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Chuyn :
VN HO TR
I. Ngun gc ca tr:
Tr l mt ging cy p sinh phng Nam t Trung Hoa, thn cao mt cho n hai
thc. Tr l mt thc ung m ngi Trung Hoa a thch t xa n nay. Thi quen v
iu kin sinh hot ca mi ngi khc nhau, nn t xa n nay c moat s ngi v
cng thch tr. T tin thm mt bc khin h c kh nng thng thc, nghin cu
c bit v tr, thm ch c nhiu cng hin i vi lch s pht trin lu i ca vn ho
tr.
Ch TR t thi ng tr v trc u vit l . Tr tr thnh mt loi thc ung
i khi bt u t thi Tin Tn. Thi xa xa, Trung Quc b ngn cch tng vng, bi
ni sng him tr, cha thng thong lin lc nh hin gi, nn tr c gi bng nhiu
danh t nh : tr, gi, thit, mnh, xuyn.
Gi l mt loi tr ng. Ngi min Ty Nam tnh T Xuyn, quen gi tr l
Thit. Ngi u tin c cng hin c bit n vn ho tr Trung Quc l Lc V,
sng thi Trung ng. Lc V t Hng Tim, qu Cnh Lng (Giang Ty), lc nh
i chi ni b sng b lc ng, c mt v s cu em v cha nui cho n hc. Ong
ghin tr rt nng, ng c nhiu sch, thng sut kinh dch. Vua ng c Tng (780
805) nghe danh sai s mi, nhng Lc V lnh v Thiu Kh (nay vng ph cn H
Chu, Chit Giang) ng ca c sch, ly hiu l Tang Ch ng. Lc V l tc gi b
Tr Kinh rt ni ting.
Trong Tr Kinh c ghi: nu tr mc trn mn l tt nht, mc trn t si l trung bnh,
mc ni t vng l loi xu, tr gieo th khng qa, trng th t sum mu, phi trng ging
nh trng da, b. Loi ttr mc ngoi ng hoang l tt, mc trong vn l xu. Tr mc
theo sn ni v c nh sng mt tri v mc ni rng thiu nh sng, l mu tm l loi
tt, l mu xanh l loi km. Hnh dng l tr nh mc mng l tt, nh hnh chic rng l
xu. L cun li l tt, l xo ra l xu.
V ca tr rt hn (lnh) dng ung vi ai c tnh cn kim tinh t. Nu ung vo lc
tit tri nng bc th tr c th gii nhit. Trong nhiu th k bn Trung Hoa, cc o s c
cng ph bin tr nh mt phng thuc trng sinh, v tr ung vo lm cho ht bun
ng. Ti tnh Phc Kin bn Trung Quc c ni V Di Sn thuc huyn Sng An l ni
sn xut nhiu loi danh tr nh : Hoa Hng, K Chng, Danh Chng, Tiu Chng
Ni V Di Sn l ngn ni cao vt tn my xanh, qunh name tuyt ph, chn ni li eo c
Thc s Nguyn Trung Ton
Tng hp
bng, tht ngang long, chn ngi v chn th khng sao tro c. Ngi ta mi dng
nha phin tp cho kh mc bnh ghin, ri eo gi tre nh nhng vo c con kh, sai tro
ln tt nh hi tr. Nh gi tuyt lnh but nn ging tr hoang mc trn ni V Di Sn,
l qun cun li trng ta m chim. T dn trong vng ch bin ra nhiu loi danh tr
nh : Bch Mao hu, Trm M Tr, Trng Dip Tr, Thit Quan m
Nh hp th sanh kh thin nhin ca to ha, mi m gi nhun cht cam l sng lnh,
gi but, khng mt cht hng trn, bi nh bm vo, nn tr V Di Sn cha c ung,
ch nghe ting n m gay sng khoi, nu c nhp vo mt hp, hng thm ca tr
c th tiu tr trc kh, lm cho tinh thn sng khoi. Vua Kin Long tng ni rng : mi
ln thng thc mt chum tr V Di trm thy nh nhng, lng lng, c cm gic ci m
ht u t v c an nhn t ti. Tr V Di qu l mt th nc gii kht tuyt ho, c th
tr c mi cn nguyn phin no.
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Nu xong chm ra chn, chn th nht l loi thng hng, ct li dng dng ci tinh
hoa ca trv dng hm sc si ca nc. Chn th hai, ba, khng ngon bng. Cn chn
th t, th name tr i, nu khng that kht th ng ung. Phm nu nc c mt lt th
chm c 5 chn (t nht l 3 chn, nhiu nht l 5 chn). Nn ung tr lc cn nng, v
nhng g tinh ty nht ni ln trn, cn b tr chm di, nu i ngui th phn tinh anh
s bay theo hi ht, khi ung s kh tiu ha v khng cm nhn hng v ca tr. iu
lu l khi ang ung d chn m cha ht th khng nn chm thm cho y chn. Mi
ung phn na m mi v ngt ngt l gi. Khng ngt m ng gi l xuyn. Hp
vo ng, n hng cm thy ngt gi l tr.
Tr c chn iu kh: mt l lm, hai l bit phn bit tt xu, ba l dng sao ch,
nu tr, bn l la than, nm l nc, su l hong, h, by llm cho l tr nt, tm l cch
nu, cui cng l ung.
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IV.
V.
Ung tr
C cnh th bay, c lng th chy, h min th ni, ba ci ny c gia tri t, n ung
sng, ngha ca ung, khi nguyn t lu i vy. Nu kht th ung nc, mun gii
cn bun gin th ung ru, mun tra cn bun ng th ung tr. Ngun gc ung tr
pht khi t Thn Nng Th, v ni ting t thi ng Chu Cng nc L. i T c n
Anh, nh Hn c Dng Hng, T M Tng Nh, Ng c V Diu, i Tn c Lu
Cn. u ni danh v ung tr. Sau ny lan trn, truyn n gii bnh dn qua nhiu
thi i v thnh nht vo thi i ng. T nh no cng ung tr. Ung c tr th,
Tng hp
tr ri, tr boat, bnh tr, hoc p dp, hoc ngo, hoc hong kh, hoc m ri ct vo
trong bnh hay h v nc nng vo gi l p tr, hay cho hnh, gng, to, v qut,
th du, bc hnu cho si trm ln, hoc v cho trn, hoc nu b bt.
Nu hi nhm vo lc khng c nng v h vo bui ti, th khng phi l k bit ch tr.
Nhai bit v, ngi bit mi, th khng phi l k bit phn bit ngon d, vt dng hi
tanh th khng phi l tr, ci du hay than ngp (ci dng ri lm ngp tt) th khng
phi l la. Lo lng vi vng th khng phi l nu tr. Ma h nng ung, ma ng b th
khng phi l k ung tr.
Tng hp
trit l v hn na mt o gio hn hoi, chnh thc, phi nhn nhn tr o ngy nay c
nh hng rt ln n vn ho v m thut Nht Bn.
