B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC S PHM TP. H CH MINH

Nhan Th Lc An

CCH THC NG PH TRC NHNG

KH KHN TM L CA HC SINH
TRUNG HC PH THNG THNH PH
H CH MINH

Chuyn ngnh: Tm l hc
M s: 60 31 80

LUN VN THC S TM L HC
NGI HNG DN KHOA HC:
TS INH PHNG DUY

Thnh ph H Ch Minh - 2010

LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan lun vn Cch thc ng ph trc nhng kh khn tm l ca hc sinh
trung hc ph thng thnh ph H Ch Minh do chnh bn thn ti nghin cu.
Cc s liu trong ti ny l kt qu cng sc ti u t thu thp v x l thng tin mt
cch trung thc. Kt qu nghin cu c trnh by trong lun vn ny khng sao chp ca bt c
lun vn no v cng cha c trnh by hay cng b bt c cng trnh nghin cu no khc
trc y.

TP.HCM, ngy 20 thng 08 nm 2010

Tc gi lun vn
NHAN TH LC AN

M U
1. TNH CP THIT CA TI:
La tui thanh nin l giai on pht trin bt u t lc dy th v kt thc vo tui ngi ln.
Cc nh tm l hc Mcxt cho rng cn nghin cu tui thanh nin mt cch phc tp, phi kt hp
quan im tm l hc x hi vi vic tnh n nhng quy lut bn trong ca s pht trin.
Nhng cng trnh nghin cu s pht trin tm sinh l ca la tui hc sinh ph thng gn y
quan nim: la ny nh l mt giai on pht trin i qua mt lot nhng lp s kin, nhng kinh
nghim, s tri nghim hay nhng nhim v pht trin c xc nh v mt x hi.
Trong giai on pht trin ny, nhng thay i ca cc yu t sinh hc c nh hng n cc
yu t tm l. V ngc li, cc s kin x hi, s tri nghim tm l n lt n cng nh hng
ln h thng sinh hc. Trong giai on pht trin ca hc sinh ph thng c rt nhiu nhng mu
thun, nhng s kin x hi lin quan n nhu cu v nhim v pht trin i hi hc sinh ph
thng phi p ng nh chng va mun l tr con (mun nng nu, mun c b m quan tm,
mun c nhn qu) va mun l ngi ln (i thot khi s kim sot cht ch ca b m,
i c quyn t quyt nh, i c tn trng cc vn ring t, i mi ngi phi i x vi
mnh nh ngi ln). Cc em thng hay c ngh cc oan cho rng mnh l ngi ln c
quyn v c th lm c mi vic nh ngi ln, nhng mt khc cc em cng thy r mt thc t
rng mnh vn cha thc s c tha nhn l ngi ln. gii quyt mu thun ny, thiu nin
ln thng m phng bt chc nhng hnh vi c cc em gn cho l ca ngi ln.
Tui hc sinh ph thng tri nghim nhng lp hnh vi hay cc iu kin x hi lin quan n
s chn mui x hi la tui ny. Nhng nghin cu chuyn su v cc mi quan h lin c nhn
la ny (Sprinthall & Collins, 1995) cho thy tm quan trng ca cc mi quan h lin c nhn
(quan h vi bn b - cng gii, khc gii; quan h vi cha m; quan h vi ngi ln khc c
ngha vi hc sinh ph thng: thy c, ch bc, anh ch) tui ny b xa cc nhm tui khc v
ng vai tr khng th thay th trong qua trnh x hi ha ca chng. Mt s nghin cu (Offers,
1995; Peterson, 1996) pht hin ra rng c n 80% v thnh nin (tui 13-16) xem nhm bn nh l
iu quan trng nht, 60-70% xem quan h vi m l quan trng nht. iu ny c ngha l bt k
mt s khng thnh cng hay s v no trong cc quan h lin c nhn ny u c th dn n
nhng tn thng tm l, ri ty cch ng ph ca hc sinh ph thng m c th dn n ri nhiu
tm tr nh trm cm, trm nhc, t t hoc nhng hnh vi sai lch x hi nh tht bi hc ng,
b hc, b nh i lang thang ri tr thnh ti phm.
Hc sinh ph thng phi ng u vi nhiu vn v cc mi quan tm, v c nh hng n
mi kha cnh ca i sng h. L hc sinh, h phi i mt vi nhng quan tm l vic hc hnh

v la chn ngh nghip cho trng lai, i mt vi nhng k thi c cam go. Ngoi ra, h cn phi
i mt vi cc mi quan h bn b v cc quan h x hi khc. Cuc sng ca h mi ngy u c
s tc ng gia cc c nhn vi nhng ngi khc, c bit l cha m, bn b ng trang la, thy
c v nhng ngi quen. Vn v gii tnh cng chim phn khng nh trong cc vn kh
khn ca v thnh nin. Nu v thnh nin c nhng cch ng ph hiu qu trc nhng vn
th h c th t iu chnh thot khi tnh trng lo lng v stress. Thng thng, hc sinh ph
thng cm thy kh khn trong vic gii quyt nhng vn m h gp phi. Bn cnh , h l
nhng ngi tr tui v c t kinh nghim trong cuc sng, h khng th gii quyt nhng kh khn
ca h mt cch thnh cng nu nh h khng c s gip . C mt s thanh thiu nin thng
xuyn tm kim s gip , nhng c mt s li khng thng xuyn tm kim s gip . Theo
quan st th nhng sinh vin tm kim s gip mt cch min cng t nh t vn tm l (Chilh,
1995 v Rosales, 1989).
Vi tnh cp thit , chng ti chn nghin cu ti Cch thc ng ph trc nhng kh khn
tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng ti TP. H Ch Minh vi mong mun tm hiu v nhng
kh khn tm l, thi ca hc sinh ph thng trong s tm kim s gip v cc cch ng ph vi
kh khn tm l ca h, nhm gp phn gip cc nh tm l, nh gio dc, gia nh c nhng phng
n can thip gip h pht trin khe mnh v mt tm sinh l.

2. MC CH NGHIN CU:
2.1 Gip cc nh gio dc, nh tm l hiu nhng kh khn tm l m hc sinh trung hc ph thng
ang gp phi, thi tm kim s gip v cc cch ng ph ca chng i vi nhng vn .
2.2 a ra mt s nhng kh khn tm l m hc sinh trung hc ph thng ang gp phi trn c
s cc nh tm l, cc nh gio dc v gia nh c th thc hin cc phng n gip cho hc
sinh ph thng vt qua cc vn kh khn tm l cng nh hc sinh t ng u, gii quyt
nhng kh khn tm l ca mnh.

3. NHIM V NGHIN CU:

3.1 Lm r mt s vn l lun: hc sinh trung hc ph thng, kh khn tm l, tm kim s gip
, cch thc ng ph vi nhng kh khn tm l.
3.2 Nghin cu mt s kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng ang gp phi.
3.3. Nghin cu thi tm kim s gip , cch thc ng ph ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng
vi nhng kh khn tm l .

3.4. xut mt s cch thc gip hc sinh trung hc ph thng vt qua kh khn theo nhiu cch
khc nhau, gim thiu n mc ti a nhng nh hng xu n hot ng ca h.
4. I TNG V KHCH TH NGHIN CU:
4.1 Khch th nghin cu: 600 hc sinh ti cc trng THPT Trn Ph (Qun Tn Ph), THPT
Nguyn Th Minh Khai (Qun 3), THPT V Th Su (Qun Bnh Thnh)
4.2 i tng nghin cu: Kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng, thi tm kim s
gip v cc cch ng ph vi vn ca hc sinh ph thng.

5. GI THUYT NGHIN CU:

a s hc sinh trung hc ph thng c nhng kh khn tm l nht nh nhng mc khc
nhau v c xu hng tm kim s gip mt cch t nguyn. Vic sn sng tm kim s gip
ng ph vi kh khn tm l c s khc nhau gia cc nhm khch th.

6. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU:

6.1 Phng php lun:
6.1.1 Phng php tip cn h thng, lgic
6.1.2 Phng php tip cn lch s
6.2 Phng php nghin cu c th:
6.2.1 Phng php nghin cu cc ti liu l lun
6.2.2 Phng php phng vn
6.2.3 Phng php iu tra bng anket
6.2.4 Phng php x l s liu

7. NGHA KHOA HC V THC TIN CA TI:

7.1 ngha khoa hc:
Khi qut v h thng ha c s l lun tm l hc v thi ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng
i vi vic tm kim s gip , cc cch ng ph vi vn kh khn tm l.
Gp phn lm phong ph thm t liu v tri thc v tm l v t vn hc ng ti Vit Nam.

7.2 ngha thc tin:

 Lun vn ch ra c thi ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng i vi vic tm kim s gip

trong kh khn tm l ca h, cc cch ng ph ca h i vi kh khn, mi tng quan gia thi
trong vic tm kim s gip vi cc cch ng ph vi kh khn tm l.
Kt qu nghin cu c th ng dng trong t vn hc ng.

8. GII HN V PHM VI NGHIN CU:

8.1 Gii hn: Ch nghin cu nhng kh khn tm l trong mi quan h mi trng nh trng
trung hc ph thng.
8.2 Phm vi: Nghin cu hc sinh nm hc 2009 2010 ca cc trng THPT Trn Ph (Qun
Tn Ph), THPT Nguyn Th Minh Khai (Qun 3), THPT V Th Su (Qun Bnh Thnh)

CHNG 1: C S L LUN
1.1 LCH S NGHIN CU:
Nghin cu v thi trong vic tm kim s gip , v cc cch thc ng ph vi kh khn
tm l c mt s nh nghin cu trong v ngoi nc quan tm. Di y l cc cng trnh
nghin cu tiu biu cho vn ny:
1.1.1 Trn th gii
Mt s nghin cu v thi tm kim s gip trong cc vn tm l cho cc kt qu nh
sau: Thanh nin c xu hng khng tm kim s gip t cc ngun chnh thc, trong cuc kho
st ca Western Australian Child Health, ch c 2% t tui 4 16 tui c vn v sc khe tm
thn c lin h vi trung tm dch v sc khe tm thn trong khong 6 thng (Zubrick, Silburn,
Garton, et al., 1995). Tng t, thnh phn tr em v tui v thnh nin ca National Survey of
Mental Health and Wellbeing cho kt qu rng ch c 29% tr em v v thnh nin c vn v sc
khe tm thn c lin h dch v chuyn nghip hoc nhng dch v tng t trong 12 thng, nhng
vn bao gm c vn sc khe, sc khe tm thn v vn v hc hnh (Sawyer, Arney,
Baghurst et al., 2000). Mt vi thanh nin tm kim s gip chuyn nghip cho cc vn sc
khe tm thn, v thanh nin c xu hng tm kim s gip t ngun khng chnh thc trc khi
quay li vi ngun gip chnh thc (Benson, 1990; Boldero & Fallon, 1995; Rickwood, 1995).
Thanh nin thch tm kim s gip t ngun khng chnh thc hn l t ngun chnh thc,
nh l bn b v gia nh. Bn b c tm n trong cc vn v cm xc c nhn nhiu hn,
trong khi , gia nh c xp th 2 sau bn b Boldero & Fallon, 1995; Schonert-Reichl &
Muller, 1996).
N gii th thch tm kim s gip hn nam gii. iu ph thuc nhiu vo nhng
ngi gip v vn cn c gip , nhng nhn chung l phi n thch tm kim s gip
t ngi khc v cho li khuyn v cc vn sc khe tm thn (Boldero & Fallon, 1995;
Rickwood & Braithwaite, 1994). Ngc li, phi nam th tin tng vo bn thn mnh hn l tm
kim s gip t ngi khc, v h cng hay trnh tha nhn hoc t chi s hin din ca vn
ang gp phi (Offer, Howard, Schonert & Ostrov, 1991).
Mt vi vn thng thc y hnh vi tm kim s gip hn mt s vn khc v cc
ngun gip khc nhau th c cho rng s thch hp vi tng loi vn khc nhau. V d, vn
v mi quan h thng c em ra tho lun vi bn b, vn v c nhn th vi gia nh, v
vn v hc hnh th thng c tm n thy c gio (Bolder & Fallon, 1995; Offer et al.,
1991).

Nghin cu v cc cch thc ng ph vi cc kh khn tm l, vo nm 1970, cc nh nghin

cu tm thy mt cch tip cn o lng v nh gi s ng ph c tm tt trong cng trnh
ca Folkman v Lazarus. H xc nh tm cch ng ph gm: i din vi vn , c thot khi
tnh hung kh khn, tm kim s h tr x hi, gnh vc trch nhim, n trnh thc ti, lp k
hoch gii quyt vn v nhn thy iu thun li. Cc nh nghin cu tin rng nhng cch ny
phn nh hai kiu c bn ca s ng ph: tp trung vo vn v tp trung vo cm xc. Lazarus v
Folkman nhn mnh rng nhng kha cnh trong hnh vi ng ph ca c nhn thay i ph thuc
vo tnh hung hay mc h tr x hi m c nhn nhn c. Mt trong nhng cng c o lng
c pht trin bi quan im mi l CISS (Coping with stressful situations). Cng c ny c gng
a ra nhng du hiu ca cc cch ng ph m con ngi c th s dng trong tnh hung kh
khn. Nhng cch thc ng ph m cng c ny a ra bao gm cch thc hng vo nhim v,
trong ngi ta hng n vic ng u vi nhng vn k tip s din ra; cch thc hng
vo cm xc, cch thc trnh n thc ti (bao gm tm kim s h tr v mt x hi v tm kim s
gii ta tm tr) [3]
Trong nghin cu ca Bolognini Monique, Plancherel Bernard; Halfon Olivier nh gi cc
chin lc ng ph ca thanh thiu nin: c s khc nhau theo tui v theo gii tnh hay khng?
tm hiu cc cch ng ph theo c trng gii, mi tng quan gia vic chn la cc cch ng
ph vi sc khe tm tr theo gii tnh v theo tui. Cc tc gi a ra nhng cch thc ng
ph nh: s dng quan h x hi, gia nh, tnh cm m tnh, s gii tr, hi hc, cam kt, tiu xi,
gia nh, nh trng. Cc kt qu khng nh n thanh thiu nin t iu chnh ty theo kh khn
bng cch tham gia nhiu hn vo cc quan h x hi (bn b, anh ch em, b m v cc ngi ln
khc). Nghin cu cho thy con gi u t nhiu hn vo th gii tng tc nhm th hin tnh
cm mt cch ci m, nhm nhn c s nng , cc li khuyn v nhng iu an i t mt
ngi tm tnh (bn b, gia nh). Trong khi , cc nam thanh thiu nin c gng nhiu hn trong
vic gi ngha ca s hi hc v tin hnh mt hot ng th lc mnh m. Con trai t ci m
hn v t ph thuc vo ngi khc hn so vi con gi, nhng li c xu hng lm cho tnh hung
bt khng hong v t ra lc quan, tm kim s gii ta trong cc tr chi v hot ng th lc. V
mi quan h sc khe tm tr v cc cch thc ng ph, nghin cu cho thy cc kt qu t ra khc
bit gia con trai v con gi. con gi, trong s cc cch thc ng ph c tng quan cao nht l s
th hin cc tnh cm m tnh phi hp vi mt xc sut cao nht b ri nhiu tm tr nh kh sc
trm nhc, lo u v ri nhiu gic ng. con trai, ch c tng quan v mt lo u [35]
Nh nghin cu Camus Jean trong bi vit S b tr thi gian v cc kh khn hc ng.
Phn ng tc thi v tr hon i chiu v cch thc ng ph tm l ca tr thuc nhm SES
(nhng tr hc sinh lp c bit, cc em ny c gi l nhng hc sinh khng thch nghi, chm

chp trong hc tp) v tr thuc nhm CES (nhm hc sinh cp 2 bnh thng). Kt qu cho thy,
tr trai thuc nhm SES khi gp kh khn s hnh ng chp nhong, khng cn nh gi, chng
xem nhng hnh ng bt pht nh th l mt tm o gip chng li s s hi v tht bi lin tip
tn cng. Tr n trong nhm ny c xu hng tr hon thi gian thc hin cng vic, cc em loay
hoay tm kim gii php ph hp, cm thy tht vng, lun phn nn v yu cu c gip hn
nhm tr n CES. [36]
Nhn chung, hin nay, nghin cu v thi tm kim s gip v cc cch thc ng ph tm
l c nhiu nh khoa hc quan tm nghin cu.

1.1.2 Ti Vit Nam

Nghin cu v thi tm kim s gip v cc cch ng ph ca thanh thiu nin i vi cc
vn tm l l mt vn cn t c quan tm ti Vit Nam. Trong mt s nghin cu gn y,
c cng trnh nghin cu ca TS. Phan Th Mai Hng a ra mt s cch thc ng ph nh: l
gii hon cnh mt cch tch cc, tm kim ch da tnh cm, kim ch bn thn, ln k hoch, ng
ph ch ng thay th bng nhng hnh vi tiu cc. Trong nghin cu ny, TS Phan Th Mai
Hng tm hiu v Mi tng quan gia cch ng ph ca tr v thnh nin trong hon cnh
kh khn vi cc nhn t x hi v mi tng quan gia cch ng ph ca tr v thnh nin trong
hon cnh kh khn vi cc nhn t nhn cch. Kt qu nghin cu khng nh mt s nhn t x
hi nh mc tri nghim cc s kin ca cuc i, ch da x hi t cc mi quan h vi cha
m, thy c v bn b, thnh tch hc tp t c qua cc nm hc, nhng thnh tch ni bt trong
hot ng nh trng v v th kinh t - x hi ca gia nh c nh hng ln n kh nng p
ng trc kh khn ca hc sinh. Nghin cu cho thy tr v thnh nin c ch da x hi vng
chc v tinh thn: c ni chia s, nhn c s thng cm, an i cng nh gip , c s quan
tm v hiu bit ln nhau v c nh hng tt p, t tri qua nhng s kin m tnh trong cuc
sng th thng c nhng cch ng ph tch cc trc hon cnh kh khn v ngc li. [10], [11]
Tc gi Nguyn Hu Th vi nghin cu Cc kiu ng ph vi stress trong hc tp ca sinh
vin i hc quc gia H Ni ch ra rng chin lc ng ph ca sinh vin trc cc tnh hung
gy stress trong hc tp ch yu bng phng thc thay i nhn thc v hnh vi bng cch gii ta
cm xc, nh gi s kin xem n c gy stress khng v thay i hot ng ca c nhn. T ,
sinh vin ch ng trong hc tp, gim bt s lo lng v cm xc tiu cc ny sinh t cc s kin
gy stress cao trong hc tp. [20]
Nghin cu Mt s kh khn trong hc tp ca tr v thnh nin v cch ng ph ca cc em
ca nh nghin cu Lu Song H tp trung tm hiu nhng bin i v tm sinh l, mi trng
hc tp t tiu hc ln trung hc c s to ra nhng kh khn tm l c trng no v lit k

nhng kiu ng ph ca tr v thnh nin khi gp kh khn trong hc tp. Kt qu nghin cu ch ra

rng khi gp kh khn, tr v thnh nin thng s dng trc ht l nhng cch thc ng ph bng
hnh ng, tip n l ng ph v tnh cm v cui cng l suy ngh. [6]
Ngoi ra cn c mt s nghin cu v kh khn tm l c thc hin trong nc.
Nghin cu Kh khn tm l trong hot ng hc tp ca sinh vin nm nht i hc s phm
H Ni ca tc gi Nguyn Xun Thc tm hiu cc biu hin ca kh khn tm l, nguyn
nhn v nhng nh hng ca chng n nhn cch ca sinh vin. [21]
Tc gi ng Th Lan ttrong nghin cu Mt s kh khn tm l trong hot ng hc ngoi
ng ca sinh vin nhng nm u trng i hc ngoi ng - HQG H Ni i vo tm hiu
nhng kh khn tm l trong hot ng hc tp ca sinh vin v mc kh khn gia sinh vin
nam v n, nh hng ca kh khn tm l ti s pht trin tm l, nhn cch ca sinh vin nm
nht v nhng nhn t khch quan v ch quan gy ra nhng kh khn tm l . [16]
Nghin cu Kh khn tm l v nhu cu tham vn ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng ca tc
gi Dng Th Diu Hoa a ra kt qu nghin cu rng hu ht hc sinh c kho st u c
trng thi tm l lo lng vi cc mc khc nhau v cc lnh vc c lin quan ti hc tp, quan h
v s pht trin ca bn thn; nhn thc ca hc sinh ph thng cho rng hot ng tham vn i
vi cc em l cn thit. [8]
Nh vy, cc nghin cu ny xc nhn, thanh thiu nin Vit Nam gp nhng kh khn tm l
trong lnh vc hc tp v trong hot ng hng ngy. Ty vo c im nhn cch v mi trng x
hi (c bit l c hay khng s h tr t gia nh, nh trng) m cc em s chn la cc cch
p ng trc nhng kh khn khc nhau. Vic phn tch lch s nghin cu v ng ph tm l vi
nhng kh khn ca thanh thiu nin cho thy, cha cho nghin cu no tp trung nghin cu v
thi tm kim s gip v cc cch ng ph vi kh khn tm l ca hc sinh ph thng trung
hc.
1.2 CC KHI NIM C LIN QUAN:
1.2.1. Hc sinh trung hc ph thng, cc c im tm l hc sinh trung hc ph thng
1.2.1.1 Khi nim hc sinh trung hc ph thng
La tui hc sinh trung hc ph thng l la tui t 15 n 18 19. Theo tm l hc la tui,
hc sinh trung hc ph thng nm trong la tui thanh nin, bt u t lc dy th v kt thc vo
tui ngi ln. i vi tui thanh nin, l thi k t 14 15 n 25 tui, trong chia lm 2 giai
on:
T 14, 15 n 17, 18 tui: giai on u tui thanh nin (thanh nin hc sinh). Giai on ny
tng ng vi tui hc sinh trung hc ph thng.
T 17,18 n 25 tui: giai on tui thanh nin.

