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8 . FqewLds@{azTa.ins Pon2 hsDepth
exFrien6 iion the{dld ofdelu andplopGitid (@
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The problemis the connection:how are we able ro link
reDGeftarionswth the world of experience?
Looling back to the use of dicrarion s a lansuaseresingprcedure ifd'e dicraredte\r is u eredard'on'
U ,^ " .f rh re ero s e v enw ord'(ot
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mav be heard asrae. Consonantsand clustersof them
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o'
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mountai
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w
n
r"
L
ri
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e
v
e
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ituerpretingrh spokenrexd hs ro tlmlate ir ftom rhe


rargetianguageinto a deepsemioticrepresntatonthat
gn then be linked to sensorimotorimasesPenan'ng to
rheMsaredewii'. Thar is to'av allmeaningtulintet'
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orerrnon.rnvolvean rnremcr
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|f,m
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distinct semiotics)steN
Ordinarv,sensibleuseof lansuageinvolvesa riche'
hiemhv of srstem than co'ld haveeverbeenimasined
by the shallow-thinking proponmrs of sdace-uiented
aooroacherto languageanaLlsis'not ro menton teacnng
and testlng We maypicture someof the addrtioml con(vrrem a'
'
pl eri tyi n tens of a hi erar.h\ofsemi ori c
in {ipu,t 2 The hierat.h) e\pand' on the prrs'
'hown
prce'! or liSureI Afre! 'ker"hrngrhe
mapping
mdril
hreorrhl ,I w i l l showhowi t erpl ai n'cerdi np8m 1r i'

A Hienrchy of Smiotic Systems


Fisure Z shovs a hierarchy of thrce distincr kinds of
I fupa i.ies,"eroonmoror'k nesic'and
reore,entariona
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If
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fdreplsnting
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aboutwharve see.This point rsmde bv Ravlackendotr
Thar is, there mNr be a deep representarionalsvstem
that nediates between whal we seeand whar we sav
OLheruma percn relhngasrorvrbou PeMmlexPeri
ence would not be able e'en to recall ihe sequenceof
venb(hato(.ured, mu.h lesponravrhen r the per

GeneralsemioriccaPaciry

caPrcirY
Lrnguirdcsem,oric

\l

tKl

Fie. 2, Different kinds of seniotic capacities

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