(MBA- TQM)

.

- /0901

2012

- (MBA- TQM),
.

,
, ,

.

,
.

............................................. 11

1.2

................................................................ 11

1.3

....................................................................................... 12

1.4

.................................................................... 13

1.5

..................................................................... 14

1.6

................................................. 15

1.7

......................................................................................... 15

1.8

....................................... 16

1.9

............................................................. 17

1.1

...................................................... 18
2.1

................................................................................ 18

2.2

...................................................................................... 19

2.3

- .............................................................. 21

2.4

................................................................ 21

..................................................................... 11

1.

2.5

................................................................................... 22

2.6

.................................................................................................... 22
....................................................................... 23

3.1

.......................................... 23

3.1.1

/ . 2004- 2009
23

3.1.2

3.2

............................................................................... 24

.................................................................................... 27

3.2.1

/ ............................................................ 27

 ................................................... 33

3.3.1
3.4

.................................... 31

............ 39

............................... 40

3.3

3.2.2

3.4.1

....................................................................... 40

3.4.2

......................................................................... 41

3.4.3

........................................................................... 42

3.4.4

..................................................................... 42

3.5

......................................................... 43

3.5.1

...................... 43

3.5.2

..................................................... 44

3.6.1
3.7

................................................ 51
................................................ 51

Marketing ..................................................................... 55

3.6

3.7.1

Marketing............. 56

3.7.2

Marketing ........... 57

Marketing .................................................... 59

3.8

............................................................................ 59

3.8.2

Marketing ............................................... 59

........................................................................... 60

4.1

.............................................. 60

4.1.1

.......................................................................................... 60

4.1.2

....... 64

4.1.3

............................................................................... 66

4.1.4

.................................................................................... 69

3.8.1

4.2

...................................................................... 70

4.2.1

............... 70

 - ...................... 72

4.3.1
4.4

.................................................................... 72

- ................................. 74

........................................................................ 74

4.4.2

....................................................................... 75

4.4.1

.............................................................................. 81
5.1

.............................. 81
.......................................... 81

5.1.2

............................................................................. 81

5.1.3

.............................................................................. 85

5.1.4

................................................................................................... 87

5.1.5

....................................... 88

5.2

.................................................................................... 88

5.2.1
5.3

5.1.1

........................................................................... 92

4.3

............................................................ 93
......................................... 93

5.3.2

..................................... 94

5.3.1

5.3.3

................................................................ 107

5.3.4

..................... 108

5.3.5

................................................. 112

5.3.6

..................................................... 113

5.4

, ....................................................... 114

5.4.1

................................................... 114

5.4.2

...................................................................... 114

5.5

.................................................... 115

5.5.1

5.6

................................................................................................... 115

................................ 116

5.7

......................................................................... 117
............................................ 117

5.7.2

................................................. 118

5.7.1

............................................................... 119
6.1

............................................................ 119

6.2

.................................................................................... 119

6.2.1
6.3

6.4

....... 120

............................................................ 122

6.3.1

............................................................................................ 123

.............................................................................................. 125

.............................................................................................. 127
7.1

....................................................... 116

........................................................ 127

7.1.1

................................................ 127

7.1.2

............................................... 128

5.6.1

...................................... 128

7.3

.............................................................. 130

7.2

7.3.1

7.4

...................... 136

7.4.1

7.5

......................................................... 134

............. 136

............................................. 136

7.5.1

.................................................................... 136

7.5.2

............................................................................ 136

7.6

....................................................... 137

7.6.1

................................................................................. 138
............................................. 138

7.6.3

................................................................................................ 139

7.6.2

8.1

............................ 140

8.2

........................................................... 140

8.3

() ........................................... 142

8.3.1
8.4

.................................... 142

................................................................... 145

8.4.1
8.5

........................................... 140

8.2.1

......... 145

................ 151

152
9.1

................................... 152

9.1.1

................................. 152

9.1.2

........................ 152

, , ................................................ 140

9.2

........................................................... 153

9.3

....................................................................... 154

10 ....................... 155
10.1

155

10.2

.............................................. 155

10.2.1

................................................................................ 156

10.2.2

........................................................................ 156

10.2.3

................................................................. 159

10.2.4

.............................................................. 161

10.3

10.3.1

10.4

10.4.1

............................................. 161
......................................... 163

........................................................ 165
................................................. 165

10.4.2

.................................................................. 168

10.4.3

.. .................................. 171

10.5

......................................... 174
.............................. 174

10.5.2

................................................... 176

10.5.3

....................................... 179

10.5.4

................................................................... 180

10.6

10.5.1

.......................................... 184

10.6.1

........... 184

10.6.2

........ 185

............................................................................................................. 186

1.............................................................................................................. 190
2.............................................................................................................. 197

3.............................................................................................................. 203

10

1.1

1.

/ . /
.

.
. ( ) ..

Dianoisis .
, -.

1.2

..

(International Energy Agenacy- )

2030 60%,
,
.

.. ,
2020 29%
,
500.000

14,2 % 1998 22,1% 2020. ..
3000

4 . 2004, 4,9 2005 5,35 (62.200 GWh)

2006.

2006,
11

17.272 GWh . 2010

8,6 .

~60 MW.

....
,

.

...

78% (2010),

, .

,
1970 .

2001/77/E "

" (OJ L283/27.10.2001), 2020 29%

,
.

1.3

.
,
12

. ,

,
.

1.4

..
. ,
,
,
.

.. :

( )

supermarket

.
,
-

13

/.
,

. ..

.

1.5

,
.
5.582.513 m3 3.792 kW .

(2)
2 x 834 kW = 1.668 kWel
11.044 MWh/ 15.113
MWh/ .

11.044 MWh / ,
...... ..

5 MWel
1 MWel 220 /MWh, 73/MWh 3468/06.
30% , 6.477 MWh

/ , ,
15.113 MWh / , ,
, .
14

, .

,
250.000 .

1.6

, , ,
.. :

,


.

1
802.354 .

1.7

,

15

( ,
) .

- 1 ( )

- 5 (1 , 4
)

- 1

.
, ,

194.600.

1.8
,

, , .


40.000 m2.

,
.

16

1.9

,
.

, 21

17

2.1

. , ,

,
.

.
,
,

, ,

, .

:

,

.

,
.

18

/ ,
.

/ /

.

.

.
.
-

.

2.2

.
1999/31/EC,

KYA 29407/3508/2002 ( 1572/2002)

, , ..

75% 2010, 50% 2013 35%
2020.

19

O () . 808/2003 12 2003
() . 1774/2002

.

,
(IPPC)
.

,

- . 3468/2006

2001/77/EC
.

3851/2010

.
:

20%

2020 40%
.

.

, 2 ( 10-12 ).

,

.

(....)
20

(...), 8-10
( 3 ).

. ,
, .

... .....,
one-stop shop

.

2.3 -

, 4, , , . 2310285342.

2.4

/
2012,

.
4 2013.

20%
2020 40% .
21

,
.

2.5

Dianoisis
. ,
-.