Nh vy, hc sinh trung hc ph thng l giai on u ca tui thanh nin. Vit Nam, hc
sinh trung hc ph thng trong nh trng cn c gi l hc sinh cp 3. [27]

1.2.1.2 Cc c im pht trin sinh l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng

Tui u thanh nin l la tui t c s trng thnh v mt c th. i a s thanh nin
nam n la tui ny qua thi k pht dc, hot ng ca cc tuyn ni tit tr nn bnh thng,
v nhn chung c s pht trin tng i m v mt sinh l:
S pht trin ca h xng c hon thin. C bp c tip tc pht trin. Chiu cao v trng
lng pht trin chm li. Cc em gi t c s tng trng y vo khong 16 - 17 tui,
cc em trai vo khong 17 - 18 tui. Sc mnh c bp ca cc em trai tng nhanh. Th tch lng
ngc tng ln mt cch tng i, sc mnh ca bp tht tng ln, kh nng lm vic v mt th lc
c nng cao.
S pht trin ca h thn kinh c nhng thay i quan trng do cu trc bn trong ca no phc
tp v cc chc nng ca no pht trin. S lng dy thn kinh lin hp, lin kt cc phn khc
nhau ca v no tng ln v tip tc pht trin v mt chc nng. Tt c nhng iu l nhng yu
t thun li ca s pht trin th lc. [37]
H tun hon i vo hot ng bnh thng. S mt cn i gia tim v mch chm dt. [9]
Tm li, y l la tui cc em c c th pht trin cn i, hi ha v p nht.

1.2.1.3 c im pht trin tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng

Hnh thnh biu tng "ci ti c tnh h thng
V th x hi ca la tui hc sinh ph thng c nhiu thay i so vi la tui trc . Mt
mt cc quan h x hi ca cc em c m rng. Trong cc quan h ngi ln, k c thy c
gio v b m u nhn nhn cc em nh nhng ngi "chun b thnh ngi ln v i hi h
phi c cc cch ng x ph hp vi v th ca mnh. Mt khc, khc vi hc sinh lp di, hc
sinh cp 3 ng trc mt thch thc khch quan ca cuc sng: phi chun b la chn cho mnh
mt hng i sau khi tt nghip ph thng, phi xy dng cho mnh mt cuc sng c lp trong x
hi Nhng thay i trong v th x hi, s thch thc khch quan ca cuc sng dn n lm xut
hin la tui u thanh nin nhng nhu cu v hiu bit th gii, hiu bit x hi v cc chun
mc quan h ngi - ngi, hiu mnh v t khng nh mnh trong x hi...
Bc sang tui u thanh nin hc sinh trung hc ph thng, cc chc nng tm l ca con
ngi cng c nhiu thay i, c bit l trong lnh vc pht trin tr tu, kh nng t duy. Cc
nghin cu tm l hc cho thy rng hot ng t duy ca cc em rt tch cc v c tnh c lp t
duy l lun pht trin mnh. Hc sinh ph thng c kh nng v rt a thch khi qut cc vn .

S pht trin mnh ca t duy l lun lin quan cht ch vi kh nng sng to. Nh kh nng khi
qut cc em c th t mnh pht hin ra nhng ci mi. Vi h iu quan trng l cch thc gii
quyt cc vn c t ra ch khng phi l loi vn no c gii quyt. Hc sinh cp 3
nh gi cc bn thng minh trong lp khng da vo im s m da vo cch thc gii bi tp.
H c xu hng nh gi cao cc bn thng minh v nhng thy c c phng php ging dy tch
cc, tn trng nhng suy ngh c lp ca hc sinh, ph phn s g p, my mc trong phng
php s phm. Da trn cc iu kin khch quan v ch quan th s t thc hc sinh ph thng
c pht trin.
Nghin cu kh nng nh gi con ngi ca tui u thanh nin nhiu nh tm l hc nhn
thy rng khi nh gi con ngi nu nh thiu nin thng nu ln nhng c im mang tnh nht
thi lin quan n nhng hon cnh c th trong cc mi quan h vi b m hoc thy c gio, th
tui u thanh nin ch nhiu hn n nhng phm cht nhn cch c tnh bn vng nh cc c
im tr tu, nng lc, tnh cm, ch, thi i vi lao ng, quan h vi nhng ngi khc trong
x hi T ch nhn nhn c nhng phm cht mang tnh khi qut ca ngi khc dn dn con
ngi t pht hin ra th gii ni tm ca bn thn mnh. Cc em la tui ny cm nhn c cc
rung ng ca bn thn v hiu rng l trng thi "ci ti" ca mnh. Song nh t duy khi qut
pht trin trn c s tip thu cc tri thc chung mang tnh phng php lun gip h thc c
cc mi quan h gia cc thuc tnh tm l v cc phm cht nhn cch, c kh nng to c mt
hnh nh ci ti" trn vn v y hn t xy dng cc mi quan h vi ngi khc v vi
chnh mnh.
Biu tng v "ci ti" trong giai on u ca la tui thanh nin thng cha tht r nt. Do
t nh gi v bn thn khng n nh v c tnh mu thun. Ti trong biu tng ca ti rt
tuyt vi song cc em cng d ri vo trng thi nghi ng iu . Nhu cu giao tip, c bit l
giao tip vi bn b ng la pht trin mnh la tui ny thc hin mt chc nng quan trng
l gip hc sinh ph thng dn hiu mnh r hn, nh gi bn thn chnh xc hn thng qua nhng
cuc trao i thng tin, trao i cc nh gi v cc hin tng m h quan tm.
Thng thng biu tng v ci ti c hnh thnh theo hng cc thuc tnh tm l ca con
ngi nh mt c th c nhn bit sm hn cc thuc tnh nhn cch. giai on u thanh nin
rt nhy cm vi nhng c im ca hnh thc thn th. H so snh mnh vi ngi khc qua cc
c im bn ngoi. Mt hin tng rt thng gp l hc sinh cp 3 bt chc thy c gio m h
yu qu hay mt ngi mu l tng no m h chn cho mnh, t cch n mc, c ch, dng i.
Trong giai on pht trin tip theo cc c im nhn cch nh ch, tnh cm, tr tu, nng lc,
mc ch sng... ngy cng c ngha, to nn mt hnh nh "ci ti c chiu su, c h thng,
chnh xc v sng ng hn.

 thc v ci ti r rng v y hn lm cho tui u thanh nin c kh nng la chn

con ng tip theo, t ra vn t khng nh v tm kim v tr cho ring mnh trong cuc sng
chung.
Ny sinh cm nhn v "tnh cht ngi ln" ca bn thn
Cm nhn v "tnh ngi ln" ca chnh 'bn thn mnh l mt trong nhng nt tm l c
trng xut hin trong giai on chuyn t la tui thiu nin sang tui u thanh nin. Thc tin cho
thy rng s ny sinh cm nhn la tui ny l mt trong nhng yu t tm l gp phn to nn
nhng mi quan h bt bnh n gia cha m v con ci, lm cho tn s giao tip gia cha m v con
ci gim xung v thay vo l nhu cu giao tip ca hc sinh ph thng vi bn ng la tng
ln.
Bc sang tui u thanh nin cc em c cm nhn r rt rng mnh ln hay mnh cng gn
ging ngi ln, sp tr thnh ngi ln. Ranh gii gia tui ny v tui ngi ln trong con mt
ca cc em khng phi bao gi cng hin ln mt cch r rng. Trong quan h vi tr nh tui hn
hay trong quan h vi cc bn ng la cc em c xu hng c gng th hin mnh nh nhng
ngi ln. H hng ti cc gi tr ca ngi ln, so snh mnh vi ngi ln, mong mun c
t lp, t ch trong gii quyt cc vn ca ring h. Tuy nhin thc tin cuc sng a cc em
vo mt hon cnh y mu thun. So snh mnh vi ngi ln, hc sinh trung hc ph thng hiu
rng mnh vn cn nh, cn ph thuc. Nu nh la tui trc sn sng chp nhn quan h
ngi ln - tr con, th i vi tui u thanh nin tnh cht nh vy trong quan h gia h vi
ngi ln c h coi nh l khng bnh thng. Cc em c gng khc phc kiu quan h . Xut
hin mt mu thun gia mun ch quan v hin thc khch quan: mun tr thnh ngi ln song
cc em thc c rng mnh cha kh nng. Mu thun ny to ra nhng thay i ln trong
lnh vc tnh cm ca la tui u thanh nin. Nhng nghin cu v tnh cch thanh nin bng cc
trc nghim TAT v Rorschach cho thy rng tnh hay lo lng tng t tui 12 n tui 16.
So vi cc la tui trc mc lo lng trong giao tip vi mi ngi (vi bn b, thy c gio,
ngi ln) la tui thanh nin cao hn hn v c bit cao trong giao tip vi b m hay vi
nhng ngi ln m cc em cm thy b ph thuc. Theo thi quen thng thng trong quan h vi
con ci bc vo tui thanh nin, cc bc cha m vn thng xem h nh nhng a tr m t
ch n nhu cu ni tm ca h. Kiu quan h mang tnh sai khin, p t cng nhc hoc nhng
biu hin tnh cm m - con thi qu i vi la tui ny thng gy ra nhng hu qu khng mong
i. A.E.Litrco - mt chuyn gia tm thn hc ni ting ca Lin bang Nga v la tui thanh nin
nhn nh rng la tui t 14 n 18 l la tui khng hong i vi tm thn hc. la tui ny
cc biu hin ri lon nhn cch tng ln r rt v trong phn ln cc trng hp, chng c ngun
gc su xa trong cc quan h cha m - con ci, quan h thy - tr khng thun li.

Trn c s pht trin sinh l, mc chn mui ca qu trnh pht trin cc c im sinh l
gii, s cm nhn v tnh cht ngi ln ca bn thn mnh tui hc sinh ph thng khng phi l
mt cm nhn chung chung m lin quan cht ch vi vic gn kt mnh vo mt gii nht nh. T
nhn thc thanh nin nam (n) dn dn hnh thnh nhng nhu cu, ng c, nh hng gi tr,
cc quan h v cc kiu loi hnh vi c trng cho mi gia nh. [8]
Hnh thnh th gii quan
Nhng thay i trong v th x hi, trnh pht trin ca t duy l lun v hn na mt khi
lng tr thc ln mang tnh phng php lun v cc quy lut ca t nhin, x hi m thanh nin
tip thu c trong nh trng gip h thy c cc mi lin h gia cc tr thc khc nhau,
gia cc thnh phn ca th gii. Nh tui u thanh nin bt u bit lin kt cc tri thc ring
l li vi nhau to nn mt biu tng chung v th gii cho ring mnh. i vi thanh nin biu
tng chung v th gii c mt ngha nhn cch rt rng, n gn lin vi nhu cu tm kim mt
ch ng cho ring mnh trong x hi, tm kim mt hng i, mt ngh nghip, mt d nh cho
cuc sng ca h. Nh vy th gii quan tc quan im v th gii ni chung, v c s ca s tn
ti v mi lin h gia con ngi vi t nhin, v nhng nh hng gi tr c bn... c hnh
thnh.
chun b bc vo i, thanh nin thng trn tr vi cc cu hi v ngha v mc ch
cuc sng, v cch xy dng mt k hoch sng c hiu qu, v vic la chn ngh nghip cho ph
hp v c ngha... gii p cc cu hi ny, kh nng nhn thc, nh gi cng nh kh nng
thc tin ca mi c nhn rt khc nhau. nc ta hin nay khi m cc gi tr x hi c nhiu bin
ng, khng t thanh nin cha xc nh c ngha ca cuc sng, khng c nh hng ngh
nghip r nt v do cng khng th lp c cho bn thn mt k hoch sng c th. Hin tng
ny tn ti khng phi n thun do trnh pht trin tm l la tui u thnh nin cha chn
mui, m quan trng hn l do nhng khim khuyt trong gio dc nh trng, gia nh v trong
x hi (thng qua cc n phm sch bo, vn ha, ngh thut...). S hng dn, ging gii, gip
bng cc bin php c th, ph hp ca cc th h i trc s gip thanh nin t n "min pht
trin gn" m L.X. Vgtxki pht hin ra.
Mt trong cc kha cnh quan trng ca qu trnh hnh thnh th gii quan la tui thanh
nin l trnh pht trin thc o c. Cc nghin cu tm l hc cho thy rng th gii quan v
lnh vc o c bt u hnh thnh con ngi t tui thiu nin. Cc em thiu nin bit nh gi
phn loi hnh vi ca bn thn v ca ngi khc theo cc phm tr o c khc nhau, c kh
nng a ra nhng chnh kin tng i khi qut ca ring mnh v cc vn o c... Song
sang tui thanh nin thc o c pht trin ln mt bc cao hn c v mt nhn thc tnh cm
v hnh vi. V mt nhn thc thanh thin khng ch c kh nng gii thch mt cch r rng cc

khi nim o c, quy chng vo mt h thng nht nh th hin mt trnh kht qut cao hn
m h cn xut hin mt cch c thc nhu cu xy dng cc chnh kin o c ca ring mnh
v cc vn m cuc sng t ra. kha cnh tnh cm cc chun mc o c c c nhng
ngha ring t i vi thanh nin, nh cc hnh vi tng ng vi cc chun mc o c nht
nh c th khi dy h nhng xc cm c bit. Ni cch khc la tui thanh nin nim tin,
o c bt u hnh thnh. S hnh thnh nim tin o c bin thanh nin t ch l ngi chp
nhn, phc tng cc chun mc o c tr thnh ch th tch cc ca chng. iu ny th hin c
bit r trong vic tm kim hnh mu l tng. Hc sinh nh tui tip nhn hnh mu l tng xut
pht t tnh cm khm phc mt con ngi c th v khi hnh mu l tng s chi phi hnh vi
o c ca cc em. Nh vy mt mc nht nh c th coi hnh mu l tng l ngun gc
hnh thnh thc o c ca hc sinh nh tui. Tnh hnh khc hn i vi hc sinh cp 3. Cc em
hc sinh cp 3 tm kim hnh mu l tng mt cch c thc Hnh nh mt con ngi c th ch
l phng tin cc em gi gn nhng nguyn tc, nhng biu tng o c m cc em tip
nhn.
Tuy nhin t lu cc nh tm l hc nhn thy mu thun bn trong thc o c la
tui thanh nin. Trong cc nh gi ca mnh thanh nin c th rt cng nhc tun theo cc chun
mc o c m cc em tip nhn song ng thi li cng nghi ng v tnh ng n ca chng.
l gii iu ny c th cho rng la tui thanh nin vn l la tui m thc o c ang
trong giai on u ca qu trnh hnh thnh. Mt khc v phng din tr tu thanh nin hiu
c tnh tng i ca cc chun mc. S nghi ng lt li cc chun mc o c ca x hi c
th hin nh mt thao tc tm kim, nghin cu, hc hi tip thu. [8]
i sng tnh cm v giao tip nhm bn
i sng tnh cm ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng rt phong ph. Cc em c tnh cm phong
ph v a dng, c thi cm xc i vi cc mt khc nhau ca i sng. c im c th
hin r trong tnh bn ca la tui ny, v y l la tui m nhng hnh thc i x c la chn i
vi mi ngi tr nn su sc.
hc sinh trung hc ph thng, nhu cu v tnh bn tm tnh c nhn c tng ln r rt, tnh
bn ca cc em tr nn su sc hn. Cc em c yu cu cao hn i vi tnh bn, lng v tha, s tin
tng, tn trng, hiu bit nhau v sn sng gip nhau. tui ny, cc em u coi tnh bn l
nhng mi quan h quan trng nht ca con ngi, tnh bn ca cc em mang mu sc cm xc
nhiu hn, cc em nhy cm hn. Trong quan h bn b, cc em khng ch mong mun s gn gi
v tnh cm ca bn, khng ch c kh nng cm xc thn tnh, m con c kh nng p ng li xc
cm, tnh cm m ngi bn ang th nghim. Tnh cm xc cm cao trong tnh bn c th khin
la tui u thanh nin ny l tng ha tnh bn. H ngh v bn thng ging vi nhng iu

mnh mong mun bn hn l thc t. S quyn luyn mnh m v mt cm xc khin cc em t

nhn thy nhng c im thc t bn.
Tnh bn ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng rt bn vng. Cc em quan tm ti nhng nt tnh
cch v b mt tinh thn ca bn. Vic thc c cc bn lun bn cnh gip h khc phc
kh khn. Tnh bn tui ny c th vt c mi th thch v c th ko di sut cuc i. n
giai on ny, s khc bit gia c nhn trong tnh bn rt r. Quan nim ca thanh nin v tnh bn
v mc thn tnh trong tnh bn c s khc nhau. Nguyn nhn kt bn cng rt phong ph: do hp
tnh tnh, do phm cht tt bn, do hng th s thch chung c bit, hc sinh trung hc, quan
h gia nam v n c tch cc ha mt cch r rt. mt s em xut hin nhng s li cun
v tnh yu v tnh cm su sc. thiu nin, tnh cm ny thng mi ch l nhng biu hin ca
mi thin cm, s say m, quyn luyn ban u. Nhng tnh yu vi t cch l tnh cm su sc,
mnh m th mi xut hin u tui thanh nin. l mt trng thi mi m, nhng rt t nhin
trong i sng tnh cm ca thanh nin mi ln. Tnh yu la tui ny thng l trong sng, hn
nhin, giu cm xc, chn thnh.
Tui hc sinh trung hc ph thng l la tui mang tnh cht tp th. iu quan trng vi cc
em l c sinh hot vi cc bn cng la tui, l cm thy mnh cn trong nhm, thuc v nhm,
c uy tn, c v tr nht nh trong nhm. la tui ny, quan h vi bn cng tui chim v tr ln
hn hn so vi quan h vi ngi ln tui hn. l do lng khao kht mun c v tr bnh ng
trong cuc sng chi phi. Cng vi s trng thnh nhiu mt, quan h da dm, ph thuc cha m
dn dn cng c thay th bng quan h tnh ng, t lp. [8]

1.2.2 Kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng

1.2.2.1Khi nim kh khn tm l:
T kh khn trong t in Ting Vit c ngha l s tr ngi lm mt nhiu cng sc hoc
thiu thn. Cn theo i t in Ting Vit ca tc gi Nguyn Nh : kh khn l c nhiu tr
ngi hoc chu iu kin thiu thn, i sng kh khn. [29]
Trong qu trnh hot ng ca con ngi u gp phi nhng kh khn, lm cho hot ng gim
i hiu qu m con ngi mong mun, thm ch l khng t hiu qu hot ng, i hi mi ngi
phi khng ngng n lc vt qua kh khn, tr ngi nhm t hiu qu cao trong cng vic.
Nhng kh khn ny do nhiu yu t khch quan (bn ngoi) v yu t ch quan (bn trong) to
ra. Nhng yu t bn ngoi (khch quan) biu hin nh l iu kin, phng tin, mi trngy
l nhng yu t c nh hng gin tip n tin trnh hot ng ca con ngi. Nhng yu t bn
trong (ch quan) l nhng yu t xut pht t bn thn mi c nhn khi tham gia hot ng no ,
nh nhn thc, thi , tnh cm, nng lc, kinh nghim...

