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CIVL 3137
Stability
Stripping
Workability
Fatigue Cracking
Skid Resistance
Thermal Cracking
Durability
Bleeding
46
Stability
The ability to withstand traffic loads without
distortion or deflection, especially at higher
temperatures.
To get good stability, use strong, rough, dense-graded, cubical aggregate
with just enough binder to coat the aggregate particles. Excess asphalt
cement lubricates the aggregate particles and lets them slide past each
other more easily (which reduces stability). But a thick asphalt coating
provides good flexibility to resist cracking, which is desirable. Hmmm
CIVL 3137
47
Workability
The ability to be placed and compacted with
reasonable effort and without segregation of
the coarse aggregate.
Too much asphalt cement makes the mix tender. Too little asphalt cement
makes it hard to compact. Too much natural sand can also make the mix
tender because natural sand has smooth, round grains. Hmmm
CIVL 3137
48
Skid Resistance
Proper traction in wet and dry conditions.
To get good skid resistance, use smaller aggregate so there are lots of
contact points, use hard aggregate that doesnt polish and make sure you
have enough air voids to prevent bleeding.
Some states now use an open-graded friction course (OGFC) that allows
water to drain to the sides of the pavement, eliminating hydroplaning. But
OGFC is not very durable because of the open pores. Hmmm
CIVL 3137
49
Durability
The ability to resist aggregate breakdown due
to wetting and drying, freezing and thawing,
or excessive inter-particle forces.
To get good durability, use strong, tough, nonporous aggregate and
enough asphalt cement to completely coat all of the aggregate particles
(to keep them dry) and fill all of the voids between particles (to slow the
oxidation of the asphalt cement). But this reduces stability. Hmmm
CIVL 3137
50
Stripping
Separation of the asphalt cement coating from
the aggregate due to water getting between
the asphalt and the aggregate.
To reduce stripping, use clean, rough, hydrophobic aggregate and add
enough asphalt cement to provide a thick coating of asphalt on every
aggregate particle. This improves durability but decreases stability.
CIVL 3137
51
Bleeding
The migration of asphalt cement to the surface
of the pavement under wheel loads, especially
at higher temperatures.
To prevent bleeding, incorporate enough air voids so the asphalt can
compress by closing air voids rather than by squeezing asphalt cement
out from between the aggregate particles.
CIVL 3137
52
Fatigue Cracking
Cracking resulting from repeated flexure of
the asphalt concrete due to traffic loads.
To minimize fatigue cracking, use the proper asphalt cement grade and
have a thick asphalt cement coating to make the concrete flexible. This
improves durability but decreases stability.
CIVL 3137
53
Thermal Cracking
Cracking that results from an inability to
acclimate to a sudden drop in temperature.
To minimize thermal cracking, use the proper asphalt cement grade.
CIVL 3137
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CIVL 3137
55
~0%
~100%
CIVL 3137
~98%
46
52
~2%
58
64
70
76
Highest 7-day
Pavement
Temperature
56
Bleeding
Low stability
Tender mix
CIVL 3137
Stripping
Low durability
Fatigue cracking
58
59
60
Marshall Specimens
Make 3 specimens at each of
5 different asphalt contents
10#
18"
CIVL 3137
Traffic
Blows / Side
Light
35
Medium
50
Heavy
75
61
Marshall Hammer
Hammer
Mold
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stability
o
140 F
flow
deflection
(0.01 in)
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CIVL 3137
71
163
162
161
160
159
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
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2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
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5
4
3
2
1
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
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Flow
20
15
10
5
0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
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100
90
80
70
60
50
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
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Maximum
Density
Maximum
Stability
4% Air
Voids
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77
Maximum
Stability
4% Air
Voids
78
Min.
Heavy Traffic
Min.
Min.
35
Number of Blows
Stability (lbs)
Max.
Medium Traffic
Max.
50
500
750
Max.
75
750
1200
1500
1800
TDOT
uses
2000
Flow
20
18
18
16
16
14
VMA (%)
CIVL 3137
79
VMA Criteria
(Assuming 4% Design Air Voids)
50
40
30
20
Deficient in either
asphalt or air voids
10
40
3/8" "
" 1"
1" 2"
80
VMA Criteria
(Assuming 5% Design Air Voids)
50
40
30
1%
20
Deficient in either
asphalt or air voids
10
40
3/8" "
" 1"
1" 2"
81
VMA Criteria
(Assuming 3% Design Air Voids)
50
40
30
1%
20
Deficient in either
asphalt or air voids
10
40
3/8" "
" 1"
1" 2"
82
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
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Flow
20
15
10
5
0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
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84
5
4
3
2
1
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
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85
100
90
80
70
60
50
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
CIVL 3137
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VMA Criteria
50
40
30
20
Deficient in either
asphalt or air voids
10
40
3/8" "
" 1"
1" 2"
87
VMA (%)
17
16
15
14
13
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
CIVL 3137
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