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Partial Differental Equations PDF
Partial Differental Equations PDF
Problem 1
z x a
2
b2 .
Solution:
z x 2 a 2 y 2 b 2
- (1)
Solution:
2
2
x a y b z 2 1 - (1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t x and y we get
2 x a 2 zp 0
x a zp
2 y b 2 zq 0
- (2)
- (3)
y b zq
Substituting (2) & (3) in (1) we get
z 2 p2 z 2q2 z 2 1
i.e., z 2 p 2 q 2 1 1
f x2 y2 z 2 , x y z 0 .
f from
Solution:
We know that if f (u, v) = 0
then u = f (v)
2
x y2 z2 f x y z
- (1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t x and y
We get
2 x 2 zp f ' x y z 1 p
- (2)
2 y 2 zq f ' x y z 1 q
Divide (2) & (3)
x zp 1 p
y zq 1 q
x qx zp zpq y py zq zpq
z y p x zq y x
Problem 4
Form the partial differential equation by eliminating
f from
z x 2 2 f log x .
y
Solution:
1
Let z x 2 2 f log x
y
- (1)
- (2)
1
1
z
q 2 f ' log x 2
y
y
y
- (3)
y
q
x
2
px 2 x qy 2
px qy 2 2 x 2
Problem 5 Obtain the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants
a & b from z xy y x a b .
Solution:
2
z xy y x 2 a 2 b
- (1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t x and y
z
1
y y
2x
2
2
x
2 x a
yx
p y
x2 a2
p
x
1
y
x2 a2
p
p
x
1
2
y
x a2
z
q
x x2 a2
y
q x x2 a2
Multiplying (2) & (3)
p
x
1 q x
2
x a2
y
- (2)
- (3)
x2 a2
p
1 q x x
y
p y q x xy
pq xp yq xy xy
px qy pq
z
z
and q .
x
y
- (1)
a
a 1
a
z ax
yc
a 1
Problem 8 Solve p 1 q qz .
Solution:
p 1 q qz
- (1)
x ay u
z f u
dz
adz
q
du
du
(1) reduces to
dz
dz
dz
z
1 a a
du
du
du
dz
1 a
az
du
dz
a
az 1
du
dz
1
z
du
a
dz
du
1
z
a
1
Integrating log z u b
a
P Q R
dx
dy
dz
i.e.,
tan x tan y
Sign,
tan y tan z
dy
dz
tan y tan z
Solution:
Substituting D = m, & D1 = 1
The Auxiliary equation is m3 - 3m + 2 = 0
m = 1, 1, -2
Complimentary function is 1 y x x2 y x 3 y 2 x
i.e., Z 1 y 1 x2 y x 3 y 2 x
2 z
2 z
2 z
Problem 11 Find the general solution of 4 2 12
9 2 0.
x
xy
y
Solution:
4D 2 12 DD1 9D12 Z 0
The auxiliary equation is 4m 2 12m 9 0
4m2 6m 6m +9 = 0
2m (2m 3) 3 (2m 3) = 0
(2m 3)2 = 0
3
m=
(twice)
2
3
3
C.F. = 1 y x x2 y x
2
2
z 1 y x x2 y x
2
2
Problem 12 Solve D DD D D D
3
z 0.
Solution:
The Auxiliary equation is
m3 m 2 m 1 0
m2 m 1 m 1 0
1 m 1 0
i.e. m 1, i, i
The general solution is Z 1 y x 2 y ix 3 y ix
z e
cos 2 y .
Solution:
P.I.
e x cos 2 y
D D D DD D
cos 2 y
ex
3
2
D 1 D 1 D D 1 D2 D3
3
e x R.P. of
e 2iy
3
2
D 1 D 1 D D 1 D2 D3
e2iy
1 2i 4 8i
x
e
1 2i
R.P. of
cos 2 y i sin 2 y
5
1 2i 1 2i
e x R.P. of
P.I.
1 1
e x . cos 2 y 2sin 2 y
5 5
ex
cos 2 y 2sin 2 y
25
Problem 14 Solve D DD D 1 z 0 .