Da trn ngun gc xut pht, cc yu t ch quan c th chia lm 2 loi: yu t sinh hc v yu

t tm l. Nhng kh khn do yu t tm l to nn gi l nhng kh khn tm l. Yu t bn trong
ny nh hng trc tip n tin trnh v kt qu hot ng ca con ngi. [4]
Trong qu trnh nghin cu, ta c th tm thy mt thut ng c ngha tng ng vi kh
khn tm l l hng ro tm l. V.Ph.Galugin cho rng: hng ro tm l l chng ngi c tnh
cht tm l, n cn tr qu trnh thch ng ca c nhn i vi cc yu t mi ca ngoi cnh, do
cc c im ca hon cnh v c im c nhn to nn. Theo B.D.Parughi cho rng: hng ro tm
l c hiu ngm nh cc qu trnh, cc thuc tnh, cc trng thi ca con ngi ni chung bao bc
tim nng tr tu, tnh cm con ngi
T cc nghin cu v thut ng kh khn tm l cho thy rng kh khn tm l xut hin khi
c nhn th hin tnh th ng, lng tng trong vic thch ng vi cc yu t mi ca ngoi cnh do
nng lc tr tu, tnh cm, ch ca h khng ph hp vi i tng hot ng.
Kh khn tm l c xem l ton b nhng nt tm l ca c nhn (ny sinh ch th trong
qu trnh hot ng vi hon cnh xc nh) t ph hp vi nhng yu cu, c trng ca hot ng
, gy tr ngi cho tin trnh v kt qu ca hot ng.
Kh khn tm l l t hp cc thuc tnh, cc trng thi, cc c im nhn cch khng ph hp
vi i tng hot ng, lm cho qu trnh hot ng gp kh khn, lm cho ch th khng pht
huy c kh nng ca mnh dn n kt qu hot ng b hn ch. [21]

1.2.2.2 Nhng kh khn tm l thng gp ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng:

1.2.2.2.1 Mu thun cha m - con ci la tui hc sinh trung hc
Mt s nghin cu gn y cho bit c s gia tng v nhng cuc ci v gia cha m v con ci
tui hc sinh trong hc trong sut nhng nm thi thanh thiu nin (Holmbeck, 1996). Nhiu
nghin cu trc y ch ra rng c s gia tng s mu thun gia cha m v con ci tui teen
trong sut nhng nm thanh thiu nin (Holmbeck, 1996). Mt nghin cu khc cng ch ra nhng
thay i trong mi quan h gn gi v tnh bn thn thit gia cha m v con ci la tui v thnh
nin (Mayseless et al., 1998; Grotevant, 1998). Mt nghin cu khc cho thy c s tng nh trong
mu thun v gim i s gn gi gia cha m v con ci la tui v thnh nin, c bit l thi gian
m cha m v con ci la tui ny dnh cho nhau (Larson & Richards 1991). Tr em v thnh nin
bt u phn bit mnh v cha m bng cch thit lp c tnh ring bit ca mnh cng vi cc h
thng gi tr, cng nh c xu hng v pha bn b v ngi bn ngoi gia nh tm kim s h
tr v hng dn.
Thc t cho thy ngy cng c khong cch gia cha m v con ci, c bit l la tui v thnh
nin, cc em mun c khong tri ring t, mun c tr thnh ngi ln, c cha m tn trng

v nhn nhn mnh. Tuy nhin, cha m th vn lun coi con mnh l nh b v mun kim sot mi
hnh vi ca con, mun theo di con trong mi hot ng. Chnh v vy ny sinh ra nhiu mu thun
gia cha m v con ci tui v thnh nin.
1.2.2.2.2 Ngh nghip
Bc vo cp 3, hc sinh trung hc ph thng bt u suy ngh v nh hng cuc i ca
mnh, ngh nghip m mnh la chn sau ny. Cc em hay t hi: mnh s lm g ?, mnh l
ngi nh th no ? Mt vn quan trng ca thanh nin l vic chn v tr x hi trong tng
lai cho bn thn m trc ht l vic chn ngh. Nhiu em bit so snh c im ring v th
cht, tm l, kh nng ca bn thn vi yu cu ca ngh nghip. Tuy nhin, thanh nin cn nh
hng cha ng vo hc trng i hc. Xu hng ngh nghip c tc dng quan trng trong
vic iu chnh, thc y cc hot ng ca cc em. Ngh nghip tng lai chi phi i vi hng
th mn hc.
Nhn thc yu cu v ngh nghip cng c th y , su sc bao nhiu th s chun b i vi
ngh nghip tng lai cng tt by nhiu. Cng v cui trung hc ph thng, xu hng ngh nghip
cng pht trin r rng c th v n nh. Vic chn ngh ca cc em c nhiu ng c thc y (c
nhn, x hi), cc em khi chn ngh thng c xu hng i vo lnh vc tri thc lao ng mi
nhiu ngi ch . Hin nay, i vi thanh nin hc sinh vic chn ngh nghip tng lai cho mnh
rt phc tp.
c bit l trong thi bui kinh t th trng, nhiu ngnh ngh mi ra i, cc ngnh ngh khc
nhau c cc i hi v nng lc v t cht khc nhau, c nhng ngnh ngh ngy cng c u
chung v tr thnh ngnh ngh c nhiu ngi theo ui, bn cnh c mt s ngnh ngh sau
khi ra trng rt kh xin vic lm. Chnh nhng bt cp v thin lch trong th gii ngh nghip
nh vy cng lm cho cc em tr nn bng khung trong vic la chn ngh nghip.
Hin nay, cc trng ph thng v i hc, cng nh bo ch v cc c quan chc nng c
quan tm v t chc cho cc em nhng bui t vn ngh nghip gip cc em trong vic chn
ngh nghip. Tuy nhin, v vic chn ngh i vi mi c nhn l iu quan trng, c lin quan trc
tip n tng lai sau ny nn i vi hc sinh ph thng, y vn l vn kh khn, lun cn c
s tr gip t pha gia nh v nh trng, bn b, nhng ngi c kinh nghim i trc. [27]
1.2.2.2.3 Cc mi quan h bn b x hi
Trong c im tm l c trng cho la tui ny th vic chi vi bn v nhm bn l nhu cu
thit yu. Vic thuc v mt nhm bn no rt quan trng v cn thit. Tuy nhin, nhng p lc
v bn b v nhm bn cng gy cho hc sinh trung hc ph thng nhiu rc ri, nht l trong
nhng hon cnh m cc em khng c bn cng ng h, hoc chi chung trong mt nhm m c s

khc bit hoc cm thy mnh khng thuc v nhm bn . Cc mi quan h bn b tr nn phc
tp v p lc hn khi c lin quan n vn tnh cm, khi cng thch mt i tng no .
Mi quan h bn b tr nn quan trng hn khi trong mi quan h vi cha m ca cc em tr
nn cng thng, th bn b l ni ng tin cy cc em chia s nhng kh khn ca mnh.
1.2.2.2.4 Vn hc hnh
Vn hc hnh cng l mt trong nhng vn quan trng ca cc em hc sinh trung hc ph
thng. V nhim v chnh ca cc em by gi l hc tp, hon thnh nhng nhim v m thy c
giao cho. Tuy nhin, bc sang cp 3 th cc em phi chun b kin thc i mt vi cc k thi
cui cp v tuyn sinh ln i hc nn ngay t lp 10, cc em phi hc mt chng trnh hc cng
thng hn nhiu so vi cp 2. Bn cnh p lc hc hnh, bi v trng v p lc chn ngh
nghip, chn trng thi i hc, p lc ca cc k thi khin nhiu em ri vo tnh trng kh
khn.
1.2.2.2.5 Cc vn c nhn (sc khe, tnh dc)
i vi hc sinh trung hc ph thng, ngoi vic hc hnh l mi quan tm chnh trong cc hot
ng ca em th bn cnh , cc vn c nhn cng mang li cho cc em nhiu kh khn nh:
vic thay i pht trin ca c th trong tui thanh thiu nin, vic m bo sc khe p
ng cc hot ng hc tp v vui chi, sinh hot thng ngy, vn tnh cm cng l mt trong
nhng nguyn nhn gy nhiu kh khn cho cc em.

1.2.3 Cc khi nim v tm kim s gip

1.2.3.1 Khi nim tm kim s gip
Tm kim s gip l mt cm t dng ch hnh ng ca mt ai tm s gip t mt
ngi khc. Trong qu trnh tm kim s gip nhm t c s thng hiu, li khuyn,
thng tin, s cha tr v nhng s h tr khc cho vn ang cn c gip .
Tm kim s gip l mt hnh thc ng ph vi vn m ngi ang gp phi vn b b
tc, hoc cn s gip gii quyt vn mt cch sng sut hn.
Vic tm kim s gip c nhiu hnh thc a dng, ngi ta chia vic tm kim s gip
lm 2 knh nh sau:
Tm kim s gip khng chnh thc: bt u t cc mi quan h x hi, nh l bn b v gia
nh.
Tm kim s gip chnh thc: y l nhng ngi gip chuyn nghip, l nhng
chuyn gia v sc khe, chuyn gia tm l, cc gio vin [41]
Ngoi ra, c mt s quan im khc. Tm kim s gip l vic tm kim s gip gii
quyt vn (McCrae & Costa, 1986). N bao gm nhng vn v giao tip hoc nhng vn

rc ri m i hi s h tr, t vn hoc gip trong thi gian gp kh khn (Gourash, 1978).

i vi Baker v Adelman (1994), tm kim s gip l mt trong nhng phng tin bt
u ng ph v gii quyt nhng vn . Bng chng cho thy thanh thiu nin, l nhng ngi c
vn v tm l v p lc trong i sng c nhiu kh nng tm kim s gip hn cc bn ng
trang la. Rosales (1989) nh ngha mt ngi tm kim s gip l mt ngi tm kim s h
tr t nhng ngi khc, khng nht thit phi l mt ngi gip chuyn nghip cho cc vn
ca ngi t nht ba ln trong hai nm. [41]

1.2.3.2 Nhng vn lin quan n tm kim s gip

1.2.3.2.1 Cc giai on tm kim s gip
Theo Keith-Lucas (1994, trch dn trong Leelamma, 2004) l thuyt v tm kim s gip a
ra c 4 iu kin mt c nhn tm n s gip . u tin, l s tha nhn rng c iu g
m mt c nhn lm sai v khng th sa cha n. iu kin th hai l sn sng t nguyn tit l
tnh hnh ngi khc c th phn tch ch yu ca mnh. iu kin th ba l cho php ngi khc
thc hin mt s bin php kim sot i vi cuc sng ca mnh. V cui cng l c nhn sn
sng thay i.
Gross v McMullens (1983) ch ra m hnh ca qu trnh tm kim s gip bao gm ba
giai on khi i mt vi mt vn : nhn thc vn , quyt nh tm kim s gip v la chn
dch v sn c. [41]
1.2.3.2.2 Nhn thc v vic tm kim s gip
Trc tin, mt iu kin quan trng tm kim s gip l c nhn phi nhn thc
c h ang c vn , mt mnh bn thn h khng th khc phc c, v cn c s gip .
Nelson Le-Gall (1981) v Newman (1994), c trch dn trong Ryan and Pintrich (1997) ch ra
rng cc sinh vin tm kim s gip khi h gp phi mt tnh hung m trong h cn gip
tip tc thc hin cc nhim v hc tp. Trong tnh hung , mt sinh vin tr nn c thc
cn c s gip (nhn thc), quyt nh tm s gip (ng c), v thc hin cc cch thc
nhm li ko s gip ca ngi khc (hnh vi).
Cauce v mt s ng nghip (2002) cho rng tp trung vo vic chun on bnh hn l tp
trung vo kinh nghim c nhn. Cc gia nh hoc cc nhn t c nhn c th nh hng n c
nhn v gia nh trong vic nhn thc vn .
Mechanis (1978), trch dn trong Leelamma (2004) bo co rng cc vn theo ng cnh cng
ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic nhn thc vn . Ph huynh c th c nhiu kh nng
tham kho kin ca ngi khc v cc vn cm xc hoc hnh vi ca con ci mnh khi lo lng
ca h mc cao. V vy, khi cha m cng cng thng v sng mt cch cht vt th h tr nn

gay gt v t gn gi vi con em ca mnh hn (Mcloyd, 1995). [40]

1.2.3.2.3 Quyt nh tm kim s gip
Sau khi nhn thc vn , mt c nhn thng ni Ti nn c s tr gip t ngi khc cho cc
kh khn ca mnh?. V h ngh ti mt li v bt li ca vic tm kim s gip . Theo Ryan v
Pintrich (1997), iu tra v ng c nh hng n hnh vi tm kim s gip trong cc lp hc
ton, tp trung vo nhn thc ca thanh thiu nin v mt li v bt li c lin quan n hnh vi. C
mt li v bt li nh hng quan trng trong hnh vi trnh tm kim s gip .
Tm kim s gip rt c th xy ra khi c mt vn v sc khe tm thn c pht hin v
gy phin phc, v khi n c cho rng khng d dng t mnh c nhn gii quyt c
(Moffit, Caspi, 1996). [41]
1.2.3.2.4 Chn ngi gip
Nh vy, c th thy c nhiu yu t nh hng n thanh thiu nin tm kim s gip .
Mt yu t kh quan trng trong thi tm kim s gip l s la chn nhng ngi gip .
Lm th no thc y mt ngi gip ? H c th nhn c li ch g? V d, khi mt c
nhn cm thy khng mong mun hoc b e da, c nhn c c xu hng khng tm kim s gip
. Nghin cu ca Rosales (1989) ch ra rng c mi lin h ng k gia s la chn ca hc sinh
v ngi gip v bn cht ca vn m h gp phi. Bn b v cha m c ngh n i vi
cc vn v tnh cm v x hi.
Theo nghin cu ca Li (1992) cho rng nhng hc sinh nhn thc c nhng ngi gip
h l nhng ngi h bit, gn gi vi h, c kh nng, ng tin cy v lc no cng sn sng gip
. Hnh vi sn sng gip l nhn t iu kin trong vic tm kim s gip , khng c s khc
bit vi nhu cu v cc loi vn , thi ca ngi mun tm kim s gip v khng tm kim
s gip . Trong s nhng ngi c th tip cn tm kim s gip l nhng ngi bn thn,
cha m, anh ch em, ng nghip v nhng ngi tu hnh (tn gio).
Ni chung, thanh thiu nin c th d dng tm kim s gip v cc vn hc tp (Myers v
Paris, 1978). Chilh (1995) bo co v hnh vi tm kim s gip ca thanh thiu nin nam i
Loan v kt qu cho thy hn mt na l khng tm ngi gip cho cc vn ca mnh. Cc
hc sinh ny chn cch l t gii quyt cc vn ca mnh. Rosales (1989) bo co trong nghin
cu ca mnh rng sinh vin i hc Philippin thch chn ngi gip l cha m, tip theo l
bn thn, anh ch em, ngi thn trong khi nhng ngi t tm kim s gip th chn nhng
ngi tu s thuc v tn gio v ging vin ca h. [41]

1.2.4 Cch thc ng ph vi kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng

1.2.4.1 Khi nim ng ph:

Theo i t in Ting Vit, ng ph l hnh ng p li nhanh nhy, kp thi, trc nhng

tnh hung mi, bt ng. Theo Lazarus th ng ph l thng xuyn thay i cc c gng nhn
thc v ng x nhm x l cc i hi c bit bn ngoi hoc bn trong c cho l nng ln v
vt qu ti xoay s ca con ngi. [25]
1.2.4.2 Cc cch thc ng ph trong hot ng ca con ngi
Theo tm l hc Mcxt, th trong qu trnh hot ng ca mnh, ch th l con ngi thc hin
hai qu trnh: xut tm, tc l chuyn nng lng ca mnh thnh sn phm hot ng v pha th
gii v qu trnh nhp tm chuyn ni dung khch th (nhng quy lut, bn cht, c im
ca khch th) vo bn thn mnh, to nn tm l, thc, nhn cch ca bn thn. thc hin
thnh cng qu trnh xut tm v nhp tm, con ngi phi huy ng nhng ngun lc tm l
ph hp vi cc yu cu ca sn phm. l hai cch thc ng ph ca con ngi trc nhng tnh
hung trong cuc sng.
Theo hc thuyt phn tm hc ca Sigmund Freud, cu trc nhn cch ca con ngi gm ba
b phn: ci y (id), ci ti (ego), v siu ti (superego). Ci y l b phn nguyn thy, v thc ca
nhn cch, l kho cha cc xung nng c bn. Siu ti l kho cha nhng chun mc ng x ca c
nhn, k c nhng hnh vi o c nhim tp c ca x hi. Ci siu ti thng mu thun vi
ci y. Ci y mun ta phi lm iu ta cm thy thoi mi, cn ci siu ti nhn mnh vo vic lm
iu phi. Ci ti l b phn ca nhn cch, c chc nng gii quyt mu thun gia ci y v ci
siu ti. Con ngi khng th lc no cng tun th nhng chun mc x hi v loi tr s tha
mn cc xung nng ca ci y, v ngc li, nhng i hi qu mc t bn trong hay bn ngoi u
mang li s cng thng, t dn n s kh chu. trnh khi s kh chu, khi xut hin nhng
yu cu t bn ngoi (t x hi), ci ti phi nhn bit cc kch thch, tch ly kinh nghim (trong tr
nh) t nhng kch thch , chng li nhng kch thch mnh (bng cch chy trn), thch nghi vi
nhng kch thch ph hp (bng cch thch ng). Cui cng, ci ti tc ng vo th gii bn ngoi,
lm thay i n theo li ch ca mnh. [31]
i vi nhng i hi nhm tha mn xung lc bn nng, ci ti ng vai tr l ngi kim
sot, iu chnh hot ng ca ci y. Ci ti s quyt nh xem c nn tha mn ngay cc nhu cu
hay phi tr hon n thi im thun li hoc cng quyt dp tt chng. Tuy nhin, s i hi
tc th, mnh m ca ci y v s trn p khng khoan nhng ca ci siu ti to ra trng thi
cng thng dn n lo u ca ci ti. gii ta trng thi ny, trong ci ti xut hin c ch t v
bao gm: ph nhn, thay th, huyn tng, ng nht ha, phng chiu, hp l ha, di chuyn, thoi
lui, dn nn, thng hoa. [31]
Cc c ch t v l nhng chin lc tm tr gip ci ti bo v chnh mnh trong xung t
thng ngy gia cc xung nng ci y mun tm cch biu l vi i hi ca ci siu ti mun ph

nhn chng. Bng cch vn dng c ch ny, con ngi c th duy tr mt hnh nh thun li cho
bn thn v gi c mt gng mt c x hi chp nhn. Nhng c ch t v ny c nh gi
l hu ch, tuy nhin, n khng nhm vo vic gii quyt vn m ch th ang ng u, n ch
khin h t la di mnh. V lu di, vic s dng qu mc nhng c ch ny s to ra cc hnh thi
m yu v tm tr. Sau y l mt s c ch t v quan trng theo Phn tm hc: [31]
Bng 2.1: C ch t v theo Phn tm hc
C ch
Ph nhn

M t
Bo v mnh thot khi thc ti au bun bng cch t chi khng tri gic
ngha ca n.

Chuyn i

Gii ta nhng tnh cm b dn nn thng l tnh cm th ch, trt ln ln cc

i tng t nguy him hn so vi cc i tng lc u lm pht sinh cm xc.

Huyn tng

Tha mn cc c mun b hng ht trong nhng thnh t tng tng ra

(mng m l mt hnh thi thng gp)

ng nht ha

Lm gia tng nhng tnh cm t trong bng cch ng nht ha mnh vi mt

ngi hoc mt nhn vt quen bit khc, thng c ting tm ly lng.

Tch bit

Ct t gnh nng cm xc, thot ra khi cc tnh hung gy ra au n, cn

gi l c ch chia ct.

Phng chiu

em iu ch trch do nhng tr ngi ca chnh mnh ln u ngi khc

hoc li nhng ham mun b cm on ca mnh cho ngi khc.

Hp l ha

C ch t v c gi l s hp l ha, l vic gii thch mt hnh vi khng

c chp nhn di dng mt ng c c th chp nhn v mt x hi v con
ngi, hoc bo cha bin h cho mt hnh vi khng chp nhn c.
V d: hc sinh li im thp ca mnh cho ngi gio vin khng trnh
hoc sch gio khoa vit t qu c th l mt nh gi c tnh khch quan v
chnh xc c th chp nhn c; nhng c khi, nh gi ny n gin l mt
s hp l ha c s dng bin minh cho tht bi ca mnh.

To phn ng

C nhn c th t v chng li nhng suy ngh hoc nhng bc ng ng ph

phn bng vic a ra nhng biu l mnh m cho nhng bc ng hoc nhng
suy ngh i nghch.
V d: mt ngi b e da mc v thc t nhng hnh nh khiu dm hp
dn v quyn r c th tr thnh ngi ng h cung nhit c quan kim duyt.

Thoi lui

Rt lui v mc pht trin trc y lin quan n nhng p ng tr con hn

v thng kht vng mc thp hn.