V dng c cn thit th c:
+ Phng tr : Sukuya, do vy gi l Tr that, ng hn v mun tn hng lc th tr o
th phi c am tht hp thc, nh vy mi ng gi l Sukiya, Sukiya gm mt phng
ung tr, v mt tr tht pha tr, mt phng khch i phin v c mt con ng nh
dn khch i ngang qua hoa vin n tr tht. Bi vy nhng bit th no mun c tr
tht phi la ch u tnh nht trong hoa vin m lp, c cy trm thc, c hoa bn ma, c
sui reo bn ma, c cui lout ng, c rong xanh tri t, loi rong ny, ch nhn cho
khch xem bng mt, v khng g tht l v thiu x giao cho bng gim chn ln tm
thm rong xanh bic y.
+ Dng c:
Chawan : pha tr v ung tr
Cha ire : hp ng tr bt
Chasen : cy c nh chut bng cng tre nh tr cho mau tan
Cha saku : mung hay l v xc tr cng lm bng tre
Hu ht nhng dng c trn c ch to mt cch m thut v cng phu
+ Trang phc: cch mc ng theo phng php tr o, phi n mc khim tn, nho nh,
khi c i l quan trng, th nam gii vn chic o rng tay kiu Nht thng thnh gi l
Kimono, may bng la chc, dy, c thu nm ba du hiu sc tc mnh cng tt. Chn
mang bt tt trng gi l Tabi, i vi n cng mc Kimono n s c thu du hiu tc
phi r rt v cng mang Tabi. Du nam hay n khch cng phi mang theo mi ngi
mt cy qut giy xp v mang theo giy tri nh gi l Kaishi.
Phng php hnh l
Mt l tr o Chanoyu, cc nghi thc gm nhng l k ra nh sau y:
Mt ba n nh kaiseki
Mt pht ngh x hi Nakadachi
L chnh goza iri, trong khi din c dng tr m Koicha
Tip theo v dt l l dng tr ngon gi l usucha
Nu u th mt cuc tr o c th ko di trn 4 ting ng h
a) L Kaiseki:
Quan khch c mi d l chia ra tng tp 5 ngi u tc trc ni phng ch.
Ch nhn bc ra trnh din v mi khch nng theo con ng nh dn qua mt
hoa vin xinh xn cng phu n tr tht. Cnh bn ng nh ny c xy mt b
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Chuyn :
VN HO RU
Ru l mt pht minh v i ca con ngi sau la, n tr thnh mt thc ung kh quen thuc
vi con ngi. Vit Nam ru cng tr nn kh quen thuc v khng th thiu trong bt c
trng hp no ca hi h, nh m, gi tt, ma cha, ci hi Sut chiu di ca t nc Vit
Nam, mi vng c mt s c sn ring, ni n ru th qa that l mt ti th v v mun
thu ca con ngi, ch sau tnh yu. min Bc c ru lng Vn, ru lng M, Cn Sn
tu min Trung c ru Hng o, ru Bu , ru Chun, ru Minh MngMin
Nam c ru Nng Hng, ru G en, ru Np Mi Mi vng u c hng v ru
ring, to nn th chi v cch thng thc cng khc nhau.
I. Ru v ngun gc ca l nghi
Theo ch tng hnh v suy lun ca Trung Quc, ch TU l ru gm hai b phn:
ch THY l nc, ghp vi ch DU c ngha l ln men. Hai ch ghp vi nhau
thnh cha Ru. C ngha l men c ct chung vi nc to thnh ru.
Nhng qu hi lm v n khng ht, cht ng, b ln men, cc loi ng cc b m
cng ln men. Khi ln men chng ta ra mi thm d chu, n vao thy v ngt m say
xa v t ngi ta lm ra ru. V nh ru B o lm t nho, Ty Vc a vo
Trung Quc t i ng. Cng c kin cho rng, con ngi trong thi i
bit lm ru. Khong 8000 nm TCN, thn ru Hy Lap gi l Dionysos, La M
gi l Bacchus, thn l con ca siu thn Zeus vi Sml, l v thn c ru ria sm
xom, c tng trng vi dng mnh d, u ngi c 2 sng. Bacchus l thn ca
ru, ca s say m, ca sn khu, cc nh iu khc, cc ha s khp ni u ua nhau
nn tng v v chn dung Bacchus, trong c Lonard de Vinci.
Ru l vt t phi c t t tri t qu thn, cng l vt khng th thiu torng l nghi
hi h. Vi rt nhiu ngi m ni, cm v ru tr thnh song song khng th tch
ri, ch cn n cm th khng th thiu mt lng ru nht nh, nhng cng nh tr,
ru l mt loi xa x phm ch khng phi l phm vt thit yu, mun ung ru th
cn nhiu tin hn l n no. nu ru c coi nh mt th o, tu o, mt tn
gio, th vi ngi Vit Nam, Trung Quc v cc nc ng vn khc t lu tn Lu
Linh lm ng t. Lu Linh tn ch l B Lun, (210 270) sng vo cui i nh Ngy
ca To Tho, v u i Tn ca T M .
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+ Ru G en
L loi ru c bit vng G en, thuc huyn Bn Lc tnh Long An. Thi Php
thuc, chng khai thc bc lt mi sn vt, ti nguyn v nhn lc trn lnh th Vit
Nam. Chng ra lnh nghim cm vic chng ct ru truyn thng ca ngi Vit
Nam cc loi ru ngoi nhp ca Php d lu hnh trong lnh th Vit Nam.
Ngi dn x G en ny nhiu i c lu truyn ngh chng ct ru truyn
thng nn gi cho ngh khng b tht truyn, ngi dn vng G en, ban m
ln em men ru sn ra nhng cnh ng nu ru, v s nu trong
nh, nhiu k gian rnh rp bo cho bn thc dn Php bit, v v mun gi b quyt
ngh truyn thng khng b mai mt, v th mi c tn l Ru . Loi ru ny
sn xut vng G en, nn dn gian hay gi l ru G en. Nhng cnh ng
ngy xa vng ny rt nhiu, theo c Vng Hng Sn trong tc phm T V
Ting Ni Min Nam th cy thn m, c nhiu hoa nh li ti ging nh cy lau
sy.
Dc quc l 1, khi i ngang qua khu vc G en ca huyn Bn Lc tnh Long An,
du khch d dng thy c hai bn ng c by bn rt nhiu can nha, pha trc
c ghi l ru G en. Nguyn liu nu ru ch yu l go, y c rt nhiu l
nu ru, vic pha ch, men ty theo b quyt ca mi gia nh, ngoi ra cn c
ru neap, ru ma, ru thuc (c ngm thm nhiu v thuc Bc, rn, tc k, t
ong)
+ Ru Minh Mng
Cng nh cc triu i qun ch khc trong lch s Vit Nam, triu i Nh Nguyn
(1802 1945) lp ra mt c quan ti kinh chuyn trch v y t, gi l Thi Y
Vin, chm lo sc kho cho hong gia v iu hnh cng vic cha bnh cho mi
ngi trong nc. Nguyn tc chung ca thit ch b my hnh chnh nh nc l
nh th, nhng xem ra trn thc t, nhim v ch yu ca c quan y t trung ng
ny l trng coi, phc v sc kho cho vua v hong gia, cho nn chng ta khng l
g khi thy s sch ca nh Nguyn cn gi Thi Y Vin l Ng Y Vin v vin ny
ng ngay trong T Cm Thnh l ni dnh ring cho nh vua v gia nh n sinh
hot hng ngy.