2.6

2.1

()

8.000

2.000

20.000

10.000

40.000

22

..

marketing ,

3.1

,
, .
, ,
.

3.1.1 / . 2004- 2009

. 1559/1985,
- 24 MW

3 MW 1995,

,

, ,
.

3.1
.

3.1 / 2000-2009. (: 5

2020)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

2005 2006 2007 2008

269

581

2009

338

335

444

556

23

855

989

1.232 1.398

45

45

50

59

64

>77

95

158

180

12

37

226

270

287

371

472

491

749

846

1.022 1.440

22

22

22

24

24

24

39

40

41

42

/
, .

,

.
, ,

,
.
,
2002-2010 20,3%,

25% 2009 .

3.1.2

, ,
. :

.. . , ,

,

.

24

, ,
( , , ...).

.
3851/2010 (. 1)
...

, 10
(. ELIN, EL-VI, Pettas
Agroinvest.

, Biodiesel). 3.1,

2010
4,3% . 13,5%
.

,
,

25

3.1
2010

(: .)

. (11 kV 22 kV)

,
(230/400 V)

,
-
.

..

26

3.2
(: .)

3.2

. ,
/ .
3.2.1 /
(International Energy Agenacy- )
2030 60%,

,
. 2030
2.000 GW.
27

12%

2020,

10%. ,

20,1% 2001.

2000- 2030
51%
625
. . 50%
.

3.2.1.1

, 20
30%

& ,
.
, ,

, ,
.
.
,
.
, ,

,
.

, ,
.

28

,
.
3.2.1.2

1973

1979

,
1992, 1997 2002
,
,

()

2020

12%
, 500.000

14,2 % 1998 22,1%

2004,

2020.
2004

2005,

2020,
50% 2040

.
4%
.
69 . 2003 185 . 2020.
(Biomass action plan) 2005 ,

(U-25),
69 . 149 . , 12%.

209 . CO2 , 250300.000 ,

.
, 2020
29

1000 We. ,
, ,

/
.
3.2.1.3

3000

-25.

, 4 . 2004, 4,9 2005 5,35

(62.200 GWh) 2006.

2006, 17.272 GWh .

2020 8,6 .

Swedish Gas Center, 2007 233 ,

1,3 TWh/y.
XYTA, 13

139 , 70

0.56 TWh/y, 0.46 TWh/y 0,16 TWh/y . 31

( 2), 63 ,
18 (slow filling bus), 5298

, 4519 , 225
554 .

45.000

kNm3, 54% (24.300 kNm3)

. 0,17 - 0,50/m3.

0,70 0,90/m3. 1,1/l 1,2 /l.

200 - 300 m3/h 0,01 0,015

/kWh .

,
,

30

450

, .

40% .
.

, , .

3.2.2

,
~60 MW.
....
.... (, ),

23,5 MW, ,
(, ), 11,4
MW ....

(,

), 5 MW. ,
, ,
, .

5% ,
1.8% . ,
. ,
10%
2020
.
,
.
()
.

,

. ,
31

, (78%)

- (12%),
(7,4%) - (2,4%). ,

2020,

3.2.2.1

72% .

80

- .

,
.

, .

: )
, () 1774/2002( 15),
)

, "",
2601, ,
(2007-2013),
(2007-2013),

.3468/2006 ) ,

( 1/1/2005


2007
),

.

. . 23,5 MWe
, , 7,5 MWe

32

, ,

60 MW .

3.2.2.2

:
4.000-5.500 kWe. ,
1.614
kWe 40%
. ,

, .

, .

3.3
,
..
..

/
.

78% (2010),

,

33

. 3.2

.

3.2

(: ICAP)

21%-23%

.. ( )

12%-13%

..

10%-11%

- 8,5%- 9,5%

4,5%- 5,5%

3,5%- 4,5%

ENERCON

3%- 3,4%

ENVITEC A.E.

EDF ENERGIES NOUVELLES S.A. ( )

2%- 2,9%

2%- 2,6%

ENERGI E2 ..

1,5%- 2,1%
1%- 1,9%

..

1%- 1,4%

..

1%- 1,4%

- .. & ..

1%

..

1%

20%

100%

..

3.3
.
3.3
(: ICAP)

22%

.. ( )

13%

34

..

12%

EDF ENERGIES NOUVELLES S.A. ( )

- 9%

5%

ENERCON

12%

5%

..

3%

..

2%

- .. & ..

1%

ENERGI E2 ..

1%

ENVITEC A.E.

1%

..

2%

12%

100%

,
.. ,

88 % 13 .
,
.

3.1- ( )
: ICAP

.
.. (
)
..

12%

EDF ENERGIES NOUVELLES S.A. (

)

-

22%

2%
1%
1%
1%
2%

3%

ENERCON
..

5%

..
13%

5%

.. & ..
ENERGI E2 ..

9%

ENVITEC A.E.

12%

..

12%

35

3.1: ( )

3.1

. , ,
, .

, ..
,
,
.

Porter.
Michael Porter,
,
. ,

,
,
. ,

3.2 :

3.2: 5 Porter

36

, 5 ,

.

,
,
,
. ,
,
,
.

-
/

, ,
,

. ,
, ,

.

,
. ,

,
.

,
,

.
,
.

37

,
.

, /
, .
,

, .

,
, .

.
,

.
/ , -

/
,
. , ,

.

, ,

. , ,

38

. ,
.

3.3.1

.

. ,
,
.

.
.

/ ,

.
,
.

39

3.4

..

.

,

.
,
, , ,
.
3.4.1

,

,

.
3% 0,3% 2013

() - .

, 16,6% 2012 18,5%

18,7% 2013.

. 2012
1,1% 0,2%.

7% 5,3% 2013.

2012, 2013

, ,
.

40

, .

.
, .

,


. , ,
,
.

2011, ,

,
.
,
,

,

.
3.4.2

, .. ,

.
/

41

.
.

3.4.3

.
/ ,
,

.

, 3468/2006 ( 129 ) ,

. ,
,

/
.

3.4.4

, ,
,
,
. , /

, .
/

42

.

.

3.5

,

, .

,
. ,
, ,
,

3.5.1

.70
.

. ,

,
.
,
, 59%
.

43

, ,

, ,

, .

,
,

.

,
(. 2773/1999),
,

3.5.2

,

,
.

, (2001/77/EC-OJ L283/33, 27/10/2001),

(.2941/2001,

"" 2000-2006 ).
(...)
,
,
.

, .

44

2001/77/E

"
" (OJ L283/27.10.2001),

2020 29%

, .

2020 10,3 GW
(10,6 GW ).
( 3.3).

,
. ,
.

10000

MW

8000
6000

4000

12000

: ( . /)

2000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

3.3:

2020. : www.iobe.gr/media/Hmerides/symape.pdf

45

3.4 , 2020

: &

,

.

,
.

( ),

46

,

.

, , .

,
,
,
.

,
3.4.

3.4:

, ,

47

(.. )

: (on budget), (off
budget).
, ,
,

3.5 (
) 2001,

..-15.