Dn nn

y nhng ngha gy au kh v nguy him ra khi thc, gi chng trng

thi v thc; iu ny c xem l c ch t v c bn nht.

Thng hoa

Mt c nhn c th by t ng c khng th chp nhn c, vi vic thay th

n bng mt hnh vi c kh nng chp nhn c v mt x hi v c nhn,
biu l hnh vi mt cch mnh nht.
V d: khiu v c th c coi nh l thng hoa ca ng c thc y tnh dc.

Theo phn loi ca Lazarus, cc cch thc ng ph c sp xp theo 2 loi ln: ng ph tp

trung vo iu tit cm xc (emotion-focused) vi mc tiu l lm gim nh s kh chu do stress
gy ra v ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn (problem-focused) vi mc tiu l i mt trc
din vi vn . Trong cch thc ng ph loi mt, ta c cc hnh ng nh: trch nhim cho
ngi khc, c gng khng lo lng, nhn thy iu thun li; cn trong cch thc ng ph loi
2 bao gm: tm kim thng tin, tm kim s nng x hi, c gng lm khc i, chy trn
khi tnh hung gy stress (Tolor & Fehon, 1987; Dlyshaw, Cohen & Towbes, 1989). [35]
Trong cch l thuyt nhn thc, kh nng p ng ca ch th ph thuc phn ln vo vic ch
th nh gi tnh hung stress th no. S nh gi ny hon ton c tnh ch quan, mang du n c
nhn mt cch su sc ca ch th. Khi nh gi mt tnh hung, nu ch th cm thy tnh hung
khng c g e da v c th i u c th phn ng stress lc ny tr nn thch hp, bnh
thng. Tri li, khi cm thy tnh hung e da th ch th hoc cho mnh khng th chng chi
c, nhng d sao vn phi ng u vi n nn ny sinh ra phn ng stress bnh l; hoc l cho
rng mnh c bin php lm ch tnh hnh, dn xp c vi tnh hung stress nn ny sinh ra
phn ng stress thch nghi, mc s nh gi tng ng vi kh nng thc t. Nh vy, ng ph
c s dng gii quyt cc vn , cng nh ng ph nhm tm kim thng tin cng nh xc
nh li ngha ca cc s kin gy stress.
Theo Materny, c 2 loi ng ph: ng ph d phng (preventive coping) v ng ph chng c.
Trong ng ph d phng, c nhn s n trnh cc tc nhn gy stress thng qua vic thch nghi vi
cuc sng, thch nghi vi cc mc i hi, c cc kiu ng x lm gim nguy c to ra stress, hay
to ra cc ngun lc ng ph. Trong ng ph chng c, c nhn s gim st cc tc nhn gy stress
v cc triu chng, sp xp cc ngun lc nhm ng ph hu hiu, tn cng cc tc nhn gy stress,
y li ngh t u hng v gi c tnh thn ci m cho nhng la chn thch hp, ng thi
dung np cc tc nhn gy stress nh cu to li nhn thc nhm vt b mt k hoch gy nhiu
tm thng qua vic nh gi li tnh nghim trng ca cc i hi v cc hn ch ngun lc ca bn
thn, h thp mc kch ng. Nh vy, trong stress bnh thng, s ng ph l thch hp v gip
cho c th phn ng ng nhm to ra mt cn bng mi sau khi chu tc ng ca s kin. Cn
trong stress bnh l, kh nng ng ph ca c th t ra khng y , khng thch hp v khng th

em li s cn bng mi. Cho nn, tip theo s c nhng ri lon xut hin v cc mt tm thn,
c x hay hnh vi tm thi, hoc ko di. [33]
Nh vy, ta thy c ba loi ng ph trc nhng s kin hay nhng kh khn vt qu kh
nng gii quyt ca con ngi:
1. ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn , c nhn trin khai cc hnh ng trc tip, ngay khi
xut hin kh khn tm l.
2. ng ph tp trung v iu tit cm xc, c nhn tp trung vo lm du nhng cm xc v s vic
qua.
3. ng ph tp trung vo s trnh n, c nhn c trnh cp n vn kh khn.

CHNG 2: T CHC V PHNG PHP

NGHIN CU
2.1 T CHC NGHIN CU:
2.1.1 Bc kho st thm d: Bc kho st thm d c thc hin nhm mc ch pht hin vn
cn nghin cu, t , thit lp h thng m hnh l thuyt v phng php nghin cu.
Bc kho st thm d ny c thc hin qua nhiu giai on sau:
-

c ti liu c lin quan n tui v thnh nin, xc nh vn cn nghin cu vi nhng mc

tiu c th v t ra nhng gi thuyt nghin cu.

-

Xy dng khi nim cng c, m hnh nghin cu v chn la cc phng php nghin cu, xc

nh khch th nghin cu.

-

Da trn nhng ti liu nghin cu, thit lp bng hi v tham kho thang o ca cc nghin cu

trc y. Chnh l v tin hnh o th xc nh tin cy ca thang o, nh sau: tnh tin cy

ca phiu thm d bng cch o 2 ln trn cng mt nhm khch th, mi ln cch nhau 3 ngy, sau
tnh h s tng quan gia trung bnh im s ca hai ln o, kt qu cho thy khng c s khc
bit ngha gia cc con s thng k. Ni cch khc, thang o c thit k c tin cy cao.
-

Trong phiu thm d, chng ti c s dng thang o thi ca Edward H. Fischer and John

LcB. Turner (1970)

2.1.2 Bc kho st thc trng:
Sau khi hon chnh phiu thm d, chng ti tin hnh bc kho st thc trng trn nhm
khch th l hc sinh ph thng trung hc ti cc trng trung hc ph thng trn a bn thnh ph
H Ch Minh.

2.2 PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

2.2.1 Nhm phng php nghin cu cc ti liu l lun:
Nghin cu cc ti liu lin quan n la tui hc sinh ph thng, tm l la tui hc sinh ph
thng, kh khn tm l v cc cch thc ng ph thng gp ca hc sinh ph thng vi nhng kh
khn tm l. Ngoi ti liu ting Vit, chng ti c nghin cu thm mt s ti liu nc ngoi c
lin quan.

2.2.2 Nhm phng php thu thp s liu s liu thc tin

2.2.2.1 Phng php chn mu: chn mu theo nhm

Theo s liu thng k ca Tng cc thng k, dn hc sinh ph thng trung hc nm hc 2008 2009: 180.719 hc sinh [30]
Chn mu iu tra trn dn s hc sinh trung hc ph thng - khong 600 ngi; c phn b
u cho cc trng trung hc ph thng trong cc qun ca thnh ph.
Ngi nghin cu chn mu theo nhm ngu nhin t trong 3 trng THPT trong cc qun ca
thnh ph: THPT Trn Ph (Qun Tn Ph), THPT Nguyn Th Minh Khai (Qun 3), THPT V Th
Su (Qun Bnh Thnh)
2.2.2.2 Phng php iu tra vit
y l mt trong nhng phng php chnh iu tra trn din rng. Phng php ny cng
c dng trong c hai bc thm d pht hin vn v iu tra thc trng.
Ni dung iu tra, chng ti m t phn cc bc thm d trn. Kt qu thu c qua h
thng phiu thm d vi cu hi ng l s liu chnh thc c trnh by trong chng 3.
Cc bc tin hnh iu tra vit c thc hin nh sau:
Pht phiu n cc khch th c chn la ngu nhin sau khi phn b vng kho st v
hng dn thm cho khch th v cch thc hin phiu.
Thu phiu (sau 1 tun), kim tra s b nhng thiu st khch th b sung.
Kim phiu pht hin v loi nhng phiu khng hp l.
Nhp s liu vo chng trnh SPSS.
2.2.3 Phng php phng vn
Vi phng php ny, ngi nghin cu a ra nhng cu hi dng tm hiu nghin cu su
v cc vn lin quan n vic hc sinh trung hc ph thng tch cc hay khng tch cc tm kim
s gip trong cc vn ca mnh.
Vic chn ra mt s khch th tham gia nghin cu phng vn su c thc hin da trn kt
qu ca mt s khch th lm phiu thm d trc . Phng php ny gip nh nghin cu tm
hiu su v nhng c im tm l, nhng quan im ca khch th khi i din vi cc vn v
thi ca khch th i vi vic tm kim s gip , cc cch thc i ph vi nhng vn ca
mnh.
Bng cu hi dnh cho phng vn su c 2 phn: Phn 1 dnh cho cho khch th c thi tch
cc tm n s gip , phn 2 dnh cho khch th khng tm n s gip .

2.2.4 Nhm phng php x l s liu

Ngi nghin cu dng phn mm SPSS for Window 15 x l s liu thu thp c qua iu
tra bng phiu thm d cng nh trong vic kim tra xc nh tin cy ca phiu thm d. C th:
Tnh cc tn sut, t l %, tr s sum, mean...
Tnh tng quan im s, tnh th hng.
Kim nghim Chi-Square Tests, T-Tests so snh gia cc nhm.
Bng hi gm 4 phn nh sau:
Phn 1: Thu thp cc thng tin c nhn v xc nh kh khn tm l m hc sinh ph thng ang
gp phi
Phn 2: Thang o mc ca cc kh khn tm l hc sinh ph thng
Phn 3: Cc cch ng ph vi vn ca hc sinh ph thng
Phn 4: Thi i vi vic tm s tr gip chuyn mn v tm l

2.3 DNG C NGHIN CU

Dng c nghin cu l bng hi gm 4 phn, trong :
Phn 1: gm 11 cu hi nhm thu thp cc thng tin c nhn v xc nh nhng kh khn tm l
m hc sinh trung hc ph thng ang gp phi.
Phn 2: gm 28 cu pht biu nhm xc nh mc trm trng ca nhng kh khn tm l hc
sinh trung hc ph thng.
Gm cc loi kh khn:
Kh khn v hc tp (cu 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
Kh khn trong gia nh (cu 7, 8, 9, 10)
Kh khn v vn ti chnh (cu 11, 12, 13)
Kh khn trong mi quan h bn b (cu 14, 15, 16)
Kh khn trong vn tnh cm (cu 17, 18, 19, 20)
Kh khn trong chn ngh nghip (cu 24, 25)
Kh khn trong cc vn c nhn: sc khe, tnh dc (cu 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28)
Khch th nh gi kh khn tm l theo 4 mc :
Mc Rt ng : 1 im
Mc ng : 2 im
Mc Khng ng : 3 im
Mc Hon ton khng ng : 4 im

Phn 3: Ni dung c ngi nghin cu tham kho nghin cu ca Carver, C.S, Scheier, M.F, &
Weintraub, J.K. (1989): Assessing Coping strategies: A theoretically based approach (Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology) [38] gm 44 cu pht biu tp trung vo 3 nhm ng ph sau
y:
1. ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn
1.1 Gii tch kh khn cch tch cc v tng trng trong kh khn (cu 1, 30)
1.2 N lc gii quyt vn (cu 5, 21, 36, 43)
1.3 Ln k hoch gii quyt vn (cu 16, 26, 31, 41)
1.4 Xin li khuyn t ngi khc (cu 4, 13, 24)
1.5 Tp trung gii quyt kh khn (cu 14, 27, 33)
2. ng ph tp trung vo iu tit cm xc
2.1 Chia s v tm s nng tinh thn t ngi khc (cu 10, 19, 28, 39)
2.2 Da vo nim tin tn gio (cu 37, 44)
2.3 Trt b cm xc kh chu (cu 3,15, 23)
2.4 Nhn nhn kh khn mt cch hi hc (cu 7)
3. ng ph d dt, n trnh, tiu cc
3.1 Chp nhn kh khn (cu 12,17, 40)
3.2 Suy ngh vic khc thay th (cu 2, 25,34)
3.3 B cuc, khng tip tc c gng gii quyt vn na (cu 8, 20, 29)
3.4 T chi kh khn (cu 6, 22, 32, 42)
3.5 Tr hon ng ph (cu 9,18, 38)
3.6 Ru/ma ty (cu 11)
Phn 4: Ni dung c ngi nghin cu tham kho test Attitude toward seeking-help trong nghin
cu Orientations to seeking professional help ca tc gi Edward H.Fischer and John LcB. Turner
(Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology s 1, 1970) [38]
Ni dung bi test bao gm 29 cu pht biu vi 4 phn nh sau:
1. Nhn thc vic cn gip v liu php tm l (Recognition of need for psychotherapeutic
hep): cu 4, 5, 6, 9, 18, 24, 25, 26
2. Du hiu chu ng (Stigma tolerance): cu 3, 14, 20, 27, 28
3. Tr chuyn ci m vi ngi khc (Interpersonal openness): cu 7, 10, 13, 17, 21, 22, 29
4. Tin tng vo chuyn gia sc khe tm thn (Confidence in mental health practitioner): cu 1, 2,
8, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 23

CHNG 3: KT QU NGHIN CU
3.1 c im mu khch th nghin cu
Mu khch th nghin cu gm c 572 hc sinh trung hc ph thng bao gm: 184 hc sinh
thuc trng THPT Nguyn Th Minh Khai, 187 hc sinh trng THPT Trn Ph v 201 hc sinh
trng THPT V Th Su. Mu nghin cu c nhng c im sau:
Bng 3.1: c im mu khch th nghin cu
c im
Gii
Lp

Tui

Trng

Sng vi cha m
Ni cha m ang sng

Nam

229

40

343

60

10

334

58.4

11

238

41.6

14

0.2

15

24

4.2

16

339

59.3

17

208

36.4

Minh Khai

184

32.2

Trn Ph

187

32.7

V Th Su

201

35.1

545

95.3

Khng

27

4.7

Tp. HCM

558

97.6

Tnh

14

2.4

Sng chung

512

89.5

31

5.4

10

1.7

0.7

15

2.6

Ly d
Tnh trng hn nhn ca
Ga chng
cha m
Ga v
n thn

Tng
f

572

100

572

100

572

100

572

100

572

100

572

100

572

100

- Mu khch th nghin cu gm 572 ngi, trong nam hc sinh l 229 (chim 40%) v 343
n hc sinh (chim 60%), trong l hc sinh lp 10 l 334 (chim 58.4%) v 238 hc sinh lp 11
(chim 41.6). Ngi nghin cu khng ly phiu thm d trn lp 12 do cc l do khch quan (lp
12 bn thi nn khng th lm phiu thm d).
- V thng tin c nhn nh sau: s hc sinh hin ang sng vi cha m l 545 (chim 95.3%), s
cn li l khng hin sng vi cha m l 27 (chim 4.7%); trong , cha m hc sinh hin ang sinh

sng thnh ph H Ch Minh l 558 (chim 97.6%), cha m hc sinh hin ang sng tnh l 14
(chim 2.4%).
- V tnh trng hn nhn ca cha m nh sau: Cha m hin ang sng chung l 512 (chim
89.5%), cha m ly d l 31 (chim 5.4%), ga chng l 10 (chim 1.7%), ga v l 4 (chim
0.7%) v cha m n thn l 15 (chim 2.6%)
3.2 Kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng
3.2.1 Cc kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng
kho st v nhng kh khn tm l m hc sinh trung hc ph thng ang gp phi, ngi
nghin cu a ra cu hi hc sinh t nhn nhn nhng kh khn m mnh ang tri qua.
Bng 3.2: Cc kh khn tm l hc sinh ph thng ang gp
Kh khn tm l
Hc tp
Tnh cm
Gia nh
p lc bn b
Vn giao tip
Tnh yu
Ti chnh
Quan h vi ngi khc
Ngoi hnh khng thu ht
Tng quan ni chung
C thai ngoi mun
Ma ty/thuc l/ru ch
Khc

f
429
304
214
180
153
129
124
88
74
36
18
19
34

%
23.8%
18.1%
11.9%
10.0%
8.5%
7.2%
6.9%
4.9%
4.1%
2.0%
1.0%
1.1%
1.9%

Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
11

Kt qu kho st t bng 2 cho thy, cc kh khn m hc sinh ph thng thng gp phi nht
l v vn hc tp (chim 23.8%), vn tip theo l tnh cm (chim 18.1%) v vn gia nh
xp v tr th 3 (chim 11.9%).
Vn hc tp: y l vn tr thnh mi quan tm hng u ca hc sinh trung hc ph
thng. Bc vo cp 3, nhim v hc tp ca cc em ngy cng nng n v vt v hn. Cc em phi
chun b i mt vi bc ngoc ln trong i, l: thi tt nghip ra trng, chn ngh nghip,
thi vo i hc Vi nhng p lc t x hi, t nh trng, t gia nh, chnh bn thn cc em phi
a vic hc tp ln hng u trong mi mi quan tm ca mnh. Tuy nhin, ngoi vic hc tp, cc
em cn c nhiu nhu cu quan tm khc: gii tnh, v gii tr, khin cho cc em cm thy kh
khn khi va p ng theo yu cu ca thy c v hc tp, p lc ca gia nh v vic p ng cc
nhu cu c nhn khc ca mnh. Nhng kh khn tm l trong vic hc tp gm: vic sp xp thi
gian, ng u vi nhng p lc ca cha m buc phi t kt qu tt trng, nhng thi quen
hc tp, bi tp trng v nh

 Vn tnh cm: Trong la tui hc sinh trung hc ph thng (la tui thanh thiu nin), vn
kt bn v c nhu cu tm hiu v cc cm xc gii tnh l nhu cu cao. Trong mi trng lp hc,
cc em c s gp g, tm hiu v c s rung ng v cm xc gii tnh vi bn khc phi. T ,
ny sinh cc em tnh cm yu thng. y va l nhu cu, va li tr thnh mt trong nhng kh
khn tm l m cc em gp phi v khi rung ng v cm xc gii tnh, cc em gp phi nhng tnh
hung kh x, nhng bng khung cn chia s, nhng xao lng trong vic hc hnh Nhng kh
khn trong vn tnh cm m cc em gp phi: nhng mong c c hn h vi bn khc phi,
nhng au n khi b v hoc chia tay bn khc phi, nhu cu gn b yu ng vi ngi khc
phi
Vn gia nh: Hc sinh ph thng xem vn gia nh c l mt trong nhng kh khn m
cc em ang gp phi, l nhng kh khn trong vic c ting ni chung gia cha m (th h
trc) v con ci (th h sau), gia vic cha m a ra yu cu v p lc i vi con ci trong vic
hc hnh, ngh nghip tng lai v vic p ng nhng yu cu . Nhng kh khn m cc em
thng gp phi l: mi quan h gia cha m, cha m qu khc khe vi con ci, va chm vi anh
ch em trong gia nh
3.2.2 Mc ca cc kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng
3.2.2.1 Mc ca cc kh khn
Sau khi kho st v cc loi kh khn m hc sinh trung hc ph thng ang gp phi, ngi
nghin cu i vo kho st v mc ca cc kh khn bng mt bng hi gm 28 cu th hin
cc biu hin kh khn ca hc sinh. Khch th nh gi mc kh khn trong cc vn ca
mnh theo 4 mc : Mc Rt ng : 1 im; mc ng : 2 im; mc khng ng
: 3 im; mc rt khng ng : 4 im. T kho st trn, chng ti thng k li thnh cc
loi kh khn chung sau y: kh khn v hc tp, kh khn trong gia nh, kh khn v vn ti
chnh, kh khn trong mi quan h bn b, kh khn trong vn tnh cm, kh khn trong vic
chn ngh nghip, kh khn trong cc vn c nhn (sc khe, tnh dc).
Bng 3.3: Mc ca cc kh khn tm l
Kh khn

Mean

SD

Rank

Hc tp

2.423

0.373

Gia nh

2.679

0.370

Ti chnh

2.620

0.399

Quan h bn b

2.445

0.513

Tnh cm

2.907

0.531

Chn ngh

2.240

0.529

Vn c nhn

2.549

0.491

Kt qu t bng 3.3 cho thy kh khn trong vn tnh cm c cc em hc sinh nh gi

mc cao nht (Mean = 2.907, SD = 0.531), tip n l kh khn v gia nh v cui cng l kh
khn v vn ti chnh. Tuy nhin, vn hc tp l vn m hc sinh trung hc ph thng
thng gp phi nhng v mc trm trng th li c hc sinh nh gi l thp nht. Nh vy,
c th thy, hc sinh trung hc ph thng hay gp kh khn trong vn hc tp, nhng nhng kh
khn ny c th gii quyt c thng qua s gip ca bn b, thy c nn c hc sinh nh
gi mc trm trng khng cao. Kh khn trong hc tp l vn d dng bc l, d dng chia s
v nhn gip hn cc kh khn v vn tnh cm hay vn gia nh.

3.2.2.2 Tng quan gia mc cc kh khn v cc c im khc

* Mc kh khn trong vn tnh cm
Tng quan gia mc kh khn trong vn tnh cm theo gii tnh
Bng 3.4: Tng quan mc kh khn trong vn tnh cm v gii tnh
T-test

Gii
f

Mean

SD

tnh

df

Mc kh khn Nam

229

2.76

0.536

trong vn tnh N

343

3.01

0.506 -5.538

Sig.