2
Solution:
6
DD D 1 0
D 1 D D ' 1 0
This is of the form
D m D
1 D m2 D1 2 0
m1 0,1 1, m2 1, 2 1
C.F. is Z e1 x f1 y m1 x e 2 x f 2 y m2 x
Z e x f1 y e x f 2 y x
Problem 15 Solve D D 1 D D 2 z e
2 x y
Solution:
This is of the form
D m1D C1 D m2 D C2 .... D mn D Cn Z 0
Hence m1 1 c1 1 m2 1 c2 1 c2 2
e2 x y
D D 1 D D 2
e2 x y
2 1 1 2 1 2
1
e2 x y
2
1
Hence, the complete solution is Z e x1 y x e 2 x2 y x e 2 x y
2
PART B
Problem 16
a. From
the
partial
differential
from z f y x y z .
Solution:
equation
by
eliminating
f and
z f y x y z
- (1)
Differentiating partially with respect to x and y, we get
- (2)
P x y z 1 p
q f ' y ' x y z 1 q
r ' x y z .r " x y z 1 p
- (3)
2
- (4)
s ' x y z .s " x y z 1 p 1 q
t f " y ' x y z t '' x y z 1 q
- (5)
2
- (6)
s 1 q
- (7)
- (8)
1 q r 1 p s
b. Solve D 2 DD z e
2
2x
x3 y .
Solution:
Auxiliary Equation is given by m 2 2m 0
i.e., m (m 2) =0
m = 0, m = 2
C.F. = f1 y f 2 y 2 x
PI1
1
e2 x
D 2 DD
2
e2 x
(Replace D by 2 and D by 0)
4
1
2
x3 y
D 2DD
PI 2
1 2 D 3
1
x y
D2
D
1 2 D
2 1
...... x3 y
D
D
1 3
2 x3
x
y
D2
D
x5
x6
y 2.
20
4.5.6
5
6
x
x
y
20
60
The complete solution is
Z C.F . PI1 PI 2
Z f1 y f 2 y 2 x
e2 x x5 y x 6
4
20 20
Problem 17
a. Find the complete integral of p q x y .
Solution:
The given equation does not contain z explicitly and is variable separable.
That is the equation can be rewritten as p x = y q =a, say
- (!)
p a x and q y a
Now
dz = pdx + qdy
dz a x dx y a dy (2)
Integrating both sides with respect to he concerned variables, we get
a x
z
y a
- (3)
b
2
2
when a and b are arbitrary constants.
b. Solve y p xyq x z 2 y .
2
Solution:
This is a Lagranges linear equation of the form Pp Qq R
The subsidiary equations are
dx dy dz
P Q R
dx dy
dz
2
y
xy x z 2 y
Taking I & II ratios
dx dy
y 2 xy
xdx ydy
Integrating,
x2 y2
C
2
2
x 2 y 2 2c c1
dy
dz
Taking II & III ratios
xy x z 2 y
Z 2 y dy ydz
ydz zdy 2 ydy
d yz 2 ydy
Integrating,
yz y 2 c2
yz y 2 c2
the solution is x 2 y 2 , yz y 2 0
Problem 18
a. Find
the
singular
integral
of
the
partial
differential
equation
z px qy p q .
2
Solution:
The given equation z px qy p 2 q 2 is a clairauts type equation.
Hence the complete solution is z ax by a 2 b 2
To get singular Solution :
Differentiate (1) w.r.t. a and b
0 = x + 2a
- (2)
0 = y 2b
- (3)
x
y
a
and b
2
2
Substituting in (1),
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
z
2
2
4
2
2
2 x 2 y x 2 y 2
z
4
2
2
4 z y x is the singular solution.
b. Solve D 4 DD 5 D
2
z 3e
2 x y
-(1)
sin x 2 y .
