EXAMPLE: Water Flow in a Pipe

P1 > P 2

Velocity profile is parabolic (we will learn why it is parabolic

later, but since friction comes from walls the shape is intuitive)

The pressure drops linearly along the pipe.

Does the water slow down as it flows from one end to the other?
Only component of velocity is in the x-direction.
~v = vx~i
vy = vz = 0
Incompressible Continuity:
vx vy vz
+
+
=0
x
y
z

vx
x

= 0 and the water does not slow down.

EXAMPLE: Flow Through a Tank

V = constant (always full)
Integral Mass Balance:

R
S

(~v ~n)dA = 0

v 1 A 1 = v 2 A2 Q
Constant volumetric flow rate Q.

EXAMPLE: Simple Shear Flow

vy = vz = 0 vx = vx (y)
~ v vx + vy + vz = 0

x
y
z
satisfied identically

NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS (p. 1)

(in the limit of slow flows with high viscosity)

Reynolds Number:

Re

vD

(1-62)

= density
= viscosity
v = typical velocity scale
D = typical length scale
For Re  1 have laminar flow (no turbulence)
~v
~ + ~g + 2~v
= P
t
Vector equation (thus really three equations)

The full Navier-Stokes equations have other nasty inertial terms that are
important for low viscosity, high speed flows that have turbulence (airplane
wing).

NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS (p. 2)

~v
~ + ~g + 2~v
= P
t

~v
= acceleration
t
=

~v
force
=
t
unit volume

mass
unit volume
(F~ = m~a) Newtons 2nd Law

Navier-Stokes equations are a force balance per unit volume

What accelerates the fluid?

~ = Pressure Gradient
P
~g = Gravity
2~v = Flow (fluid accelerates in direction of increasing velocity gradient.
Increasing ~v 2~v > 0

GENERAL FLUID MECHANICS

SOLUTIONS
Navier-Stokes equations + Continuity + Boundary Conditions
Four coupled differential equations!
Always look for ways to simplify the problem!

EXAMPLE: 2D Source Flow

Injection Molding a Plate
1. Independent of time
2. 2-D vz = 0
3. Symmetry Polar Coordinates
4. Symmetry v = 0
Continuity equation

~ ~v =

1 d
(rvr )
r dr

=0

rvr = constant
constant
r
Already know the way velocity varies with position, and have not used
the Navier-Stokes equations!
vr =

EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow between Parallel Plates

(important for injection molding) (P. 1)

Independent of time
vy = vz = 0
Cartesian coordinates

Continuity:
vx
= 0 vx = vx (y)
x
Navier-Stokes equation:

2 vx
P
+ 2 =0
x
y

P
P
=
=0
y
z

P = P (x) vx = vx (y)
P
2 vx
= 2
x
y
How can f (x) = h(y)? Each must be constant!
P
= C1 P = C1 x + C2
x
B.C.

x = 0 P = P1 C2 = P1
x = L P = P2 C1 = P/L
x
P = P1 P
L

where : P P1 P2

EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow between Parallel Plates

(important for injection molding) (P. 2)

2 vx
= C1 = P/L
y 2
2 vx
P
=
2
y
L
vx
P
=
y + C3
y
L

vx =
B.C. NO SLIP

P 2
y + C3 y + C4
2L

top plate y = d/2 vx = 0

bottom plate y = d/2 vx = 0
0=

P 2
d
d + C3 + C4
8L
2

0=

P 2
d
d C3 + C4
8L
2

C3 = 0
P
vx =
2l

d2
y2
4

C4 =

P d2
8L


Parabolic velocity profile

EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow between Parallel Plates

(important for injection molding) (P. 3)
Where is the velocity largest?
x
= 0 = P
y
Maximum at v
y
L
maximum at y = 0 centerline
What is the average velocity?

vave

R
Z
vx dA
1
A
=
vx dA
A = zd
vave = R
A A
dA
A


Z z Z d/2
Z
1 d/2 P d2
1
2
vx dydz =
y dy
=
zd 0 d/2
d d/2 2L 4

d/2
P d2
y3
P d2
vave =
y
=
2Ld 4
3 d/2
12L

For constant P , , L: double d quadruple v

EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow in an Annular Die

(important for blow molding) (P. 1)

P1 > P 2
Independent of Time
Cylindrical Coordinates
vr = v = 0
vz = vz (r)
Continuity:

vz
z

=0

Navier-Stokes equation:



1
vz
P
=
r
z
r r
r
f (z) = g(r) = a constant
Split into two parts - Pressure Part:
P
= C1
P = C1 z + C2
z
B.C.

z = 0 P = P2 C2 = P2
z = L P = P1 C1 = P/L
P = P2 + P
z
L

P = P2 +

P
z
L

where : P P1 P2

analogous to Poiseuille flow between parallel plates.

EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow in an Annular Die

(important for blow molding) (P. 2)


r r
r

vz
r
r


=

P
L

vz
P 2
=
r + C3
r
2L

vz
P
C3
=
r+
r
2L
r
vz =
B.C. NO SLIP

at
at

P 2
r + C3 ln r + C4
4L

r = Ri ,
r = R0 ,
0=

vz = 0
vz = 0

P 2
R + C3 ln Ri + C4
4L i

P 2
R + C3 ln R0 + C4
4L 0
 
P
0 = 4L
(R02 Ri2 ) + C3 ln RR0i
0=

subtract

C3 =

P (R02 Ri2 )
4L ln(R0 /Ri )



P
(R02 Ri2 ) ln R0
2
C4 =
R0
4L
ln(R0 /Ri )

10

EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow in an Annular Die

(important for blow molding) (P. 3)


P 2 (R02 Ri2 )
(R02 Ri2 )
2
r
ln r R0 +
vz =
4L
ln(R0 /Ri )
ln(R0 /Ri )


P R02
r2
(R02 Ri2 )
vz =
1 + 2
ln(r/R0 )
4L
R0 ln(R0 /Ri )
r < R0 always, so vz < 0
Leading term is parabolic in r (like the flow between plates) but this one
has a logarithmic correction.
What is the volumetric flow rate?
Z
Q=

Q=

P R04
8L

R0

vz dA =

"


1 +

vz 2rdr
Ri

Ri
R0

11

4

2 2

(1 (Ri /R0 ) )
ln(R0 /Ri )

GENERAL FEATURES OF NEWTONIAN

POISEUILLE FLOW
Parallel Plates:

P d3 W
Q=
12L

Circular Tube:

Q=

Annular Tube:

Q=

P R4
8L

P R04
f (Ri /R0 )
8L

Rectangular Tube:

Q=

P d3 w
12L

All have the same general form:

Q P
Q 1/ Weak effects of pressure, viscosity and flow length

Q 1/L
Q R4 or d3 w

Strong effect of size.

In designing and injection mold, we can change the runner sizes.

12

NON-NEWTONIAN EFFECTS

EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow in a Circular Pipe

Newtonian Velocity Profile:
vz =


P R2 
1 (r/R)2
4L

Shear Rate:
=

vz
P r
=
r
2L

Apparent Viscosity:
where is higher

Real Velocity Profile:

Lower a increases vz
non-parabolic

Viscosity is lower