. American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
AWS. American Welding Society.
abrasion. See mark, traffc.
age hardening. An aging process that results in increased strength and
hardness.
age softening. Spontaneous decrease of strength and hardness that takes
place at room temperature in certain strain-hardened alloys containing
magnesium.
aging. Precipitation from solid solution resulting in a change in properties of an alloy, usually occurring slowly at room temperature (natural
aging) and more rapidly at elevated temperatures (articial aging).
alclad. An aluminum or aluminum-alloy coating that is metallurgically
bonded to either one or both surfaces of an aluminum alloy product,
and that is anodic to the alloy to which it is bonded, thus electrolytically protecting the core alloy against corrosion. For alclad products,
see specic product such as plate, sheet, tube, or wire.
alligatoring. See lamination.
alloy. A substance having metallic properties and composed of two or
more elements of which at least one is an elemental metal.
angularity. Conformity to, or deviation from, specied angular dimensions in the cross section of a shape or bar.
angulation. The deliberate departure from a horizontal passline on the
entry side of a rolling mill used for one-side bright rolling.
annealing. A thermal treatment to soften metal by removal of stress
resulting from cold working or by coalescing precipitates from solid
solution.
annealing, partial. Thermal treatment (H2X temper nomenclature)
given cold-worked metal to reduce strength and increase ductility to
controlled levels other than annealed temper.
anodizing. Forming a coating on a metal surface produced by electrochemical treatment through anodic oxidation.
anodizing sheet. See sheet, anodizing.
arbor break. See buckle, arbor.
arbor mark. See mark, arbor.
articial aging. See aging.
as-cast condition. Referring to newly produced, unmachined castings
that have not been subjected to any form of nishing operations
(beyond gate removal or shot-blast cleaning) or treatment of any kind,
including heat treatment.
B
back-end condition. A condition occurring in the last metal to be
extruded. It is a result of the oxidized surface of the billet feeding into
the extrusion.
backup roll. Nongrooved roll that stiffens or strengthens work rolls.
bar. A solid wrought product that is long in relation to its cross section,
which is square or rectangular (excluding plate and attened wire),
with sharp or rounded comers or edges, or is a regular hexagon or
octagon, and in which at least one perpendicular distance between
parallel faces is over 10 mm (0.375 in. or greater).
Terminology / 189
Terminology / 191
C
Camber. See bow, lateral.
carbon mark. See mark, carbon.
casting (noun). An object formed by pouring, pumping, or sucking
molten metal into a mold or set of dies and allowing it to solidify.
casting (verb). The act of pouring, pumping, or sucking molten metal
into a mold (made of sand, metal, ceramic, or graphite) or a set of metal
dies.
casting strains. Strains in a cast metal component resulting from internal
stresses created during cooling. Heat treatment and other processes are
used to remove these strains.
casting yield. The weight of casting or castings divided by the total
weight of metal poured into the mold, expressed as a percent.
center. The difference in thickness between the middle and edges
(average) of a sheet.
centrifugal casting. In the centrifugal casting process, commonly applied to cylindrical castings, a permanent mold is rotated rapidly about
the axis of the casting while a measured amount of molten metal is
poured into the mold cavity. Centrifugal force is used to hold the metal
against the outer walls of the mold with the volume of metal poured
determining the wall thickness of the casting.
center buckle. See buckle.
chang. See mark, traffc.
chatter mark. See mark, chatter.
chill. Metal insert placed in a mold to increase speed of cooling. Internal
chills are placed in the mold cavity and become integral parts of the
casting.
chip mark. See dent, repeating.
chop. Metal sheared from a vertical surface of a die forging, which is
spread by the die over an adjoining horizontal surface.
chucking lug. A lug or boss added to a forging so that on-center
machining and forming may be performed with one setup or checking.
This lug is nally machined or cut away.
cinching. See scratch, tension.
Terminology / 193
D
deep drawing. Forming a deeply recessed part by forcing sheet metal to
undergo plastic ow between dies, usually without substantial thinning
of the sheet.
defect. A defect is anything that renders the aluminum unt for the
specic use for which it was ordered.
Terminology / 195
dent. (1) For rolled products, a sharply dened surface impression on the
metal that may be caused by a blow from another object. (2) For
extrusions, a synonym for handling mark. See also mark, handling.
dent, expansion. Localized surface deviation from at generated by
expansion of vapor during thermal treatment of cold-rolled coiled
sheet.
dent, repeating. Repeating depression caused by a particle adhering to a
rotating roll over which the metal has passed.
die (in casting). Metal form(s) used to produce a die casting, a lost foam
pattern, or a wax pattern. A metal block used in the die casting process,
incorporating the cavity or cavities that form the cast component, the
molten metal distribution system, and means for cooling and ejecting
the casting.
die (in forging or extrusion). Metal forms between which metal is
forged or through which metal is extruded. The shapes of the dies
control the form and shape of the nished parts.
die casting (noun). A casting produced by the die casting process. Today,
the process is most suitable for high-volume production of aluminum,
zinc, and magnesium alloy castings.
die casting (verb). Injecting molten metal under pressure into a mold
chamber, which is formed by metal die. In Europe, any casting
produced in a metal mold.
die casting, cold chamber. Die casting process in which the metal
injection mechanism is not submerged in molten metal.
die casting, gravity. Term used in Europe for producing a casting by
pouring molten metal (gravity pouring) into a metal mold, with no
application of pressure. In the United States, this is the permanentmold casting process.
die casting, hot chamber. Die casting process in which the metal injection mechanism is submerged in the molten metal.
die casting, pressure. In Europe, a casting made in a metal mold (set of
metal dies) in which the metal is injected under high pressure, by either
cold-chamber or hot-chamber die casting machines. In the United
States, this is simply die casting. High-pressure die casting and
low-pressure die casting are terms commonly used in Europe to
differentiate between what in the United States would be called,
respectively, die casting and low-pressure permanent molding. See also
low-pressure casting process and high-pressure molding.
die line. A longitudinal depression or protrusion formed on the surface of
drawn or extruded material. Die lines are present to some degree in all
extrusions and are caused by a roughening of the die bearing.
die number. The number assigned to a die for identication and
cataloging purposes, and which usually is assigned for the same
purpose to the product produced from that die.
diffusion streak. See streak, diffusion.
E
earing. Wavy symmetrical projections formed during cupping, deep
drawing, or spinning. Earing is caused by nonuniform directional
properties in the aluminum and/or by improperly adjusted tooling.
Terminology / 197
F
fatigue. The tendency for a metal to break under conditions of repeated
cyclic stressing considerably below the ultimate tensile strength.
feeder. See riser.
feed in. See back-end condition.
feed line. See streak, grinding.
llet. A concave junction between two surfaces.
n. A thin projection on a forging resulting from trimming or from the
metal under pressure being forced into hairline cracks in the die or
around die inserts.