Solution:
The Auxiliary equation,
m 2 4m 5 0
m 2 5m m 5 0
m m 5 m 5 0
m 1 m 5 0
m 1, 5
C.F. = f y x g y 5 x
PI1
1
3e 2 x y
D 4 DD 5 D2
3e 2 x y
4 85
3 2 x y
e
9
1
e2 x y
3
10
1
sin x 2 y
D 4 DD 5 D2
1
sin x 2 y
1 4 2 5 4
PI 2
1
sin x 2 y
1 8 20
1
sin x 2 y
27
the complete solution is Z CF PI1 PI 2
1
1
i.e. Z f y x g y 5 x e 2 x y sin x 2 y
3
27
Problem 19
Solution:
This is a Lagranges linear equation of the form Pp Qq R .
dx dy dz
The subsidiary equations are
P Q R
dx
dy
dz
- (1)
3z 4 y 4 x 2 z 2 y 3x
Use Lagrangian multipliers x, y, z we get each ratio is
1
d x2 y2 z 2
xdx ydy zdz
2
3 xz 4 xy 4 xy 2 yz 2 yz 3 xz
0
Hence d x 2 y 2 z 2 0
6 z 8 y 12 x 6 z 8 y 12 x
2dx 3dy 4dz
0
2dx 3dy 4dz 0
Hence 2 x 3 y 4 z C2
- (3)
b. Solve D 2 DD D 3D 3D 2 z e
2
3x
2e 2 y .
2
Solution:
11
2 DD D2 3D 3D 2 z D D ' 2 D D ' 1 z
PI 2
D D 2 D D 1
1
6 0 2 6 0 1
e6 x
e6 x
1 6x
e
20
1
D D 2 D D 1
4
3 2 2 3 2 1
4e3 x 2 y
e3 x 2 y
4 3 x2 y
e
3 4
1
e3 x 2 y
3
PI 3
D D 2 D D 1
4e 4 y
4 e 4 y
0 4 2 0 4 1
4
2 3
e 4 y
2 4 y
e
3
the general solution
Z e2 x f y x ex f y x
1 6 x 1 3 x 2 y 2 4 y
e e
e
20
3
3
Problem 20
a. Form the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function f and
g in z f x y g x y
Solution:
z f x y g x y
12
Let u x y
v x y
Z f u .g v
- (1)
Differentiating partially with respect to x and y, we get
p f u .g ' v f ' u .g v
- (2)
q f u g ' v 1 f ' u g v
- (3)
- (4)
s f u g " v 1 f " u .g v
- (5)
- (6)
- (7)
i.e., 0 x
b2
ab a b
and similarly
a2
0 y
2
ab a b
From (3) & (4), we get
- (3)
- (4)
a2 y
a
b
k , say
or
2
b
x
y
x
a k y and b k x
Using there values in (3) we get
13
x0
k x k xy k y k x x
i.e., k xy x y 1
k 2 x k 2 xy k y k x
2
1 x y
xy
Hence a
1 x y
and b
1 x y
y
Also
ab
1
1
ab a b 1 1 1
y
x
1
b a
1 x y 1 x y
1 x y
Using these values in (2), the singular solution of (1) is
z x 1 x y y 1 x y 1 x y
z 1 x y
Problem 21
a. Form
the
partial
differential
equation
by
eliminating
f from f x y z , z 2 xy 0 .
Solution:
f x 2 y 2 z 2 , z 2 2 xy 0
14
x zp zq x y zq zp y
zqx x 2 z 2 pq xzp zpy y 2 z 2 pq zqy
zp x y zq x y x 2 y 2
zp x y zq x y x y x y
zp zq x y
zp zq y x
z p q y x
q 1 z .
Solution:
The given equation is of the from f z , p, q 0
P 1 q 2 q p z
- (1)
If
dz
du
(1) reduces as
p
then
z f u
and
z
2 dz
1 a
u
du
adz
du
adz
1 z
du
2
dz
2 dz
i.e.,
1
a az 0
du
du
dz
As z is not a constant,
0
du
2
dz
1 a a az 0
du
2
dz
i.e., a az 1 a
du
dz
- (3)
a
az 1 a
du
solving (3), we get
dz
a
du
az 1 a
2
2 az 1 a u b
2 az 1 a x ay b
4 az 1 a x ay b
15
y2 .
Solution:
The given equation dues not belong to any of the standard types.
