Brief Introduction For Power Swing Detection Methods & Testing

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Brief Introduction for Power Swing

Detection Methods & Testing
Kamin Dave
Application Engineer (Protective Relaying)
DOBLE ENGINEERING COMPANY

Doble Conference - 2007
Basic definitions:
Power Swing: A variation in three phase power flow which occurs when
the generator rotor angles are advancing or retarding relative to each other
in response to changes in load magnitude and direction, line switching,
loss of generation, faults, and other system disturbances.
Pole Slip: A condition whereby a generator, or group of generators,
terminal voltage angles (or phases) go past 180 degrees with respect to
the rest of the connected power system.
Stable Power Swing: A power swing is considered stable if the generators
do not slip poles and the system reaches a new state of equilibrium, i.e. an
acceptable operating condition.
Unstable Power Swing: A power swing that will result in a

generator or group of generators experiencing pole slipping for
which some corrective action must be taken.
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Power swing due to;

Power system faults (System more affected on 3-ph
fault, so power gain is very less)
Sudden changes to electrical power due to rejection of
load or generators
These type of disturbances causes oscillation in
machine rotor angles (Load Angle = 900 or 1200) & can
result in sever power flow swings. Power swings are
variations in power flow that occur when the internal
voltages of generators at different network locations of
the power system slip relative to each other.
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Vector diagram: two machines

Two Machine Problem
E1
E2
ZL
ZS1
ZS2
UB
UA
L ZS1
L ZS2
L ZL
E2 = E'2
E1
UA
UB
U'B
U'A
E'1
'
'L
Pmax = {(E1*E2)/X}*SIN(theta)
If the Load angle becomes too large, the system stability can be lost
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Figure:-1
Power diagram:
Power Diagram
300
Pmax = {(E1*E2)/X}*SIN(theta)
250
Power
200
Critical Angle
150
Stability region
100
Stability limit
50
0
0
50
100
150
200
Angle in Degree
Rotor Angle
If the Load angle becomes too large, the system stability can be lost
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Figure:-1A
Power swing detection methods:

Conventional Rate of Change of Impedance
(Dz/Dt) Methods:
Concentric characteristic schemes.
Continuous Impedance calculation schemes.
Blinder Schemes:
1) Single Blinder
2) Double Blinder
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Conventional PSB detection methods:

It measures the Positive sequence impedance
During a system swing, the measured impedance
moves slowly on the impedance plane, and the rate of
impedance change is determined by the slip frequency
of an equivalent two-source system
Travel Time (Delta-t) from one point to next point is to
differentiate between fault & swing.
Travel time is more than set value then, distance relay
sense as swing.
Travel time less than set value then, it sense as fault
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Concentric circle characteristic schemes:
It is simplest method to detect rate of change of
impedance
Two impedance zones. Inner zone & outer zone
Figure-3 shows, Relay indicates PSB when transition
time of impedance from outer zone to inner zone is
more than set value (impedance locus move slowly).
PSB: Blocks the zones when swing is stable (Figure:-3)
OST: Trip zones when swing is un stable (Figure-4)
Major drawback of this characteristic is load
encroachment.
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Concentric characteristic scheme: MHO Circle

Set Zin & Zout on line angle
Swing Locus
Stable Swing
t = time for transition of Z from outer to inner zone
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Figure:-3

t
Un stable Swing

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Figure:-4

Set Zin & Zout on line angle
R & X reach are

dependent on Z value
Difficult to set on
Load Encroachment
Load
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Figure:-5
Concentric characteristic scheme: Lens

Avoid mal operation during
load encroachment
Load
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Figure:-6

Concentric characteristic schemes:
Polygon Characteristic concept is much more better
than concentric circle characteristic.
Rset & Xset for out zone can able to set independently.
Rset of outer zone can not reach in to Load region
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Concentric characteristic scheme: Polygon

