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Results
Results
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
h1(mm)
h2(mm)
280
270
260
240
225
205
215
190
180
170
300
310
320
335
350
370
360
380
390
400
water
air
water
(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/ms)
995.41 1.1481
0.000781
995.41 1.1481
0.000781
994.6 1.1397
0.000742
994.6 1.1397
0.000742
994.43 1.1381
0.000734
994.43 1.1381
0.000734
994.26 1.1364
0.000727
994.26 1.1364
0.000727
994.08 1.1348
0.00072
994.08 1.1348
0.00072
Estimated
Percentage
Volumetric
Pressure
Head
friction factor, f Error, %
Flowrate, Q Velocity, Reynolds drop, P
loss,
Friction =16/Re
( 10-6 m3/s)
v (m/s) Number
(Pa)
hloss (m) factor, f
0.96
0.136
521
195.07
0.020
0.127
0.031
75.74
2.06
0.292
1116
390.15
0.039
0.055
0.014
74.04
2.98
0.422
1697
584.75
0.059
0.040
0.009
76.20
4.63
0.655
2636
925.86
0.095
0.026
0.006
76.66
5.47
0.774
3146
1218.02
0.125
0.025
0.005
79.27
5.64
0.798
3245
1607.80
0.165
0.030
0.005
83.80
5.32
0.753
3089
1412.67
0.145
0.030
0.005
82.78
5.99
0.848
3479
1851.08
0.189
0.031
0.005
85.20
6.48
0.917
3797
2045.57
0.210
0.029
0.004
85.66
6.49
0.918
3801
2240.38
0.230
0.032
0.004
86.89
Table 2. Calculated Data
Graph 1. Graph of Friction Factor against Reynolds Number for Low Flow Rate.
Water
Temperature
Mercury
Manometer
mercury
(kg/m3)
13553.45
13551.50
13549.80
13549.80
13549.31
13549.07
13549.07
13547.37
No
Volumetric
Flowrate, Q
( 10-5 m3/s)
Velocity, Reynolds
v (m/s) Number
1
5.03
1.069
10436
2
6.69
1.422
14118
3
8.11
1.723
17349
4
8.91
1.894
19067
5
10.05
2.136
21588
6
11.56
2.457
24897
7
12.27
2.608
26425
8
13.33
2.834
29130
Table 4. Calculated Experimental Data
Pressure
drop, P
(Pa)
3079.82
5542.93
8005.51
10468.74
12931.55
15394.44
17857.55
20318.28
Head
loss,
hloss (m)
0.315
0.568
0.820
1.072
1.325
1.577
1.830
2.082
Friction
factor, f
0.099
0.100
0.099
0.107
0.104
0.093
0.096
0.093
water
(kg/ms)
0.000789
0.000776
0.000765
0.000765
0.000762
0.000760
0.000760
0.000749
Graph 2. Graph of Friction Factor against Reynolds Number for High Flow Rate.
From Moody Chart,
Reynolds Number
521
1116
1697
2636
From Graph 1 above, Reynolds Number from 521 to 2636 fall within the laminar region
and the rest are within the transition region. Therefore, pressure change, P and
volumetric flow rate, Q data from Re 521 to 2636 was taken to plot P against Q graph.
The average dynamic viscosity of water, water from property table is 7.62 10-4 kg/ms
Appendix
Volume
58ml
1L
1m 3
9.64 10 7 m 3 / s
Time
60.19 s 1000 ml 1000 L
Q
9.64 10 7 m 3 / s
0.136m / s
PipeCrossS ectionalArea
(0.003) 2 m 2
4
Reynolds Number :
Re
521
water
0.000781kg / m s
From First Law of Thermodynamics for a steady state one-dimensional flow with one
inlet and outlet, conservation of energy can be applied to a control volume
Eqn (1)
Eqn (3)
f friction factor
L length of pipe
D diameter of pipe
KL loss coefficient due to pipe fittings or accessories
Assuming fluid is incompressible and are at the inlet and outlet are equal
= 0.127