It can be rewritten as z 1 p z 1q x 2 y 2
2
- (1)
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0
i.e., m i
C.F. = f y ix g y ix
16
1
sin 2 x sin 3 y
D D '2
1
1
2
. cos 2 x 3 y cos 2 x 3 y
2
D D' 2
1 1
1
cos 2 x 3 y
cos 2 x 3 y
2 4 9
4 9
1 1
. cos 2 x 3 y cos 2 x 3 y
13 2
1
sin 2 x sin 3 y
13
1
PI 2
2
2sin 2 x y
D D '2
1
2
1 cos 2 x 2 y
D D '2
1
1
2
1 2
cos 2 x 2 y
2
D D'
D D '2
1
1
2
e0 x
cos 2 x 2 y
2
D D'
4 4
x2 1
cos 2 x 2 y
2 8
The complete solution is Z C.F . PI1 PI 2
PI1
i.e., Z f y i x g y i x
1
x2 1
sin 2 x sin 3 y cos 2 x 2 y
13
2 8
Problem 23
a. Solve
p q 1.
Solution:
This is of the form f p, q 0 .
The complete integral is given by z ax by c where
a b 1
b 1 a
b 1 a
yc
- (1)
z ax 1 a
y f a
- (2)
1
0 x 2 1 a
y f ' a - (3)
2 a
Eliminating a between (2) & (3) we get the general solution.
b. Solve x yz p y zx q z xy .
2
Solution:
This is a Lagranges linear equation of the form Pp Qq R
dx
dy
dz
The subsidiary equations are 2
- (1)
2
2
x yz y zx z xy
dx dy
dy dz
dx dz
2
2
2
2
2
x yz y zx y zx z xy x yz z 2 xy
i.e.,
d x y
z x y
d y z
d x z
2 2
2
y z x y z x z y 1 z
2
i.e.,
d x y
d y z
d x z
x y x y z y z x y z x z x y z
i.e.,
d x y d y z d x z
yz
xz
x y
- (2)
- (3)
Taking the first two ratios, and integrating log x y log y z log a
x y
- (4)
a
yz
Similarly taking the last two ratios of (3) we get,
yz
- (5)
b
xz
x y
yz
x y
xz
But
and
are not independent solutions for
1 gives
yz
xz
yz
yz
which is the reciprocal of the second solution.
Therefore solution given by (4) and (5) are not independent. Hence we have to
search for another independent solution.
xdx ydy zdz
Using multipliers x, y, z in equation (1) each ratio is 3
x y 3 z 3 3 xyz
dx dy dz
Using multipliers 1, 1, 1 each ratio is 2
2
x y z 2 xy yz zx
xdx ydy zdz
dx dy dz
2
3
3
3
2
x y z 3xyz x y z 2 xy yz zx
1
d x2 y 2 z 2
d x y z
2
2
2
x y z x 2 y 2 z 2 xy yz zx x y z 2 xy yz zx
18
Hence
1
d x2 y2 z 2 x y z d x y z
2
x y z k
1 2
x y2 z2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x y z x y z 2k
2
Integrating
x 2 y 2 z 2 x 2 y 2 z 2 2 xy 2 yz 2 zx 2k
i.e., xy yz zx b
x y
the general solution is xy yz zx,
0
yz
Problem 24
a. Solve yp 2 xy log q .
Solution:
yp 2 xy log q
yp 2 xy log q
p 2 x y log q
log q
a ( say )
y
1
p 2 x a and log q a
y
p 2 x a,
log q ay
p 2x
- (1)
q eay
Now dz pdx qdy
dz 2 x a dx e ay dy
- (2)
Integrating (2), we get
1
- (3)
z x 2 ax e ay b
a
Where a and b are arbitrary constant.
Equation (3) is the complete solution of the given equation.
Differentiating (3) partially w.r.t b we get 0 = 1 (absurd)
There is no singular integral.
Put b a in (3)
e ay
- (4)
a
a
Differentiating partially w.r.t a we get
z x 2 ax
19
1 ay
1
e y e ay 2 ' a
a
a
y
1
0 x eay 2 eay ' a
-(5)
a
a
Eliminating a between (4) & (5) we obtain the general solution.
0 0 x
b. Solve 2 x p yzq 3 z 0 .