Terminology / 199
foil, mill nish (MF). Foil having a nonuniform nish that may vary
from coil to coil and within a coil.
foil, scratch brushed. Foil abraded, usually with wire brushes, to
produce a roughened surface.
foil stock. See reroll stock.
fold. A forging discontinuity caused by metal folding back on its own
surface during ow in the die cavity.
forgeability. The term used to describe the relative workability of
forging material.
forging. A metal part worked to a predetermined shape by one or more
processes such as hammering, upsetting, pressing, rolling, and so on.
forging billet. The term forging stock is preferred.
forging, blocker-type. A forging made in a single set of impressions to
the general contour of a nished part.
forging, cold-coined. A forging that has been restruck cold to obtain
closer dimensions, to sharpen comers or outlines, and in non-heattreatable alloys, to increase hardness.
forging, die. A forging formed to the required shape and size by working
in impression dies.
forging, draftless. A forging with zero draft on vertical walls.
forging, ashless. A closed-die forging made in dies constructed and
operated to eliminate, in predetermined areas, the formation of ash.
forging, hammer. A forging produced by repeated blows in a forging
hammer.
forging, hand. A forging worked between at or simply shaped dies by
repeated strokes or blows and manipulation of the piece.
forging, no-draft. See forging, draftless.
forging plane. A reference plane or planes normal to the direction of
applied force from which all draft angles are measured.
forging, precision. A forging produced to tolerances closer than standard.
forging, press. A die forging produced by pressure applied in a forging
press.
forging, rolled ring. A cylindrical product of relatively short height,
circumferentially rolled from a hollow section.
forging stock. A wrought or cast rod, bar, or other section suitable for
forging.
forging, upset. A forging having part or all of its cross section greater
than that of the stock.
formability. The relative ease with which a metal can be shaped through
plastic deformation.
fracture toughness. A generic term for measure of resistance to extension of a crack. The term is sometimes restricted to results of a fracture
mechanics test, which is directly applicable in fracture control.
fretting. See mark, traffc.
Terminology / 201
G
gage. A term previously used in referring to the thickness of a wrought
product. Thickness is preferred in dimension description.
gas porosity. Casting defects caused by gases trapped in molten metal or
developed during solidication.
gate. Specically, the point in the runner system at which molten metal
enters the sand mold cavity. Sometimes used as a general term to
indicate the entire assembly of connected columns and channels
carrying the metal from the top of a mold to the part forming the
casting cavity proper. Term also applies to pattern parts that form the
passages or to the metal that lls them.
gated patterns. One or more patterns with gates or channels attached.
gated system. The complete assembly of sprues, runners, and gates in a
mold through which metal ows to enter the casting cavity. Term also
applies to equivalent portions of the pattern.
gating system. Gating is the term used to describe all of the passages
leading to the casting cavity. When molten metal is poured into a mold,
it is poured into the pouring basin or cup. It travels down the sprue
through the runner into the feeder or riser then through the gate into the
casting cavity. The gate is the breaking point at the casting from which
the gating system is separated from the casting.
glaze. See pickup, roll.
gouge. A gross scratch. See also scratch.
gouge, rolled in. A more localized gross rolled-in scratch. See also
scratch, rolled-in.
grain ow. The directional characteristics of the metal structure after
working, revealed by etching a polished section.
grain size. A measure of crystal size usually reported in terms of average
diameter in millimeters, grains per square millimeter, or grains per
cubic millimeter.
grease streak. See streak, grease.
green sand. Moist clay-bonded molding sand ready for making molds.
green sand molding. The mold is composed of a prepared mixture of
sand, clay, sea coal, and moisture for use while still in the damp
condition. The mold is not cured or dried and therefore is known as a
green (uncured) sand mold.
H
hair, slitter. Minute hairlike sliver along edge(s) due to shearing or
slitting operation.
handling mark. See mark, handling.
hardener. An alloy containing at least some aluminum and one or more
added elements for use in making alloying additions to molten
aluminum. Also referred to as master alloy.
hardness. Resistance to plastic deformation, usually by indentation. The
term also may refer to stiffness or temper, or to resistance to scratching,
abrasion, or cutting. Brinell hardness of aluminum alloys is obtained by
measuring the permanent impression in the material made by a ball
indenter 10 mm in diameter after loading with a 500 kgf (4.903 kN) for
15 s and dividing the applied load by the area of the impression.
Rockwell hardness: An indentation hardness test based on the depth of
penetration of a specied penetrator into the specimen under certain
arbitrarily xed conditions.
heat streak. See streak, heat.
heat treatable alloy. An alloy that may be strengthened by a suitable
thermal treatment.
heat treating. Heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way
as to obtain desired conditions or properties. Commonly used as a shop
term to denote a thermal treatment to increase strength. Heating for the
sole purpose of hot working is excluded from the meaning of this
denition. See also solution heat treating and aging.
heat treat lot. See lot, heat treat.
heat treat stain. A discoloration due to nonuniform oxidation of the
metal surface during solution heat treatment.
herringbone. See streak, herringbone.
high-pressure molding. A term applied to certain types of high-production sand molding machines in which high-pressure air is instantly
released from a large pressure vessel to produce extremely hard,
high-density molds from green sand.
holding temperature. The temperature at which the liquid casting alloy
is held during casting. Usually set as the lowest temperature that lls
the mold (no misruns). The higher the temperature is, the higher the
equilibrium gas content in the metal will be.
hole. Void in rolled product. Typical cause is a nonmetallic inclusion
during rolling.
holiday. Region in which lm is absent due to nonwetting of the metal
surface by the coating.
homogenizing. A process whereby ingots are raised to temperatures near
the solidus temperature and held at that temperature for varying lengths
of time. The purposes of this process are to (1) reduce microsegrega-
Terminology / 203
I
impact. A part formed in a conning die from a metal slug, usually cold,
by rapid single-stroke application of force through a punch, causing the
metal to ow around the punch and/or through an opening in the punch
or die.
impregnation. A process for making castings uid tight by pressure
injecting them with liquid synthetic resins or other sealers. The injected
liquid is solidied in place by heating or baking. Media used include
silicate of soda, drying oils with or without styrenes, plastics, and
proprietary compounds.
inclusion. Foreign material in the metal or impressed into the surface.
inclusion, stringer. An impurity, metallic or nonmetallic, that is trapped
in the ingot and elongated subsequently in the direction of working. It
may be revealed during working or nishing as a narrow streak parallel
to the direction of working.
incomplete seam. See weld, incomplete.
ingot. A cast form suitable for remelting or fabricating. See also ingot,
extrusion; ingot, fabricating; ingot, forging; ingot, remelt; and ingot,
rolling.
ingot, extrusion. A cast form that is solid or hollow, usually cylindrical,
suitable for extruding. See also ingot, fabricating.
Terminology / 205
K
kink. (1) For rolled products, an abrupt bend or deviation from at that
is caused by localized bending during handling. (2) For extrusions, an
abrupt deviation from straightness. A kink can be caused by handling.
knife mark. See mark, knife.
knock-out mark. See mark, knock-out.
L
lacquer. Occasionally used to describe oil stain. See also stain, oil.
lamination. An internal crack or separation aligned parallel to the
direction of major metal ow and, in the case of plate, sheet, or foil,
parallel to the rolled surfaces. In extrusions, it can be caused by
contaminants that feed into the metal ow before it reaches the die
opening or cracked billets. See also back-end condition.
lap. See fold.
lateral bow. See bow, lateral.
layout sample. A prototype forging or a cast used to determine conformance to designed dimensions.
leveler chatter. See mark, chatter (roll or leveler).
leveler mark. See dent, repeating.
leveler streak. See streak, leveler.
leveling. The mechanical attening of plate, sheet, or foil.
leveling, roller. Leveling carried out by bending.
leveling, stretcher. Leveling carried out by uniaxial tension.
leveling, tension. Leveling continuously carried out by uniaxial stretching, usually with the assistance of bending.
leveling, thermal. Leveling carried out at an elevated temperature under
an applied load normal to the surface to be attened.
line, ow. The line pattern that shows the direction of ow on the
surface.
line, looper. Closely spaced symmetrical lines on the surface of metal
that has undergone nonuniform deformation, usually in a drawing
operation.
line, Lueders. Elongated surface markings or depressions appearing in
patterns caused by localized plastic deformation that results from
nonuniform yielding.