Thi Y Vin c thit lp t thi Gia Long (1802 -1819) v tn ti mi cho n thi
Bo i (1926 1945), nhng trong s 13 vua nh Nguyn th c 2 ng vua t ra
quan tm nhiu nht v hiu qa , t chc v hot ng ca c quan ny, l vua
Minh Mng (1820 1840) v vua T c (1848 1883). Hai v vua ny c 2 l do
khc nhau.
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thuc m vua Minh Mng dng hng ngy ng gp khng nhiu th t vo hot
ng tm tr, cc t duy chnh tr thng nht ca nh Vua. Theo nguyn tc ca triu
Nguyn th toa thuc b y ch dng ring cho vua Minh Mng m thi, khng ai
c php bt chc s dng, nhng v cng hiu r rng v kt qa tt p ca n,
cc quan ln trong triu phm thng mt cch b mt bng cch sao chp em
v dng nh ri sau lan truyn dn ra trong dn gian.
Ngay t thi vua Minh Mng, toa thuc c t tn l Nht d ng giao, gi
tt t mt cu th tng truyn l ni v hot ng sinh l ca vua Minh Mng:
- Nht d ng giao sinh t t
- Nht d ng giao sinh lc t
- Nht d lc giao sinh ng t
B. Trn th gii
1. Trung Quc
Nu ru c coi nh mt th o Tu o, mt tn gio, th i vi ngi Vit
Nam, Trung Quc v cc nc ng vn khc t lu tn Lu Linh lm ng t ca
ru. Lu Linh tn ch l B Lun (210 270), sng vo cui i nh Ngy ca To
Tho, To Phi v u i Tn ca T M , T M Vim. Ong khng mng chuyn i,
mc du hc rng ti cao, ng thng ngi trn mt chic xe hu, ko i vi v ru
ln, ung trin min, sai ngi vc cuc theo sau bo cht u chn nay.
Ru Trung Quc c nh hnh trn 4000 nm. Ti Bnh Sn H Bc, o thy
c nhng h ru, bt, chn, tc ung ru ca thi Xun Thu Chin Quc. Mi
a phng ch ru theo iu kin trng trt, kh hu, a l, truyn thngca mnh.
Nhn chung ru c chia thnh 5 loi: Hong tu (ru vng), Bch tu (ru trng),
ru hoa qa, ru hoa qa phi hp vi ng cc v ru vang. Hong tu l loi ru
c th coi nh c xa nht th gii, trn 4000 nm, ngi Trung Quc c ru ny.
Ru Thiu Hng ni ting trong lch s xut s t vng Thiu Hng tnh Trit Giang.
Ru c ch bin bng loi ru np mi thu hoch vi nc khong Thin H v
men c bit. Ru Thiu Hng trong sut, thm ngon, c coi nh mt dng thuc b.
Ru Thiu Hng cn gip cho vic tiu ha d dng, lm b mu v loi tr c s
mt nhc. Do vy c s dng rng ri trong ton dn. Chai, v, h ng ru c
trnh by theo con mt m thut dn gian, nhiu mu sc, c hnh cc con vt, hoa l,
phong cnh, hnh v v cc chuyn dn gian ph bin. Bi vy ru Thiu Hng cn
c gi l ru trang tr, c c th gii bit n.
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Ru Phc Kin cng c ch bin t loi la np thm, nhng dng loi men phi
hp c nhiu v thuc, rt c li cho sc kho. Li cn ru K, ru i Mch, ru
Cao Lng, ru hn hp vi loi ng cc, ru h th c tch tr trong nhiu nm.
Ru mnh, ru trng c ch t i nh Tng (960 1279). Ru mnh Trung Quc
ni ting v trong, thun, thm d chu, ct t ng cc, c khong 40% cn. Cn
nhiu loi ru mnh vi cng c ch bin, cch s dng men v k thut khc nhau:
Mao i, Ng Lng, ng Tu, C Tnh, Mai Qu L, L Chu, Khng Ph Gia
Tu.
Ru Mao i coi nh l thng hng. Th trn Mao i cao hn mt nc bin 400
mt, kh hu m p, c ngun nc tuyt vi. Ru Mao i c nhng thnh phn ch
bin hp l v c nhng iu kin l tng cho vic ct ru..
Thim Ty c loi ru mnh gi l Bt T Tu, ni y c ging tin, c nc
chy t trn ni xung. Ngy xa ti Cnh Dng, nc ting ru Cnh Dng thuc
thnh Dng Cc huyn Dng Cc, ni y cho ra i loi ru qy Thu Bnh
Hng. Thy H truyn miu t chi tit y l: V Tng trc qun ru Tam quyn
bt qu cng ung lin mt lc 18 chn ru lm cho tinh thn sn khoi, tng
thm sc mnh h.
Sch c ca Trung Hoa ni v ru c nhiu thuyt, phn ln l do truyn tng trong dn
gian. S sch lu li ch chng mt na, ngi ta cho rng, ng t ca ngh nu ru l
Khang, dn gian quen gi l Thn Tu. T i nh Thng, cch nu ru bng ng
cc kh ph bin. Vn vit trn mai ra, khc trn ng h u ghi li, ngi nh
Thng ly ru lm t t tin. Sang i Tn, Hn, k thut nu ru cng pht trin
vi tc nhanh. Ton nc Trung Hoa u bit ct ru vi nhiu loi ng cc khc
nhau. Ru go l cch nu ru c trng ca ngi Trung Hoa. Thi Trung c, cc
danh s i Ngy Tn, cc nh th i ng, cc Ho Hn, cc chnh khch lng danh,
u ly ru lm mt nghi thc vn ho khi giao tip v rt coi trng nhng pht gp g
trong cuc ru. Ru l th vn ho gn b vi i sng nn nhng b ru cng v
cng phong ph, tin nhn bit nu ru cng l lc bit lm gm.
Sch Thanh kh thc m loi ch c ghi li rng, vua Cn Long d cho mt s quan i
kho st cc lung nc, ging, sui nc ri nh gi xem ngun nc no tt nht
cho vic ct ru. Cui cng kt lun: nc sui Ngc Tuyn kinh s l tt nht. Cung
nh nh Thanh dng nc sui Ngc Tuyn nu ru, nht l vo ma xun, ma
thu, Bc Kinh t nc ma. Nc t nhin sui phun ln tht trong sut v ti mt.
