What is Globalisation

The term globalisation means free

trade and free movement of all factors
of production including labour

The globalisation process in India during the

past
Ancient period Globalisation
Economic factors that
led to the country's
economic prosperity
References available
from Jatakas and
other texts.
Evidences are also
based on discovery of
Indian articles

The time of Buddha (3rd

century B. C.) Indian
sailors could go to lands
now called Myanmar,
Malaysia, Philippines,
Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam,
Campuchea in the east
and Sri Lanka in the
South
Mauryan policy of
friendship with the world

In the early centuries of the

Christian era
spices, perfumes, jewels and fine textiles (Muslim
countries)
ivory (both raw and finished), sugar, rice, ghee,
Indian iron (for its purity,
live animals (buffuloes, lions, tigers, elephants (for
the wild beast shows of Rome and other Roman
provincial capitals) and monkeys) and birds (parrots,
peacocks, pheasants etc. for being used as pets of
Roman ladies) etc. Both land and sea trade flourished
at that time.
3

First millennium -Globalization Process

India took a leading and pioneer role

The expansion of India's Globalisation

process in the East Asia during Gupta era
(240-495 A.D)

India's international trade connections

reached its peak

Decline of Indian
Globalisation
Decline since the 8th century A.D. and
became insignificant in the course of next
three hundred years.

Reasons
Due to low technology

Inability to protect her trading

infrastructure from foreign invaders which
resulted in plunder and destruction etc.it
was disastrous during middle age

20th century globalisation in India

started since-1985
continuing till now with varying degree
of pace in its successive phases (198591, 1991-95, 1995-2005) and is expected
to continue

Background for the Present

Globalisation in India
1. Economic Crisis in India
1. Political Imbalances
2. Gulf Crisis
Higher
Import
Bill

Loss of
Export Market

Impact on
1. International Credits
2. International Market

As a Result
1. India near to default in July 1991.
a) Widespread Shortage of essential
imported Commodities
b) Cut Back on Industrial Output
c) Inflation
d) Unable to pay the maintenance cost
10

Corrective steps taken

To obtain foreign loans India had to abide by
the stringent conditionalities imposed by the
World Bank and the IMF.
This resulted in the adoption of completely
different types of economic policies in 1991
which are now well known as 'economic
reforms'.

11

Emergence of LPG or SAPs

or Reforms
This phase of globalisation for India as the
Economic Reforms policies consisted of
LPG strategies viz, Liberalisation,
Privatisation and Globalisation

12

These Reforms are

1. Liberalization of foreign Exchange
2. Devaluation

Increase of Cuts in spending

Indirect Taxes
Reduction in Govt
Expenditure
Cut on Social Sector
Cut on Education
13

Sectors where Globalisation/Economic

Reforms entered
1. Education Sector- Privatization, Privatization of Higher
education,Internationalization of education
2. Linguistic, cultural & ideology convergence-Emergence of
Foreign language centers,international brands promotion
etc.
3. Finance sector-Foreign Credits Availability ex CitiBank
etc
4. Communication & Information Technology sectorPrivate Channels ,Mobile Phones,Computer , internet etc.
5. International movement of people-Liberal policy in
Passport issues,visa etc.
6. Business sector-World system of signs & images & brands

14

Countries Failure
1. Zaire-Africa
2. Mali-Africa
3. Nigeria-Africa
4. Niger-Africa
5. Sierra-Africa
6. Leone-Africa
7. Zambia Africa
8. Peru-South America
9. Madagascar-Africa
10.Bolivia-South
America
11.Ethiopia-Africa
12.Mauritina -Africa

Countriessuccessful
1. Korea-Asia
2. Hongkong-Asia
3. Singapore-Asia
4. Malaysia-Asia
5. China-Asia
6. Thailand-Asia
7. Indonesia-Asia

15

Asian Countries which are

Globalising
1.
2.
3.
4.

India
Bangladesh
Philippines
Pakisthan

16

World Experiences
Failures after
Globalization
1. Reduced
attendance in the
School
2. Fees introduced at
Primary level
3. Skilled manpower
migration(Brain
Drain)
4. High
opportunity
cost

Success after
Globalization
1. Income increased
2. Resources
from
other
sources
increased
3. Rise
in
human
development
4. High
Domestic
savings. (25% in
Education)

17

Changes in the system of

Education in India
Conventional
System(Usual)
1. Welfare Approach
2. Public Higher
Education
3. Public Financing
4. Private: State
Financed Institutions.
5. Private: Government
Recognised
Institutions
6. Private: Degree
awarding Institutions

Emerging System
1. Market Approach
2. Mixed and Private
Higher Education
3. Private Financing
4. Private: Self Financing
Institutions
5. Private Institutions
requiring no
Government
recognition
6. Private: Non-Degree
(Diploma/ Certificate)
awarding Institutions
18

Contd..

Conventional
System(Usual)
7. Private: Philanthropy
and educational
Considerations
8. No Fees
9. Low Levels of Fees
10. No Student Loans
11. Commercially
Ineffective Loan
Programmes -- no
security
12. High default rates

Emerging System

7. Private: commercial
motives; profit
motives
8. Introduction of Fees
9. High Levels of Fees
10.Introduction of
Student Loan
Programmes
11.Effective/Commercial
ly Viable Loan
Programmes:
security/mortgage
12.Expected high
recovery rates

19

Contd..
14.Emergence of
many Academic
Disciplines
15.Emphasis on
lifelong Education
16.Increasing
pressure on Role of
the Heads of
Institutions on
ethics and
accountability

14. SelfFinancing/Commercial
ly viable/profitable
disciplines of study
15. Open/Distance/PartTime Education

16.Academic
leadership , Money
Management; and
in Resource
Generation

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The paradigm shift in school

education- Tension points to schools
Hybridization focusing on
the content and process of education
system of evaluation of the outcomes
of learning through moderation
standardization, and certification.
knowledge-divide,
social divide, and
an urban-rural divide

The GATS gateway

The emergence of GATS has opened
yet another threshold for global
competition and partnership

The Globetrotters
global level school education
providers
(like International Baccqualarate -IB, GCSE, Australian
school educational system, and the German mode)
designing

an updated educational

edifice
already designed and entered to
cater to the local Indian educational
requirements

Specific Tension points to

school system
1.
2.
3.

