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Am Receiver: Project Report
Am Receiver: Project Report
PROJECT REPORT
EC2306 Digital Signal Processing Lab
Guided By
K. Gayathri
Lecturer, ECE
Date: 28/09/2011
AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
ABSTRACT
Our Term Project is to study and implement an AM RECEIVER based on
Super heterodyne principle virtually used in all modern radio and television receivers.The
approach mainly involves the use of heterodyning or frequency mixing. The signal from the
antenna is filtered sufficiently at least to reject the image frequency (see below) and possibly
amplified. A local oscillator in the receiver produces a sine wave which mixes with that
signal, shifting it to a specific intermediate frequency (IF), usually a lower frequency. The IF
signals is itself filtered and amplified and possibly processed in additional ways. The
demodulator uses the IF signals rather than the original radio frequency to recreate a copy of
the original modulation (such as audio). The project is coded in MATLAB.
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our indebted thanks to our respected Dean Prof V.Thyagarajan, to do this project work.
We express our sincere thanks to our Head of the department, Mr.V.Salaiselvam M.E.
(PhD) who has helped us to take this invaluable project. We express our sincere thanks to
our guide Ms K.GAYATHRI, Lecturer ECE for the untiring continued technical
guidance during the fabrication and preparation of the Project. This is a major motivation
force for us to complete our project work.
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),Sangita
anankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
REGISTER NO:
Signature of lab-in-charge:
lab charge:
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
1.1 What is Modulation
1.2 What is Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation
1.3 Techniques for AM Receiver
3. Implementation
3.1 Design Description
4. Matlab Coding
4.1 Coding
4.2 Output
5. Conclusion
5.1Advantage of AM Receiver
5.2Application of AM Receiver
6. References
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
INTRODUCTION
A radio communication system is composed of several communications
subsystems that give exterior communications capabilities. A radio
communication system comprises a transmitting conductor in which electrical
oscillations or currents are produced and which is arranged to cause such
currents or oscillations to be propagated through the free space medium from
one point to another remote there from and a receiving conductor at such distant
point adapted to be excited by the oscillations or currents propagated from the
transmitter. One desirable feature of radio transmission is that it should be
carried without wires (i.e.,) radiated into space. At audio frequencies, radiation
is not practicable because the efficiency of radiation is poor. However, efficient
radiation of electrical energy is possible at high frequencies (>20 kHz). For this
reason, modulation is always done in communication systems.
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
1.1 Modulation
Modulation is a technique for transferring information or message of lower
frequency by riding it on the higher frequency carrier. In other words, the process
by which some characteristic of a higher frequency wave is varied in accordance
with the amplitude of a lower frequency wave. This solves the major problem of
antenna size and signal distortion (or noise) in communication system. There are
two types of modulation:
1. AM
2. FM
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
1.3 AM Receiver
For extracting the message signal back from the carrier wave we demodulate the
RF signal. For AM demodulation we have different methods:
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
We will stick to only with Asynchronous Super heterodyne model. Below in the
figure is shown a more general block diagram of super heterodyne
receiver.
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
For simplicity of circuit, we will present a circuit without AGC. The complete
circuit given below appears to be complicated, that is why we have decided to
explain it systematically.
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
2.3 Components
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
As you can see it in figure, the IFT is, in fact, a parallel oscillatory circuit with a
leg on its coil. The coil body has a ferrite core (symbolically shown with single
upward straight dashed line) that can be moved (with screwdriver), which allows
for the setting of the resonance frequency of the circuit, in our case 455 kHz. The
same body contains another coil, with fewer quirks in it. Together with the bigger
one it comprises the HF transformer that takes the signal from the oscillatory
circuit into the next stage of the receiver. Both the coil and the capacitor C are
placed in the square-shaped metal housing that measure 10x10x11 mm. From the
bottom side of the housing you can see 5 pins emerging from the plastic stopper,
that link the IFT to the PCB, being connected inside the IFT. Besides them, there
are also two noses located on the bottom side, which are to be soldered and
connected with the device ground. Japanese IFT's have the capacitor C placed in
the cavity of the plastic stopper, as shown in figure. The part of the core that can be
moved with the screwdriver can be seen through the eye on the top side of the
housing, figure 10-d. This part is colored in order to distinguish the IFT's between
themselves, since there are usually at least 3 of them in an AM receiver. The colors
are white, yellow and black (the coil of the local oscillator is also being placed in
such housing, but is being painted in red, to distinguish it from the IFT).
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
3. IMPLEMENTATION
Super heterodyne Receivers can be implemented in different ways namely
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
4. MATLAB CODING
This m-file simulates the operation of the heterodyne section and demodulating
section of a garden variety AM receiver. An array is created that represents the
superposition of three separate RF carriers, each modulated at a different audio
frequency. This is the kind of signal that could be expected at the output of the
LNA. This signal is multiplied by a local oscillator, passed though an IF filter, and
demodulated using simple envelope detector (half-wave rectifier and single pole
LPF). Some plots are created at the end to show the signal at various locations in
the receiver.
REQUIREMENT: The 'Signal Processing Toolbox' and 'Control System Toolbox'
are needed to run this file because of the function calls to butter (), tf(),and c2d(). It
is possible that this file could be modified to avoid using those three functions by
determining the filter coefficients differently in MATLAB or calculating them
using another program, lookup table, etc. and entering them manually.
4.1 Coding
% Start
Clear all;
Close all;
% RF section
Fc = [700 750 800]*1e3; % Carrier frequencies (Hz)
Ac = [1.00 1.25 1.50];
% Carrier amplitudes
Fm = [1 2 3]*1e3;
% Modulation frequencies (Hz)
Dm = [0.25 0.25 0.25]; % Modulation depths
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
Fs = 20*max(Fc);
Ts = 1/Fs;
L = 10/min(Fm);
% IF filter section
We have generated a continuous time transfer function for a Butterworth band pass
filter and then converted that to its discrete Equivalent.
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
a = Ts/tau;
Srect_low = filter (a, [1 a-1], Srect); % Low pass filtering to recover
the modulating signal
% Plotting section
% the plots display numerical data from somewhere in middle of the arrays so that
the transient responses from the filters have had a chance to ring out. Each figure
contains three plots: the RF signal, the IF filter output, and the demodulated audio
signal. The first figure plots a longer segment of time so the demodulated audio
signal can be distinguished. The second figure plots a much shorter segment of
time to show the detail in the RF signal.
figure;
min_index = ceil(length(t)/2);
max_index = min_index + ceil(2/min(Fm)/Ts);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t(min_index:max_index), Stx((min_index:max_index)));
EC2306 Digital Signal Processing Lab
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
4.2 Output
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
5. CONCLUSION
5.1 Advantages of AM Receiver
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AM Receiver
ViniNarayanankutty(11509106086),SubhrataSarangi(11509106074),SangitaS Nair(11509106056)
6. REFERENCES
1. Wikipedia-Radio receiver
2. Numerical computing with MATLAB by Cleve B. Molar.
3. MATLAB demystified By David McMahon
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