3.5: ( )
2001, - 15. : Energy

subsides in the European Union: A brief overview, EEA technical Report 1/2004

&

>64

>0.2

>1.0

>0.6

>8.2

>66

>8.5

>1.2

>4.7

>21.0

>13

>8.7

>2.2

>5.3

>29.2

:
.

2/3 ..-15 ( 22
.) ,
1/6 ( 5 .)
48

4. ,
. ,

. ,

,
.

,

, ( ),
,
,
, .

3.5
,

,
.

, ExternE ..

10

9
8
7
6

5
4
3

2
1

49

3.5
.
: Solar Power through 2020: Potential & challenges, MI. Solar Power Symposium
(10/06/2004)

.
,
.

,
(, ,

.), .

.
,
,

,
, .

20%

,

50

80%.

( 10% - 20%),

,
(.. ,
, .).

,
,

. ,

,
,
,

3.6

3.6.1

,
,

.
()

51

,
,

10 , 10

, .

.

(commercial risk) ,
.

3.6
.

3.6: . :

193/2007

()
()
()

100 kWpeak,

.
()
, 100
kWpeak,

.
()
, 100 kWpeak
()
,
5 Mwe
()
, ,
5 Mwe
() , ,


() ...

52

(/MWh)

75,82
87,42
92,82
75,82
87,42

452,82

502,82

402,82

452,82

252,82

272,82

232,82

252,82

75,82

87,42

75,82

87,42

(< 10 We) ,

- . ,

,
.

, 35% - 55%
,
().

, . ,
79,9 . 196,4 .,
(),

. , 1,2 .
, ,
. ,
1/3

,
.3468/2006 : ,

, .

, ,

,

(7 41 ).

53

, 3 .

3.6:
3.6 ,

.3468/2006
,

,
.

, .

54

,
.

,
.

,

.

, ,
,

,
.

,
.

3.7 Marketing
Marketing

, .
, Marketing,
. ,
Marketing

55

 -
Marketing.

Marketing.

3.7.1 Marketing

,
, . ,
,
marketing
. ,

, ,

..

/
.

.
.
.

/ .

.

.

Marketing
, ..
,
56

/. marketing

, ..
.
/

. /
.

marketing ,
4Ps
.

, :

(
)

3.7.2 Marketing

Marketing,

marketing.
marketing
.
Philip Kotler,

, 4 Ps (Product,

57

Price, Promotion, Place). ,

Ps.
Product

..
/ ,

, /
.
Price

Marketing. ..
.

.
,
.

Promotion
..

.
,
().
.

Place

.
,

58

..
.

3.8 Marketing

Marketing
.. .
3.8.1

, .
,
.

()

5 .

. 5.4

3.8.2 Marketing

,
().

59

,
..

4.1
4.1.1

,
(Centralized Biogas Plant) .
,
,
,
. ,
(.
, , , ..) (.

..).

4.1 ,

60

4.1: -, ,
2007 (EWC)

04 XX XX

15 XX XX

,
, ,
, ,

, ,
, ,

20 XX XX

,


, ,
, , ,
- ,
.

(
, , )



, .

,
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,

19 XX XX

..

03 XX XX

(

)

02 XX XX1

.

.

(
15 01)

(
)

(EWC) .

61

..

, ,
, , ,

, ,
supermarket

( )

supermarket

(4-10% (TS)

),
.
.

, /

62

(TS)
, .

,
,

,
,
,
,
,
,
75-80%
20-25%
75-80%
20-25%
,

30-50%
90%
40%
-

VS3
(% DM)

3-8

70-80

m3kg-1 VS
0,25 - 0,50

5-12

80

0,20 - 0,30

10-30

80

0,35 - 0,60

15

80

0,40 - 0,68

8-12

90

0,35 - 0,80

20-25

90

0,80 - 0,95

70-90

80-90

0,15-0,35

15-25
15-20

90
75

0,56
0,25-0,50

10

80

0,50-0,60

,
, ,
,

TS2
(%)

4.2:

,
, , ,

,
, ,
, ,

(TS) 20%
.
.
(.. 35%),
,
().

: (TotalSolids)

: (Volatile Solids)

TS

VS

63

, .

4.1.2

..

.
(
) .
.

. , 2007,
151

.
9.643 0.85%

.
(37%)

(3.568)

().

. ,
2008, 4.150
.

, 2007, 829
.
66.479 9.0%
.
(35%) (23.267 3.1% )

().

.

64

2.280 .

.
-

4.246.560. 18% 764.380

(513.151 , 25.5% )
41.2% (211.418 ). ,
(92.520
18,7%) 2006.

, ,

, 2006.

, , .
1 547.215 ,
30.7% .
,

85% (157.942 ),
(275.246 26,7% ),
(625.350 , 89,6%
2006).

, , 24%
18,4%
. ,
,
(73.8%).

,
, .

65

4.31: ,
. .

4.150
829
-

.
.

2.373
151
-

205.656
66.476
23.267

.
.

140.933
9.643
3.568

.
.

4.1.3

27.941
2.280
-

8.074.739
4.246.560
764.380

.., .

.

(90% - 95%),
,

(5% TS).

, ,

66

(90% - 95%),

(10% TS).

,
.
,
.
30% TS.

.
,
, ,

. ,
, , ,
. 15 - 20 ,
,

.
35% TS.

40% TS.

( ),

. ,
,

67

(5% TS),
.

..

()

.
,
.

. 3 2
3 ,
2

.

.
,

.
20% TS.
/ supermarket
supermarket
- .

,
.

68

,
.
4.1.4
4.1.4.1

-

.

,
.

8%
(0.08 x 1668 kW /0.8 = 166.8 kVA) 135 kVA
(20 kV/400 V) / 250 KVA
.

..,

24 ,

..

69

4.2

4.2.1

.. /.

4.4

( )
(10-20%).
4.4:

500

2.500

2.300

150.000

1.200

4.5:

40-45 kg

6-7%

7-14 kg

7 - 10%

600kg

70-200 kg

250- 15-25 kg

6 - 7%

400 kg

50-80 3-6 kg

5 - 7%

kg

70

150-200 gr

7 - 10%

0,7-2 kg

100-250 gr

10 - 12%

30- 4-14 kg
kg

6 -8%

100

2-2,5 kg

4.6:

(%)

40-50

16

50-100

4-8

2-5

2-4

52

2-5

70

20-30

18

10-20

25-27

12-15

25-30

30-60

16-18

60

62

13

: . .

, , 1989.

4.7 .
249,7 tn
91.204 tn.

4.7:

tn/
tn/
4,5
1642,5

106,2

38781,2

24,1

8814,7

71

19,7

1,0

20,0

3,0

26,2

9581,2
7200
365

7.300
1.095

/ supermarket

20,0

7.300

10,0

3.650

15,0

5.475

249,7

91.204

4.3 -

.

(
)

/ (.. ).

4.3.1

1774/2002, 1069/2009

.

72

,
, ..