liner. The slab of coating metal that is placed on the core alloy and is
subsequently rolled down to clad sheet as composite.
line, weld. See seam, extrusion.
liquated edge. See edge, liquated.
liquation. The bleeding of the low-melting constituents through the
solidied ingot surface.
lock. A condition in which the parting line of a forging is not all in one
plane.
log. See extrusion log.
longitudinal bow. See bow, longitudinal.
longitudinal direction. The direction of major metal ow in a working
operation.
long transverse direction. For plate, sheet, and forgings, the direction
perpendicular to the longitudinal direction that is also at right angles to
the thickness of the product. See also longitudinal direction.
looper line. See line, looper.
loose wrap. See wrap, loose.
lost foam casting. The casting process, also known as full-mold,
polycast, cavitys molding, evaporative-pattern, or expendable-pattern
casting, is one in which a polystyrene pattern is vaporized by molten
metal during the metal pour and is thereby lost.
lot, heat treat. Material of the same mill form, alloy, temper, section, and
size traceable to one heat treat furnace load (or extrusion charge or
billet in the case of press heat treated extrusions) or, if heat treated in
a continuous furnace, charged consecutively during an 8 h period.
lot, inspection. (1) For non-heat-treated tempers, an identiable quantity
of material of the same mill form, alloy, temper, section, and size
submitted for inspection at one time. (2) For heat treated tempers, an
identiable quantity of material of the same mill form, alloy, temper,
section, and size traceable to a heat treat lot or lots and submitted for
inspection at one time. (For sheet and plate, all material of the same
thickness is considered to be of the same size.)
low-pressure casting process. The term low-pressure permanent molding (LPPM) is a casting process in which air pressure is introduced into
a molten metal holding furnace to force molten metal (usually
aluminum alloys) up a central tube into the metal mold cavity. Pressure
is maintained on the heat until the metal in the mold solidies as a
casting. In a low-pressure (sand mold) casting process, the same basic
approach is used to force molten metal up a tube into the cavity of a
sand mold. Once lled, an automatic mechanism seals the mold
immediately, and the mold is quickly removed from the lling tube
connection and turned over before the metal solidies. See also
vacuum casting process.
lube, high. Lubricant limit exceeds the maximum agreed-upon limit
measured in weight per unit area.
lube, low. Failure of the lubricant to meet the agreed-upon minimum
limit measured in weight per unit area.
Lueders line. See line, Lueders.
Terminology / 207
M
mark. Damage in the surface of the product whose name is often
described by source.
mark, arbor. Surface damage in the vicinity of a coil inside diameter
caused by contact with a roughened, damaged, or noncircular arbor.
mark, bearing. A depression in the extruded surface caused by a change
in bearing length in the extrusion die.
mark, bite. A line that is generally perpendicular to the rolling direction.
mark, bristle. Raised surface approximately 25 mm (1 in.) long,
crimped wire shaped, and oriented in any direction.
mark, carbon. Gray or black surface marking caused by contact with
carbon run-out blocks.
mark, chatter (roll or leveler). Numerous intermittent lines or grooves
that are usually full width and perpendicular to the rolling or extrusion
direction.
mark, drag. See rub, tool.
mark, edge follower. Faint intermittent marks at the edge of a coldrolled product, which are usually perpendicular to the rolling direction.
This mark is caused by action of devices designed to rewind coils
without weave.
mark, handling. (1) For rolled products, an area of broken surface that
is introduced after processing. The mark usually has no relationship to
the rolling direction. (2) For extrusions, damage that can be imparted
to the surface during handling operations.
mark, heat treat contact. Brownish, iridescent, irregularly shaped stain
with a slight abrasion located somewhere within the boundary of the
stain. It is a result of metal-to-metal contact during the quenching of
solution heat treated at sheet or plate.
mark, inclusion. Appearance of surface where actual inclusion or the
void it left is observed. See also inclusion, stringer.
mark, knife. A continuous scratch (which also may be creased) near a
slit edge, caused by sheet contacting the slitter knife.
mark, knock-out. A small solid protrusion or circular n on a forging or
a casting, resulting from the depression of a knock-out pin under
pressure or inow of metal between the knock-out pin and the die or
mold.
mark, leveler chatter. See mark, chatter (roll or leveler).
mark, metal-on-roll. See dent, repeating.
mark, mike. Narrow continuous line near the rolled edge caused by a
contacting micrometer.
mark, pinch. See crease.
mark, roll. (1) For rolled products, a small repeating raised or depressed
area caused by the opposite condition on a roll. The repeat distance is
a function of the offending roll diameter. (2) For extrusions, a
Terminology / 209
N
natural aging. See aging.
nick. Rolled products, see scratch; extrusions, see mark, handling.
nondestructive testing. Testing or inspection procedure that does not
destroy the product being inspected.
nonll. Failure of metal to ll a forging die impression.
non-heat-treatable alloy. An alloy that can be strengthened only by cold
work.
notch, double shear. An abrupt deviation from straight on a sheared
edge. This offset may occur if the at sheet or plate product is longer
than the blade for the nal shearing operation.
O
off gage. Deviation of thickness or diameter of a solid product, or wall
thickness of a tubular product, from the standard or specied dimensional tolerances.
offset. Yield strength by the offset method is computed from a load-strain
curve obtained by means of an extensometer. A straight line is drawn
parallel to the initial straight line portion of the load-strain curve and
at a distance to the right corresponding to 0.2% offset (0.002 mm per
mm, or 0.002 in. per in., of gage length). The load reached at the point
where this straight line intersects the curve divided by the original
cross-sectional area (mm2, or in.2) of the tension test specimen is the
yield strength.
oil stain. See stain, oil.
orange peel. Surface roughening on formed products that occurs when
large grains in the metal are present.
oscillation. Uneven wrap in coiling and lateral travel during winding.
Improper alignment of rolls over which the metal passes before
rewinding and insufficient rewind tension are typical causes. See also
telescoping.
out-of-register. An embossed pattern distortion due to misalignment of
the male and female embossing rolls.
ovalness. See quality.
oxide discoloration. See stain, heat treat.
P
pack rolling. The simultaneous rolling of two or more thicknesses of
foil.
parent coil. A coil that has been processed to nal temper as a single
unit. The parent coil may subsequently be cut into two or more smaller
coils or into individual sheets or plates to provide the required width
and length.
parent plate. A plate that has been processed to nal temper as a single
unit. The parent plate may subsequently be cut into two or more
smaller plates to provide the required width and length.
partial annealing. See annealing, partial.
parting line. A condition unique to stepped extrusions where more than
one cross section exists in the same extruded shape. A stepped shape
uses a split die for the minor, or small, cross section and, after its
removal, another die behind it for the major conguration. Slightly
raised ns can appear on that portion of the shape where the two dies
meet. See also prole, stepped extruded.
pattern. A wood, metal, plastic, or wax replica of a casting that is used
to form the cavity in a mold into which molten metal is poured to form
a cast part. A pattern has the same basic features as the part to be cast,
except that it is made proportionately larger to compensate for
shrinkage due to the contraction of the metal during cooling and
solidifying.
patterned sheet. See embossing.
permanent mold casting. A casting process that uses a long-life mold,
usually metal, into which molten metal is poured by gravity. Metals
cast are usually aluminum alloys, although a few producers pour iron
into water-cooled metal dies.