Characteristic in relay type REL511
Polygon Characteristic for Power swing detection: Set R & X reach independently
Set X reach
X
ZS1
Dz2/Dt2
Dz4/Dt4
ZL
2
Dz1/Dt1
1
Dz3/Dt3
0
0
ZS1
Inner boundary = Zin
Zload
Set R reach
Outer boundary = Zout
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Figure:-7

Characteristic in relay type 7SA610
Polygon Characteristic: Set R reach according to Load Encroachment
Angle = 45o
Load Angle = 120o or 90o
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R reach reduce for

Load encroachment
Figure:-8

Characteristic in relay type 7SA610
E1 > E2
ZS2
E1 = E2
ZL
'
A
ZLoad
E1 < E2
load point
R
ZS1
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Figure:-9
Concentric characteristic scheme: Quadrilateral

Quadrilateral Characteristic: Set R reach according to Load Encroachment
Line Angle
Load
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Figure:-10

Characteristic in relay type RELZ 100
Quad + Polygon
Stable Swing
Z4(t4)
Z3(t3)
Z2(t2)
Z1(t1)
Unstable Swing
Zone 3 limit
Zout boundary
Timer unit count to starts travel time when Power swing locus crosses Zout boundary
Travel time (Delta T) more than set time, relay detect as a Power swing
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Figure:-11

Characteristic in relay type P442
Line Angle
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Figure:-12
Continuous Impedance calculation for PSB

detection methods:
Scheme determine Power swing condition based on a
continuous impedance calculation. i.e for each 2ms or 5ms
step an impedance calculation is performed & compared with
the impedance calculation of previous 2ms or 5ms.
This step value is depend on sampling freq. rate.
The next impedance that should be calculated 2ms or 5ms
later is predicted based on impedance difference of the
previous measured impedances.
Not required any delta impedance settings
Require delta time settings
Drawback is; if prediction is correct, then only distance prot.
consider as a traveling impedance & a power swing condition
is detected.
For security reason additional predictive calculation is
required
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Continuous Impedance calculation for PSB

detection methods:
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Figure:-13
Continuous Power calculation for PSB detection

methods: Polygon characteristic in relay type P437
X
Setting Parameters:
Stable Swing
Rset
Xset
Line Angle
Zpos(t)
Unstable Swing
-R
-X
Detect as Fault:
Zpos(t1) = 0 ms
Zpos(t2) < 40 ms
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Detect as Swing:
Zpos(t1) = 0 ms
Zpos(t2) > 40 ms
Figure:-14
Continuous Power calculation for PSB detection

methods: Polygon characteristic in relay type P437
Relay measures the rate of change of Positive sequence

Apparent Power:
Delta-SPOS = (SPOS2 SPOS1) / (SPOS2)
Let,
SPOS1 = Positive sequence Apparent Power at time (t1)
SPOS2 = Positive sequence Apparent Power at time (t1 + 40 ms)
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Pole slip detection method: Relay type REM54

Scheme is applicable for Out of Step tripping of Generator
Pole slip detection = OMHO characteristic + Counter
Counter count number of operation
Reset time required to set properly other wise it will detect loss of field function
Normally counter setting is 3 or 4
-R
Xd / 2
1
2
XS
Counter Reset
Counter
-X
Offset mho
characteristic
Operating Region
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Figure:-15
Pole slip detection method: Relay type REG 316

Pole-Slip Characteristic
Trip When Load angle is

More than Trip Angle
Tripping Angle
X in Ohm
ZA
Warning Angle
-7
-5
-3
-1
-1
ZC
-3
ZB
-5
-7
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R in Ohm
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Figure:-16
Pole slip detection method: Relay type REG 316

System Load angle is more than set value with calculated slip
freq., relay will detect pole slip (Power swing)
Relay calculating Freq slip based on T-Slip time (say 55 ms)
Tripping Angle setting should be based on critical angle of
machine
Without system study, recommended angle setting is 120o
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Blinder Schemes: Single Blinder