570 0.000

cm

Vi p-value < 0.05, xc nhn c ngha. Nh vy, bng 3.4 cho thy so snh c s khc bit v
trung bnh v mc kh khn trong vn tnh cm gia nam v n hc sinh trung hc ph thng.
V mc kh khn trong vn tnh cm, hc sinh n gp nhiu kh khn hn (Mean = 3.01) so
vi hc sinh nam (Mean = 2.76).
* Mc kh khn trong vn gia nh
Tng quan gia mc kh khn trong vn gia nh v tnh trng quan h ca cha m
Bng 3.5: Tng quan mc kh khn v gia nh v tnh trng quan h ca cha m
Tnh trng
hn nhn
ca cha m

T-test
f

Mean

SD
t

df

Sig.

Mc

kh Cha

m 510

2.70

0.351

khn trong vn sng chung

gia nh

Khc

3.350 568 0.001

60

2.53

0.487

Vi p-value < 0.05, xc nhn c ngha. Bng 3.5 cho thy c s khc bit trung bnh v mc
kh khn trong vn gia nh gia hc sinh c cha m ang sng chung v hc sinh c cha m
c tnh trng hn nhn khc (cha m ly d, m ga chng, cha ga v, cha m n thn). V mc
kh khn trong vn gia nh, hc sinh c cha m ang chung sng vi nhau li gp nhiu kh
khn hn (Mean = 2.70) so vi hc sinh khc (Mean = 2.53)
Tng quan gia mc kh khn trong vn gia nh v vic hin c sng vi cha m hay
khng
Bng 3.6: Tng quan mc kh khn v gia nh v vic c sng vi cha m hay khng

Sng vi

cha m

Mean

T-test

SD
t

Mc kh khn C

543

2.69

0.362

trong vn gia Khng

27

2.45

0.460

df

Sig.

3.271 568 0.001

nh
Bng 3.6 ch ra rng c s khc bit ngha gia trung bnh mc kh khn v vn gia nh
v vic hc sinh c hin sng vi cha m hay khng. Kt qu cho thy nhng hc sinh hin ang
sng vi cha m gp kh khn nhiu hn (Mean = 2.69) so vi hc sinh hin khng sng vi cha
m (Mean = 2.45)

* Mc kh khn trong vn ti chnh

Tng quan gia mc kh khn trong vn ti chnh v vic hin c sng vi cha m hay
khng
Bng 3.7: Tng quan mc kh khn v vn ti chnh v vic c sng vi cha m hay
khng
Sng vi
cha m

Mean

Mc kh C

545

2.59

0.403

khn

27

2.79

0.264

vn
chnh

trong Khng

ti

T-test

SD

-2.513

df

Sig.

570 0.012

Bng 3.7 cho thy c s khc bit ngha gia trung bnh mc kh khn v vn ti chnh
v vic hin nay hc sinh c sng vi cha m hay khng. Kt qu ch ra rng hc sinh hin ang
sng vi cha m th t gp kh khn v vn ti chnh (Mean = 2.59) so vi hc sinh hin khng
sng vi cha m (Mean = 2.79).
Tng quan gia mc kh khn trong vn ti chnh v gii tnh
Bng 3.8: Tng quan mc kh khn v vn ti chnh v gii tnh
Gii

tnh
Mc

kh Nam

khn trong vn N

Mean

T-test

SD
t

229 2.56

0.418

343 2.63

0.384

df

-2.142

Sig.

570 0.033

ti chnh
Vi p-value < 0.05, xc nhn c ngha v mt thng k, kt qu trn ch ra rng c s khc bit
gia trung bnh mc kh khn trong vn ti chnh gia hc sinh nam v hc sinh n, c th
nh sau: hc sinh n gp nhiu kh khn v vn ti chnh (Mean = 2.63) hn so vi hc sinh
nam (Mean = 2.56).

* Mc kh khn trong mi quan h bn b

Tng quan gia mc kh khn trong mi quan h bn b v gii tnh
Bng 3.9: Tng quan mc kh khn mi quan h bn b v gii tnh
Gii
tnh
Mc

kh Nam

khn trong mi N

Mean

T-test

SD

229

2.33

0.516

341

2.52

0.498

df

Sig.

-4.405

568

0.000

quan h bn b
Vi p-value < 0.05, xc nhn c ngha. Bng trn cho thy c s khc bit gia trung bnh mc
kh khn trong mi quan h bn b v gii tnh. i vi hc sinh n, mc kh khn trong
mi quan h bn b (Mean = 2.52) gp nhiu kh khn hn so vi cc hc sinh nam (Mean = 2.33).
Nh vy, hu ht cc em hc sinh trung hc ph thng u c gp kh khn v tm l, l
nhng kh khn trong vn v hc hnh, tnh cm, gia nh, ti chnh, vic chn ngh v trong vn
c nhn (sc khe, tnh dc). mi kh khn, nht l kh khn v tnh cm, kh khn v gia
nh, v kh khn trong vn ti chnh theo kho st li c tng quan vi gii tnh, tnh trng

quan h gia nh ca hc sinh v vic hc sinh c hin ang sng chung vi cha m hay khng.
Cuc kho st ny ch dng li vic tm hiu cc kh khn tm l m hc sinh trung hc ph
thng ang gp phi, nn vic i su tm hiu nguyn nhn ca kh khn , mc tng quan
gia cc kh khn vi cc bin khc xin c php khng thc hin trong ti ny, nu c iu
kin, ngi nghin cu s pht trin trong mt ti nghin cu khc.

3.3 Thi tm kim s gip ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng

3.3.1 Quyt nh khi gp kh khn tm l
Sau khi tm hiu v cc kh khn tm l m hc sinh trung hc ph thng ang gp phi, ngi
nghin cu i vo tm hiu phn ng ca hc sinh khi gp kh khn th c quyt nh tm kim
s h tr no hay khng. Kt qu kho st nh sau:
Bng 3.10: Quyt nh khi gp kh khn tm l
Khi gp kh khn, c tm s gip ?

391

68.4

Khng

181

31.6

Tng
f

572

100

Nh vy, a s cc em hc sinh khi gp kh khn tm l u c quyt nh l s tm kim s

gip cho mnh. C n 68,4% hc sinh quyt nh tm kim s gip , trong khi c 31.6%
hc sinh quyt nh khng tm kim s gip trong vic gii quyt cc kh khn tm l ca mnh.
Tin hnh so snh v quyt nh khi gp kh khn tm l gia hc sinh nam v hc sinh na,
kim nghim Chi Square Test cho kt qu c s khc bit ngha gia t l hc sinh nam v hc
sinh n trong quyt nh khi gp kh khn tm l.
Bng 3.11.1: Tng quan gia quyt nh khi gp kh khn tm l theo gii tnh
Khi gp kh khn, c tm gip ?
Tng
Gii tnh

Khng

Nam

145

37.1

84

46.4

229

40

246

62.9

97

53.6

343

60

Tng

391

100

181

100

572

100

Bng 3.11.2: Chi Square Test

Value
Pearson Chi-Square

Asymp.Sig.

df

4.481 (b)

(2-sided)
1

.034

Kt qu cho thy, t l hc sinh n khi gp kh khn tm l th tm kim s gip cao hn t l

hc sinh nam khi gp kh khn th quyt nh tm kim s gip (N: 62.9% & nam: 37.1%).
Kt qu kho st cng ch ra rng phn ln hc sinh tm kim s gip i vi cc kh khn
tm l ca mnh mt cch t nguyn. C n 91.7% hc sinh t nguyn tm kim s gip , trong
khi ch c 8.3% hc sinh cm thy mnh b p buc khi tm kim s gip .
Bng 3.12: T nguyn hay b p buc khi tm kim s gip ?
f

T nguyn

452

91.7

B p buc

41

8.3

Tng

493

100

Bng kim nghim Chi Square test cho thy c s khc bit ngha gia quyt nh c tm
kim s gip hay khng v vic tm kim s gip c t nguyn hay b p buc.
Bng 3.13.1: Tng quan gia quyt nh tm kim s gip v t nguyn hay p buc khi tm
kim s gip
T nguyn hay p Khi gp kh khn, c tm gip ?
C

buc khi tm kim

Khng

s gip

T nguyn

365

94.3

87

82.1

B p buc

22

5.7

19

3.9

Tng

387

100

106

100

Bng 3.13.2: Chi Square Test

Pearson Chi-Square

Value

df

16.349 (b)

Asymp.Sig.
(2-sided)
.000

Kt qu ch ra rng phn ln hc sinh trung hc ph thng quyt nh c tm kim s gip

khi i mt vi cc kh khn tm l (68.4%), v s tm kim l t nguyn (94.3%).

3.3.2 Ngi gip khi gp kh khn tm l

3.3.2.1 Trong phm vi trng hc
Khi i vo tm hiu v ngi m hc sinh quyt nh tm n gip trong vic gii quyt
nhng kh khn tm l ca mnh th trong phm vi trng lp, kt qu thu c cho thy t l hc
sinh chn bn thn l ni ng tin cy hn ht by t kh khn v tm kim s gip .
Bng 3.14: Ngi gip khi gp kh khn tm l, trong phm vi trng lp
f

Rank

Thy c

33

6.2

Nh t vn hc ng

18

3.4

Bn thn

466

87.9

Khc

13

2.5

Tng

530

100

Kt qu kho st ch ra rng c n 87.9% hc sinh chn bn thn l ngi gip cho mnh
khi gp cc tnh hung kh khn v hc hnh, tnh cm, nhng vn trong gia nh v cc vn
khc. L do phn ln hc sinh a ra khi chn bn thn l i tng chia s l bn thn, cng
tui, cng c gp cc tnh hung nh mnh nn d dng thng cm v chia s. Bn cnh , v cng
tui v bn b gn gi nn d dng by t thi v tm trng ca mnh m khng s b phn xt
hay la ry, trch mc.
Trong s la chn ngi gip xp v tr th hai trong vic gii quyt cc kh khn tm l
trong phm vi nh trng l thy c. C 6.2% t l hc sinh chn, tuy nhin, gii thch l do v sao
hc sinh quyt nh chn thy c khi gii quyt kh khn ca mnh th a phn cc em tr li rng
thy c l ni ng tin cy hn ht cc em tm n i vi cc kh khn v hc tp.
Tuy nhin, trong vic la chn ngi gip trong khi gii quyt kh khn tm l th vic tm
n nh t vn hc ng cn thp, ch chim t l 3.4% trong s cc hc sinh quyt nh tm
kim s gip khi gp kh khn tm l. Trong khi , nh t vn hc ng c xp vo nhm
ngi gip c chuyn mn cao nht trong nhm nhng ngi gip trong phm vi trng hc
nhng li l la chn sau so vi bn thn v thy c.
3.3.2.2 Trong phm vi bn ngoi trng hc
Kt qu kho st v ngi m hc sinh tm kim s gip i vi cc kh khn tm l bn
ngoi trng hc th kt qu thu c nh sau:
Bng 3.15: Ngi gip cc kh khn tm l, bn ngoi trng hc
f

Rank

Cha m

277

56.3

ng b

0.6

Anh ch em

145

29.5

H hng thn thch

13

2.6

Cc nh t vn

14

2.8

Linh mc/tng ni

13

2.6

Khc

27

5.5

Tng

492

100

Ngi gip cho cc kh khn tm l m hc sinh trung hc ph thng chn la bn ngoi

phm vi nh trng l cha m v tr u tin, t l hc sinh chn l 56.3%. Gii thch cho l do v
sao quyt nh chn cha m l ngi gip cho mnh trong vic gii quyt kh khn tm l l cha
m l ngi thn yu, gn gi, c th hiu c nhng kh khn m mnh ang tri qua. Tuy nhin,
mt s hc sinh khc li khng quyt nh chn cha m l ngi gip cho mnh trong khi gii
quyt cc kh khn tm l m li chn anh ch em, t l chn l 29.5%, gii thch l do cho quyt
nh ny l anh ch th c tui gn vi mnh, c th tri qua nhng kh khn ny, c nhiu
kinh nghim hng dn v do ng trang la nn vic tr chuyn, chia s rt d dng.
Ngoi ra, mt s cn li chn ngi gip khc nh: cc nh t vn tm l (2.8%), ng b
(0.6%), h hng thn thch (2.6%), linh mc/tng ni (2.6%) v ngi gip khc (5.5%). ng lu
vic quyt nh chn ngi gip trong khi gii quyt cc kh khn tm l th ngi gip
chuyn nghip l cc nh t vn vn l la chn sau cc la chn khc (cha m, anh ch em). Kt
qu cho thy vic s dng cc dch v t vn cng nh tm n cc nh t vn tm l cha c
nh gi cao v l la chn hng u.

3.3.3 Cc loi thi khi gp kh khn tm l

tm hiu v thi khi gp cc kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng, ngi
nghin cu s dng thang o thi ca Edward H.Fischer and John LcB. Turner gm 29 cu pht
biu vi 4 loi thi nh sau: nhn thc v vic cn gip v liu php tm l, du hiu chu
ng kh khn tm l, tr chuyn ci m vi ngi khc, tin tng vo chuyn gia sc khe tm
thn. tin cy ca thang o thi khi gp kh khn tm l c nh gi mc chp nhn c
vi Cronbach = 0.790.

3.3.3.1 Nhn thc v vic cn gip v liu php tm l (Recognition of need for
psychotherapeutic hep)
V nhn thc trong vic cn c s gip v cc liu php tm l cho hc sinh trung hc ph
thng khi i mt vi cc kh khn tm l, thang o a ra mt s cc pht biu th hin thi ca
hc sinh:
Bng 3.16: Nhn thc v vic cn gip v liu php tm l
HTKY

KY

RY

Sum

Mean

SD

Rank

C4.4

56

8.8

156

27.3

173

30.2

187

32.7

572

2.86

0.986

C4.5

67

11.7

152

26.6

252

44.1

101

17.7

572

2.68

0.899

C4.6

95

16.6

203

35.5

196

34.3

78

13.6

572

2.45

0.924

C4.9

51

8.9

193

33.7

239

41.8

89

15.6

572

2.64

0.849

C4.18

76

13.3

77

13.5

266

46.5

151

26.4

570

2.86

0.957

C4.24

38

6.6

131

22.9

227

39.7

176

30.8

572

2.95

0.895

C4.25

50

8.7

124

21.7

293

51.2

105

18.4

572

2.79

0.841

C4.26

51

8.9

130

22.7

225

39.3

166

29.0

572

2.88

0.929

Nhn thc v vic cn gip v liu php tm l cho cc kh khn tm l, thang o a ra mt

s cc pht biu nh sau:
C4.4: Mt ngi c c tnh mnh m c th vt qua nhng xung tnh cm v t cn n mt nh
t vn tm l (Mean = 2.86, ng chim 62.9%)
C4.5: C nhng lc ti cm thy hon ton mt phng hng v rt cn nhng li khuyn ca
ngi c chuyn mn gii quyt vn tnh cm ca mnh (Mean = 2.68, ng chim 61.8%)
C4.6: Xt v thi gian v chi ph, vic t vn tm l khng c gi tr nhiu i vi ti (Mean = 2.45,
khng ng chim 52.1%)
C4.9: Cng nh nhiu th khc, nhng kh khn v tnh cm t n s ha gii c ht (Mean =
2.64, ng chim 57.4%)
C4.18: Ti mun c t vn nu ti lo lng hoc bun phin au kh trong mt thi gian di
(Mean = 2.86, ng chim 72.9 %)
C4.24: Thi mt ngi sn sng ng u vi nhng xung t v nhng ni s hi ca mnh
m khng tm s gip ca nhng ngi chuyn mn tht ng khm phc (Mean = 2.95, ng
chim 70.5%)
C4.25: Mt lc no trong tng lai, c th ti s mun c t vn tm l (Mean = 2.79, ng
chim 69.6%)

C4.26: Chng ta phi gii quyt vn ca mnh. n t vn tm l l gii php cui cng ch nn
lm khi khng cn la chn no khc (Mean = 2.88, t l ng chim 68.3%)
Kt qu cho thy, nhn thc v vic cn c s tr gip v mt chuyn mn tm l trong khi i
mt vi cc kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng c mc trung bnh Mean = 2.77, SD
= 0.380. a phn hc sinh u nhn thc vic cn thit phi c s tr gip v chuyn mn tm l
trong khi i mt vi cc kh khn tm l qua vic t l ng chim 61.8% pht biu C4.5,
ng chim t l 72.9% pht biu C4.18, v c n 69.9% t l hc sinh chn ng vi
pht biu trong tng lai, c th ti s mun c t vn tm l (C4.25)
Bng kim nghim T Test, ngi nghin cu tin hnh kim nghim mi lin h gia trung
bnh nhn thc v vic cn gip v cc liu php tm l vi cc bin c lp khc, kt qu thu
c nh sau:
Bng 3.17: Tng quan gia nhn thc v vic cn gip v cc liu php tm l theo gii
tnh v quyt nh tm kim s gip
f

Mean

T-test

SD
t

Nhn thc Gii tnh

Nam

229

2.72

0.323

v vic cn

341

2.79

0.411

gip v Quyt nh C

389

2.78

0.381

Khng 181

2.71

0.372

cc

liu tm

php

tm s gip

kim

df

Sig.

-2.345

568 0.019

2.072

568 0.039

l
Vi p value < 0.05, xc nhn c ngha. Kt qu thng k ch ra rng c s khc bit gia
trung bnh v mt nhn thc v vic cn gip v cc liu php tm l vi gii tnh. Trong , hc
sinh n nhn thc cao hn hc sinh nam trong vic cn tr gip v chuyn mn tm l khi i mt
vi cc kh khn tm l (Mean (n) = 2.79, Mean (nam) = 2.72).
Cng c s khc bit gia trung bnh v mt nhn thc v vic cn gip v cc liu php tm
l vi quyt nh tm kim s gip khi i mt vi cc kh khn tm l. Kt qu cho thy, i
vi hc sinh c quyt nh tm kim s gip khi gp kh khn th c nhn thc cao hn trong
vic cn gip chuyn mn v tm l (Mean = 2.78) so vi hc sinh khng quyt nh tm kim
s gip no (Mean = 2.71)

3.3.3.2 Du hiu chu ng kh khn tm l (Stigma tolerance)

Tm hiu v du hiu chu ng nhng kh khn tm l khi gp kh khn tm l ca hc sinh

trung hc ph thng, kt qu thu c nh sau:
Bng 3.18: Du hiu chu ng kh khn tm l
HTKY (1)

KY (2)

Y (3)

RY (4)

Sum

Mean

SD

10.8

572

2.33

0.926

29

5.1

572

1.69

0.867

21.9

68

11.9

572

2.07

1.038

298

52.1

95

16.6

572

2.78

0.813

270

47.2

123

21.5

572

2.84

0.823

C4.3

119

20.8

205

35.5

186

32.5

62

C4.14

304

53.1

173

30.2

66

11.5

C4.20

221

38.6

158

27.6

125

C4.27

44

7.7

135

23.6

C4.28

33

5.8

146

25.5

Rank

nh gi hc sinh c du hiu chu ng cc kh khn tm l hay khng, thang o a ra cc

pht biu sau:
C4.3: Ti cm thy kh chu khi tm n mt nh t vn tm l v mt s ngi c th ngh tiu cc
v ti (Mean = 2.33, t l khng ng chim 56.3%)
C4.14: tng l mt bnh nhn c t vn tm l l mt vt en trong i ngi (Mean = 1.69,
t l khng ng chim 83.3%)
C4.20: Nu tng b tm thn, ngi ta phi mang gnh nng v xu h (Mean = 2.07, t l khng
ng chim 66.2%)
C4.27: Nu ti tng c tr liu mt trung tm t vn, ti khng thy mnh phi giu dim
chuyn (Mean = 2.78, t l ng chim 68.7%)
C4.28: Nu ti ngh ti cn t vn, ti s tm n t vn cho d c ai bit vic (Mean = 2.84, t l
ng chim 68.7%)
Kt qu cho thy du hiu chu ng cc kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng c
mc trung bnh Mean = 2.34, SD = 0.418. Du hiu chu ng ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng i
vi cc kh khn tm l mc thp, th hin qua kt qu thng k nhng pht biu tiu cc, t l
hc sinh khng ng chim a s: C4.3 (56.3%), C4.14 (83.3%), C4.20 (66.2%). Vi nhng pht
biu tch cc, t l hc sinh ng chim a s: C4.27 (68.7%), C4.28 (68.7%)
Ngi nghin cu tm hiu s tng quan gia du hiu chu ng cc kh khn tm l ca hc
sinh ph thng vi cc bin c lp khc. Bng kim nghim T test, kt qu thu c cho thy c
mi lin h gia du hiu chu ng cc kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng vi bin
gii tnh.
Bng 3.19: Tng quan gia du hiu chu ng kh khn tm l v gii tnh
Du hiu

Gii

Mean

SD

T-test

chu ng
kh khn
tm l

tnh
Nam

229

2.41

0.391

343

2.29

0.430

df

3.268

Sig.