4.8:
: ,
E 1774/2002.

1.
,
- , ,

.
-
.
2.

-

2,

1.
- ,
.
- , .

,
20 133 C
3 bar.
:





-.



1
70 C
().

3. ,
,
.
- ,

,
( ),
( -,

),
2
, 133 C 3 bar
20 133 oC,

supermarket

,
, 3.
73

70 C 60
.

4.4.1

4.4 -

.
:

..
(

) .
.

.
.

74

.
.

.

, .

.

.

..
.

.

4.4.2

/.

75

. ..

4.4.2.1

.

.

4
:

..

.

.

76

, ,
,
.

(, )

, ,
,
,

,
.

,
- .

, ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,

,
.

. , ,

.
77

,
.

( )

, ,
, :

:
,
,
.

.

, :

,
, . ,
,
, .

.

.
/ ( , ):

: , ,

.
4.4.2.2

.
.

78

/ .
4.4.2.3

..

.
.

() ,
5 km
.
(5 km)
.

100 km 30 km.


.

4.2:

, ,

/ supermarket


79

(km)
2
5
5

30

100
5
5
0.5

80

.
.

5.1
5.1.1

,

,
.
,

,
,

.

,
.

, , ,
.

637 m3/h
5.582.513 m3/..

5.1.2

( 3)

.
637 m3/h
5.582.513 m3/.

81


(m3/)

3:

23.098

/
supermarket

377.775
978.355
321.200
257.325
354.780

659.280
149.850
728.171
1.658.160
74.518

5.582.513

(TS),
(VS)
.

(, , , ..).
( 4).

Biogas = m x %TS x %VS x a

Biogas : [m3/]

: [tn/]

%TS

%VS :

: [m3biogas/tn VS]

82

(CH4)
.

83

4:
tn/

tn/

TS(%)

VS(%)

a
(m3biogas/tnVS)

4,5

1642,5

75

375

23.098

/ super
market

106,2
24,1
26,2
19,7
1
20
3
20

38781,2
8814,7
9581,2
7200
365
7.300
1.095
7.300

8,5
8,5
20
35
40
10
99
10

80
80
80
94
88
90
95
80

250
250
475
700
580
575
950
550

659.280
149.850
728.171
1.658.160
74.518
377.775
978.355
321.200

10
15

(m3/)

3.650
5.475

15
15

94
80

500
540

257.325
354.780

91.205

24,18

85,09

522

5.582.513

250

5.1.3

5.582.513 m3/

H2 S

= (V xLHV) /

= (V x LHV) / 1000

V = m3/

[kW]

[MWh]

LHV = kWh/m3

60.4 %

5.95 kWh/m3.
5.3:

CH4 (% v/v)

65

60
60

/
super market

60
52

61

53
62
64
66

85

61
60,4

3.792 kW .

= (5.582.513 m3/ x 5.95 kWh/m3) / 8760 h/ = 3.792 kW

= (5.582.513 m3/ x 5.95 kWh/m3 ) / 1000 = 33.216 MWh

. ,

90% 35% 65% .
11.626 Whel

21.590 Whth .

( ) .

5.4:

5.95
5.582.513
637
3.792
33.216
1.668

kWh/m3
m3/
m3/h
kW
MWh
kW

35%
65%
95%

%
%
%

11.626
21.590

Wh/
Wh/
Wh/

(95%)*

11.044

(70%)*

15.113

Wh/

* ,
.

86

365 ( 8.760
/) 95%

8.322 /

15 - .

(
, ,
).
.
5.1.4

(2)

2 x 834 kW = 1.668 kWel

11.044 MWh/ 15.113

MWh/ .

11.044 MWh/ ,
...... ..

5 MWel
1 MWel 220 /MWh, 73 /MWh 3468/06.
30% , 6.477
MWh/ , ,
15.113 MWh/ , ,

, .

87

5.1.5

. 5

,

.

,
.

5.6:

..

( )

11.044 MWh/

11.044 MWh/

1.668 kWel

11.044 MWh/

1.668 kWel

11.044 MWh/

1.668 kWel

11.044 MWh/

1.668 kWel

1.668 kWel

5.2

, .
,
.

,
, . ,

88

,
.

,

,
.

,
.

,
,
(Distributed Power
Generation),

, .
,
,
,

. ,


.
,

89

,
25

,
, , :
(CO2 , CH4)

(.. , )

.
( 5.1)

,
,

90

5.1 : .

: Centralized Biogas Plants, From idea to reality (Danish Version), Danish Energy
Agency Nov 1995

,
.
,
,

. ,
.
, ,
,
, .
5.7:

1. 1.
/

2. - & 2.

91

3.

3.

4. & 4.
/

5.2.1

,
/,
. 3.1.
,
.

5.8

(2)

(1)
,

x
<< x

x, >>x
>x

<x

>x

<<x

92

(1)

,
.

(2)

5.3

(Layout)

, , ,
,
, (), /
supermarket ( ),

/ (), 2x 834 =1668 kWel

2x 870 = 1740 kWth.

0.4/20.0 kV 1250 kVA

,
.
(substrate).

, ,
,
.

5.3.1

(layout)
.

.
93

365 15
.

5 8 .

5.3.1.1

.
-

.

.
.

( )
).

/ (..

5.3.2

.
.

- -
:

B101

B102.

() B103

104.

:
94

, / supermarket (

),

B105

, B105
B101, P101.
19% (TS) ,

(mixer) R105
P104 ( )
201 .

, B102, 103 105 ,

P102, P103 P104 ,

202.

1 - (101)
C20/25
S500 ( 19 m, = 6 m, V =1.700 m3).
B101

, R101/ R102, 11 kW el.

:

P101 201

95

2 - (102)

, , ,

( 4,6 m, = 7,5 m, V =125 m3).

5 .

.. .

B102 (1) R103

5,5 kWel.

P102.1 W101
. (
)

- -

P102.1 102. ,

/ ().

P102 202

3 - (103)
, ( 4,6 m, = 7,5
m, V =125 m3). B103
(1) R 104 2,5 kWel.

96

P103
202

B105 /

(104)

(1) .

.

(55-70%), ,

).

(VFA),
, , , , .

3.0
m, 8.0x25.0x3.0 600 m3 (

).
. ,
,

97

- 5 - ,
/ supermarket ( ),

(105)

, c20/25 S500
( 4,5 m, = 5,0 m, V =80 m3).
:

/ /

(1) R 105 , 24
kWel

- .
3 ( -,
,
..)

.
( 701 B702 ) 40 m3
98

,
(buffertank) 703

701 B702

P703.

20 m3

, , ,
( 3,0 m, = 6,0 m, V =40 m3) .
10 .
.. .

R701/R7102,

2,5 kWel,
.

, -
P701/P702 W701/702

. ,

/ ().
..
(start-up), (
)
.

,
, .

(
),
, ,
99

(W703) , 50%
.

(1)

703 (buffertank) , ( 2,5 m, = 4,5 m,

P203 .

V =20 m3),

-/,
.
.