Blinder schemes:
Single Blinder (one pair) scheme (Figure:-17):
One sets of blinders: Resistive reach inner (RRI) & Resistive
reach outer (RRO)
It can be used to restrict tripping of the distance relay for loads
outside of the blinders.
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DR/DT schemes:
Single Blinder scheme (Figure:-17):
One sets of blinders:
It can be used to restrict tripping of the distance relay for loads
outside of the blinders.
If travel time is more than set time & it crosses blinder-1, a
power swing situation is detected further it crosses blinder-2
then it gives a tripping.
Scheme is more suitable for out of step protection for
generators.
Correct settings of blinder-2 & RRR are very difficult to set,
again its require high skilled expert to do grid analysis &
effect on machines.
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DR/DT scheme:
How to set timer?
T = {(Critical load angle Rotor angle)*Fn}/{(360)*(slip frequency)}
Where;
Critical load angle = 150 degree
Rotor angle = 90 degree
Fn = 50Hz
slip freq. = 4Hz
T = {(150 90)*(50)} / {(360)*(4)}
= 2.0833 Cycles
T = 2.0833 * 20 = 41.66ms
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Single Blinder
Relay Type: ZTO 11
OST-REGION
Un stable swing
Stable swing
RRR
Blinder-2
Blinder-1
RRR = Reverse Resistive Reach in Ohms

OST = Out of Step trip
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Figure:-17

Single Blinder
Rset is not adjustable in forward

direction
Un stable swing
Stable swing
Blinder-2
MHO supervising unit
Blinder-1
Mho supervising unit will restrict mal-operation of relay

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Figure:-18

CEB + CEH Relays
Swing Locus
Blinder 1
XT+XS
Line Angle
Load Angle = 90o or 120o
Xd
MHO supervising control
Swing Centre = {Xd + (XT + XS)} / 2

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Figure:-19
Blinder Schemes: Double Blinder

Blinder schemes:
Double Blinder (Two Pair) scheme (Figure:-20):
Two sets of blinders: Resistive reach inner (RRI) & Resistive
reach outer (RRO)
Time Counter starts when the impedance vector crosses outer
limit (RRO) & stops when it crosses inner limit (RRI)
If travel time is more than set time, power swing situation is
detected
Scheme is applicable for independent of the distance zones
Correct setting for Blinders are very difficult & it requires
good expert who can able to do power grid analysis.
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Blinder Schemes: Double Blinder

Double Blinders
Blinder-2 Blinder-1
Blinder-1
Blinder-2
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Figure:-20
Testing methods with F6150:

Asynchronous method by using Doble
advance transient creator
Dz/Dt simulation by using State simulation

module
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Power Swing Testing: Asynchronous method

Asynchronous method by using doble advance
transient creator
Two machines
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Select Swing
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Slip freq. = 2Hz
Source-1 parameters
Line parameters
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Source-2 parameters
Save datc file

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Asynchronous method: Power swing Waveform
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Save comtrade file for test
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Power Swing Testing: Dz/Dt Method

module
Total 25 nos. of states
Each state having independent magnitude,
phase angle & frequency controlled
Individual time setting for each state
Each state having option to enter individual
value for L/R constant
Phasor diagram for each state to show
voltage & current vectors
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Power Swing Blocking Testing: REL100

Figure: 11 shows relay characteristic
Module Type: State Simulation
Test Sequence:
Load condition: State 1
Apply 3-phase Fault in PSB locus(Z1): State 2
Apply 3-phase Fault in Zone 3: State 3
Travelling time between State 2 & State 3
should be more than time out setting of relay
(Say: 70 ms if relay setting = 50ms)
Remove fault: State 4
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State Simulation
Z1
Z2
Travel Time
Z3
Phasor
State: 2
State: 3
State: 4
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Excel Spread sheet Control:

Micro Soft Excel Spread sheet for Custom
Application
Easy to use
State Simulation up to 20 states
Easy to simulate any Power System Events
More flexibility to calculate numerical functions
Interface with F6150 via serial communication
Engineers choice
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REL100: PSB Testing

REL100:
Relay settings:
ZONE-3:
Rin = 7.97 Ohms, Xin = 43.97 Ohms
PSB settings (Polygon char.):
Rout = 7.97*1.2 = 9.56 Ohms
Xout = 43.97*1.2 = 52.76 Ohms
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Power Swing Testing: REL100
PSB settings
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State: 1/2/3/4/5
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PSB Polygon
Plot Dz/Dt locus
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Assign Trigger
Auxiliary DC
Run Test
Select Com Port
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REL521: PSB Testing

module
REL521:
PSB settings:
Inner zone settings (Polygon char.):
RIN = 3.0 Ohms, XIN = 3.0 Ohms
Outer zone settings:
KR = 125%, KX = 125%
RIN = 3*1.25 = 3.75 Ohms
XIN = 3.*1.25 = 3.75 Ohms
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REL521: PSB Testing
PSB settings
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Enter values in states
Enter travel time in states
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REL521: PSB Testing
Zin
Dz/Dt locus
Zout
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Pole Slip Relay Testing with F6150 &

Excel Spread sheet control
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Basic definitions: Pole Slip

Pole Slip: A condition whereby a generator, or group of
generators, terminal voltage angles (or phases) go past
180 degrees with respect to the rest of the connected
power system.
High level Transient torque develop in machine shaft
can break the shaft
High Stator Iron flux can over heat generator stator core
Protection is also known as a out of step Protection of
machine
Protection is applicable for synchronous machines
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Basic definitions: Pole Slip

Theta = Line Angle
XT + Xs = 18%
G
Xd
Rotor Angle
Theta
90o
90o
Electrical Centre
Xd = 25%
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Xs
XT
Relay Details:
MAKE : GEC ALSTHOM
MODEL : ZTO 11
Relay Settings:
K1 = 1
K2 = 1
K3 = 8
R = K1*K2*k3 = 8 Ohms
Blinder 1 = 65 Degree
Blinder 2 = 65 Degree
Time = 55ms
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Relay Characteristic: Blinder Scheme
-R
Ope
rati
ng
Reg
ion
ZTO 11
65o
A
Blin
der
1
Blin
der
2
Power swing Locus
65o
Traveling Time (Dt) should

be more than 55 ms from
one point to next point
-X
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Relay Characteristic: Blinder Scheme
65o
-R
A
Blin
der
1
Optional Scheme:
ZTO 11 + YTGM15
Blin
der
2
Power swing Locus
65o
Traveling Time (Dt) should

be more than 55 ms from
one point to next point
-X
Mho Characteristic to reduce the mal operation of relay

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Pole Slip Protection: ZTO11

Four Elements
Over current starter
Blinder 1 Unit (A-Unit)
Timer Unit (T-Unit)
Blinder 2 Unit (B-Unit)
Alarm: Operation of A & T units with O/C starter
Fault condition: Operation of A & B units with O/C
starter
Pole Slip condition: Operation of A, T & B units in
sequence with O/C starter
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ZTO11: Stable Swing
Swing
Locus
Enter Time out

Time more than
Set value
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ZTO11: Pole Slip Condition
VTest & ITest values set for Test
Swing
Locus
Enter Time out

Time more than
Set value
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ZTO11: Fault Condition
VTest & ITest values set for Test
Swing
Locus
Enter Time out

Time less than
set value
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ZTO11: Reverse Resistive Reach Test
Swing
Locus
Enter Time out

Time less than
set value
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DOBLE ENGINEERING PVT. LTD

305-SAKAR, OLD PADRA ROAD,
VADODARA-390 015, INDIA.
Cell: +91 94267 47545
PH: (+91)(265) 655 77 15 & Fax: (+91)(265) 235 62 85
E-MAIL: kdave@doble.com
Website: www.doble.com
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