570 0.001

Vi p value < 0.05, xc nhn c ngha v mt thng k. Kt qu ch ra rng c s khc bit

gia du hiu chu ng kh khn tm l v gii tnh. Nh vy, hc sinh nam c du hiu chu
ng kh khn tm l cao hn hc sinh n (Mean (nam) = 2.41, Mean (n) = 2.29).

3.3.3.3 Tr chuyn ci m vi ngi khc ((Interpersonal openness)

Kho st v thi khi tm kim s gip ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng, thang o a ra
thi th 3 l tr chuyn ci m vi ngi khc. Kt qu nh sau:
Bng 3.20: Tr chuyn ci m vi ngi khc
HTKY (1)

KY (2)

Y (3)

RY (4)
Sum

Mean

SD

36.5

572

3.04

0.936

174

30.4

572

2.83

0.996

47.0

152

26.6

572

2.95

0.828

160

28.0

71

12.4

572

2.37

0.896

36.0

166

29.0

104

18.2

572

2.49

0.975

207

36.2

148

25.9

79

13.8

572

2.29

0.984

188

32.9

135

23.6

87

15.2

572

2.26

1.031

C4.7

53

9.3

80

14.0

230

40.2

209

C4.10

69

12.1

133

23.3

196

34.3

C4.13

30

5.2

121

21.2

269

C4.17

92

16.1

249

43.5

C4.21

96

16.8

206

C4.22

138

24.1

C4.29

162

28.3

Rank

tm hiu hc sinh trung hc ph thng c thi tr chuyn ci m khi i mt vi kh khn

tm l hay khng, thang o a ra cc pht biu sau:
C4.7: Ti sn sng th l nhng vn ring t vi mt ngi thch hp nu ti ngh rng vic ny
gip ti hoc ngi thn trong gia nh ti (Mean = 3.04, t l ng chim 76.7%)
C4.10: C nhng vn khng nn tho lun vi nhng ngi ngoi gia nh rut tht ca mnh
(Mean = 2.83, t l ng chim 64.7%)
C4.13: tm vo cng vic l mt gii php tt trnh nhng mi lo lng v bn tm v chuyn
ring t ca mnh (Mean = 2.95, t l ng 73.6%)
C4.17: Ti bt bnh vi tt c nhng ngi c chuyn mn hay khng c chuyn mn nu h mun
bit nhng xung t trong i sng ring t ca ti (Mean = 2.37, t l khng ng 59.6%)

C4.21: Ti c nhng kinh nghim trong i m ti khng mun ni vi bt c ai (Mean = 2.49, t l

khng ng chim 54.6%)
C4.22: Tt nht l ng bit mi s v mnh (Mean = 2.29, t l khng ng chim 60.3%)
C4.29: Kh m ni nhng chuyn ring t vi nhng ngi hc cao nh bc s, gio vin, v cc t
s ca cc tn gio (Mean = 2.26, t l khng ng chim 61.2%)
Kt qu thng k cho thy v thi tr chuyn ci m khi i mt vi kh khn tm l hc
sinh trung hc ph thng c trung bnh Mean = 2.603, SD = 0.402. nhng pht biu tiu cc cho
thy hc sinh c thi thiu ci m trong khi tr chuyn v cc kh khn tm l, kt qu nh sau:
C4.10 (ng : 64.7%), C4.13 (ng : 73.6%), C4.17 (khng ng : 59.6%), C4.21 (khng ng
: 54.6%), C4.22 (khng ng 60.3%), C4.29 (khng ng : 60.3%).
Bng kim nghim T test cho thy c mi lin h gia thi tr chuyn ci m khi i mt
vi kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng vi vic hin ti hc sinh c sng chung
vi cha m hay khng.
Bng 3.21: Tng quan gia tr chuyn ci m v sng vi cha m hay khng
T-test

Sng vi
f
Tr chuyn
ci m

Mean

SD

cha m

545

2.612 0.397

Khng

27

2.428 0.472

df

2.320

Sig.

570 0.021

Vi p value < 0.05, xc nhn c ngha v mt thng k. Kt qu ch ra rng c s khc bit

gia thi tr chuyn ci m khi chia s kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng v vic
hin nay hc sinh c sng chung vi cha m hay khng. hc sinh hin ti ang sng vi cha
m th c thi tr chuyn ci m cao hn hc sinh hin ti khng c sng vi cha m (Mean (c)
= 2.612, Mean (khng) = 2.428).

3.3.3.4 Tin tng vo chuyn gia sc khe tm thn (Confidence in mental health practitioner)
Thang o tip tc i vo kho st thi c tin tng vo chuyn gia sc khe tm thn ca hc
sinh trung hc ph thng khi gp cc kh khn tm l hay khng.
Bng 3.22: Tin tng vo chuyn gia sc khe tm thn
HTKY (1)

KY (2)

Y (3)

RY (4)

Sum

Mean

SD

15.0

572

2.54

0.880

11.7

572

2.47

0.874

C4.1

64

11.2

221

38.6

201

35.1

86

C4.2

80

14.0

208

36.4

217

37.9

67

Rank

C4.8

225

39.3

219

38.3

90

15.7

38

6.6

572

1.90

0.898

C4.11

263

46.0

191

33.4

74

12.9

44

7.7

572

1.82

0.931

C4.12

56

9.8

168

29.4

259

45.3

89

15.6

572

2.67

0.855

C4.15

59

10.3

176

30.8

234

40.9

103

18.0

572

2.67

0.889

C4.16

51

8.9

194

33.9

254

44.4

73

12.8

572

2.61

0.820

C4.19

94

16.4

258

45.1

162

28.3

58

10.1

572

2.32

0.867

C4.23

70

12.2

152

26.6

244

42.7

106

18.5

572

2.67

0.914

Vi thi tin tng vo chuyn gia sc khe tm thn gm cc cc pht biu sau:
C4.1: Mc d c nhng trung tm t vn cho nhng ngi c vn tnh cm, ti khng tin nhiu
vo nhng trung tm ny (Mean = 2.54, t l ng chim 50.1%)
C4.2: Nu mt ngi bn thn xin ti li khuyn v mt vn tnh cm, c th ti s ngh
ngi n gp mt nh t vn tm l (Mean = 2.47, t l khng ng chim 50.4%)
C4.8: Ti th sng trong xung t tinh thn cn hn i t vn tm l (Mean = 1.90, t l khng ng
chim 77.6%)
C4.11: Mt ngi ri lon tnh cm chc s cm thy an ton nht khi trong mt bnh vin tm
thn (Mean = 1.82, t l khng ng chim 79.4%)
C4.12: Nu ti tin rng ti c vn tm l, c mun u tin ca ti l tm s gip ca ngi
c chuyn mn (Mean = 2.67, t l ng chim 60.9%)
C4.15: Khi c vn v tnh cm, ti th c mt ngi bn thn cho li khuyn cn hn c
mt nh tm l gip (Mean = 2.67, t l ng chim 58.9%)
C4.16: Mt ngi c vn tnh cm khng th gii quyt mt mnh m cn c ngi c chuyn
mn gip gii quyt vn (Mean= 2.61, t l ng chim 57.2%)
C4.19: Ti thy ni chuyn vi mt nh tm l l mt cch rt d thot khi nhng vn tnh
cm ca mnh (Mean = 2.32, t l khng ng chim 61.5%)
C4.23: Nu lc ny ti ang tri qua mt cuc khng hong tnh cm trm trng, ti tin rng ti c
th tm s thuyn gim qua t vn tm l. (Mean = 2.67, t l 61.2%)
Kt qu kho st cho thy thi tin tng vo chuyn gia sc khe tm thn hc sinh trung
hc ph thng t mc trung bnh Mean = 2.408, SD = 0.347. nhng pht biu mang tnh tiu cc
th thi ca hc sinh nh sau: C4.1 (ng chim 50.1%), C4.8 (khng ng chim 77.6%),
C4.15 (ng chim 58.9%). nhng pht biu tch cc, c s tin tng vo chuyn gia sc khe
tm thn, la chn ca hc sinh nh sau: C4.2 (t l khng ng chim 50.4%), C4.11 (t l khng
ng chim 79.4%), C4.12 (t l ng chim 60.9%), C4.16 (t l ng chim 57.2%)
Nh vy, vi 4 thi trong vic tm kim s gip th kt qu thng k thu c nh sau:
Bng 3.23: Thi tm kim s gip khi gp kh khn tm l

Thi

Mean

SD

Rank

Nhn thc v vic cn gip v liu php tm l

2.766

0.380

Du hiu chu ng

2.343

0.418

Tr chuyn ci m vi ngi khc

2.603

0.402

Tin tng vo chuyn gia sc khe tm thn

2.408

0.347

Kt qu cho thy, hc sinh trung hc ph thng c tr trung bnh v nhn thc trong vic cn
gip v cc liu php tm l l cao nht (Mean = 2.766), sau l tr trung bnh v thi tr
chuyn ci m vi ngi khc v cc kh khn tm l ca mnh (Mean = 2.603), v tin tng vo
chuyn gia sc khe tm thn (Mean = 2.408) v du hiu chu ng kh khn tm l l thp nht
(Mean = 2.343).
Nh vy, hc sinh trung hc ph thng c thi tch cc khi i mt vi cc kh khn tm l
ca mnh. hc sinh ph thng c xu hng nhn thc tt trong vic cn tr gip ca chuyn mn
tm l trong vic gii quyt cc kh khn tm l m mnh ang gp phi, c s tin tng vo nhng
ngi chuyn mn v sc khe tm thn, c thi ci m khi tr chuyn vi ngi khc v kh
khn ca mnh v c du hiu t chu ng cc kh khn tm l xy ra.

3.4 ng ph vi nhng kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng

ti i vo tm hiu nhng cch ng ph vi cc kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph
thng bng cch s dng thang o ca Carver, C.S, Scheier, M.F, & Weintraub, J.K. (1989):
Assessing Coping strategies: A theoretically based approach (Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology) gm 44 cu pht biu tp trung vo 15 cch ng ph. tin cy ca thang o cc cch
ng ph vi kh khn tm l c nh gi mc chp nhn c vi Cronbach = 0.780.

3.4.1 Cc cch ng ph vi kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng

Vi thang o ca Carver, C.S, Scheier, M.F, & Weintraub, J.K. (1989), kt qu kho st thu
c nh sau:
Bng 3.24: M t cc cch ng ph vi kh khn tm l
Cc cch ng ph vi kh khn tm l

Mean

SD

Rank

ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn

2.754

0.424

567

ng ph tp trung vo iu tit cm xc

2.501

0.419

572

ng ph d dt, n trnh, tiu cc

2.203

0.333

572

Kt qu cho thy hc sinh trung hc ph thng khi gp kh khn tm l s dng cc loi ng

ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn (Mean = 2.754) thng xuyn hn so vi cc loi ng ph tp
trung vo iu tit cm xc (Mean = 2.501) v ng ph d dt, n trnh, tiu cc (Mean = 2.203).

3.4.1.1 ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn

Vi cc loi ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn , kt qu kho st thu c c th nh sau:
Bng 3.25: Cc ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn
%
Gii thch kh khn cch
tch cc v tng trng
trong kh khn

N lc gii quyt vn

Ln k hoch gii quyt vn

Xin li khuyn t ngi khc

Tp trung gii quyt kh

khn

Khng

Kh

Rt

TX

TX

Mean

5.06

29.55 51.05

14.34

2.993

4.60

62.90 31.80

0.70

2.671

6.81

53.85 37.59

1.75

2.699

9.63

37.65 47.99

4.73

2.778

9.1

49.48 38.98

2.44

2.635

SD

0.70
9
0.46
6
0.55
3
0.67
7
0.61
1

Rank

Kt qu kho st v cc cch ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn , khi gp kh khn tm l,

cch ng ph m phn ln hp sinh trung hc ph thng chn la trc tin l gii thch kh khn
mt cch tch cc v tng trng t trong kh khn, c n 65.30% hc sinh chn mc kh thng
xuyn v rt thng xuyn. Cch ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn m hc sinh la chn th
2 l Xin li khuyn t ngi c kinh nghim hoc tri qua vn ny, c 52.72% hc sinh
chn mc kh thng xuyn v rt thng xuyn. Cch ng ph gii quyt vn bng cch ln k
hoch gii quyt vn l la chn th 3 ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng gii quyt kh
khn tm l. C 39.34% hc sinh thng xuyn v rt thng xuyn s dng cch ng ph ny.
Cch ng ph n lc gii quyt vn v tp trung gii quyt kh khn l la chn th 4
v 5 trong cc cch ng ph gii quyt vn ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng khi gp kh khn
tm l.
3.4.1.2 ng ph tp trung vo iu tit cm xc

Bng 3.26: Cc ng ph tp trung vo iu tit cm xc

%

Mean

SD

Rank

4.72

2.646

0.767

15.21

6.63

2.017

0.919

57.84

29.1

4.5

2.599

0.605

31.82

37.58

22.38

2.741

0.897

Khng

Kh TX

Rt TX

16.26

41.44

37.58

Da vo nim tin tn gio

43.36

34.8

Trt b cm xc kh chu

8.56
8.22

Chia s v tm s nng
tinh thn t ngi khc

Nhn nhn kh khn mt

cch hi hc

Kt qu i vi cc cch ng ph tp trung vo iu tit cm xc cho thy la chn nhn nhn

kh khn mt cch hi hc l la chn u tin ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng khi gii quyt
cc kh khn tm l ca mnh. C n 59.96% hc sinh la chn thc hin kh thng xuyn v
thng xuyn. Tip n, cch ng ph chia s kh khn v tm s nng tinh thn t ngi
khc l la chn th 2 trong cch ng ph tp trung vo iu tit cm xc ca hc sinh trung hc
ph thng. C 42.3% hc sinh thng xuyn v rt thng xuyn s dng cch ny. Tuy nhin,
cng c n 57.7% hc sinh khng v t chia s vi ngi khc v nhng kh khn ca mnh.
Vi cch thc Trt b nhng cm xc kh chu l la chn th 3 m hc sinh trung hc ph
thng dng iu tit cm xc ca mnh trong kh khn tm l. Tuy nhin, c n 57.84% hc
sinh rt t s dng cch ng ph ny. Vi la chn da vo nim tin tn gio iu tit cm xc
cng c n 78.16% hc sinh khng thng xuyn hoc t thng xuyn s dng cch thc ny.
Nh vy, iu tit cm xc ca mnh khi gp kh khn tm l hc sinh trung hc ph thng
ch yu l t bn thn mnh iu tit cm xc bng cch nhn nhn kh khn mt cch hi hc hn
l s dng nhng cch thc c lin quan n ngi khc (chia s, trt b cm xc hoc da vo
nim tin tn gio).

3.4.1.3 ng ph d dt, n trnh, tiu cc

Bng 3.27: Cc ng ph d dt, n trnh, tiu cc
%
Khng
Chp nhn kh khn
Suy ngh vic khc thay

Kh

Rt

TX

TX

Mean

SD

Rank

10.81

62.59

25.7

0.9

2.470 0.573

7.7

48.9

39.2

4.2

2.710 0.652

th
B cuc, khng c gng
60.1

33.9

3.9

2.1

1.761 0.665

T chi kh khn

52.3

41.1

5.9

0.7

1.882 0.602

Tr hon ng ph

10.1

56.7

31.6

1.6

2.569 0.594

Ru/ma ty

45.9

33.4

12.9

7.8

1.823 0.931

gii quyt vn na

i vi cc cch ng ph d dt, n trnh, tiu cc, kt qu thu c cho thy hc sinh trung
hc ph thng la chn cch thc suy ngh mt vic khc thay th khng ngh v kh khn ang
gp l la chn chn u tin, c n 92.3% hc sinh c s dng cch thc ny. La chn th 2 l
tr hon s ng ph i vi kh khn tm l, c n gn 90% hc sinh c s dng cch ng ph
ny.
Chp nhn kh khn mt cch b ng l la chn th 3 vi gn 90% hc sinh c s dng
cch ng ph ny. La chn th 4 T chi kh khn th c 52.3% hc sinh khng chn la cch
thc ny. Vi cch thc ng ph vi kh khn tm l m da vo ru hoc ma ty th c 45.9%
hc sinh khng s dng cch thc ny, v 33.4% hc sinh t khi s dng cch thc ny. V cch
thc b cuc, khng tip tc c gng gii quyt vn na xp v tr cui cng, c n 60.1% hc
sinh khng s dng cch thc ny.
Nh vy, phn ln t l hc sinh khng hoc t khi s dng cc cch thc ng ph d dt, n
trch, tiu cc khi i mt vi kh khn tm l ca mnh. Nu c s dng th a phn hc sinh ch
s dng nhng cch thc mang tnh n trnh nh l chp nhn kh khn cch b ng, tr hon ng
ph hoc t chi kh khn hn l cch thc tiu cc c lin quan n cht kch thch nh ru/ma
ty.

3.4.2 So snh cc cch ng ph theo gii tnh v quyt nh tm kim s gip khi gp kh
khn tm l
3.4.2.1 ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn
Bng 3.28: Tng quan gia cch ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn theo gii tnh, quyt
nh tm kim s gip khi gp kh khn tm l
Gii tnh

Quyt nh
Sig.

Gii thch kh khn cch

Nam

2.952

3.021

0.249

Sig.
C

Khng

2.957

3.071

0.074

tch cc v tng trng

trong kh khn
N lc gii quyt vn

2.682

2.664

0.662

2.654

2.708

0.197

Ln k hoch

2.794

2.636

0.001

2.666

2.772

0.033

2.771

2.782

0.847

2.845

2.633

0.000

2.627

2.641

0.778

2.592

2.729

0.013

2.760

2.750

0.783

2.741

2.783

0.276

Xin li khuyn t ngi

khc
Tp trung gii quyt vn

Tng hp

Kt qu cho thy khng c s khc bit trong cch ng ph tp trung gii quyt vn theo gii
tnh v quyt nh c tm kim s gip khi gp kh khn hay khng. Tuy nhin, mt s tiu ch
trong cch ng ph ny c s khc bit ngha. C th:
Hc sinh nam s dng cch ng ph ln k hoch gii quyt vn nhiu hn so vi hc sinh
n, nhng hc sinh c quyt nh tm kim s gip th c t s dng cch ng ph ny hn so
vi nhng hc sinh khng tm kim s gip .
nhng hc sinh quyt nh c tm kim s gip th s dng cch ng ph xin li khuyn
t ngi khc nhiu hn l hc sinh quyt nh khng tm kim s gip no c.
hc sinh khng quyt nh tm kim s gip th li s dng cch ng ph tp trung vo
gii quyt vn nhiu hn l i vi hc sinh c tm kim s gip khi gp kh khn tm l.
Cc cch ng ph khc thuc nhm ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn khng c s khc
bit theo gii v theo quyt nh tm kim s gip .

3.4.2.2 ng ph tp trung vo iu tit cm xc

Bng 3.29: Tng quan gia cch ng ph tp trung vo iu tit cm xc theo gii tnh, quyt
nh tm kim s gip khi gp kh khn tm l
Gii tnh

Quyt nh
Sig.