Terminology / 211
Terminology / 213
Q
quality. Deviation from a circular periphery, usually expressed as the
total difference found at any one cross section between the individual
maximum and minimum diameters, which usually occur at or about
90 to each other. Since quality is the difference between extreme
diameters, it is not expressed as plus or minus.
quarter buckle. See buckle, quarter.
quenching. Controlled rapid cooling of a metal from an elevated
temperature by contact with a liquid, a gas, or a solid.
quenching crack. Fracture caused by thermal stresses induced during
rapid cooling or quenching or by stresses caused by delayed transformation after the object has been fully quenched.
R
RCS. Rigid Container Sheet.
radiographic inspection. Examination of the soundness of a casting by
radiography.
radiography. The use of radiant energy in the form of x-rays or gamma
rays for nondestructive examination of opaque objects, such as
castings, to produce graphic records that indicate the comparative
soundness of the object being tested.
razor streak. See inclusion, stringer.
rear-end condition. See back- end condition.
redraw rod. This term is not recommended. The term drawing stock is
preferred.
rened aluminum. Aluminum of very high purity (99.950% or higher)
obtained by special metallurgical treatments.
reector sheet. Sheet suitable for the manufacture of reectors.
reheating. Heating metal again to hot-working temperature. In general,
no structural changes are intended.
reoil. Oil put on the sheet after cleaning and before coiling for shipment
to prevent water stain.
reroll stock. A seminished rolled product of rectangular cross section
in coiled form suitable for further rolling. Examples: foil stock and
sheet stock.
rib. An elongated projection on a shape, forging, or casting to provide
stiffening.
riser. Sometimes referred to as a head or feeder. (1) A chamber that forms
the reservoir for feed metal necessary to compensate for losses caused
by shrinkage as the casting solidies. (2) The pattern part that forms it
and the metal solidied in it.
riser gating. Gating system in which molten metal from the sprue enters
a riser close to the mold cavity and then ows into the mold cavity.
rivet. See wire, cold heading.
rod. A solid wrought product that is long in relation to its circular cross
section, which is not less than 10 mm (0.375 in.) diameter.
rod, alclad. Rod having on its surface a metallurgically bonded aluminum or aluminum alloy coating that is anodic to the core alloy to which
it is bonded, thus electrolytically protecting the core alloy against
corrosion.
rod, cold-nished. Rod brought to nal dimensions by cold working to
obtain improved surface nish and dimensional tolerances.
rod, cold-nished extruded. Rod produced by cold working extruded
rod.
rod, cold-nished rolled. Rod produced by cold working rolled rod.
rod, cold-heading. Rod of a quality suitable for use in the manufacture
of cold-headed products such as rivets and bolts.
rod, extruded. Rod produced by hot extruding.
rod, rivet. See rod, cold-heading.
rod, rolled. Rod produced by hot rolling.
roll chatter. See mark, chatter (roll or leveler).
roll coating. See streak, coating.
rolled-in metal. An extraneous chip or particle of metal rolled into the
surface of the product.
rolled-in scratch. See scratch, rolled-in.
rolled-over edge. See edge, liquated.
roll grind. The uniform ground nish on the work rolls that is imparted
to the sheet or plate during rolling.
rolling slab. A rectangular seminished product, produced by hot rolling
fabricating ingot and suitable for further rolling.
roll mark. See mark, roll.
roll pickup. See pickup, roll.
rolled ring. See forging, rolled ring.
Terminology / 215
S
sample. A part, portion, or piece taken for purposes of inspection or test
as representative of the whole.
sand castings. Metal castings produced in sand molds.
sand mold. A mold is a form that contains the cavity into which molten
metal is poured. It usually consists of two mold halves, separately
made, and mated to form the mold cavity.
saw-plate bar. See bar, saw-plate.
scalping. Mechanical removal of the surface layer from a fabricating
ingot or seminished wrought product so that surface imperfections
will not be worked into the nished product.
scratch. (1) For rolled products, a sharp indentation in the surface
usually caused by a machine or during handling. (2) For extrusions, a
synonym for handling mark. See also mark, handling.
scratch, drawn-in. A scratch occurring during the fabricating process
and subsequently drawn over, making it relatively smooth to the touch.
scratch, friction. A scratch caused by relative motion between two
contacting surfaces.
scratch, handling. A more severe form of rub mark. See also mark, rub.
scratch, machine. An indentation that is straight, is in the rolling
direction, and is caused by contact with a sharp projection on
equipment.
scratch, oscillation. Minor indentations at an angle to the rolling
direction that result from coil oscillation during unwinding or rewinding.
Terminology / 217
sheet, clad. Composite sheet having on both surfaces (if on one side
only, clad one-side sheet) a metallurgically bonded metal coating, the
composition of which may or may not be the same as that of the core.
sheet, coiled. Sheet in coils with slit edges.
sheet, coiled circles. Circles cut from coiled sheet.
sheet, coiled cut to length. Sheet cut to specied length from coils and
which has a lesser degree of atness than at sheet.
sheet, at. Sheet with sheared, slit, or sawed edges, which has been
attened or leveled.
sheet, at circles. Circles cut from at sheet.
sheet, mill nish (MF). Sheet having a nonuniform nish that may vary
from sheet to sheet and within a sheet and may not be entirely free from
stains or oil.
sheet, one-side bright mill nish (1SBMF). Sheet having a moderate
degree of brightness on one side and a mill nish on the other.
sheet, painted. Sheet, one or both sides of which has a factory-applied
paint coating of controlled thickness.
sheet, standard one-side bright nish (S1SBF). Sheet having a uniform
bright nish on one side and a mill nish on the other.
sheet, standard two sides bright nish (S2SBF). Sheet having a
uniform bright nish on both sides.
sheet stock. See reroll stock.
shell molding. Shell molds are made from a mixture of sand and
thermosetting resin binder.
shell mold process. A process in which resin-coated sand is laid on a
heated pattern, bonding it together to form a hardened shell about 10 to
20 mm (0.40 to 0.80 in.) thick. Two mating shells are glued together to
make a precision mold to produce a casting with excellent dimensional
accuracy and a smooth surface texture.
short transverse direction. For plate, sheet, and forgings, the direction
through the thickness perpendicular to both longitudinal and long
transverse directions.
shrinkage. Contraction that occurs when metal cools from the casting or
hot-working temperature.
side crack. See edge, broken (cracked).
side set. A difference in thickness between the two edges of plate, sheet,
or foil.
skip. An area of uncoated sheet frequently caused by equipment malfunction.
slippage scratch. See scratch, tension.
slitter hair. See hair, slitter.
sliver. Thin fragment of aluminum that is part of the material but only
partially attached. Surface damage or residual liquation that is subsequently rolled are typical causes.
slug. A metal blank for forging or impacting.
smudge. A dark lm of debris, sometimes covering large areas, deposited on the sheet during rolling.
smut. See smudge.
snaking. A series of reversing lateral bows in coil products. This
condition is caused by a weaving action during an unwinding or
rewinding operation.
solution heat treating. Heating an alloy at a suitable temperature for
sufficient time to allow soluble constituents to enter into solid solution
where they are retained in a supersaturated state after quenching.
specimen. That portion of a sample taken for evaluation of some specic
characteristic or property.
speed crack. See tear, speed.
speed tear. See tear, speed.
splice. The end joint uniting two webs.
spot, lube. A nonuniform extraneous deposit of lube on the coated sheet.
sprue. The vertical portion of the gating system through which molten
metal rst enters the mold.
squareness. Characteristic of having adjacent sides or planes meeting at
90.
squeeze casting. Also known as liquid metal forging or forge casting, it
is a casting process by which molten metal (ferrous or nonferrous)
solidies under pressure within closed dies positioned between the
plates of a hydraulic press.
stabilizing. A low-temperature thermal treatment designed to prevent
age softening in certain strain-hardened alloys containing magnesium.
stain, heat treat. A discoloration due to nonuniform oxidation of the
metal surface during heat treatment.
stain, oil. Surface discoloration that may vary from dark brown to white
and is produced during thermal treatment by incomplete evaporation
and/or oxidation of lubricants on the surface.
stain, saw lubricant. A yellow to brown area of surface discoloration at
the ends of the extruded length. It is the residue of certain types of saw
lubricants if they are not removed from the metal prior to the thermal
treatment.
stain, water. See corrosion, water stain.
starvation. Nonuniform coating application that results in the absence of
coating in certain areas.
sticking. Adherence of foil surfaces sufficient to interfere with the
normal ease of unwinding.
straightness. The absence of divergence from a right (straight) line in the
direction of measurement.
strain. A measure of the change in size or shape of a body under stress,
referred to its original size or shape. Tensile or compressive strain is the
change, due to force, per unit of length in an original linear dimension
in the direction of the applied force.