201
(batch) 701 B702

703 (buffer tank),

301/302 P203.

202

310/302

P202.

/ (G101,
G102)

S101/ S102.
, -
.
201 202
.

100

.
R201/R202.

201

( 3,3 m, = 6,0 m, V
=52 m3)
:

(1) R 201 , 15 kWel

P 201 301/302

202

( 2,5 m, = 3,0 m, V
=15 m3)

(1) R 202 , 11 kWel

P 203 310/302

101

(Primary Digestion)

P202 P203
() B301 B302,
.

/
(G101, G102),
S101/ S102.

.
.

31 .
(mesophilic) 37C. ( 17,0 m,
= 16,0 m, V =3,630 m3). 3,630 m

.
.

( ) /
(stainless steel) .

.
10 .
..
.

(substrate).
()
/
102

(, ..). .
(liquid indicator) PLC.

(walkway),
.

P301/P302 W301/302 ()
. ()

.
,

/
().

..
(start-up),

( )

(digestate)

B401.
(buffer)
(digestate) .
.

.
.
. /
.
.

c20/25 S500 ( 28,0 m, = 6,0

m, V =3,700 m3).

103

(gasholder)
1,700 m3 . (
)

.
,
.

. ,
, R401, R402,
11 kWel.

(TS)
,

. / .
.
, ,

(H2S)

.
. H2S - , '
' , ..,
.
, .., , H2S
.

100 500 mg H2S/Nm3 (0.05% ),

.
() . ,
104

H2S
.
5.3.2.1

( ),

.

/ .
, ,
,
.
,
.

,
605 700 Nm3/h
( 637

Nm3/h). ,
, ,

. ,

, .


( ).

, 850-1.200C

0,3 .
5.3.2.2

,
, .
(gas cooler).
105

( )

( ),

.
.
5.3.2.3

/ ()

/ (), 2x
834 =1668 kWel 2x 870 = 1740 kWth ,
:

(2) (/)

() ,
.

(2) / (0.4/20 kV) 1250 kVA

(2) (//) 1600 A

..

/ 3 bar

5.3.2.4

( )

,
106

).

.. , .

.

.
(lagoon)
.
5.3.3

. , ,

,
.

.

.
.
.
.
.
.
5.3.3.1

107

( ).
, , :

()

()

pH ()

(online)

, , .

.
.
/:

5.3.4
5.3.4.1

8%
(0.08 x 1668 kW /0.8 = 166.8 kVA) 135 kVA

108

(20 kV/400 V) / 250 KVA

.

24 ,

5.3.4.2

(/)
(400 V/ 20 kV ) 1.250 kVA/6%
24 kV
.
5.3.4.3

5.3.4.4

(20 kV/400 V) / 250 KVA.

1600 A

630A/24 kV

.
.
630 A/24 kV,
.

( )
.

135 kVA, 2
834 kWel ,
/ 834

kWel .
, ,
(engine control panel)
109

1 2 (

),
. ,

, /

-,
/.

,

/.
5.3.4.5

5.3.4.6

1505 A. , 500 mm2,

,
4x300mm2 .
, 600-1000 V,

PVC PVC, NYY (J1VV

IEC 502, 843).
2x300mm2.
5.3.4.7

( 29A) 20
kV ( 19/33 kV) 70 mm2,
XLPE , N(A)2XSY
IEC 502, 1029, VDE 273.
. ..

.
.

110

5.3.4.8

, .

,
....

, ,
, 600-1000 V,
PVC PVC, NYY (J1VV IEC 502,
843).
.
, .
.. HD-384.

,
.

5.3.4.9

2x1250 kVA

111

.
:
.

( ) ,

.. ..

5.3.5

:
5.3.5.1

,
.
5.3.5.2

0,8 . 1,0 .,

112

,
.
5.3.5.3

.

.


.
5.3.6

2773/99
,

... ( ),
50MW, .
,

.
.

113


20 km/h.

5.4 ,
5.4.1

365 ,
, .

,
(, , ).
5.4.2

.
,
,
- ,
(, , ,

, ), ,
.

114

5.5
5.5.1

,
.
,

,

10 .

, ,

.

5.9

()

1 (101) -

108,7

2 (102) -

37

4 (103)-

15

(104)

48,4

6 (105) - 115

34

(201)

35,4

(202)

38,2

78

(703)

25,1
429

394

198

( )

130

225

515

125

343

307

212

( )

5.6

5.6.1

(plant layout)
,

.
5.3,
.

,
,
:

:
.

: .
, ,

116

,
.

: ,
.

5.7

,
,
,
. ,
:

5.7.1

.. :
- -

& - ..

- &

- -

( , , ,

..)

117

5.7.2

,
325.000

, 10

118

6.1

,
.
,
/
.
, ,
.

6.2
,
()

. ,

.

.. ,
7, (7)
. (2)
/ .
.
, ..,

.
.

,
. (1)
.
119

(4)

. 7 ( )
.

6.1.

6.1: ..

6.2.1

,

,
..

6.2.1.1

120

, /

, ,

, .
6.2.1.2

6.2.1.3

(
)
.

, ,

.

121

,

.

,

:

, ,
,

6.3

.

, .

122

(..

(.. , ,
)

6.3.1

6.1
(. )
10.
.

6.1 -

6 / MWh

,
, :

1)

1)

3)
4)

0,30%

8%

()

, 7

.
123

5%

, , ,

., ,
.

0,2 //km

, ,
,

45 / ,

280 /
.

50

(,

. ,

.

,

124

,

. ..
,
.

.

6.4

:
..

, ,
, ,
...

..

, .
6.2: 1

()

125

52.293

167.583

246.950

168.478

11.850

10.600

144.600

802.354

6.3: 5.
()*

2013

802.354

2014

811.180

2016

814.428
816.057

2017

812.802

2015

*
1,1 % 0,2

3.

126

,
.

,
,
:

(, )

(, , .)

, , ,

, .

7.1

,



.
...

7.1.1

.
127

.
.
7.1.2

,

.

, ,

,
,
)

7.2

,

,

.

6 6 40
128

15 .
.

,
, 6. , ,

.
(
1/25 ) 75% (
). .

8
20%.
48
40% 1- 120
60% 120

80%.

.3846/10- .

: 25 , , 15
, 25 .
28 .

, (6 ), , ,
,
.

,
(
) .

.

,
.
129

. ,

7.3

7
(7)
7.1

: ,
, ,
.

, (7) :
1

2 ( )

1 ( )

1 ( )

7.1:

130

7.2

,
(commissioning) . ,
, ,
(steady-state),

131

(2 )

(3 )

...

13 14 , , ,

12 , , ,

12 , , ,

...

13 14 , , ,

7.2:

12 , , ,

132

13 14 , , ,

133

-

.

7.4. -

()

10.600

30.400

50.000

7.3.1

.
.
:

, ,
.
.
134

..
(marketing ). ,

.

,
5

.

:

, ,

.

135

7.4
7.4.1

, - ,

.