Cung nh nh Thanh, doing ln mt cha nu ru trong thnh Ty An, xy doing mt
Tu Cc (cc lo v ru) gm 24 gian, do 6 s ph nu ru. y dng nc Ngc
tuyn nu ru, nguyn liu phi ch men c gi b mt v khc vi nhng loi
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khc. Vua Cn Long thng dng ru Ngc Tuyn, ngi ta phi mang ru theo vua
khi ng vi hnh.
Ru cn dng Hong thng cho cc sng thn, thi gim, cung tn m n. L
ru trong cung nh cn ch ra loi ru ung tr ma qu gi l ru T, ung
vo cui nm. Ru Hng Hang v ru ngm rn ung vo tit oan Ng, ma thu
ung ru Hong Hoa. T Hy Thi Hu cho trng mt vn cy san dip v sen qy
ri sai thi gim ly nh sen v thuc Bc nu ru, gi l ru Sen.
2. Chu u
c gi l ru, thc ung phi cha khong 14 % cn tr ln (trn 150), nhng
vi nng ny, ru cng ch l loi ru vang, d l mang nhn hiu Champaghe,
Mdera, Port
Ru mnh gm mt s loi thng dng trn th gii c nhiu ngi bit n qua cc
tn Whisky, Cognac, Rum, Vodka, Gin torng Whisky, Cognac c sn xut nhiu
hn c.
Whisky l sn phm chng ct t ht lc i mch, luau mch en, bp v cc loi ng
cc c ht nh khc. Trc nm 1820 tt c cc loi Whisky u c lm ra t mch
nha ca la i mch, c 4 dng Whisky chnh trn th gii l: Scotch (T Cch Lan),
Irish (i Nh Lan), M v Canada. Trong dng Scotch l lu i nht khong 1.100
nm v cng ni ting nht. c mang tn Whisky Scotch theo lut php nc Anh,
ru phi c nguyn liu l la mch, c trong cc thng g Si vi thi gian t nht
l 2 nm.
Johnnie Walker (Red Label) nhn c pha ch t 40 loi Whisky Scotch c
trn 3 nm. Loi Black Label (nhn en) cng c pha ch t hn 40 loi Whisky
Scotch ngon nht nhng tt c phi trng thnh lu hn 12 nm cho chn mi.
Whisky M cn c tn l Whisky Bourbon, dng nguyn liu chnh l bp. Theo qui
nh ca chnh ph M, y l loi Whisky c chng ct t mch nha ca cc loi ht
vi trn 51% l bp, cn khng c vt qa 80 v phi c torng thi gian
ti thiu l 2 nm, mc du hu ht Whisky Bourbon u c t 4 nm tr ln.
Whisky M c coi l ngon nht c cn t 63 n 70 , khi chng ct v qua thi
gian ch cn trn di 35 . Whisky Canada ch dng la mch en v bp lm
nguyn liu chnh, cng vi cc loi ht nh khc, phi ti thiu 4 nm trc khi bn.
Do dng nguyn liu chnh l la mch en nn Whisky Canada cn c tn l Rye
Whisky ngha l Whisky la mch en v co mu t nu m n en.
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Chuyn :
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II. B tt tng
B tt gi tt t ch B tt a (Bodhisattva) vn l danh hiu gi c
Pht khi cha thnh Pht, do vy hnh tng B tt u cn c theo hnh tng thi t Tt
t a. Y phc a dng, nhng lun c thin y, u i bo quan, tai eo vng, c eo
chui anh lc, bp tay, c tay, c chn eo vng xuyn, c eo nhiu trang sc. B tt tc
l qu v sp thnh Pht nn c mt s qy tng.
B tt l lp th nguyn cu Pht o, ha chng sanh, li tri qua mt trnh
tu luyn nht nh mi t c qa v ny. Trch nhim ca B tt l hong dng chnh
Php, gio ha chng sanh. Trong Pht gio a v ca Pht l cc cao, l i biu ca chn
l, ha thn ca lng tin, khng ch no khng c, khng c u g khng lm c.
Nhng i lc khin ngi ta cm thy cnh gii ca Pht c th hy vng m khng th
n, c th tip cn, thn b mthiu cm gic gn gi. Nhng i vi B tt th Ta khng
vo a ngc th ai vo, B tt gn gi vi nhn gian v ngi ngho kh hn.
B tt nhn gian ph chng sinh, dng mun vn ha thn n vi chng
sinh mi ni, gii cu kh nn cho chng sinh, do khin cho chng sanh c cm gic
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thn thit hn. Sau khi o Pht truyn vo Trung th th loi tn ngng B Tt ny rt
ph hp vi tm l dn gian
Cc tng B tt hoc ngi, hoc ng trn ta sen, c khi ci trn lng th, tay
cm Php bo hay bt n l hiu ring ca tng v. Nh ngi a Tng B tt, ngi trn
lng con Thnh, tay tri cm tch trng, tay phi cm qa minh chu. Hoc nh B
Tt Vn Th ngi trn lng con s t xanh dng mnh, biu th cho tr tu dng mnh ca
B tt, tay tri cm hoa sen xanh, tay phi cm bo kim, bo kim tng trng cho tr tu
c th chm dt mi phin no v minh. i vi tng Ph Hin B tt ngi trn con voi
trng su ng, tay phi cm chy Kim Cang, tay tri cm Kim Cang Lnh, tng trng cho
hnh nguyn ca ch B tt.
Trn y l vi nhn bit c bn cc tng Pht, B tt. bit cch bi tr cc tng trong
cha nh th no l ng qui thc th nn chia nh cha ra lm 4 lp nh sau: in th Pht, Nh
bi ng trc in th Pht, nh hnh lang hai bn cha, Tng ng hay T ng. y
ch l cch phn b mang tnh tng qut, v quy hoch tng th th cn ty thuc vo c im
ca tng cha. Tuy nhin 4 lp nu trn c tnh c bn trong hu ht s b tr cc cha.
A. in th Pht
Trc khi vo cha n Pht in, thng thng ngi n cha thng i qua
cng Tam Quan, c lm rng ri, cch thit k cng Tam quan ty theo tng cha c
cch kin trc ring. C nhiu cha xy dng Tam quan c c lu chung, lu trng v
gian th Vi H Php nh Tam quan cha Thin M (Hu) hoc cha Bt Thp (H
Ni). Tuy vy cng c nhiu cha Tam quan rt n gin, xy dng mt cng chnh, c 3
li i vo, bn trn lp mi m dng hoc xy dng theo kiu trng dim, to nhiu b
mi chng ln nhau nh Tam quan cha Kim Lin qun Ty H H Ni. y l dng
cng Tam quan c nht v nh hin cn nc ta. Ch c mt dn hng ngang 4 ct, m
ra 3 li i c cch ng m bn trn l h thng con sn 2 tng chng u cc con
rng. Khu ca cc con rng ny thu nh dn ti nc. B v ko c ni vi nhau
bng cc hng x trn v x di to nn 3 gian (3 li vo) trong ca gia nh cao hn
ln vi bn mi xo rng cng vi cc u ao un cong bay ln pha trn. Hai cng hai
bn thp v hp hn, c mi nh chui st di mi cng v ta ra 3 pha ngoi.