Terminology / 219
stress. Force per unit of area. Stress is normally calculated on the basis
of the original cross-sectional dimensions. The three kinds of stresses
are tensile, compressive, and shear.
stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). See corrosion, stress-cracking.
stress relieving. The reduction of the effects of internal residual stresses
by thermal or mechanical means.
stretcher strain. See line, Lueders.
striation. Longitudinal nonuniform coating thickness caused by uneven
application of the liquid coating.
strip. This term is not recommended. The term sheet is preferred.
structural streak. See streak, structural.
suck-in. A defect caused when one face of a forging is sucked in to ll
a projection on the opposite side.
surface tear. Minute surface cracks on rolled products that can be caused
by insufficient ingot scalping.
T
tail mark. See mark, roll bruise.
tear, speed. A series of surface cracks perpendicular to the extruding
direction. Speed tearing normally occurs in corner radii or extremities
of a section and is caused by localized high temperature.
telescoping. Lateral stacking, primarily in one direction, of wraps in a
coil so that the edges of the coil are conical rather than at. Improper
alignment of rolls over which the metal passes before rewinding is a
typical cause. See also oscillation.
temper. The condition produced by either mechanical or thermal treatment, or both, and characterized by a certain structure and mechanical
properties.
tensile strength. In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to original
cross-sectional area. Also called ultimate strength.
tension scratch. See scratch, tension.
tolerance. Allowable deviation from a nominal or specied dimension.
tool. A term usually referring to the dies, mandrels, and so on used in the
production of extruded or drawn shapes or tube.
tooling pad. See chucking lug.
tooling plate. A cast or rolled product of rectangular cross section over
6.3 mm (0.250 in.) or greater in thickness and with edges either as-cast,
sheared, or sawed, with internal stress levels controlled to achieve
maximum stability for machining purposes in tool and jig applications.
torn surface. A deep longitudinal rub mark resulting from abrasion by
extrusion or drawing tools.
traffic mark. Abrasion that results from relative movement between
contacting metal surfaces during handling and transit. A dark color
Terminology / 221
U
ultimate tensile strength. See tensile strength.
Terminology / 223
V
vacuum casting process. A process in which a special design sand mold
or a permanent (metal) mold with a bottom opening is used and a
vacuum is placed on the mold; the metal is drawn into the mold
through gates in the bottom of the mold. It is a foundry industry term
for any casting process in which metal is melted and poured under very
low atmospheric pressure.
vent mark. A small protrusion on a forging resulting from the entrance
of metal into a die vent hole.
W
water stain. See corrosion, water stain.
wavy edge. See buckle, edge.
weave. See oscillation.
web. (1) A single thickness of foil as it leaves the rolling mill. (2) A
connecting element between ribs, anges, or bosses on shapes and
forgings.
weld, incomplete. The junction line of metal that has passed through a
die forming a hollow prole (shape), separated and not completely
rejoined. Flare testing is a method of evaluating weld integrity.
welding. Joining two or more pieces of aluminum by applying heat or
pressure, or both, with or without ller metal, to produce a localized
union through fusion or recrystallization across the interface. (Cold
welding is a solid-state welding process in which pressure is used at
room temperature to produce coalescence of metals with substantial
deformation at the weld.)
welding rod. A rolled, extruded, or cast round ller metal for use in
joining by welding.
welding wire. Wire for use as ller metal in joining by welding.
weld line. See seam, extrusion.
wettability test. The degree to which a metal surface may be wet to
determine the absence of or the amount of residual rolling or added
lubricants or deposits on the surface.
whip marks. See mark, whip.
whisker. See hair, slitter.
wire. A solid wrought product that is long in relation to its cross section,
which is square or rectangular with sharp or rounded corners or edges,
or is round, hexagonal, or octagonal, and whose diameter or greatest
perpendicular distance between parallel faces is up through 10 mm
(less than 0.375 in.).
wire, alclad. A composite wire product composed of an aluminum-alloy
wire having on its surface a metallurgically bonded aluminum or
Y
yield strength. The stress at which a material exhibits a specied
permanent set. The offset used for aluminum and its alloys is 0.2% of
gage length. For aluminum alloys, the yield strengths in tension and
compression are approximately equal.
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Subject Index
A
Abrasion. See Mark, traffic.
Aerospace industry alloys used ...... 5, 3031,
69, 90, 92(F), 107, 110, 117
AFS. See American Foundrymens
Society.
Age hardening, definition ......................... 187
Age softening, definition ........................... 187
Aging. See also Artificial aging; Natural
aging.
definition ................................................. 188
microstructures of forgings ............... 130(F)
wrought alloys .......................................... 72
Airbus .................................................... 112(F)
Aircraft industry, alloys used . . . 4, 90, 91(F),
94, 103104, 105, 107, 109(F), 110(F),
112(F), 117
Alclad, definition ....................................... 188
Alligatoring. See Lamination.
Alloy, definition .......................................... 188
Alloy and Temper Registration
Records ............................................ 2, 39
Alloy registration process ............................ 9
Aluminum
advantages .................................................. 1
applications, industrial ............................... 1
mechanical properties ......................... 30(T)
physical properties .............................. 29(T)
welded to copper ............................... 184(F)
welded to steel ................................... 194(F)
Aluminum alloys
applications ................................................. 7
definition ..................................................... 6
experimental alloys ...................... 16, 2425
heat treatment ..................................... 8485
percent aluminum content .......................... 6
variations in compositions ....................... 25
Aluminum Association ................ 1, 23, 78
casting alloy designation system ............. 37
designation systems ................... 9-22(T), 37
H temper designation of wrought
alloys ........................................... 6162
Aluminum Association Alloy and
Temper Designation Systems (ANSI
H35.1) .......................................... 922(T)
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Aluminum-manganese alloys
as automotive alloys ..................... 93, 94(F)
beverage can application .............. 93, 95(F)
brazing ...................................................... 93
chemical industry alloys .......................... 93
construction industry alloys ..................... 93
culinary industry alloys ............................ 93
for heat exchangers ....................... 93, 94(F)
mechanical properties ........................ 90, 93
properties ............................................ 90, 93
soldering ................................................... 93
weldability ................................................ 93
Aluminum-silicon alloys
brazing ........................................... 93, 95(F)
mechanical properties ............................... 93
properties ............................................ 9395
soldering ................................................... 93
weldability .......................... 9395(F), 96(F)
Aluminum-silicon casting alloys
construction industry alloys ................... 112
for office machine housings ................... 112
marine alloys .......................................... 112
mechanical properties ............................. 112
properties ................................................ 112
Aluminum-silicon-copper casting alloys,
properties ..... 111112(F), 113(F), 114(F)
Aluminum-silicon-magnesium casting
alloys, properties ..... 111112(F), 113(F),
114(F)
Aluminum-silicon plus copper or
magnesium alloys
mechanical properties . . 111112(F), 113(F),
114(F)
weldability .............................................. 111
Aluminum Standards and Data ...... 12, 89,
1113(T), 22, 29, 39, 73
1998 metric standard units ......................... 8
Aluminum: Technology, Applications,
and Environment (D.G. Altenpohl) ..... 7,
77, 87
Aluminum-tin casting alloys
mechanical properties ............................. 115
properties ................................................ 115
Aluminum-zinc alloys
aircraft industry alloys .......... 103104, 105,
109(F)
mechanical properties ..................... 102105
properties .............. 102105, 109(F), 110(F)
weldability .............................................. 103
Aluminum-zinc casting alloys
mechanical properties ............................. 115
properties ................................................ 115
Alusuisse Alucoban .............................. 102(F)
American Foundrymens Society
(AFS) ...................................... 37, 73, 80
B
Back-end condition (coring) .. 164(F), 180(F)
definition ................................................. 188
Backup roll, definition .............................. 188
Bar
cold-finished, definition .......................... 189
cold-finished extruded, definition .......... 189
cold-finished rolled, definition ............... 189
definition ................................................. 188
extruded ............................................. 151(F)
extruded, definition ................................ 189
rolled, definition ..................................... 189
saw-plate, definition ............................... 189
Base box, general, definition .................... 189
Bearing applications ..................................... 5
Belled edge. See Edge, belled.