. (2012),

.
19,8% .
.

. ,

7.5
7.5.1

..
,

7.5.2

136

. ,
,

.

.

,

..
7.5.2.1

,


.

,
, ,
, .

7.6

137

, ,
5 bonus, prim, / .
7.6.1

, , ,
.

, : (i) ,

(ii) ,
,

.
7.6.2

.
,

.

1 ,
,

138

7.6.3

2.700

37.800

1.800

25.200

1.200

16.800

1.200

28.800

1.500

18.000

1.500

18.000

7.3

144.600

7.5: ( ) *
()

2013

144.600

2014

144.600

2015

144.600

2016

144.600

2017

144.600

139

, ,

8.1

/ . ,

,
.

, , ,
. ,

. , ,
40.000m2.

8.2
8.2.1

,



.

140

, ,

.

()

(, , )
,
.

. ,

, , .

NATURA
2000.

141

( 3851/2010, 85/04-06-10, .
1)

(
20 )

:

, ,

, ,

, ..


, ,

8.3 ()

8.3.1
,
,
, . ,

142

, .
,

. 2.200 m .

42.656 m2.

,
.

( ,

-, , , ).

,

.
.

,
5 km.

,

,
( 3-).
(SCI)

NATURA 2000 ( 8.1),

.

143

8.1: (SCI)

.
"", :
( ), . 99.031
, 7.191 ( 2001) 200..

, .

( ""

" ").

20 km
. 1220.3 km2
42.622 ( 2001).
'
, .

: 42% , 26%
, 42% , 11% , 35%
, 58% , 75% , 37% ,
144

18% , 59% 100%

. ,
, .

, 19,8%,

, 60%.
,

,
,
,
5 km
.

8.4

..
, ,

, .

. ,
,
. ,
, .

8.4.1

..
.

145

8.4.1.1

. ,
,
. ,
.

&

42.656 m2.

, ,
,
,
.
,
.

,

,
.

146

, ,

. ,

,

.

.
. ,

.

()


.

.
.

147

.
8.4.1.2

- -

. , ,
.
(, ,
)
.

,
,

.
.
. ,
,
, .

, .
8.4.1.3

148

,
.

.
.

, ,
. , ,

.

, ,

, ,
.

.
.

.


.

149

,
,

,
,
.
, (dust fall)
.

.

.
.

, ,
.
. ,
,
,

.
150

, .

. (
, ),
.

, , ..

,

.
.
,

8.5

, .
,
,

151

,
.

.
.

9.1
9.1.1

,
.

, ,

.

.
, ,

,
,
.
9.1.2

152

,
.

,
,
.

,
.

9.2

,
.3468/2006

.3851/2010 20 .

, ),
( , , , ). 2
,
,
,

153

9.3

9.1
.
3.

9.1:

1 -4 2013

4 2013
4 2013

4 2013

...

4 2013- 4 /

2014

1 2014

1 2014-4
2014
4 2014 (1
)
2014
2015
2014-2034+

...

154

/ ..

..
..

10
10.1

, .

, ()
( )
.

.

,
.

,
.

10.2

.
.

.
, -
,
.

= +

155

10.2.1

(
,

) - .
,
.

.



.

10.1

()

.
1

0
325.500
2.013.300

(..)

515.000

307.000

337.000

.
7

40.000

3.537.800

10.2.2

.
, ,
3.537.800 .
156

157

10.2

10

2%

325.500

6.510

6.510

6.510

6.510

6.510

6.510

6.510

6.510

6.510

6.510

(..)

7%

2.013.300

140.931

140.931

140.931

140.931

140.931

140.931

140.931

140.931

140.931

140.931

5%

515.000

25.750

25.750

7%

307.000

21.490

2%

337.000

6.740

6.740

()

20%

40.000

8.000

3.537.800

209.421

25.750

25.750

25.750

25.750

25.750

25.750

25.750

21.490

21.490

21.490

21.490

21.490

21.490

21.490

21.490

6.740

6.740

6.740

6.740

6.740

6.740

6.740

6.740

8.000

8.000

8.000

8.000

209.421

209.421

209.421

209.421

201.421

201.421

201.421

201.421

201.421

25.750

21.490

158

10.2.3

,
.

159

- ()

123.475
6.115.522

269.860
134.930
242.874

4.084.148

2.343.897
781.299

267.653

133.827

2.401.798,67

7.253.247,51

398.756

3.925.432

859.121

6.882.823

3.327.815,12

123.475

7.494.825

2.483.166
827.722
267.248
133.624
499.715
4.211.474

246.950
123.475

8.004.650

8.375.074,79

3.653.775,94

160

246.950

7.865.250,37

2.577.363

123.475

246.950

6.485.946,53

246.950

10.3

2.199.333
733.111
266.841
133.421
564.972
3.897.678

123.475
8.447.995

8.818.419,54

4.477.396,75

246.950

2.733.330
911.110
266.434
133.217
708.193
4.752.284
4.066.135,20

10.2.4

, ,

.
.

,
4.837.261 .

10.3

. ,
,

( 25%) ( 75%).

,
:

10.4

884.450

25%

2.653.350

75%

7% 15
, .

161

, ,

15 .

, ,
:
= P (A/P, i %, N)
: i = , 7%

N = , 15

A = , , () ,

, 15

P = , , 2.653.350

(A/P, i %, N) = , i (1 + i)N / [(1 + i)N -1]

.

10.5
MHNA

92.867

51.399

144.266

2.601.951

91.068

53.198

144.266

2.548.753

89.206

55.060

144.266

2.493.693

87.279

56.987

144.266

2.436.706

85.285

58.981

144.266

2.377.725

83.220

61.046

144.266

2.316.679

81.084

63.182

144.266

2.253.497

78.872

65.394

144.266

2.188.103

76.584

67.683

144.266

2.120.420

10

74.215

70.051

144.266

2.050.369

11

71.763

72.503

144.266

1.977.866

162

69.225

75.041

144.266

1.902.825

13

66.599

77.667

144.266

1.825.158

14

63.881

80.386

144.266

1.744.772

15

61.067

83.199

144.266

1.661.573

16

58.155

86.111

144.266

1.575.462

17

55.141

89.125

144.266

1.486.337

18

52.022

92.244

144.266

1.394.092

19

48.793

95.473

144.266

1.298.619

20

45.452

98.814

144.266

1.199.805

21

41.993

102.273

144.266

1.097.532

22

38.414

105.853

144.266

991.679

23

34.709

109.557

144.266

882.122

24

30.874

113.392

144.266

768.730

25

26.906

117.361

144.266

651.369

26

22.798

121.468

144.266

529.901

27

18.547

125.720

144.266

404.181

28

14.146

130.120

144.266

274.062

29

9.592

134.674

144.266

139.388

30

4.879

139.388

144.266

12

1.674.635

2.653.350

4.327.985

10.3.1

,
,
.