Trong o Pht Tam quan c ngha l: ba ci li vo, bao gm:
Khng quan: ngha l qun xt mi s vt khng c tht tnh v tht tng, tc mi
vt trong th gian u khng tht, nh trong Bt Nh Tm Kinh c ni: Sc tc th
khng, khng tc th sc, th, tng, hnh, thc, dit, phc, nh th. Mi th trn
23
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24
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25
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26
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27
Tng hp
5. Dim La Vng
6. Bin Thnh Vng
7. Thi Sn Vng
8. Bnh ng Vng
9. Th Vng
10. Chuyn Lun Vng
28
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Chuyn
29
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30
Tng hp
Trong thi k ny, s du nhp ca phi Thin Lm T v To ng t Trung Quc sang Vit
Nam. Pht gio pht trin mnh ti ng Trong t khi Cha Nguyn Hong vo trn th vng
Thun Ho nm 1558. Trn 200 nm, cc Cha Nguyn ht lng m o Pht.
Hai thin s ni ting ca phi thin Lm T l ngi Nguyn Thiu (1649 1729) v ngi Liu
Qun (? 1792). Ngi Nguyn Thiu t Trung Quc sang, ng ngi ph Triu Chu, tnh
Qung ng. Cn ngi Liu Qun l ngi Vit Nam ( tnh Ph Yn). Ngi Liu Qun l t
ca thin phi Lm T i th 35, khai sn nn cha Thin Tn Hu.
Thin s Nguyn Thiu n Vit Nam vo nm 1677, i cha Nguyn Phc Tn, ng lp cha
Thp Thp Bnh nh. Sau vng mnh ca Cha v Trung Quc mi cc danh tng, cao tng
sang Vit Nam truyn o. Ngi mi Thin s Thch i Sn (tc Thin s Thch Lim, thng
gi l Thch u , ngi Trit Ty Trung Quc), ngi c Cha Nguyn mi lm tr tr
cha Thin M. Nm 1696, trc khi ln ng v nc, ngi truyn B Tt Gii cho Cha
Nguyn Phc Chu (Quc Cha), ban hiu l Thin Tng o Nhn, t ni php i th 30 ca
To ng chnh Tng. Thin s Thch Lim l ngi c cng truyn b phi To ng ng
Trong
Giai on 4: T TK XIX n nm 1920
Nh Ty Sn, ph b nhiu cha trin, ly chung, php kh trong cha em nu chy lm v kh,
nhiu cha b trit h lm ni t l tri t, hoc ni ct giu v kh, lng thc. Nh Nguyn
ln ngi, vua Gia Long v cc v vua nh Nguyn cng khng m o nhiu nh cc v cha
Nguyn, tuy nhin, do cc b Hong Hu, Thi Hu ca truyn Nguyn, mn m o Pht, cc v
vua nh Nguyn ht lng hiu tho nn v m m b tin phng cng, trng tu tn to nhiu ngi
cha. Trong thi gian ny cc vua nh Nguyn cng Sc T cho nhiu ngi cha trong c nc.
Bn cnh , cc v vua nh Nguyn cn mi cc v Cao tng, danh tng vo trong cung ging
php, lp n chay tnh cu xin Quc thi dn an. Cc nh th, nhn s, Nho s ng thi cng t
nhiu nh hng bi gio l ca nh Pht trong cc tc phm ca mnh nh : Nguyn Du (Vn T
Thp Loi Chng Sinh), Nguyn Gia Thiu (Cung On Ngm Khc), Nguyn Cng Tr (Vnh
Pht), Chu Mnh Trinh
Giai on 5 : T nm 1920 n nay Gio hi Pht gio Vit Nam thng nht
Phong tro phn i s n p ca ch Ng nh Dim, phong tro chn hng Pht gio tri
qua 50 nm (1920 1970) t c nhiu thnh tu nhiu mt. Bn cnh c nhiu tng phi
ra i nh: Khut S, Thin Thai Gio Qun Tng
31
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32
Tng hp
Tn dn gian: Cha ni T Ku
a ch: X Tn Lp, huyn Hm Thun Nam, tnh Bnh Thun
Tr tr: Thng ta Thch Chn Thnh
Thi gian to lp: - Gia, TK 19, do t s Hu c
- Khi cng trng tu vo ngy 07/05/1993
c im: C tng Pht Thch Ca nhp nit bn di nht ng Nam , 49 thc, cao
11 thc, xy dng nm 1963, hin nay c h thng cp treo sn xut nm
2002, vi chiu di ton tuyn cp l 1600m, cao 505m c trang b t
25 n 35 cabin, c cng xut ch khch t 700 n 1000 khch/gi
2. Cha C Thch (Bnh Thun)
Tn t: C Thch T
Tn dn gian: Cha C Thch, Cha Hang
a ch: x Bnh Thnh, huyn Tuy Phong, tnh Bnh Thun
Tr tr:
Thi gian to lp: Gia TK 19, do thin s Bo Tng khai sn, sau ng H Cng
im t chc xy dng ngi cha khang trang v t tn l C
Thch T, c trng tu t 1956 1964.
3. Cha Long Sn (Khnh Ha)
Tn t: Long Sn T
Tn dn gian: Cha Pht trng
a ch: s 22 ng 3 thng 2, phng Phng Sn, TP. Nha Trang, tnh Khnh Ha
Tr tr: Thng ta Thch ch Tn
Thi gian to lp: Xy dng nm 1886 do HT Ng Ch khai sn
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Tng hp
c im: Nmtrn i Tri Thy, c tng kim thn Pht T do Thng ta Thch
c Minh v iu khc gia Bu in thc hin 1964 1965, Pht i
cao 24m, tng cao 14m
4. Cha T Quang (Ph Yn)
Tn t: T Quang T
Tn dn gian: Cha trng, cha Bch Thch
a ch: Thn Cn Lng, x An Dn, huyn Tuy An, tnh Ph Yn
Tr tr: Thng ta Thch Thin Tu
Thi gian to lp: Vo cui TK 18 do thin s Php Chuyn t Lc Truyn , hiu Diu
Nghim (Ngi Qung Nam). Nm 1992 c trng tu.
c im: Cha nm gia mt vng ton trng, nn tc gi l cha trng. y l
qu hng ca T Liu Qun. Cha c sc t vo thi vua Thnh Thi.