Belly, definition .......................................... 189
Beryllium
as alloying element ............................. 15(T)
mechanical properties ......................... 30(T)
physical properties .............................. 29(T)
Billet, definition ......................................... 189
Billet casting .......................................... 7778
Binder, definition ....................................... 189
Bismuth
as alloying element .................. 12(T), 13(T)
mechanical properties ......................... 30(T)
physical properties .............................. 29(T)
Blank, definition ........................................ 189
Blast cleaning, definition .......................... 189
Bleed out. See Two-tone.
Blister
bond, definition ...................................... 189
coating, definition ................................... 189
core, definition ........................................ 189
definition ................................................. 189
Blistering ............................................... 124(F)
Block mark. See Scratch, tension.
Bloom, definition ....................................... 189
Blow hole. See also Blister.
definition ................................................. 189
Bolting, wrought alloys ................................. 4
Boron, as alloying element ......... 13(T), 15(T)
Boss, definition ........................................... 189
Bottom draft, definition ............................ 189
Bow
definition ......................................... 189190
lateral, definition .................................... 190
longitudinal, definition ........................... 190
transverse, definition .............................. 190
Brazing ......................................................... 27
aluminum-manganese alloys .................... 93
aluminum-silicon alloys ................ 93, 95(F)
commercially pure aluminum .................. 87
definition ................................................. 190
dip ...................................................... 180(F)
of joints, microstructures .......... 162163(F)
microstructure of sheet ........ 162(F), 163(F)
wrought alloys ............................................ 4
Brazing rod, definition .............................. 190
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Subject Index / 227
C
Cadmium
mechanical properties ......................... 30(T)
physical properties .............................. 29(T)
Camber. See Bow, lateral.
Carbon mark. See Mark, carbon.
Cast aluminum alloy, definition .................. 6
Casting alloys
advantages ........................................... 34(T)
alloy group ............................................... 14
alloying element in greatest mean
percentage ......................................... 14
alloying elements ............... 14(T), 1516(T)
applications for alloys and
tempers ............................... 108115(F)
artificial aging ........................................... 74
composition ........................ 14(T), 1516(T)
corrosion .............................................. 34(T)
cracking ............................................... 34(T)
designation system ................. 11, 1316(T),
3237(T)
elongations .................................................. 8
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Subject Index / 229
D
Deep drawing, definition .......................... 194
Defect, definition ........................................ 194
Dendrite arm spacing (DAS), effect on
casting structure fineness .. 168(F), 169(F)
Dendrites ............................................... 157(F)
of brazed joint in sheet ........ 162(F), 163(F)
in castings ............... 166(F), 168(F), 169(F)
in sand casting ................................... 179(F)
Dendritic segregation, titanium in
ingot ................................ 136(F), 137(F)
Density, wrought alloys .................... 2829(F)
Dent. See also Mark, handling.
definition ................................................. 195
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Dent (continued)
expansion, definition .............................. 195
repeating, definition ................................ 195
Designation systems ................ 12, 31, 32(T)
capital letters used for alloys ............. 2425
casting alloys ................................. 3237(T)
casting alloys, cross reference
chart ....................................... 3637(T)
comparison of previous and current
systems ........................................ 32(T)
experimental alloys ............................ 2425
temper, for wrought alloys ................. 3940
UNS alloy ................................................. 31
variations .................................................. 25
wrought alloys ............................... 2332(T)
Die Casting Development Council ........... 37
Die casting (noun) ................................ 8384
aluminum-magnesium alloys ................. 113
aluminum-silicon alloys ......................... 112
aluminum-silicon plus copper or
magnesium alloys ........................... 111
compositions for commercial
uses ................................................... 35
definition ................................................. 195
mechanical properties .............. 53(T), 57(T)
microstructure ........ 171(F), 172(F), 173(F),
174(F), 176(F), 177(F), 178(F), 179(F)
Die casting (verb)
cold chamber, definition ......................... 195
definition ................................................. 195
gravity, definition ................................... 195
hot chamber, definition .......................... 195
pressure. See also Low-pressure casting
process; High-pressure molding.
pressure, definition ................................. 195
vs. permanent mold casting ..................... 81
Die forgings ................................................. 80
Die (in casting), definition ........................ 195
Die (in forging or extrusion), definition .. 195
Die line, definition ..................................... 195
Die number, definition .............................. 195
Diffusion processes .............................. 131(F)
Diffusion streak. See Streak, diffusion.
Dimensional stability, definition .............. 196
Dip brazing ........................................... 180(F)
Direct castings, microstructure ............ 131(F)
Dirt, definition ........................................... 196
Disc, definition ........................................... 196
Double shear notch. See Notch, double
shear.
Draft, definition ......................................... 196
Drag mark. See Rub, tool.
Draw and iron-can bodies, definition ..... 196
Drawing ................................................. 26, 30
definition ................................................. 196
E
Earing, definition ....................................... 196
Ears, definition .......................................... 197
Eccentricity, definition .............................. 197
Edge
band. See Two-tone.
belled, definition ..................................... 197
broken (cracked), definition ................... 197
built-up. See Edge, belled.
damaged, definition ................................ 197
dropped, definition ................................. 197
liquated, definition .................................. 197
rippled. See Buckle, edge.
wavy. See Buckle, edge.
Elastic limit, definition .............................. 197
Electrical and electronic industry
alloys used ... 88(F), 99, 106, 107, 110, 112,
115116
commercially pure aluminum
applications .................................. 88(F)
Electrical beam welding
of investment casting ........................ 181(F)
of plate .................................. 158(F), 162(F)
of sheet .................... 155(F), 156(F), 159(F)
Electrical conductivity
commercially pure aluminum ............ 87, 88
definition ................................................. 197
8xxx series ..................................... 106, 107
wrought alloys ............................................ 4
Electrical resistivity, definition ................ 197
Elevated temperatures
aluminum-copper alloys ........................... 89
aluminum-copper casting alloys ............ 109
Elongation
casting alloys ................................. 4957(T)
definition ......................................... 197198
wrought alloys ............................... 4049(T)
Embossing, definition ................................ 198
Endurance limit
casting alloys ................................. 4957(T)
definition ................................................. 198
F
Fabrication, temper designation ..... 16, 5758
Fatigue
aluminum-silicon alloys ......................... 112
casting alloys .................................. 108, 110
definition ................................................. 198
test, fayed sheet ................................. 151(F)
Fatigue limit
casting alloys ................................. 4957(T)
wrought alloys ............................... 4049(T)
Feeder. See Riser.