Solution:
4
x 2 p yq
Rewriting this equation, we get 2
3 0
z
z
This is an equation of the form f x m z k p, y n z k q 0 may be transformed into
the
standard
type
f P, Q 0
by
putting
X x1 m , Y y1 n
and
Z z k 1 , whereK 1
(or) X log x
Y log y
Z log z if m 1, n 1 and k 1
Here m 2 n 1
Hence X x 1
Y log y and Z log z
Z Z z x 1
px 2
p x2
X z x X z
z
Z Z z y 1
y
Q
q. y q
Y z y Y Z
Z
P
20
Problem 25
Solution:
x pz y qz
2
- (1)
If k 1 and Z z k 1
Hence put Z = z2
Z Z z
P
. 2 zp
x z x
p
Pz
2
Z Z z
Q
. 2 zq
y z y
Q
qz
2
Substituting there results in (1)
2
P
Q
x y 1
2
2
P
Q
2
x 1 y a
2
2
dZ Pdx Qdy
dZ 2 a x dx 2 1 a 2 y dy
Integrating,
y2
2
Z a x 2 1 a 2 y dy
2
Z 2 a x 2 1 a2 y y2 b
is the complete solution.
2
b. Solve z 2 yz y
Solution:
p xy zx q xy zx .
2
z 2 yz y
xy zx xy zx
xdx ydy zdz
Taking x, y, z as multipliers, we have each fraction
0
xdx ydy zdz 0
21
x2 y2 z 2
c
2
2
2
2
2
2
i.e., x y z C1
- (1)
Integrating
dy
dz
x y z x y z
dy
dz
yz yz
y z dy y z dz
i.e.,
Solution:
9 pqz 4 4 1 z 3
- (2)
- (1)
dz
9a z 4 4 1 z 3
du
dz
3 az 2
2 1 z3
du
a 3z 2 dz
du
2 1 z3
Integrating we get
a 3z 2
2 1 z 3 dz du
Put 1 + z3 = t2
3z 2 dz 2tdt
22
a 2tdt
du
2 t
a dt du
a t u b
i.e,
a 1 z 3 x ay b
a 1 z 3 x ay b
- (2)
a 1 z 3 x ay a
- (3)
Differential w.r.t. a
1 z 3 2 x ay a y a
- (4)
The elimination of a between (3) & (4) gives the General solution.
b. Solve D 3DD 2 D
2
z 2 4xe
x2 y
Solution:
The Auxiliary equation is
m2 3m 2 0
m 1 m 2 0
m 1, 2
C.F. 1 y x 2 y 2 x
P.I .
e x2 y 2 4 x
2
D 3DD ' 2 D '2
ex2 y 2 4 x
D 2 D ' D D '
2 4x
D 1 2 D ' 2 D 1 D ' 2
2 4x
ex2 y
D 2 D ' 3 D D ' 1
2 4x
ex2 y
ex2 y
D 2D '
3 1
1 D D '
3
23
1
1
D 2D '
e x 2 y 1
1
D
'
2 4x
3
3
1
D 2D '
e x 2 y 1
... 1 D D ' ... 2 4 x
3
3
1
4 D 5D ' ...
e x 2 y 1
2 4 x
3
3
1
1
e x 2 y 2 4 x 16
3
3
1
2
22
e x 2 y 4 x e x 2 y 11 6 x
3
9
3
- (1)
.
p x 2 px 2
X x X
Z Z y
Q
.
q y 2 qy 2
Y y X
dz
adz
,Q
du
du
Equation becomes,
P
dz
dz
2
az 2 z 0
du
du
dz
Solving for
,we get
du
24
dz az a 2 z 2 8 z 2
du
2
dz a a 2 8
du
z
2
a a2 8
u b
2
a a2 8
log z
X ay b
log z
a a2 8 1 a
log z
b
x y
2
yz zx x y
dx dy dz dx dy dy dz
each is equal to
- (1)
2 x y z
yx
zy
Taking the first two ratios,
d x y z d x y
2 x y z
x y
Integrating,
1
log x y z log x y log c
2
x y z k x y
i.e., x y z x y k
- (2)
Taking the last two ratios of equation (1),
d x y d y z
x y
yz
Integrating, log x y log y z log b
2
x y
b
yz
- (3)
25
2 x y
Hence the general solution is f x y z x y ,
0
yz
Problem 28
a. Find the equation of the cone satisfying px qy z and passing through the
circle x y z 4, x y z 2 .