Nam

2.671

2.629

Da vo nim tin tn gio

1.855

Trt b cm xc kh chu

2.529

Sig.
C

Khng

0.525

2.760

2.399

0.000

2.125

0.001

2.066

1.911

0.061

2.645

0.025

2.635

2.521

0.036

Chia s v tm s nng
tinh thn t ngi khc

Nhn nhn kh khn mt

2.838

2.676

0.034

2.708

2.812

0.199

2.473

2.519

0.206

2.542

2.441

0.000

cch hi hc
Tng hp

Kt qu ch ra rng khng c s khc bit trong cch ng ph tp trung vo iu tit cm xc

theo gii tnh, nhng li c s khc bit trong cch ng ph tp trung vo iu tit cm xc theo
quyt nh tm kim s gip . Tuy nhin, mt s tiu ch trong cch ng ph ny theo gii tnh li
cho mt s kt qu c ngha, c th:
Cch ng ph da vo nim tin tn gio c s khc bit theo gii tnh, i vi hc sinh n
(Mean = 2.125) th thng s dng cch thc ng ph ny hn so vi hc sinh nam (Mean = 1.855)
Hc sinh n cng thng xuyn trt b cm xc kh chu khi gp kh khn tm l nhiu hn
(Mean = 2.645) so vi hc sinh nam (Mean = 2.529) trong cch thc ng ph tp trung vo iu tit
cm xc.
Tuy nhin, vi cch ng ph nhn nhn kh khn mt cch hi hc th hc sinh nam li
thng s dng cch thc ny hn (Mean = 2.838) so vi hc sinh n (Mean = 2.676).
Khng c s khc bit trong tiu ch chia s v tm kim s nng tinh thn t ngi khc
gia hc sinh nam v n
Vi tng quan gia cch thc ng ph tp trung vo iu tit cm xc theo quyt nh tm
kim s gip , kt qu v cc tiu ch c th nh sau:
Vi cch ng ph chia s v tm s nng tinh thn t ngi khc c s khc bit ngha
theo quyt nh tm kim s gip . i vi hc sinh quyt nh c tm kim s gip khi gp
kh khn th thng s dng cch thc ny hn (Mean = 2.760) so vi hc sinh khng quyt nh
tm kim s gip (Mean = 2.399).
La chn trt b cm xc kh chu cho thy hc sinh c quyt nh tm kim s gip th
hay s dng cch ng ph ny hn so vi hc sinh khng quyt nh tm kim s gip .
Tiu ch da vo nim tin tn gio, nhn nhn kh khn mt cch hi hc theo quyt nh
tm kim s gip khng c s khc bit ngha no.

3.4.2.3 ng ph d dt, n trnh, tiu cc

Bng 3.30: Tng quan gia cch ng ph d dt, n trnh, tiu cc theo gii tnh, quyt nh tm
kim s gip khi gp kh khn tm l
Gii tnh

Khng

0.941

2.449

2.517

0.186

2.770

0.007

2.755

2.613

0.015

1.797

1.737

0.291

1.821

1.633

0.002

T chi kh khn

1.889

1.878

0.824

1.900

1.845

0.331

Tr hon ng ph

2.675

2.498

0.000

2.555

2.600

0.396

Ru/ma ty

1.842

1.810

0.685

1.818

1.834

0.850

Tng hp

2.216

2.174

0.460

2.216

2.174

0.157

Suy ngh vic khc thay

th

2.468

2.472

2.620

Sig.

Chp nhn kh khn

Nam

Quyt nh

Sig.

B cuc, khng tip tc

c gng gii quyt vn
na

Kt qu cho thy khng c s khc bit ngha gia cch ng ph d dt, n trnh, tiu cc theo
gii tnh v theo quyt nh tm kim s gip . Tuy nhin, mt s tiu ch ca cch ng ph ny
li cho kt qu tng quan c ngha, c th:
Vi cch ng ph suy ngh vic khc thay th cho thy tng quan c ngha vi gii tnh v
c quyt nh tm kim s gip . hc sinh n th thng xuyn s dng cch ng ph ny hn
so vi hc sinh nam. hc sinh c quyt nh tm kim s gip thng s dng cch ng ph
ny hn so vi hc sinh khng c quyt nh tm kim s gip .
La chn b cuc, khng tip tc c gng gii quyt vn na c s khc bit theo quyt
nh tm kim s gip . i vi hc sinh c quyt nh tm kim s gip li thng xuyn s
dng cch ng ph ny hn so vi hc sinh khng c quyt nh tm kim s gip .
hc sinh nam li thng xuyn s dng cch tr hon ng ph hn so vi hc sinh n tiu
ch ny. y l tng quan c ngha.
Ngoi ra khng c s khc bit c ngha no gia cc tiu ch cn li theo gii tnh v quyt
nh tm kim s gip .
Nh vy, t ch nhn thc tt trong vic tm kim s gip trong cc vn kh khn tm l
ca mnh, hc sinh trung hc ph thng cng c cc cch ng ph tch cc hn, c bit l cc em
thng s dng cc cch ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn bn cnh cch ng ph tp trung
vo iu tit cm xc. Cch ng ph de dt, n trnh, tiu cc, c bit l cc cch ng ph c lin
quan n t nn x hi nh: ma ty, ru th t l s dng rt thp.

KT LUN V KIN NGH

1. KT LUN
1.1 Hu ht hc sinh trung hc ph thng u gp kh khn v tm l, l nhng kh khn trong
vn hc hnh, tnh cm, gia nh, ti chnh, vic chn ngh nghip tng lai, v nhng vn c
nhn (nh sc khe, tnh dc). Hu ht cc em u c cc kh khn tm l cc mc khc
nhau, trong , kh khn v tnh cm, kh khn v gia nh, kh khn trong vn ti chnh c
tng quan vi gii tnh, tnh trng quan h ca gia nh ca hc sinh v vic hc sinh c hin
ang chung sng vi cha m hay khng.
1.2 a s hc sinh trung hc ph thng khi gp kh khn tm l u c quyt nh s tm kim s
gip . Trong , t l hc sinh n khi gp kh khn tm l th quyt nh tm kim s gip cao
hn t l hc sinh nam. Phn ln hc sinh trung hc ph thng tm kim s gip mt cch t
nguyn.
1.3 V nhng ngi m hc sinh trung hc ph thng chn l ngi gip cho mnh trong khi
gii quyt cc kh khn tm l trong phm vi trng hc th bn thn l la chn u tin, sau
thy c l la chn th hai, la chn nh t vn trng hc l la chn th ba, xp sau bn thn v
thy c. Trong phm vi bn ngoi trng hc th hc sinh trung hc ph thng chn cha m l
ngi gip u tin trong khi gii quyt cc vn kh khn tm l ca mnh, sau n anh ch
em. La chn nh t vn tm l, linh mc/tng ni, ng b, h hng thn thch l nhng la chn
pha sau.
1.4 V thi tm kim s gip hc sinh trung hc ph thng cho thy hc sinh trung hc
ph thng c nhn thc cao nht trong vic cn gip v cc liu php tm l, sau n thi
tr chuyn ci m vi ngi khc v kh khn tm l ca mnh. Thi tin tng vo chuyn gia
sc khe tm thn xp v tr th ba v du hiu chu ng kh khn tm l v tr thp nht. i vi
hc sinh c quyt nh tm kim s gip khi gp kh khn th c nhn thc cao hn trong vic
cn gip chuyn mn v tm l so vi hc sinh khng quyt nh tm kim s gip no.
hc sinh nam c du hiu chu ng kh khn tm l cao hn hc sinh n. i vi hc sinh ang
chung sng vi cha m th c thi tr chuyn ci m hn so vi hc sinh hin ti khng c sng
chung vi cha m.
1.5 Kt qu ch ra rng hc sinh trung hc ph thng khi gp kh khn tm l s dng cc loi ng
ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn thng xuyn hn so vi cc loi ng ph tp trung vo iu
tit cm xc v ng ph d dt, n trnh, tiu cc. Trong cch ng ph tp trung gii quyt vn
th hc sinh trung hc ph thng thng s dng cch thc gii thch kh khn cch tch cc v
tng trng trong kh khn nhiu nht, trong cch ng ph tp trung vo iu tit cm xc th hc

sinh trung hc ph thng ch yu la chn cch nhn nhn kh khn mt cch hi hc hn l s

dng nhng cch thc c lin quan n ngi khc (chia s, trt b cm xc hoc da vo nim tin
tn gio). Phn ln t l hc sinh khng hoc t khi s dng cc cch thc ng ph d dt, n trch,
tiu cc khi i mt vi kh khn tm l ca mnh. Nu c s dng th a phn hc sinh ch s dng
nhng cch thc mang tnh n trnh nh l chp nhn kh khn cch b ng, tr hon ng ph hoc
t chi kh khn hn l cch thc tiu cc c lin quan n cht kch thch nh ru/ma ty.
i vi ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn th hc sinh nam thng s dng cch ng
ph ln k hoch gii quyt vn nhiu hn so vi hc sinh n, nhng hc sinh c quyt nh
tm kim s gip th c t s dng cch ng ph ny hn so vi nhng hc sinh khng tm kim
s gip . nhng hc sinh quyt nh c tm kim s gip th s dng cch ng ph xin li
khuyn t ngi khc nhiu hn l hc sinh quyt nh khng tm kim s gip no c. Cn
hc sinh khng quyt nh tm kim s gip th li s dng cch ng ph tp trung vo gii
quyt vn nhiu hn l i vi hc sinh c tm kim s gip khi gp kh khn tm l. Cc
cch ng ph khc thuc nhm ng ph tp trung vo gii quyt vn khng c s khc bit theo
gii v theo quyt nh tm kim s gip .
i vi cch ng ph tp trung vo iu tit cm xc li c s khc bit theo quyt nh tm
kim s gip . i vi hc sinh quyt nh c tm kim s gip khi gp kh khn th thng
s dng cch cch ng ph chia s v tm s nng tinh thn t ngi khc hn so vi hc sinh
khng quyt nh tm kim s gip . Cch trt b cm xc kh chu cho thy hc sinh c
quyt nh tm kim s gip th hay s dng cch ng ph ny hn so vi hc sinh khng quyt
nh tm kim s gip . V da vo nim tin tn gio, nhn nhn kh khn mt cch hi hc
theo quyt nh tm kim s gip khng c s khc bit ngha no.
i vi cch ng ph d dt, n trnh, tiu cc th suy ngh vic khc thay th cho thy tng
quan c ngha vi gii tnh v c quyt nh tm kim s gip . hc sinh n th thng xuyn
s dng cch ng ph ny hn so vi hc sinh nam. hc sinh c quyt nh tm kim s gip
thng s dng cch ng ph ny hn so vi hc sinh khng c quyt nh tm kim s gip .
La chn b cuc, khng tip tc c gng gii quyt vn na c s khc bit theo quyt nh
tm kim s gip . i vi hc sinh c quyt nh tm kim s gip li thng xuyn s dng
cch ng ph ny hn so vi hc sinh khng c quyt nh tm kim s gip . hc sinh nam li
thng xuyn s dng cch tr hon ng ph hn so vi hc sinh n tiu ch ny. y l tng
quan c ngha.

2. KIN NGH
2.1 Dnh cho nh t vn hc ng

 Dch v t vn hc ng cn phi m bo c phng ring bit, m bo b mt v d dng

hc sinh tip cn hn
Thng xuyn t chc nhng bui tuyn truyn, gio dc nhn thc cho hc sinh trung hc ph
thng v vai tr v tm quan trng ca phng t vn hc ng, nng cao nhn thc v s nhn bit
ca cc em v nhng nh t vn hc ng v vn phng t vn hc ng.
T vn vin nn t chc mt s hot ng gii thiu mnh vi hc sinh. Vn phng t vn
phi c gii thiu nh l ni hc sinh g ri nhng kh khn m mnh ang gp phi, ch
khng phi l ni dnh cho cc trng hp b k lut. Gii thiu thm nhng dch v khc m
phng t vn hc ng c th cung cp: t vn ngh nghip, t vn nhm
C th m rng mng li t vn ng ng, trong nhm bn c th hc sinh s d dng bc l
kh khn hn, d dng chp nhn v ci m hn trong vic tm kim s gip t nh t vn hc
ng hn qua gii thiu ca bn b.
T vn vin cn phi khng ngng cp nht kin thc chuyn mn v c o to nng cao
c th chuyn nghip hn trong cng tc t vn hc ng.
2.2 Dnh cho cha m hc sinh
Cha m cn dnh thi gian cht lng vi con ci ca mnh, tng ln trong cc em s tin
tng v t tin i vi cha m ca mnh, qua cc em d dng bc l v ci m hn khi tm s
nhng ni lo lng, s hi v nhng kh khn ca cc em.
2.3 Dnh cho hc sinh
Thc y v khuyn khch s ci m hn hc sinh trong vic chia s vn ca cc em v tm
s gip v tm l khi cn thit.
Hc sinh cn c trang b nhng kin thc v k nng gii quyt vn bo v mnh khi
nhng p lc khc nhau m h gp trong cuc sng hng ngy.

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tr em, vn ha, gio dc, tr. 329 337
36. Camus Jean (2003), S b tr thi gian v cc kh khn hc ng, Phn ng tc thi v tr
hon, Hi tho tr em, vn ha, gio dc, tr. 296 301
37. N.. L vi tp (1972), Tm l hc tr em v tm l hc s phm, NXB GDHN, tr. 197
TI LIU TING ANH

38. Edward H. Fischer and John LeB. Turner (1970), Orientations to seeking professional help:
Development and research utility of an attitude scale, Joural of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, Vol 35, No. 1
39. Carver, C.S.Scheier, M.F., & Weintraub, J.K. (1989), Assessing coping strategies: A
theoretically based approach, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, pp. 267
283.
40. Andrew J. Sadler and Ian J.Deary (2000), The Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations:
Factorial Structure and Associations With Personality Traits and Psychological Health,
Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 5, pp. 121 143.
41. Debra Rickwood, Frank P. Deane, Coralie J. Wilson and Joseph Ciarrochi (2005), Young
peoples help-seeking for mental health problems, Australian e-Journal for the Advancement
of Mental Health (AeJAMH), Vol.4.

PH LC 1
PHIU THM D KIN
Cho cc bn,
Trong cuc sng ca chng ta, ai trong chng ta khng t th nhiu cng tri qua nhng cng thng
v tm l, nhng cng thng xut pht t nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau. gip cc bn c th
i din vi nhng kh khn tm l v tm ra nhng cch thc ng ph tt nht, chng ti tin hnh
thc hin mt cuc nghin cu v cc kh khn tm l ca hc sinh trung hc ph thng, s tm
kim gip v cc cch ng ph vi cc kh khn tm l .
Mong cc bn cng tc, gip chng ti bng cch cho chng ti nhng thng tin v kin ngn
gn ca bn v nhng vn sau:

Phn 1: Thng tin c nhn

Bn vui lng tr li nhng cu hi di y mt cch ht sc trung thc. i vi nhng cu tr li
phi chn phn ng, xin nh du () cho mi cu. i vi nhng cu c cha ch trng, xin vit
cu tr li vo ch trng
1. Tn (khng bt buc): -------------------------------------------- Tui: ---------------2. Gii tnh:
Nam

3. Bn ang hc lp:
10

11

12

4. Trng: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. Bn c ang sng vi cha m:

C

Khng

6. Cha m ca bn ang sng :

TP. HCM

Tnh

7. Tnh trng hn nhn ca cha m:

Sng chung
Ly d
Ga chng
Ga v
Cha m n thn
8. Khi i din vi vn , bn c tm s gip ca ngi khc khng?
C

Khng, ti sao? --------------------------------------------------------

9. Nu c, bn t nguyn xin gip hay b p buc?

 T nguyn

B p buc.

10. Nu bn tm s gip , bn n vi ai? Hy nh du nhng ngi tng gip bn trong

trng v bn ngoi trng v vit l do ti sao bn thch tm n nhng ngi gip .
a) Trong trng, bn tm n vi:
Cc thy c, ti sao? ------------------------------------------------------------------ Cc nh t vn hc ng, ti sao? ------------------------------------------------- Nhng ngi bn than, ti sao? ----------------------------------------------------- Nhng ngi khc (xin xc nh r) ------------- Ti sao? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------b) Bn ngoi trng, bn tm n vi:
Cha m , ti sao? ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ng b, ti sao? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Cc anh ch em, ti sao? -------------------------------------------------------------- H hng thn thch, ti sao? --------------------------------------------------------- Cc nh t vn, ti sao? -------------------------------------------------------------- Cc linh mc/cc tng ni/cc n tu, ti sao? --------------------------------------- Nhng ngi khc (Xin xc nh r), ti sao? --------------------------------------

11. Bn thng tm t vn v nhng vn no? Xin nh du

Hc tp

Gia nh

Tnh cm

Ti chnh

Quan h vi ngi khc

Tng quan ni chung

p lc bn b

Tnh yu

C thai ngoi mun

Vn giao tip

Ngoi hnh khng thu ht

Ma ty/thuc l/ru ch

Nhng l do khc, xin ni r: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Phn 2: Thang o mc trm trng ca vn ni hc sinh ph thng

Bn vui lng c k tng cu di y v cho bit bn ng hoc khng ng n mc no
bng cch nh du trn con s din t ng cu tr li ca bn
1. Rt ng
2. ng
3. Khng ng
4. Hon ton khng ng

ng l ra ti hc tt hn trong lp

Ti c nhng thi quen hc tp tt

Ti c th ng u vi nhng p lc ca cha m buc ti phi t kt qu

tt trng hc

Chuyn bi v hc hnh l vic d dng i vi ti

Ti khng c kh khn g trong vic sp xp thi gian

Ti thy kh khn trong vic xoay s vi nhng trch nhim khc nhau, v
d nh bi tp phi lm nh v trng

Cha m ti khng c quan h tt vi nhau

Cha m ti sng vi nhau rt hnh phc

Ti lun lun va chm vi anh ch em ti

10

Cha m ti qu kht khe i vi ti

11

Nhng nhu cu ti chnh ca ti khng c tha mn nh ti mong i

12

Ti khng c kh khn g v ti chnh

13

Ti cm thy cng thng v khng c tin trang tri cho nhng nhu cu
vt cht ca mnh

14

Ti c g mnh c c nhng ngi bn thn thit hn

15

Ti chi vi mt nhm bn thng xuyn lc c, ci v

16

Ti cm thy mnh thuc v nhm bn ng trang la

17

Ti mong c c hn h nhiu hn vi bn khc phi

18

Ti ang au n v v hoc chia tay vi bn gi/bn trai.

19

Ti khng thy c nhu cu phi gn b yu ng g vi mt ngi khc

phi

20

Ti mun c quan h yu ng vi mt ngi no , nhng dng nh

ti khng tm c ngi no c.

21

Ti ngh rng mnh khng tt

22

Ni chung ti cm thy t tin.

4 3 2 1

23

Ti ang c nhng thay i trong cuc sng m ti khng chc mnh c sn

sng ng u c khng

24

Ti thy tht kh chn cho mnh mt ngh

25

Ti bit mnh mun lm g sau khi tt nghip

26

Ti quan tm n nhng nhu cu tnh dc ca mnh

27

Ti c nhng vn lin quan n vic c thai ngoi mun

28

Mt s nim tin v nhng gi tr quan trng ca ti ang gy rc ri cho ti

Phn 3: ng ph vi vn
Xin bn vui lng tr li tng cu mt cch c lp, khng lin kt vi nhng cu khc. Suy ngh
thu o v chn cu tr li tht ng vi mnh. Xin tr li tt c mi cu. Khng c cu tr li no
l ng hay sai, v vy hy chn cu tr li chnh xc nht i vi bn. Hy cho bit bn thng
lm g khi tri qua mt bin c gy cng thng
1 = Ti thng khng lm iu ny cht no
2 = Ti thng lm iu ny cht t
3 = Ti thng lm iu ny kha kh
4 = Ti thng lm iu ny rt nhiu

T kinh nhgim ny, ti c gng ln ln vi t cch l mt con ngi

Ti xoay qua lm vic hoc lm nhng iu khc thay th u c khi ngh

ngi

Ti kh chu v bc l tnh cm ca mnh ra

Ti c gng xin li khuyn ca ngi khc bit phi lm g

Ti tp trung n lc lm ci g gii quyt vn

Ti thng t ni vi mnh: "iu ny khng c tht"

Ti chp nhn tnh hung kh khn

Ti nhn nhn rng mnh khng th gii quyt vn , v thi khng c gng
na

Ti kim ch mnh li khng lm bt c iu g khng kim sot

10 Ti chia s cm xc ca mnh vi ai
11 Ti dng thuc l hoc ma ty lm cho mnh cm thy d chu hn

4 3 2 1

12 Ti quen vi ngh rng vic xy ra ri

13 Ti ni chuyn vi ngi no tm hiu thm v tnh hung xy ra
14 Ti khng mnh phn tm bi nhng ngh hay nhng hot ng khc
15 Ti kh chu, v ti thc s thc iu
16 Ti ln mt k hoch hnh ng
17 Ti chp nhn rng iu xy ra ri v khng th thay i c
18 Ti tr hon khng lm g c cho n khi hon cnh cho php
19 Ti c gng tm s nng t bn b hoc h hng
20 Ti b lun khng c gng t mc ch na
21 Ti lm thm nhng vic cn lm c gng thot khi vn
22 Ti t chi khng tin rng iu xy ra
23 Ti bc l cm xc ca mnh ra
24 Ti ni chuyn vi mt ngi c kinh nghim v cch thc gii quyt vn