Feed in. See Back-end condition.
Feed line. See Streak, grinding.
Fillet, definition .......................................... 198
Fin, definition ............................................. 198
Finish
casting alloys .............................................. 5
definition ................................................. 199
Finishing, casting alloys ........................ 34(T)
Fin stock, definition .................................. 199
Fish mouthing, definition ......................... 199
Flag, definition ........................................... 199
Flaking, definition ..................................... 199
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Subject Index / 231
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G
Gage, definition .......................................... 201
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW)
aluminum-copper alloys ........................... 90
aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloys ....... 98
aluminum-silicon alloys ..................... 94, 95
wrought alloys ............................................ 4
Gas porosity .. 172(F), 174(F), 176(F), 177(F)
definition ................................................. 201
Gas tungsten arc repair welding, of
investment casting ............ 181(F), 182(F)
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)
aluminum-copper alloys ........................... 90
aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloys ....... 98
aluminum-silicon alloys ..................... 94, 95
of extruded tube ................................ 161(F)
of plate .................................. 160(F), 161(F)
of sheet ...... 155(F), 156(F), 157(F), 158(F),
159(F)
of wrought alloys ....................................... 4
of wrought-to-cast alloys .................. 182(F)
Gate .............................................................. 82
definition ................................................. 201
Gate area ................................. 176(F), 177(F)
Gated patterns, definition ........................ 201
Gated system, definition ........................... 201
Gating ................................................... 173(F)
Gating system, definition .......................... 201
Geodesic domes .......................... 100, 102(F),
104(F), 105(F)
H
Hair, slitter, definition ............................... 202
Hand forgings ............................................. 80
Handling mark. See Mark, handling.
Hard conversion ........................................... 8
Hardener, definition .................................. 202
Hardness
casting alloys ................................. 4957(T)
definition ................................................. 202
8xxx series .............................................. 106
wrought alloys ............................... 4049(T)
Heat streak. See Streak, heat.
Heat treatable alloys .................................. 11
casting alloys ...................................... 3334
definition ................................................. 202
temper designations ............................ 6568
Heat treatable aluminum alloy,
definition ................................................. 6
Heat treating. See also Aging; Solution
heat treating.
aluminum alloys ................................. 8485
aluminum-copper alloys ........................... 89
aluminum-copper permanent mold
castings ........................................... 109
aluminum-copper sand castings ............. 109
aluminum-magnesium alloys ................. 113
aluminum-magnesium-silicon
alloys .......................................... 97, 98
aluminum-silicon alloys ............ 93, 94, 112
aluminum-silicon plus copper or
magnesium alloys ........................... 111
aluminum-tin casting alloys ................... 115
aluminum-zinc alloys ..................... 102, 103
aluminum-zinc casting alloys ................ 115
by nonproducer ......................................... 40
definition ................................................. 202
8xxx aluminum series ............................ 106
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Subject Index / 233
Joining
aluminum-copper alloys ........................... 90
aluminum-manganese alloys .................... 90
aluminum-silicon alloys ......... 93, 94, 95(F)
aluminum-zinc alloys ............................. 102
casting alloys ....................................... 34(T)
wrought alloys ............................................ 4
K
Kink, definition .......................................... 205
Knife mark. See Mark, knife.
Knock-out mark. See Mark, knock-out.
L
Lacquer. See also Stain, oil.
definition ................................................. 205
Lacquering, temper designation ................. 17
Lamination, definition .............................. 205
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M
Machinability
aluminum-tin alloys ................................ 115
aluminum-zinc alloys ............................. 115
Magnesium
as alloying element ..... 10(T), 11, 1213(T),
14(T), 1516(T)
as alloying element, casting alloy
applications .......... 111112(F), 113(F),
114(F), 115
as alloying element, casting
alloys ..................................... 33(T), 34
as alloying element, wrought alloy
applications .......... 95101(F), 102(F),
103(F), 104(F), 105(F), 106(F),
107(G), 108(F)
as alloying element, wrought alloys ....... 23,
25(T), 26, 2728, 29
mechanical properties ......................... 30(T)
physical properties .............................. 29(T)
Magnesium silicide ................. 152(F), 159(F)
in castings .......................................... 170(F)
in wrought alloys ....... 10(T), 11, 23, 26, 28
Magnetic levitation (Mag-Lev)
train .............................. 100101, 106(F)
Manganese
as alloying element ..... 10(T), 11, 1213(T),
1516(T)
as alloying element, wrought alloy
applications ......... 90, 93, 94(F), 95(F)
as alloying element, wrought alloys ....... 23,
25(T), 26, 27
mechanical properties ......................... 30(T)
physical properties .............................. 29(T)
Marine industry, alloys used ......... 96, 97(F),
98(F), 99(F), 100(F), 112, 113114, 117
Mark
arbor, definition ...................................... 207
bearing, definition .................................. 207
bite, definition ........................................ 207
bristle, definition .................................... 207
carbon, definition .................................... 207
chatter (roll or leveler), definition ......... 207
definition ................................................. 207
drag. See Rub, tool.
edge follower, definition ........................ 207
handling, definition ................................ 207
heat treat contact, definition .................. 207
inclusion. See also Inclusion, stringer.
inclusion, definition ................................ 207
knife, definition ...................................... 207
knockout ................................................... 83
knock-out, definition .............................. 207
N
Nailing, wrought alloys ................................. 4
Natural aging. See also Aging. .................. 84
casting alloys ............................................ 74
temper designations ...................... 19, 21(T)
wrought alloys ......... 26, 27, 28, 59, 60, 65,
66, 68
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Subject Index / 235
O
Off gage, definition .................................... 209
Offset, definition ................................ 209210
Oil and petroleum industry, alloys
used .......................................... 99, 100(F)
Oil stain. See Stain, oil.
Orange peel, definition ............................. 210
Oscillation. See also Telescoping.
definition ................................................. 210
Out-of-register, definition ......................... 210
Ovalness. See Quality.
Overaging
microstructure .................................... 124(F)
temper designation ................................... 20
wrought alloys .................................... 68, 71
Oxide discoloration. See Stain, heat
treat.
Oxide stringers ..................................... 134(F)
P
Packaging industry, alloys used .............. 118
Pack rolling, definition ............................. 210
Painting, temper designation ...................... 17
Parent coil, definition ................................ 210
Parent plate, definition ............................. 210
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Q
Quality, definition ...................................... 213
Quarter buckle. See Buckle, quarter.
Quenching ....................................... 40, 84, 85
casting alloys ............................................ 74
definition ................................................. 213
of dies ....................................................... 85
R
Radiographic inspection, definition ........ 213
Radiography, definition ............................ 213
Rail transportation industry, alloys
used ............................................. 117118
Razor streak. See Inclusion, stringer.
RCS, definition .......................................... 213
Rear-end condition. See Back-end
condition.