Mismatch between Global needs and local production

Traditional set ups and demand for modernity
Fulfilling the national goal of Equality of opportunity and
facing the competition
4.
Extraordinary expansion of knowledge and slow
progress in Teacher/principals up gradation
Of know-5. Emergence of WTO and GATS and Changes in the
demand of education

24

Contd..
6. Demand for new skills,
7. Demand for new knowledge,
8. Demand for new emotional strength
10. Change in the demand in employment
global demands for global education

25

Demands -Skill Level Changes

Skilled

Unskilled

20%

15%

Unskilled
60%

Professional
20%

1970
02/28/15

Professional
20%

Skilled
65%

2007
11/28/07

26

Present education scenario

of India
1.

4. 6% are the ones that cross the 10+2 stage,

2.

8% in higher education

3.

degree which may not be very relevant in today's

context for the sake of employment generation 5.

72% of all graduates from the 15,000 colleges are Arts
graduates..
5. Balance 2.28% -From Science, Commerce,
Engineering,
I. T., Medical,Law, Management and special subjects.
4.

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27

Current employment
situation
Of all new employment
generated, 1% are
Government jobs,
2% are in the organized
sector and the balance
97% in the' unorganized
sector
02/28/15

28

we need to concentrate on the balance 97% of the Economy &

Enterprise

I.T. & Software India's present

share is about 3%.
For rapid economic growth and
employment generation we need
to concentrate on the balance 97%
of the Economy & Enterprise and
make it world class.

India's internal
problems
71% or 770 million people are below 35
years of age.
2. 29 million people are born every year,
3. 94% drop out rate of children between
kindergarten and 10+2

www.wakeupcall.org

02/28/15

30

India as the world see

Powered with more Young population
English Language power
Moving from identity of Snake
charmers to mouse movers
World leaders acknowledges Indias
rise ---visits from leaders and officials
from the United States, France,
Germany and Russia have spotlighted.
wealthier nations see India as trading
partner with enormous potential02/28/15

31

 Graduates of the nations business

programs are in high demand among
multinational corporations,
Those who complete MBA degrees at
schools such as starting salaries ranging
from $75,000 (USD) at Indian firms to over
$200,000 outside the country.
This is comparable to graduates of top
American business schools such as
Harvard, Stanford

Future agenda
or Goals for school education
Improving Secondary Education in
India : Finding Complementarities
with International Standards

02/28/15

33

1. Prepare younger generation with

new knowledge,
2. renewed skills for understanding
technical know- how,
3. sharpening competencies
necessary for human and
economic development
4. Redesigning methodology of
educational teaching process,

5. Balancing Vocational and

Academic Education6. Emphasizing Knowledge and
Cognitive Skills or Behavioral and
Life Skills7. Designing Systems for Mass or
Selective Education
8. Building Better Curriculum
Models

9. Designing integrated and

interdisciplinary courses
10.Terminal education
to lifelong
learning
11.Information-based learning systems to
application knowledge
12.learning to analysis and synthesis
13.Memorisation
to critical thinking
14.Learning things just in case they may be
useful to a time learning system that
promotes

16.A directive based system to an

initiative based system
17.A highly centralized system to a
devolving system
18.Supply driven vocational courses
to demand-oriented courses

Impart education suits Jobs for the

21st Century
Funding to initiate or expand
activities that help meet the goals of
the new Jobs for the 21st Century
initiative by ensuring that all students
are prepared to succeed in
postsecondary education and the
workforce.

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38

Skills oriented education for 21st Century

Workforce
Knowledge about Human behavior Aspects
Development of Multiple intelligence

Critical Thinking: Creative

Thinking
Decision-Making
Problem Solving
Interpersonal Relationship
Effective Communication
Coping with Emotions
Coping with Stress
Self-Awareness
Empathy
high value on
Verbal & written communications
Math
Computer expertise

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39

Need for vocational

education
While 95% of the world youth between 15 to 35
years of age learn a vocation, a skill or a
trade, with a choice of 2500 vocational education
& training (VET) programs, in 15,000 modules,
we in India have only identified about 97
courses
after 58 years of Independence and hardly 2%
of the population goes for formal VET training!

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Plan to face WTO.

New technologies for anytime, anywhere
learning..
Focus on the consumer Education which is
a means to a livelihood.
Syllabuses and curriculums must
understand the future needs of the
industrial and service sectors.
Higher education institutions must engage
with industry.

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Revise school syllabus

all school examination boards should
revise their syllabus to test research,
analysis, memory, comprehension and
expression capabilities of students.
There is urgent need to develop
innovative curricula,
Most foreign boards provide flexibility
in curriculum through wide range of
subjects
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modern teaching methods

practice modern teaching methods,
and
generate competitive academic
culture for which an enabling
framework of governance is needed.

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Modern evaluation methods

Student friendly evaluation
open choice frame work
Move beyond the textbooks
syndrome

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