Solution:
dx dy dz
The auxiliary equations are
x
y
z
Taking the first two ratios,
log x = log y + log a
x
a
- (1)
y
Taking the second and third ratios,
log y = log z + log b
y
- (2)
b
z
x y
the general solution is , 0 - (3)
y z
We have to find that function satisfying (3) and
also x2+ y2 + z2 = 4
- (4)
and x + y + z = 2
- (5)
Hence, we will eliminate x, y, z from (1),(2),(4),(5)
From (2) y = bz
From (1) x = ay
x =abz
using the value of x & y in (4) & (5)
a 2b 2 z 2 b 2 z 2 z 2 4
- (6)
z 2 a 2b 2 b 2 1 4
2
Also abz + bz + z = 2
- (7)
1 b ab z 2
Eliminating z between (6) & (7)
Squaring (7)
1 b ab
z2 4
- (8)
26
Using a
x
y
, b in (9)
y
z
xy x
0
yz y
x x
1 0
z y
i.e., yz xy xz 0 is the required surface.
1
b. Solve D 2 DD 6 D2 z y cos y .
Solution:
P.I .
y cos x
D DD ' 6 D2
1
y cos x
D 2 D ' D 3D '
1
a 3 x cos xdx where a 3 x y
D 2 D '
1
a 3 x sin x 3 sin xdx where a 3 x y
D 2 D '
1
y sin x 3cos x
D 2 D '
27
z x y e
2
2 x y
1
e x y x 2 y 2
2
D 2DD D
2
D D
ex y
ex y
e
x y
ex y
e x y x2 y 2
1
D 1 D 1
1
x2 y2
2
D D
1 D
1
D2
D
x2 y2
x y
2
1 2 D 3D '2 2 2
2 x y
1
D2
D
D
28
3
2 2 2
2
2
x y D 2 x y D 2 2 x
1
1
1
e x y y 2 2 x 2 4 y 3 x 2 6 4 x 2
D
D
D
1
1
1
P.I .
x 4 y 2 x5 y x 6 e x y
15
60
12
Z
C.F P.I
e x y
1
D2
1
1
1
1 y x x2 y x x 4 y 2 x 5 y x 6 e x y
15
60
12
Problem 30
a. Solve the equation mz ny p nx lz q ly mx .
mz ny p nx lz q ly mx
form Pp Qq R .
dx
dy
dz
- (1)
mz ny nx lz ly mx
ldx mdy ndz
Using l, m, n as a set of multipliers, the ratio in (1)
0
i.e., ldx mdy ndz 0
Integrating we get lx my nz a
xdx ydy zdz
Choosing x, y, z as another set of multipliers, the ratio in (1)
0
2
2
2
Integrating we get x y z b
The Subsidiary equations are
Solution: D
n 1
3D 3D z xy 7
b. Solve D D 3D 3D z xy 7 .
2
D 2
D D D D 3 z xy 7
Here m1 1
c1 0
m2 1
C.F y x e3x y x
c2 3
29
P.I
xy 7
D D D D 3
1
xy 7
D D
D D
1 3 1
D
3
1 D D D
1 1
3D
D
3
1 D D 2
1 2 ...
3D D D
xy 7
2
D D 1
1 3 9 D D ... xy 7
D D D 2 2 DD DD 1
... xy 7
9
9
3D
3 3
1 1 1 2 D D D D 4 DD
xy 7
3 D 3 3D 2 3 D 2
27
1 x 2
xy 67 x 2 x x3 y
y
7
x
3 2
3 27 3 3 6 9
1 x 2 y xy
x 2 x y x3 67
7x
3 2
3
3 3 9 6 27
Hence the general solution is
1 x 2 y xy
x 2 x y x 3 67
z y x e3 x f y x
7x .
3 2
3
3 3 9 6 27
30