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Chapter 4 Shear Forces and Bending Moments
Chapter 4 Shear Forces and Bending Moments
4.1 Introduction
Consider
beam
subjected
to
4.2
Type of beams
Type of loads
a. concentrated load (single force)
b. distributed load (measured by their intensity) :
uniformly distributed load (uniform load)
linearly varying load
c. couple
Reactions
consider the loaded beam in figure
equation of equilibrium in horizontal direction
Fx =
HA HA
MB
P1 cos =
= P1 cos
- RA L + (P1 sin ) (L - a) + P2 (L - b) + q c2 / 2 = 0
RA
(P1 sin ) (L - a)
= CCCCCCC
L
RB
(P1 sin ) a
= CCCCC
L
+
P2 b
CC
L
P2 (L - b)
CCCC +
L
+
q c2
CC
2L
Fy =
HA
5 P3 / 13
12 P3
RA = CC +
13
(q1 + q2) b
CCCCC
2
q c2
CC
2L
MA
12 P3 q1 b
q1 b
MA = CC + CC (L 2b/3) + CC (L b/3)
13
2
2
- RA L + P4 (L a) + M1 = 0
MA
- P4 a + RB L + M1 = 0
P4 (L a) + M1
RA = CCCCCC
L
4.3
P4 a - M1
RB = CCCC
L
concentrated load
mn,
the shear
Px
Example 4-1
a simple beam AB
M0,
and a couple
bending moment
(a)
at
(b)
M0
C
L
x =
Fy =
V
M
(b) at
at x = (L/2)+
P
RB = C
4
RA
RA
and
M0
C
L
(L/2)_
0
at
x = (L/2)_
at
Example
3P
RA = C
4
(a)
supports a force
- P
-P/4
M0 / L
- RA (L/2) + P (L/4) + M =
RA (L/2) + P (L/4)
(L/2)+
- P / 4 - M0 / L
P L / 8 + M0 / 2
P L / 8 - M0 / 2
[similarly as (a)]
4-2
a cantilever beam
AB
subjected to a
= q0 x / L
Fy =
V =
Vmax
- V - 2 (q0 x / L) (x)
- q0 x2 / (2 L)
=
- q0 L / 2
4
=
M
= - q0 L 2 / 6
Mmax
4-3
an overhanging beam
supported to an uniform load
q
ABC
at
is
of intensity
moment
- q0 x3 / (6 L)
Example
2 (q0 x / L) (x) (x / 3) =
calculate
40 kN
RB
48 kN
at section D
Fy = 0
40 - 28 - 6 x 5 - V = 0
V =
M
- 18 kN
0
- 40 x 5 + 28 x 2 + 6 x 5 x 2.5 + M = 0
M
69 kN-m
from the free body diagram of the right-hand part, same results can be
obtained
Fy =
V - q dx - (V + dV)
or
dV / dx =
-q
- q dx
i.e.
VB -
VA =
- q dx
A
and
B)
- M - q dx (dx/2) - (V + dV) dx + M + dM
or
dM / dx
B
A
0,
V dx
A
i.e.
MB
MA
=
= V dx
A
this equation is valid even when concentrated loads act on the beam
between
and
and
B,
concentrated loads
equilibrium of force
V
or
- (V + V1)
V1
-P
M1
P (dx/2)
dx
(V + V1) dx
+ V dx
M +
+ V1 dx
M1
M1
is also infinitesimally small, thus, the bending moment does not change as
we pass through the point of application of a concentrated load
M1
- M0
4.5
concentrated loads
consider a simply support beam AB
with a concentrated load P
RA
for
Pb/L
0 <
<
RA =
RA x
note that
for
RB
a <
Pa/L
a
Pb/L
=
Pbx/L
dM / dx =
<
RA - P
RA x
note that
Mmax
Pb/L
with
-Pa/L
- P (x - a)
dM / dx =
P a (L - x) / L
-Pa/L
Pab/L
uniform load
consider a simple beam AB
with a
RA
V
=
=
RB
qL/2
RA - q x
qL/2
-qx
M = RA x - q x (x/2) = q L x / 2 - q x2 / 2
note that
dM / dx = q L / 2 - q x / 2 = V
Mmax
q L2 / 8
at
x =
L/2
0 < x < a1
V = RA
=
M1
for
a1 < x < a2
M
RA a 1
V
M = RA x
RA x
M2 - M1 =
RA
- P1
- P1 (x - a1)
(RA - P1 )(a2 - a1)
Example
4-4
q b (b + 2c) / 2L
RB
q b (b + 2a) / 2L
for
<
< a
RA M
RA x
for
for
<
< a
RA
RA x
b < x
- RB
- q (x - a)
- q (x - a)2 / 2
<
L
M =
RB (L - x)
x1 =
Mmax
for
b = L,
b (b + 2c) / 2L
x1 =
=
L/2
q b (2L - b) / 8
a=c=0
Mmax
Example
q L2 / 8
V-
and
4-5
construct the
for
c,
Mmax
for
<
<
- P1
< x
- P1
- P1 x
and P2
MB = P1 L + P2 b
a
M
- P1 x
< L
- P2 M
-
P2 (x - a)
10
Example
4-6
construct the V-
and
then
qL
=
MB
-qx
=
M
q L2 / 2
- q x2 / 2
Mmax = - q L2 / 2
Vmax = - q L
alternative method
= V-0 = V
V - VA
- q dx
x
M - MA = M - 0
Example
M =
- V dx
0
4-7
M0
1 kN/m
on
AB
12 kN-m on midpoint
M-dia for
the beam
RB
5.25 kN
RC
1.25 kN
on
AB
-qx
-qx
V = constant
on BC
11
= - q x2 / 2
- q b2 / 2 =
the slope of M
on
- 1 x 42 / 2 = - 8 kN-m
is
- 8 + 1.25 x 8
2 kN-m
2 - 12
is
10 kN-m
- 10 + 1.25 x 8
12
as expected