Hin cn gi c i hng chung i Duy Tn
5. Cha Thp Thp Di (Bnh nh):
Tn t: Sc t Thp thp Di T
Tn dn gian: Cha thp trng, cha Thp thp
a ch: Thn Vn Thun, x Nhn Thnh, huyn An Nhn, tnh Bnh nh
Tr tr: Thng ta Thch Vin nh (1994 nay)
Thi gian to lp: Cui YK 17, do thin s Nguyn Thiu t Qung ng TQ dng
nn, ng l i th 33 ca dng thin Lm T.
c im: y l ngi t nh c bit quan trng ca khu vc min Trung. Ni y l
ni dng chn u tin ca Thin s Nguyn Thiu, v t s truyn dng
Lm T u tin vo khu vc min Trung
Ti dy c ngi thp ca v Ha thng Thit Kin - Liu Trit, vi nhiu
huyn thoi linh ng vi ngi cha v o hnh ca ngi. iu c bit ngi
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35
Tng hp
36
Tng hp
Chuyn :
HON QUAN
Dn gian vn cn lu truyn cu tc ng Vui nh lng c ng B. Ong B l
ngi con trai bn nam, bn n, gia nh no may mn c ng B th pho bo ngay vi
lng cc c quan hu trch cp trn bm bo vi b L, b L s cho nui nng a tr theo
nghi l trong cung. Khi khn ln a v ni lm Thi gim phc v cng vic thng ngy
trong cung cm, lng no ng B s c triu nh min thu trong 3 nm, v th dn lng
rt vui mng khi bit a phng mnh va c ng B.
Nhng ngi mi sinh ra bn nam, bn n th gi l Gim sanh (mi sanh ra
gim). Nhiu ngi n ng, v sinh k, t nguyn ct b tinh hon c tuyn vo cung lm
thi gim th gi l Gim Lt. Tt c nhng ngi lm thi gim torng cung gi l Hon
Quan. Hon y l lm ti t, nhng do ci tn hon quan lm ngi ta hiu t Hon l
Thin.
Trong cung cm ch c mt ngi n ng l ng kim hong , cn li l ton b cc
b phi tn, n quan, th nT vic sai vt, hu h vua, cc b Thi hu, cc b phi cho n cc
vic nng nhc khc ca i sng trong cung u giao cho Thi gim. Cng vic c bit nht
v nng n nht ca cc Thi gim l xp t cho vua gp g cc b phi tn. Ban m sau gi
vua lm vic, c sch, lm th hoc xem ht Bi, thi gim ln vua mt ci khay ng cc
phin thch, ghi tn cc b phi tn ca vua, vua c v chn phin thch ghi tn ngi vua
mun gp. Thi gim c bn phn em phin thch c chn treo trc ca phng ca ngi
c chn. Ngi c chn mng r i n ma mc, lin i tm ra sch s v xc 1 loi
nc hoa c bit do cc b t to. Tm ra trang im xong, cc b chong ln mnh mt tm
vi ln v ngi ch Thi gim n vc mnh ln in Cn Thnh l ni vua ng. Thi gim ghi
chp tn tui cc b phi v ngy gi vua gp cc b phi v bo cho Quc S Qun ghi vo s
theo di vic khai hoa n nhy v sau.
Vic chn la ngi no l do vua quyt nh. Nhng cc Thi gim cng c nhiu mnh
khe c th gii thiu vi nh vua nn chn b no. Do nhiu Thi gim c cc b nut
lout c vua sng i nhiu ln. C nhiu b khinh thng Thi gim nn cha bao gi gp
mt vua. Tuy tt c u l ti t, nhng i ng Thi gim cng c phn chia (k t thi
Minh Mng) lm 5 bc (ng ng). Mi bc u c lnh tin v go khc nhau (v d: hng
nht Th ng vi chc v l Qung v v in s th c cp s tin & go hng thng l 6
quan v 4 phng go).
V trang phc ca Thi gim cng ging nh cc quan khc u c l phc v thng
phc. L phc ca Thi gim bng la mu lc dnh cho nhng v c ng cp cao v mu xanh
da tri dnh cho cc ng cp thp. Trc ngc o ca Thi gim c thu 1 bng hoa mu lc
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Tng hp
trn nn phn bit vi cc quan vn thu hnh chim v quan v thu hnh con th 4 chn.
M ca Hon quan khng c cnh chun. Thng phc ca thi gim l o di en, qun trng,
u bt khn n mu en.
Thi gim l nhng ngi thn cn nht ca nh vua v bit r i t ca vua. trnh
s lng quyn ca cc Hon quan, nh Nguyn dng Thi gim sai vt ch khng cho d vo
chnh s. Nh Nguyn c bi hc rt ra t cn thn Thi gim L Vn Duyt. Nm Minh
Mng thou 17 (1836), vua Minh Mng cho doing ti Vn Thnh Hu mt tm bia khc r vic
ch trng dng Thi gim sai khin truyn lnh trong chn ni nh m thi, khng c
d mt cht no vo vic triu chnh bn ngoi. Ai phm phi iu ny u b trng tr nng
khng cht tha th.
Thi gim l ngi c cu to khng bnh thng v mt tm sinh l, nn nt mt nht
nht, vc dng mnh mai, ging ni eo o, b iu rt r, tnh tnh nht nht khc vi ngi
bnh thng. Trong thi gian ti chc, cc Thi gim ngy m sng trong cung phc v vua
v cc b v ca vua hoc sng cc lng phc v cho cc b ga ca vua qu c. Nhng
khi au yu hoc v gi, cc Thi gim phi ra name cha bnh hoc sng tip qung i cn
li ca mnh ti Cung Gim Vin ngay pha ng Bc bn ngoi Hang Thnh. Cc Thi gim
khng c cheat trong Ni hoc cc lng. Nhng ni thing ling ch dnh cho vua v cc phi
tn ca h. Trng hp trong khi phc v m gp chuyn chng lnh cht bt c k t th thi
hi ca cc Thi gim khng c em ra bng ca chnh trong cung, m phi qung ra khi
kinh thnh. V khng th lp gia nh c con ni di, nhiu Thi gim kt vi nhau lm bn
trm nm, tm s, chuyn tr, an i nhau hu lm ngui ngoai ni c qunh ca i mnh v
h xin con nui c ngi th phng, nhang khi sau ny.
u th k 19, ti vng ni x Dng Xun c tho am mang tn An Dng Am, phong
cnh ht sc nn th, do Ha thng Nht nh khai sn to lp. n thi vua Thiu Tr
(1843), Thi gim Chu Phc Nng, ng ra vn ng cc Thi gim triu Gia Long, Minh
Mng v dn chng, ng gp xy dng Tho am An Dng thnh mt ngi cha khang trang,
v sau vua T c sc phong vi bin ngch Sc T T Hiu T. n triu Thnh Thi,
nhiu Thi gim khc li quyn gp tin bc tu b thm mt ln na. H hin ht cho cha
T Hiu s rung Gim in m trc nay nh vua cp cho h gn Qan Linh Hu thuc
phng Ty Linh. T rung Gim in tr thnh rung Hiu in, do cc Thi gi trng tu
v hin rung t nn cha T Hiu c xem nh cha ca Thi Gim. V Thi gim c th
trn trng nht l T Qun L Vn Duyt, trong khun vin cha hin nay cn thy c 20
ngi m ca cc Thi gim c cng vi cha. Ngi m no cng c dng bia, ghi r h tn,
chc tc ca ngi qu c.