. ( 6.2

6.3)

163

10.6 ( )

10

246.950

249.666

250.166

250.666

251.167

251.670

252.173

252.677

253.183

253.689

()

167.583

169.426

169.765

170.105

170.445

170.786

171.127

171.469

171.812

172.156

()

52.293

52.869

52.974

53.293

53.399

53.506

53.613

53.720

11.850

11.980

12.004

12.028

12.052

12.076

12.101

12.125

12.149

12.173

10.600

10.717

10.738

10.760

10.781

10.803

10.824

10.846

10.868

10.889

168.478

170.331

170.672

171.013

171.355

171.698

172.041

172.385

172.730

173.075

()

144.600

146.191

146.483

146.776

147.069

147.364

147.658

147.954

148.250

148.546

(
) ()

802.354

811.180

812.802

814.428

816.057

817.689

819.324

820.963

822.605

824.250

()

53.186

()

53.080

()

()

164

10.4

,
. ,
.., ,
,
, .
.

10.4.1

. ,
( )
() , .
,

165

2.429.747

2.429.747

2.429.747

802.354

1.627.393

&
: ()

1.577.393
1.577.393

288.532

1.288.861

50.000
1.568.567

1.616.945
50.000

1.566.945

1.568.567

288.532

1.566.945

10

2.429.747

2.429.747

2.429.747

2.429.747

2.429.747

2.429.747

2.429.747

816.057

817.689

819.324

820.963

822.605

824.250

1.613.690

1.612.058

1.610.423

1.608.784

1.607.142

1.605.497

50.000

50.000

50.000

50.000

50.000

50.000

1.563.690

1.562.058

1.560.423

1.558.784

1.557.142

1.555.497

1.563.690

1.562.058

1.560.423

1.558.784

1.557.142

1.555.497

288.532

288.532

288.532

288.532

288.532

288.532

1.275.158

1.273.526

1.271.891

1.270.252

1.268.610

1.266.965

209.421

201.421

201.421

201.421

201.421

201.421

1.065.737

1.072.105

1.070.470

1.068.831

1.067.189

1.065.544

814.428

1.615.319

50.000

1.565.319

1.280.035

1.565.319

288.532

1.278.413

209.421

209.421

209.421

1.079.440

1.070.614

1.068.992

50.000

1.618.567

812.802

&

811.180

10.7

288.532

1.276.787

209.421
1.067.366

166

809.580

802.960

267.248
801.744

266.841
800.524

267.653

269.860

266.434

268.026

167

799.303

804.079

267.617

802.852

267.208
801.623

266.797
800.392

266.386
799.158

10.4.2

,
, ,

,
,
. ,
,
.

,
,
( ),

(
), .

,
,
,

,
,
.

168

10.8
1

1.288.861

1.280.035

1.278.413

1.276.787

1.275.158

1.273.526

1.271.891

1.270.252

1.268.610

1.273.526

1.271.891

1.270.252

1.268.610

1.266.965

.

()
()
884.450

4.826.661

1.280.035

()
()

1.276.787

3.537.800

()

1.278.413

2.653.350

1.275.158

1.266.965

()
()

10

269.860

267.653

267.248

266.841

266.434

268.026

267.617

267.208

266.797

242.874

398.756

499.715

564.972

708.193

706.343

704.804

703.451

702.208

3.537.800

512.734

666.410

766.962

831.813

974.627

974.370

972.422

970.658

969.005

()

1.288.861

767.301

612.003

509.824

443.345

298.899

297.521

297.830

297.952

297.960

()

169

()

4.826.661

6.115.522

6.882.823

7.494.825

()
()

1.288.861

767.301

612.003

509.824

443.345

298.899

6.115.522

6.882.823

7.494.825

8.004.650

8.447.995

8.746.893

8.447.995

8.746.893

9.044.414

9.342.245

297.521

297.830

297.952

9.044.414

9.342.245

9.640.196

8.004.650

170

9.640.196
297.960
9.938.156

10.4.3 ..

.
:
= +

,
,
.

, (

), ..

171

10.9: ..
2

235.224,00
2.558.858
597.906
3.391.989

232.871,76
2.430.915
568.011
3.231.798

230.543,04
2.309.370
539.610
3.079.523

246.950
123.475
6.115.522

246.950
123.475
6.882.823

246.950
123.475
7.494.825

246.950
123.475
8.004.650

246.950
123.475
8.447.995

9.853.322

10.443.333

10.886.814

11.236.448

11.527.518

40.479
66.459
884.450
884.450
1.769.265
2.266.313
526.227
863.972
3.220.420
4.081.194

83.286
884.450
2.308.209
1.082.715
4.358.660

94.162
884.450
2.947.949
1.224.106
5.150.667

101.170
884.450
2.525.199
1.214.045
4.724.864

2.577.363
859.121
269.860
134.930
242.874
4.084.148

2.483.166
827.722
267.248
133.624
499.715
4.211.474

2.199.333
733.111
266.841
133.421
564.972
3.897.678

2.733.330
911.110
266.434
133.217
708.193
4.752.284

237.600,00
2.693.535
629.375
3.560.510

- ()

240.000,00
2.835.300
662.500
3.737.800

&

2.343.897
781.299
267.653
133.827
398.756
3.925.432

172

9.853.322

2.548.753
2.548.753

2.436.706
2.436.706

2.316.679
2.316.679

2.188.103
2.188.103

2.050.369
2.050.369

10.443.333

10.886.814

11.236.448

11.527.518

173

10.5.1

10.5

.

.
.

( )
.

174

2.429.747

2.429.747

2.429.747

2.429.747

2.429.747

2.429.747

2.429.747

2.429.747

2.429.747

2.429.747

852.354

861.180

862.802

864.428

866.057

867.689

869.324

870.963

872.605

874.250

1.577.393

1.568.567

1.566.945

1.565.319

1.563.690

1.562.058

1.560.423

1.558.784

1.557.142

1.555.497

288.532
1.288.861

288.532
1.280.035

288.532
1.278.413

288.532
1.276.787

288.532
1.275.158

288.532
1.273.526

288.532
1.271.891

288.532
1.270.252

288.532
1.268.610

288.532
1.266.965

209.421
1.079.440

209.421
1.070.614

209.421
1.068.992

209.421
1.067.366

209.421
1.065.737

201.421
1.072.105

201.421
1.070.470

201.421
1.068.831

201.421
1.067.189

201.421
1.065.544

269.860

267.653

267.248

266.841

266.434

268.026

267.617

267.208

266.797

266.386

809.580

802.960

801.744

800.524

799.303

804.079

802.852

801.623

800.392

799.158

809.580

1.612.540

2.414.284

3.214.808

4.014.111

4.818.190

5.621.042

6.422.665

7.223.057

8.022.215

:


&
:
()

10.10:

175

10

6 7 .
4.818.190 6 :
(6.098.846 4.818.190) / 802.852) x12 = 0,29 .

6 1 .

10.5.2

,
. ,
. (net

present value method),

( 0), (
).

,
:

= [ / (1+ ) ]

: =
=

176

,
( ),

:
= [ (,) ]

, ,
:

, = 1 / (1+ )

,
,
,

,
,

10%.