Recommendation: International
Designation System for Wrought
Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum
Alloys ...................................................... 2
Recrystallization
dynamic ............................................. 134(F)
microstructure of closed-die
forgings ......................... 128(F), 130(F)
microstructure of extrusions ............ 138(F),
150(F)
microstructure of plate ...................... 134(F)
microstructure of sheet ....... 123(F), 131(F),
132(F), 136(F), 137(F)
Recycling
casting alloy 332.0 from scrap .............. 112
wrought alloys ............................................ 4
Redraw rod, definition .............................. 213
References ......................................... 185186
Refined aluminum, definition .................. 213
Reflector sheet, definition ......................... 213
Registration process, of alloys .................... 9
Reheating, definition ................................. 213
Reoil, definition .......................................... 214
Reroll stock, definition .............................. 214
Residual stresses
minimized by quenching .......................... 68
temper designations ............................ 6768
Resistance spot welding ......... 153(F), 154(F)
Reynolds Wrap ................................ 88, 89(F)
Rib, definition ............................................ 214
Riser ............................................................. 82
definition ................................................. 214
Riser gating, definition ............................. 214
Rivet. See Wire, cold heading.
Rod
alclad, definition ..................................... 214
cold-finished, definition .......................... 214
cold-finished extruded, definition .......... 214
cold-finished rolled, definition .............. 214
cold-heading, definition .......................... 214
definition ................................................. 214
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Subject Index / 237
S
Sample, definition ...................................... 215
Sand casting .......................................... 8182
aluminum-magnesium alloys ................. 113
aluminum-silicon alloys ......................... 112
aluminum-silicon plus copper or
magnesium alloys ........................... 111
aluminum-tin casting alloys ................... 115
aluminum-zinc casting alloys ................ 115
vs. permanent mold casting ............... 81, 82
Sand casting alloys, mechanical
properties .................. 4951(T), 5355(T)
Sand castings
definition ................................................. 215
heat treatable .......................................... 109
microstructure ........ 164(F), 167(F), 168(F),
179(F), 180(F)
Sand mold, definition ................................ 215
Saw-plate bar. See Bar, saw-plate.
Scalping, definition .................................... 215
Scratch. See also Mark, handling.
definition ................................................. 215
drawn-in, definition ................................ 215
friction, definition ................................... 215
handling, definition. See also Mark,
rub. .................................................. 215
machine, definition ................................. 215
oscillation, definition .............................. 215
oven, definition ....................................... 216
rolled-in, definition ................................. 216
slippage. See Scratch, tension.
tension, definition ................................... 216
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Subject Index / 239
T
Tail mark. See Mark, roll bruise.
Tear, speed ............................................ 180(F)
definition ................................................. 220
Tear testing .................................................. 85
Telescopic mirrors, of commercially
pure aluminum .......................... 88, 90(F)
Telescoping, See also Oscillation.
definition ................................................. 220
Temper
annealed ................. 1617, 18(T), 21(T), 22
annealed, casting alloys ..................... 7374
annealing treatments ................................. 58
artificially aged ....................... 1920, 21(T)
cold worked ........................................ 19, 20
corrosion resistant designations ............... 71
definition ................................................. 220
designating residual stress relief of heat
treated products .......................... 6768
designation identifying additional cold
work between quenching and
aging ................................................. 70
designations, for wrought alloys ........ 3940
designations identifying modifications
in quenching ..................................... 68
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Temper (continued)
designations indicating heat treatment
by user ........................................ 6870
designation systems ............. 1, 2, 1622(T),
5773(T)
fabricated ...................................... 16, 5758
fabricated, casting alloys .......................... 73
for aluminum pattern sheet ................. 20(T)
for casting alloys ................................ 7375
for wrought alloys ......................... 5773(T)
heat treatable alloys subdivisions of T
temper ......................................... 6568
identifying cold work following aging .... 70
lacquered ................................................... 17
natural aging ................................. 19, 21(T)
overaged ................................................... 20
painted ...................................................... 17
precipitation hardened .............................. 20
solution heat treated ... 17, 1920, 21(T), 59
special or premium properties
designated ................................... 7173
stabilized ............................................ 17, 20
strain hardening ............... 17, 18, 22, 5859
stress relieved ...................................... 21(T)
subdivisions of designation
system .................................... 1722(T)
subdivisions of H temper for
non-heat-treatable alloys ....... 6064(T)
tensile strength ......................... 18(T), 19(T)
thermal treatment ............................... 5960
thermal treatment, casting alloys ............. 74
thermal treatment for stability ..... 17, 1920
understanding importance of
designations ...................................... 76
Temper designation system .............. 922(T)
Tempers for Aluminum and Aluminum
Alloy Products (Registration Records
Series) ............................................ 73, 75
Tensile strength
casting alloys ................................. 4957(T)
definition ................................................. 220
temper designations ................. 18(T), 19(T)
wrought alloys ............................... 4049(T)
Tension scratch. See Scratch, tension.
Test directions, definition ............................. 6
Thermal conductivity, wrought alloys ........ 3
Thermal treatment, temper
designations ................. 17, 1920, 5960
Thixocasting ........................... 84, 111, 112(F)
microstructure of parts ..................... 170(F)
Tightness, of casting alloys ................... 34(T)
Tin
as alloying element ........... 10(T), 11, 14(T),
15(T), 16(T)
U
Ultimate shearing strength
casting alloys ................................. 4957(T)
wrought alloys ............................... 4049(T)
Ultimate tensile strength. See also
Tensile strength.
aluminum-copper alloys ........................... 89
aluminum-copper casting alloys ............ 110
aluminum-magnesium alloys ........... 96, 113
aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloys ....... 98
aluminum-manganese alloys .................... 90
aluminum-silicon alloys ................... 93, 112
aluminum-silicon plus copper or
magnesium alloys ........................... 111
aluminum-tin alloys ................................ 115
aluminum-zinc alloys ..................... 102, 115
casting alloys ................................. 4957(T)
commercially pure aluminum .................. 87
8xxx aluminum series ............................ 106
wrought alloys ...................... 4049(T), 106
Unified Numbering System (UNS) alloy
designation system .............................. 31
for casting alloys ...................................... 37
Unit conversion ......................................... 7-8
Units ............................................................ 7-8
UNS number ............................................... 31
V
Vacuum casting process, definition ......... 223
Vanadium, as alloying element .. 12(T), 15(T)
Variations
castings alloys .......................................... 35
in alloy compositions ............................... 25
Vent mark, definition ................................ 223
Voids .............. 152(F), 174(F), 177(F), 180(F)
W
Water stain. See Corrosion, water stain.
Wavy edge. See Buckle edge.
Weave. See Oscillation.
Web, definition ........................................... 223
Weld, incomplete, definition ..................... 223
Weldability
aluminum-copper alloys ........................... 89
aluminum-magnesium alloys ................... 96
aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloys ....... 98
aluminum-manganese alloys .................... 93
aluminum-silicon alloys ..... 9395(F), 96(F)
aluminum-silicon plus copper or
magnesium alloys ........................... 111
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Subject Index / 241
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Y
Yield strength
casting alloys ................................. 4957(T)
Z
Zinc
as alloying element ..... 10(T), 11, 1213(T),
14(T), 1516(T)
as alloying element, casting alloy
applications ..................................... 115
as alloying element, casting
alloys ..................................... 33(T), 34
as alloying element, wrought alloy
applications .......................... 102105,
109(F), 110(F)
as alloying element, wrought alloys ....... 23,
25(T), 26, 28, 29
mechanical properties ......................... 30(T)
physical properties .............................. 29(T)
Zirconium
as alloying element ...... 12(T), 13(T), 15(T)
mechanical properties ......................... 30(T)
physical properties .............................. 29(T)
Product code
#06180G
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