38
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39
Tng hp
1. iu kin t nhin :
V tr a l :
- Bc gip vng ng Nam b.
- Ty gip CPC v Vnh Thi lan .
- ng v Nam gip bin ng .
a hnh.
- Bng phng, b chia ct nh bi nhiu h thng sng, rch v kinh o .
- C nhng vng trng ln : vng trng ng thp mi, v T gic Long xuyn thng b
ngp nc vo ma ma, gi l ma nc ni.
Kh hu.
- Cn xch o gi ma.
- C hai ma : kh [thng 11 4], ma [thng 4 11]
- Kh hu n nh, t b thin tai, bo lt.
t ai.
- Ch yu l t ph sa mi (t en, mn) do ph sa sng M Kng bi p
- Chia lm 3 loi t :
t ph sa ngt: phn b dc sng Tin v sng Hu, l nhng ging t cao,thch hp
lp cc vn cy n tri, chnh ni nay to nn nt sinh hot vn ho vt cht, tinh
thn cao nht ca BSCL, Gi l Vn minh mit vn.
t phn: Thng nm trong vng trng ng thp mi v vng T gic Long Xuyn,
y l vng ngp nc vo ma ma, xa gi l ma nc ni, nay do nh hng rng cy
u ngun, nhng p thu in Trung Quc, Lo, Thi thng x nc vo ma ma,
nn vo ma ny thng sinh l ln.
t ph sa mn : nhng vng thp ven bin : C mau, Sc trng, Kin giang, Tr
vinh, Bn tre, Tin giang. Chu nh hng trc tip ca nc bin.
Sng ngi.
- ng bng Nam B chnh l con ca sng M Kng .
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Tng hp
Sng M kong di 4.200 km, bt ngun t Ty Tng (Trung quc), chy qua 6 nc :
Trung Quc, Myanma, Lo, CPC, Vit nam.
- n Vit nam sng chia lm 2 nhnh : S. Tin v S. Hu , ra bin 9 ca : ca Tiu, ca
i, Ba lai, Hm lung, C chin, Cung hu, nh an, Tranh , Ba thc. Nn ngi Vit
gi l cu long.
- y l con sng m, nui nng nhiu dn tc vng Nam b, t th h ny sang th h khc
gn lin vi dng chy ca n, thch nghi vi mi bin c, mi tai ng, ho ng cng
vi n, cng hng lc t dng sng ny.
2. ngha kinh t t iu kin t nhin BSCL:
- L va la ln nht c nc, hng nm sn xut hn 16 triu tn la (1998), ngun xut
khu go chnh yu ca c nc.
- Vng t tr ph vi cy tri 4 ma : Cam, Qut, Bi, Su ring, Chm chm, Nhn...
- Vng sng nc hin ho, nn kinh t v sinh hot ca ngi dn gn lin vi vng sng
nc : Nh ni, ch ni, giao thng trn sng rch, nui tm, c, thu sn v nh bt
v.v...
- Nhc im : Giao thng b hn ch, vng trng ngp vo ma ma. Sp ti nh nc c
k hoch u t khc phc nhng im yu ca BSCL nhm a nn kinh t vng
ny pht trin hn na .
-
41
Tng hp
Chuyn
42
Tng hp
Chuyn
43
Tng hp
- Cch rch Gm 4km v pha thng lu l rch Rau Rm lm im quan st tin tiu.
- Gia sng c c lao Thi Sn di 7-8km rng vi km, c th lm ni phc binh.
Hnh qun :
- Sau khi ln k hoch nh ch, c th Nguyn Hu v tng lnh v M tho trc
chn trn a mai phc.
- Khi i qun ko vo, Nguyn Hu phn tn lc lng t ngoi bin vo trn a mai
phc, nhm trnh tai mt ch.
- i qun tin thng v ng n ti M Tho.
B tr trn a :
- Mt i qun phc rch Gm kho ui.
- Hai i qun phc hai bn b sng Tin (c n pho)
- Mt i qun phc c lao Thi sn nh vo mn sn ch chia ct i hnh ch.
- Mt i rch Mt nh thng vo qun ch.
- Ngoi ra dng thuyn nh d p st chin thuyn ca ch trong trn a mai phc.
n chnh tr :
- Khi ng qun M tho, Nguyn Hu m nhiu trn nh lin tip vo qun Xim Tr
Tn.
- nh mt vi trn ln quyt lit, gi thua, rt v phng th.
- Tip theo xin ging ho v tng nhiu l vt cho Chiu Sng v tng s Xim.
- Lm cho ch kiu cng, v khot su mu thun ni b Xim Nguyn.
- T Nguyn Hu hi iu kin cho mt chin thng v i.
4. Din tin trn nh
- Trn chin din ra vo rng sng ngy 19/ 01/ 1785 n tra ngy 20/ 01/ 1785.
- Sau khi nhn nh qun Ty Sn khng mnh, ang ch ging ho, Chiu Sung hn
vi Nguyn nh m 18/ 01/ 1785 ko ton b lc lng, 20.000 qun Thu v 30.000
qun b tn cng vo i bn doanh ca Ty Sn M Tho.
- i qun tin tiu ca Ty Sn chn nh v d ch lt vo trn a mai phc ng thi
dim.
- Rng sng ngy 19/ 01/ 1785, 20.000 qun Xim v 300 chin thuyn lt vo trn a mai
phc ca Ty Sn.
Din tin trn nh .
- i qun tin tiu quay li cng phi hp vi lc lng chnh nh chn u qun XimNguyn .
- i qun rch Gm tin ra kho ui.
- Pho 2 bn b S. Tin bn vo qun Xim-Nguyn.
- i qun phc c lao Thi Sn nh chia ct i hnh v tiu dit ch.
- Dng thuyn nh cht rm ci ang chy xui nc tri vo thuyn gic .
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Tng hp
- Tra ngy 20/ 01/ 1785, 20.000 qun Xim v 300 thuyn chin b tiu dit gn nh hon
ton.
Tm li
Hn 200 nm tri qua nhng chin cng ca trn rch GmXoi mt vn m vang trong
lng ngi dn, thm mt chin cng hin hch ca anh hng o vi Ty Sn, gp phn
quyt nh p tan xm lc ca qun Xim.
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Tng hp
Chuyn
VN MINH MIT VN
1. Khi nim vn minh mit vn
- Sng Cu long chy vo vng Nam b chia lm 2 nhnh S. Tin v S. Hu, trc khi ra
bin, dng chy quanh co lm cho vt liu ra tri lng li to thnh nhng c lao trong
sng, ng thi dng chy chm ph sa bi p 2 b, tr thnh vng t thch hp trng
cc loi cy n tri, l t mit vn"
- Mit : l vng t nh hn min.
- Mit vn : l nhng vng t ging cao ro, t g ven sng thch hp trng cy n tri
.
- Vn minh : l ch np sng vt cht (n, , mc, sinh k...) v tinh thn (gii tr, vui chi,
nt sinh hot vn ho, th cng, l nghi, ...) trong mt hon cnh lch s v a l nht
nh.