( ),

177

10.11:

1
ETO

10

809.580

802.960

801.744

800.524

799.303

804.079

802.852

801.623

800.392

799.158

809.580

1.612.540

2.414.284

3.214.808

4.014.111

4.818.190

5.621.042

6.422.665

7.223.057

8.022.215

0,9091

0,8264

0,7514

0,6830

0,6209

0,5645

0,5131

0,4665

0,2441

0,5656

735.989

663.566

602.430

546.758

496.287

453.902

411.943

373.957

195.376

452.004

178

. : = 4.932.213 4.837.261 = 94.953 .

0,
,

10.5.3

O (internal rate of return)

. ,
,
,
, .

= [ (,) ] = 0 [ (,) ] =

1. .

2. ,
(10%),

( : IRR1 : IRR2).

3.
:

IRR = IRR1 + [*(IRR2 IRR1) / + ]

: = ( )
= ( )

179

.
.

19%. , 19%

,
. ,

,
10%12%.

,
. ,
,

10.5.4

(BreakEven Point BEP)

. , ,

,
.

, :
=

= *
= + *

180

y = * x y = + * x

: x =
y =
= ( )
= ( )

* x = + * x => x = /

, :

,
. ,

,
,

181

0%
100%

- (. , )

30%

50%

100%

100%

246.950

246.950

0%

144.600

144.600

70%

117.308

50.275

167.583

50%

26.147

26.147

52.293

0%

11.850

11.850

10.12:

- -
-

100%

168.478

168.478

100%

0%

50.000

50.000

0%

288.532

288.532

558.882

571.404

1.130.286

100%

0%

182

,
.
10.13:

0%

571.404

571.404

-571.404

5%

121.487

27.944

571.404

599.348

-477.861

10%

242.975

55.888

571.404

627.292

-384.317

15%

364.462

83.832

571.404

655.236

-290.774

20%

485.949

111.776

571.404

683.180

-197.231

25%

607.437

139.721

571.404

711.124

-103.688

30%

728.924

167.665

571.404

739.069

-10.144

35%

850.411

195.609

571.404

767.013

83.399

40%

971.899

223.553

571.404

794.957

176.942

45%

1.093.38
6
1.117.68
4
1.214.87
3
1.336.36
1
1.457.84
8
1.579.33
5
1.700.82
3
1.822.31
0
1.943.79
8
2.065.28
5
2.186.77
2
2.308.26
0
2.429.74
7

251.497

571.404

822.901

270.485

571.404

828.490

289.194

50%
55%

279.441

571.404

850.845

364.028

307.385

571.404

878.789

457.572

335.329

571.404

906.733

551.115

363.273

571.404

934.677

644.658

391.218

571.404

962.621

738.201

419.162

571.404

990.566

831.745

447.106

571.404

1.018.510

925.288

475.050

571.404

1.046.454

1.018.831

502.994

571.404

1.074.398

1.112.374

530.938

571.404

1.102.342

1.205.918

558.882

571.404

1.130.286

1.299.461

60%

257.086

46%

65%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%

100%

183

3.000.000
2.500.000
2.000.000

() 1.500.000

500.000
0
20%

40%

60%

80%

0%

1.000.000

100%

120%

10.1:

10.6
10.6.1


.

.. 20
,
,
/
.

.
100%
, .
184

10.6.2

..

.

/
.
.

.

, .

/

185

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, , 2009

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.
2000/76/
.

3468/2006, 129/A/2006

3468/2006

.

, :

)
,

) 20,1%

2010 29%,
2020.

2001/77/EC
.
3468/06 6/

1/21691/2006,

6/1/5757,

6/1/.18359/2006

5/1/25968,

5/1/13303,

12 . 3 . 3468/2006 ( 1442//06),
(..) 6/1/.5707

190

( 448//07),

6/1/.1725

... ( 148//07).
3661/2008, 89/A/2008

3661/2008
19 2008.
2002/91/
16 2002 .

3423/2005, 304/A/2005

3423/2005

2003/30/E.
230//02).

3054/2002 (

3428/2005, 313/A/2005

3428/2005

.
39:
,
, ,
,
.
2003/55/E.

.. 54409/2632/2004, 1931/B/2004

. ..54409/2632/2004
2003/87/

191

96/61/

13 2003
. ..

.. 9267/468/2007 54409/2632/2004
2004/101/E.

50910/2727/2003, 1909/B/2003

.. 50910/2727/2003,
,
:

(), , ,

,
().
.. 50910/2727/2003 113944/97

(
) ( 1016//97)
14312/1302/00 ( 723//00).

80568/4225/91, 641/B/1991

H 80568/4225/1991 86/278/.
,
&
.

16190/1335/97, 519/B/1997

16190/1335/97
91/676/E

3010/2002, 91/A/2002

192

3010/2002 . 1650/86 97/11/

96/61/,

. 3010/2002 15393/2332/2002,

11014/703/104/2003,

37111/2021/2003

25535/3281/2002,

13727/724/2003, 19500/2004, 104247/2006 & 104248/2006

.

29407/3508/2002, 1572/B/2002

29407/3508/2002
1999/31/E.

3336/2005, 96/A/2005

2003/96/E

.
211/2006, 211/A/2006

211/2006
1774/2002/ 3
2002

(Y.A.) 1/1227/2007, 135/B/2007

1/1227/2007 ,

,
,

()
().

125347/568/2004, 142/B/2004

125347/568/2004
140920 ( 1710/B/05).
193

 29457/1511/2005, 992/B/2005

. , , ,
50 MW,

29457/1511/2005

88/609/E ,
. ..
76802/1033/96 ( 596/B/96) 58751/2370/93 ( 264/B/93).

2939/2001, 179/A/2001

2939
-
()

. .. 82/2004 (),
109/2004 (), 115/2004 (), 116/2004 (
), 117/2004 15/2006 (
). 106453/2003 ( 391//03) 105857/2003 (

391//03)
. .. 9268/469/07 (
286/B/07)
.

33/2007, 31/A/2007

...

5673/400/97, 192//97

91/271/.
19661/1982/99 ( 1811/B/99)
194

48392/939/02 ( 405/B/02). 91/271/

.
Y1/2000/1995, 343//1995

. 2
7
.

49541/1424/1986, 444//1986

49541/1424/86 (
75/442/) (.. ,
, .),

,

. 4951/1424/1986 75/442/

.
69728/824/96 (358//17.5.96)

114218/1997, 1016//1997

.. . 114218/1997 -

,

.

13588/725/2006, 383//2006

13588/725/2006

91/689/.....
.
24944/1159/2006 ( 791/B/2006)
195

8668/07 ( 187/B/07)
().
486/2002

.
268351/12.8.2004 310052/23.11.04.

487/2002

3698/08

3698/08 ( 198 /2-10-2008) :

,
. ..
15393/2332/5.8.2002 3. 4
.

3734, 8//2009

196

(..)

(1,2,4,8)

(2,4,8,16)

197

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209