25 Ti ng nhiu hn bnh thng

26 Ti c gng tm ra chin thut xem phi lm g
27 Ti tp trung vo vic gii quyt vn ny, v nu cn, ti hi l l nhng
vic khc gii quyt cho xong vn .
28 Ti tm s cm thng t mt ngi no
29 Ti b cuc khng c gng t c iu mnh mun na
30 Ti c gng suy ngh lc quan v iu ang xy ra
31 Ti ngh cch lm sao c th gii quyt vn tt nht
32 Ti gi v nh vn khng thc s xy ra
33 Ti c gng ht sc ngn chn khng nhng vic khc cn tr khng cho
ti n lc gii quyt vn
34 Ti i xem phim hoc coi tivi t ngh v nhng kh khn
35 Ti chp nhn thc t l iu xy ra.
36 Ti hnh ng trc tip ln trnh vn
37 Ti c gng tm s d chu t tn gio
38 Ti buc mnh phi i cho n lc thun tin lm g
39 Ti ni chuyn vi ai v cm xc ca mnh
40 Ti hc cch sng chung vi nhng kh khn
41 Ti ngh rt cng v nhng bc phi tin hnh

42 Ti hnh ng nh th vic khng xy ra

43 Ti lm iu phi lm, tng bc mt
44 Ti cu nguyn nhiu hn thng khi

Phn 4: Thi i vi vic tm s tr gip chuyn mn v tm l

Di y l nhng cu ni ln thi ca bn v vic tm s gip khi c vn . Hy cho
bit mc ng hoc khng ng ca bn i vi mi cu. Xin khoanh trn cu tr li (dng
thang nh gi di y, nh du cu thch hp bng du (x) cho mi cu)
1. Hon ton khng ng
2. Khng ng
3. ng
4. Rt ng

Mc d c nhng trung tm t vn cho nhng ngi c vn tnh cm, ti 1 2

khng tin nhiu vo nhng trung tm ny

Nu mt ngi bn thn xin ti li khuyn v mt vn tnh cm, c th ti

s ngh ngi n gp mt nh t vn tm l

Ti cm thy kh chu khi tm n mt nh t vn tm l v mt s ngi c

th ngh tiu cc v ti

Mt ngi c c tnh mnh m c th vt qua nhng xung t tnh cm v t

cn n mt nh t vn tm l

C nhng lc ti cm thy hon ton mt phng hng v rt cn nhng li

khuyn ca ngi c chuyn mn gii quyt vn tnh cm ca mnh

Xt v thi gian v chi ph, vic t vn tm l khng c gi tr nhiu i vi

ti

Ti sng sng th l nhng vn ring t vi mt ngi thch hp nu ti

ngh rng vic ny gip ti hoc ngi thn trong gia nh ti

Ti th sng trong xung t tinh thn cn hn i t vn tm l

Cng nh nhiu th khc, nhng kh khn v tnh cm t n s ha gii

c ht

10 C nhng vn khng nn tho lun vi nhng ngi ngoi gia nh rut

tht ca mnh
11 Mt ngi ri lon tnh cm chc s cm thy an ton nht khi trong mt

bnh vin tm thn

12 Nu ti tin rng ti c vn tm l, c mun u tin ca ti l tm s
gip ca ngi c chuyn mn
13 tm vo cng vic l mt gii php tt trnh nhng mi lo lng v bn
tm v chuyn ring t ca mnh
14 tng l mt bnh nhn c t vn tm l l mt vt en trong i ngi
15 Khi c vn tnh cm, ti th c mt ngi bn thn cho li khuyn cn
hn c mt nh tm l gip .
16 Mt ngi c vn tnh cm khng th gii quyt mt mnh m cn c
c ngi chuyn mn gip gii quyt vn
17 Ti bt bnh vi tt c nhng ngi c chuyn mn hay khng c chuyn
mn nu h mun bit nhng xung t trong i sng ring t ca ti
18 Ti mun c t vn nu ti lo lng hoc bun phin au kh trong mt
thi gian di
19 Ti thy ni chuyn vi mt nh tm l l mt cch rt d thot khi
nhng vn tnh cm ca mnh
20 Nu tng b tm thn, ngi ta phi mang gnh nng v xu h
21 Ti c nhng kinh nghim trong i m ti khng mun ni vi bt c ai
22 Tt nht l ng bit mi s v mnh
23 Nu lc ny ti ang tri qua mt cuc khng hong tnh cm trm trng, ti
tin rng ti c th tm s thuyn gim qua t vn tm l
24 Thi ca mt ngi sn sng ng u vi nhng xung t v nhng ni
s hi ca mnh m khng tm s gip ca nhng ngi chuyn mn tht
ng khm phc
25 Mt lc no trong tng lai, c th ti s mun c t vn tm l
26 Chng ta phi gii quyt vn ca mnh. n t vn tm l l gii php
cui cng ch nn lm khi khng cn chn la no khc
27 Nu ti tng c tr liu mt trung tm t vn, ti khng thy mnh
phi giu dim chuyn
28 Nu ti ngh ti cn t vn, ti s tm n t vn cho d c ai bit vic .
29 Kh m ni v nhng chuyn ring t vi nhng ngi hc cao nh bc s,
gio vin, v cc tu s ca cc tn gio

------------ Ht --------------

Chn thnh cm n cc bn nhit tnh tham gia!

PH LC 2
BNG CU HI (Dnh cho phng vn su)
A. Bn hng dn phng vn su dnh cho cc bn c thi tch cc tm n s gip

A. Vn kh khn
1. Nhng vn /kh khn no bn gp phi trong 6 thng qua?
2. Nhng vn /kh khn no bn gp thuc lnh vc no? Vui lng m t li?
B. Tm n s gip
3. Khi bn i u vi nhng vn kh khn trong cuc sng, bn tm n ai nh h gip
?
4. Ti sao bn thch chn ngi ?
5. Xin vui lng cho bit thi ca bn v vic tm s gip /c vn ca ngi khc khi bn
gp kh khn?
6. C bao gi bn n vi chuyn vin t vn tham kho kin khng? Nu c, bn thng
t vn v vn g?
7. T kinh nghim ca bn, bn gt hi c nhng thnh qu no qua vic tr gip ca
ngi khc? Vui lng gii thch r.
A. Gii quyt
8. Bn thng dng nhng phng cch no gii quyt cc vn /kh khn ca bn?

B. Bn hng dn phng vn su dnh cho cc bn khng tm n s gip

A. Vn kh khn
1. Nhng vn /kh khn no bn gp phi trong 6 thng qua?
2. Nhng vn /kh khn no bn gp thuc lnh vc no? Vui lng m t li?
B. Tm n s gip
3. Khi bn i u vi nhng kh khn ti sao bn khng tm n s gip ca ngi khc?
C. Gii quyt
4. Bn thng dng nhng phng cch no gii quyt cc vn /kh khn ca bn?
5. T kinh nghim ca bn, bn gt hi c nhng thnh qu no qua phng cch gii
quyt cc vn /kh khn ca bn? Vui lng gii thch r.

PH LC 3
PH LC THNG K
Statistics
Gioi tinh
N

Valid

572

Missing

Mean

1.60

Gioi tinh
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid

Percent

Valid Percent

Percent

Nam

229

40.0

40.0

40.0

Nu

343

60.0

60.0

100.0

Total

572

100.0

100.0

Lop
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid

Percent

Valid Percent

Percent

Lop 10

334

58.4

58.4

58.4

Lop 11

238

41.6

41.6

100.0

Total

572

100.0

100.0

Tuoi
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid

Percent

Valid Percent

Percent

14

.2

.2

.2

15

24

4.2

4.2

4.4

16

339

59.3

59.3

63.6

17

208

36.4

36.4

100.0

Total

572

100.0

100.0

Truong

Cumulative
Frequency
Valid

Percent

Valid Percent

Percent

Minh Khai

184

32.2

32.2

32.2

Tran Phu

187

32.7

32.7

64.9

Vo Thi Sau

201

35.1

35.1

100.0

Total

572

100.0

100.0

Co dang song voi cha me?

Cumulative
Frequency
Valid

Co
Khong
Total

Percent

Valid Percent

Percent

545

95.3

95.3

95.3

27

4.7

4.7

100.0

572

100.0

100.0

Cha me dang song o dau?

Cumulative
Frequency
Valid

TP. HCM

Percent

Valid Percent

Percent

558

97.6

97.6

97.6

Tinh

14

2.4

2.4

100.0

Total

572

100.0

100.0

Tinh trang hon nhan cua cha me

Cumulative
Frequency
Valid

Song chung

Percent

Valid Percent

Percent

512

89.5

89.5

89.5

Ly di

31

5.4

5.4

94.9

Goa chong

10

1.7

1.7

96.7

.7

.7

97.4

15

2.6

2.6

100.0

572

100.0

100.0

Goa vo
Cha me don than
Total
$c14 Frequencies

Percent of
Responses
N

Cases

Percent

kho

Hoc tap

429

23.8%

75.9%

khan

Gia dinh

214

11.9%

37.9%

tam

Tinh cam

304

16.9%

53.8%

ly(a)

Tai chanh

124

6.9%

21.9%

Quan he voi nguoi khac

88

4.9%

15.6%

Tuong quan noi chung

36

2.0%

6.4%

Ap luc ban be

180

10.0%

31.9%

Tinh yeu

129

7.2%

22.8%

18

1.0%

3.2%

153

8.5%

27.1%

Ngoai hinh khong thu hut

74

4.1%

13.1%

Ma tuy/thuoc la/ruou che

19

1.1%

3.4%

Khac

34

1.9%

6.0%

Co thai ngoai y muon

Van de giao tiep

Total

1802

100.0%

318.9%

a Group
Group Statistics
Std. Error
Gioi tinh

Mean

Std. Deviation

Mean

Kho khan trong

Nam

229

2.76

.536

.035

van de tinh cam

Nu

343

3.01

.506

.027

ndependent Samples Test

Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

Std.

Kho

Equal

khan

variances

trong

assumed

Mean

Error

95% Confidence

Sig. (2-

Differ

Differen

Interval of the
Difference

Sig.

df

tailed)

ence

ce

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

2.395

.122

Upper

Lower

-5.538

570

.000

-.245

.044

-.332

-.158

-5.475

469.454

.000

-.245

.045

-.333

-.157

van de
tinh cam
Equal
variances not
assumed

Group Statistics

Std. Error
tinh trang gia dinh
kho khan trong gia dinh

Cha me chung song

Khac

Mean

Std. Deviation

Mean

510

2.70

.351

.016

60

2.53

.487

.063

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances

Sig.

t-test for Equality of Means

df

Mean

Std.

95% Confidence

Sig. (2-

Differen

Error

Interval of the

tailed)

ce

Differen

Difference

ce

kho khan

Equal

trong gia

variances

dinh

assumed

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

6.379

.012

3.350

568

.001

.168

.050

.069

.266

2.591

66.376

.012

.168

.065

.039

.297

Equal
variances not
assumed

Group Statistics

Std. Error
Gioi tinh

Mean

Std. Deviation

Mean

Kho khan trong moi

Nam

229

2.33

.516

.034

quan he ban be

Nu

341

2.52

.498

.027

ndependent Samples Test

Levene's Test for

Equality of
Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

Mean

Kho

Equal

khan

variances

trong

assumed

Sig. (2-

Differen

Std. Error

Interval of the
Difference

Sig.

df

tailed)

ce

Difference

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

.682 -4.405

568

.168

moi

95% Confidence

Upper

Lower

.000

-.190

.043

-.275

-.105

.000

-.190

.043

-.276

-.105

quan he
ban be
Equal
variances not

-4.373

476.7
81

assumed

Group Statistics

Co dang song
voi cha me?
Kho khan ve tai chinh

Co
Khong

Std. Error
N

Mean

Std. Deviation

Mean

545

2.59

.403

.017

27

2.79

.264

.051

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

Mean

Kho

Equal

khan ve

variances

95% Confidence

Sig. (2-

Differe

Std. Error

Interval of the
Difference

Sig.

df

tailed)

nce

Difference

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

3.579

Upper

Lower

.059 -2.513

570

.012

-.197

.078

-.351

-.043

-3.670

32.321

.001

-.197

.054

-.306

-.088

tai chinh assumed

Equal
variances not
assumed

Group Statistics

Co dang song

Std. Error

voi cha me?

kho khan trong gia dinh

Co
Khong

Mean

Std. Deviation

Mean

543

2.69

.362

.016

27

2.45

.460

.089

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances

kho khan

Equal

trong gia

variances

dinh

assumed

t-test for Equality of Means

Std. Error

95% Confidence

Sig. (2-

Differe

Differenc

Interval of the
Difference

Sig.

df

tailed)

nce

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

5.219

.023

3.271

568

Equal
variances not

Mean

2.635

assumed

Group Statistics

27.62
7

Upper

Lower

.001

.237

.072

.095

.379

.014

.237

.090

.053

.421

Std. Error
Gioi tinh
Kho khan ve tai chinh

Mean

Std. Deviation

Mean

Nam

229

2.56

.418

.028

Nu

343

2.63

.384

.021

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

Mean

Kho khan ve

Equal

tai chinh

variances

95% Confidence

Sig. (2-

Differen

Std. Error

Interval of the
Difference

Sig.

df

tailed)

ce

Difference

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

.020 -2.142

570

5.466

Upper

Lower

.033

-.073

.034

-.139

-.006

.036

-.073

.035

-.141

-.005

assumed
Equal
variances not

-2.106

assumed

460.3
09

Gioi tinh * Khi gap kho khan, co tim giup do? Crosstabulation
Khi gap kho khan, co
tim giup do?
Co
Gioi

Nam

Count

229

37.1%

46.4%

40.0%

25.3%

14.7%

40.0%

246

97

343

62.9%

53.6%

60.0%

43.0%

17.0%

60.0%

391

181

572

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

68.4%

31.6%

100.0%

do?
% of Total
Count
% within Khi gap kho khan, co tim giup
do?
% of Total
Count
% within Khi gap kho khan, co tim giup
do?

Co

84

% within Khi gap kho khan, co tim giup

Total

Khong
145

tinh

Nu

Total

% of Total

Chi-Square Tests

Value

df

Asymp. Sig.

Exact Sig.

Exact Sig.

(2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square

(2-sided)

4.481(b)

.034

4.101

.043

4.449

.035

Continuity
Correction(a)
Likelihood Ratio
Fisher's Exact Test

(1-sided)

.035

Linear-by-Linear

4.473

Association
N of Valid Cases

.022

.034

572

a Computed only for a 2x2 table

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 72.46.
Tu nguyen hay ep buoc?
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid

Valid Percent

Percent

Tu nguyen

452

79.0

91.7

91.7

Bi ep buoc

41

7.2

8.3

100.0

493

86.2

100.0

79

13.8

572

100.0

Total
Missing

Percent

System

Total

Nguoi ban tim su giup do, trong truong?

Cumulative
Frequency
Valid

Valid Percent

33

5.8

6.2

6.2

Nha tu van hoc duong

18

3.1

3.4

9.6

466

81.5

87.9

97.5

Khac

13

2.3

2.5

100.0

Total

530

92.7

100.0

42

7.3

572

100.0

System

Total

Lop * Khi gap kho khan, co tim giup do? Crosstabulation

Khi gap kho khan, co

tim giup do?
Co
Lop

Percent

Thay co

Ban than

Missing

Percent

Lop 10

Count
% within Khi gap kho
khan, co tim giup do?
% of Total

Lop 11

Count
% within Khi gap kho
khan, co tim giup do?

Total

Khong

Co

241

93

334

61.6%

51.4%

58.4%

42.1%

16.3%

58.4%

150

88

238

38.4%

48.6%

41.6%

% of Total
Total

26.2%

15.4%

41.6%

391

181

572

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

68.4%

31.6%

100.0%

Count
% within Khi gap kho
khan, co tim giup do?
% of Total

Chi-Square Tests

Value
Pearson Chi-Square

df

Asymp. Sig.

Exact Sig.

Exact Sig.

(2-sided)

(2-sided)

(1-sided)

5.356(b)

.021

4.942

.026

5.324

.021

Continuity
Correction(a)
Likelihood Ratio
Fisher's Exact Test
Linear-by-Linear

.023
5.347

Association
N of Valid Cases

.013

.021

572

a Computed only for a 2x2 table

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 75.31.

Tu nguyen hay ep buoc? * Khi gap kho khan, co tim giup do? Crosstabulation

Khi gap kho khan, co

tim giup do?
Co
Tu nguyen hay

Tu nguyen

ep buoc?

Count

Co

87

452

94.3%

82.1%

91.7%

74.0%

17.6%

91.7%

22

19

41

5.7%

17.9%

8.3%

4.5%

3.9%

8.3%

387

106

493

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

78.5%

21.5%

100.0%

Asymp. Sig.

Exact Sig.

Exact Sig.

(2-sided)

(2-sided)

(1-sided)

khan, co tim giup do?

% of Total
Count
% within Khi gap kho
khan, co tim giup do?
% of Total
Total

Khong
365

% within Khi gap kho

Bi ep buoc

Total

Count
% within Khi gap kho
khan, co tim giup do?
% of Total

Chi-Square Tests

Value

df

Pearson Chi-Square

16.349(b)

.000

14.783

.000

13.838

.000

Continuity
Correction(a)
Likelihood Ratio
Fisher's Exact Test

.000

Linear-by-Linear

16.316

Association
N of Valid Cases

.000

.000

493

a Computed only for a 2x2 table

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 8.82.

Statistics
nhan thuc giup do ve cac lieu phap tam ly
N

Valid

570

Missing

Mean

2.7664

Std. Deviation

.38010

Sum

1576.88

Group Statistics
Std. Error
Gioi tinh

Mean

Std. Deviation

Mean

nhan thuc giup do ve

Nam

229

2.7211

.32325

.02136

cac lieu phap tam ly

Nu

341

2.7969

.41157

.02229

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

Std.

nhan thuc

Equal

giup do ve

variances

cac lieu phap assumed

Mean

Error

95% Confidence

Sig. (2-

Differen

Differen

Interval of the
Difference

Sig.

df

tailed)

ce

ce

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

.000 -2.345

568

12.58
4

.019

-.07585

.03235

.014

-.07585

.03087

Upper

Lower

.13938

-.01232

tam ly
Equal
variances not
assumed

-2.457

554.1
94

.13649

-.01521

Group Statistics

Khi gap kho khan,

Std. Error

co tim giup do?

Mean

Std. Deviation

Mean

nhan thuc giup do ve

Co

389

2.7889

.38199

.01937

cac lieu phap tam ly

Khong

181

2.7182

.37248

.02769

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

Std.

nhan thuc

Equal

giup do ve

variances

cac lieu phap

assumed

Error

95% Confidence

Sig. (2-

Mean

Differen

Interval of the
Difference

Sig.

df

tailed)

Difference

ce

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

.016

.900

2.072

568

.039

.07065

.03410

.00367

.13763

2.091

359.349

.037

.07065

.03379

.00420

.13710

Upper

Lower

tam ly
Equal
variances not
assumed

Statistics
dau hieu chiu dung kho khan tam ly
N

Valid

572

Missing

Mean

2.3420

Std. Deviation

.41847

Sum

1339.60

Group Statistics

Std. Error
Gioi tinh

Mean

Std. Deviation

Mean

dau hieu chiu dung

Nam

229

2.4114

.39074

.02582

kho khan tam ly

Nu

343

2.2956

.43037

.02324

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

Sig.

dau hieu

Equal

chiu dung

variances

kho khan

assumed

95% Confidence

(2-

Mean

Std. Error

Interval of the
Difference

Sig.

df

tailed)

Difference

Difference

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

1.702

.193

3.268

570

.001

.11573

.03541

.04617 .18528

.001

.11573

.03474

.04748 .18397

Upper

Lower

tam ly
Equal
variances not

3.331

519.6

assumed

39

Statistics
tro chuyen coi mo voi nguoi khac
N

Valid

572

Missing

Mean

2.6034

Std. Deviation

.40270

Sum

1489.14

Group Statistics
Co dang song

Std. Error

voi cha me?

tro chuyen coi mo

Co

voi nguoi khac

Khong

Mean

Std. Deviation

Mean

545

2.6121

.39746

.01703

27

2.4286

.47214

.09086

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

Std.
Error

95% Confidence

Sig. (2-

Mean

Differen

Interval of the
Difference

Sig.

df

tailed)

Difference

ce

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

tro chuyen

Equal

coi mo voi

variances

nguoi khac

assumed

2.759

.097

2.320

570

.021

.18349

.07909

.02814

.33884

.057

.18349

.09245

-.00592

.37290

Equal
variances

1.985

not

27.85
6

assumed

Statistics
tin tuong vao chuyen gia suc khoe tam than
N

Valid

572

Missing

Mean

2.4081

Std. Deviation

.34752

Reliability Statistics (thang o cch ng ph)

Cronbach's
Alpha

N of Items

.780

44

Statistics

Valid

ung pho tap

ung pho tap

Ung pho de

trung vao giai

trung vao dieu

dat, ne tranh,

quyet van de

tiet cam xuc

tieu cuc

567

572

572

Mean

2.7547

2.5011

2.2031

Std. Deviation

.42468

.41958

.33385

Missing