2. Mit vn tiu biu cho hnh thc sinh hot vt cht v tinh thn cao nht BSCL
- Khng phi ni no Nam b cng c ph sa, nc ngt trng cy n tri, mit vn
ch l mt khu vc nh trong ton th BSCL, ch c mt s vng trong cc tnh : Tin
Giang, Vnh Long, Bn Tre, Cn Th, ng Thp.
- iu kin to lp vn cy:
t cao ro, khng b ngp lt hng nm vo ma ma.
t t phn, c ph sa mi.
C nc ngt ti cy.
Nc phi c lu thng t mng ra sng ci, phong thu gi l sng su nc
chy, l iu kin ti cn gi v sinh vn cy ly nc lm sch.
K thut tinh vi mit vn l o mng ln lip. Gia 2 mng l mt lip,
mng cng su lip cng cao, nc ln mang ph sa lng vo y mng, ri
c qung ln lip, bi b cho cy (khng tn phn bn).
- So snh hoa li gia vn cy v trng la :
Vn cy n tri thu li gp 5 10 ln so vi trng la .
Ngi ch vn ch mt ln mn nhn cng lm c, mc mng, m
thu li nhiu t (ht ma cam n ma xoi, chui...), Cn lm la
ch thu c 1 ln, m cng sc li b ra nhiu hn.
Ngi ch vn t tng bn, t chu kiu vay nng li hn nng dn.
Lm rung d b mt ma hn, vn cy n nh hn.
Lm vn t dm ma di nng.
t vn gi cao hn.
- Mit vn tiu biu cho hnh thc sinh hot vt cht v tinh thn cao nht BSCL.
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Tng hp
4. Du lch mit vn
- Thuc loi hnh du lch sinh thi (du lch xanh).
- Khu du lch vn rt hp dn, thu ht ng o khch ddu lch.
- C lao Thi Sn (Tin giang), C lao An Bnh, Bnh Ho Phc (Vnh
long), Vn cy M Khnh (Cn th), Vn cy Ci Mn (BnTre)...
47
Tng hp
Chuyn
VN HO C EO
1. Vng quc Ph Nam
-
Theo th tch c Trung quc, sau cng nguyn vng nam ng dng c vng quc
tn Ph Nam (phnom = vua ni).
Vng quc ny pht trin mnh h lu sng M Kng, c lc vng quc ny kim
sot v pha ng c vng nam Trung b(VN), Ty n thung lng sng M nam(Thi
lan), pha nam n bc bn o Malaysia.
V vua u tin ca Ph Nam c bit n trong lch s l Hn in, ngi ngoi quc,
c l n t n .
Theo truyn thuyt : V vua ny rt tn sng cc v thn B la mn, nn thn cm
ng, cho nm mng thy thn linh, trao cho cy cung thn v truyn lnh xut
dng trn chic thuyn ln. Sng hm sau ngi ra n lm l, th thy mt cy
cung di gc cy, bn dong thuyn ra bin, gi thn a thuyn n t Ph
Nam. y c mt n vng tn l Liu Dip, cn tr, kho mnh, ni danh trong
nhng cuc chinh pht cc nc lng ging. V n tng ny thy thuyn l lin
xua qun ci thuyn nh cp, b Hn in bn mt mi tn thn xuyn thng
mn thuyn n tn ch Liu Dip ng, trng mt tn qun, Liu Dip hong s
xin hng phc. Sau Hn in ly Liu Dip, cai tr x s ny v lp nn vng
quc Ph Nam.
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Trong im l cha Linh Sn sn pha ng ni Ba Th, c nhng di tch kin trc bng
, gch v, tng c v vt tch tng gch c chy di t sn ni n chn ni, trong
cha hin cn lu gi khong 10 phin c du gia cng, trang tr v c ch Phn c.
Khai qut Long An
Ti Long An cc nh kho c khai qut c nhiu di ch c ho, Vnh Hng v
xung quanh th x Long An, gn 100 di ch Oc Eo vi 1.200 hin vt.
c bit l cm di tch Bnh T : Gm khu vc G n, g Xoi, g 5 tc, cch th x
Tn An 40 km, thuc p Bnh T, x c Ho H, huyn c Ho, c phn b theo trc
l c Vm c ng.
Ngi n G xoi : su 1.7 1.9m c coi l a im hnh l ca ngi Ph nam,
trong c 26 hin vt bng vng, c bn khc ch Phn c ln l bng vng ghi li cu
kinh Pht v nhiu hin vt khc nh tng thn Siva, Vishnu, cc linh vt, Linga Yoni,
gm mn, qu, sa thch...
Nm trong tng th di ch kho c ng thp mi v vng ph sa c c Ha, di tch
Bnh t ng vai tr trung tm chnh tr, vn ha ca nh nc Ph Nam v Chn Lp c.
Qua hin vt gm pht hin Vnh Hng, cc nh kho c khng nh ngh th cng lm
gm pht trin mnh trong thi k ny.
Khai qut ng Nai :
Ti ng Nai pht hin nhng kin trc xy dng bng gch, chng c dng nhng
ngi n hnh ch nht, c hnh lang bao bc 3 mt Ty, Nam, Bc.
Lonh Thnh khai qut nhng hin vt bng kim loi, cc trang sc bng , ht
chui, tinh th thch anh, gm mn, snh s, trng men.. ..
ng Nai, cc di ch c nin i mun hn ni khc.
4. c im ni bt trong nn vn ha Oc Eo
Kin trc tn gio:
- Qua nhng kin trc v hin vt c khai qut, cc nh kho c khng nh vng
quc ny chu nh hng ca 2 tn gio : B La Mn v Pht gio.
- Bng chng l tng thn Siva, Vishnu, Brahma, Linga Yoni, cc tng Pht bng
ng, g...
trang sc :
- Ht chui v qu : nhng ht chui tm thy c nhiu loi : qu, mu, thy
tinh...Hnh dng phong ph : trn, lc lng, lc gic, hnh ng...
- trang sc chm khc hoa vn tinh xo : vng eo tay, khuyn tai, nhn, lc lc...nhiu
cht liu khc nhau : , vng, ng...
Tin t :
- Tin t chim s lng rt t, vi cc cht liu nh : ng, Ch, Thit, Ch St...
- ng knh khong 1cm 2cm, c c ni hnh ngi, ng vt, tho mc...
- Chng t ngh luyn kim pht trin, c bit l h thng tin t thng nht, mua bn, trao
i, l ng lc gip nn kinh t pht trin nhanh hn.
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Qua nhng vt dng thng thng, trang sc, ht chui...cho chng ta thy
vng quc Ph Nam pht trin mnh qua cc mt kinh t, bit s dng ng tin
trao i d dng. M rng thng cng giao lu vi cc nc. Ngh th cng
rt tinh xo...Cho thy nn vn minh pht trin rc r ca vng quc ny.
4. Nhng vn b n ca Vn ha Oc Eo
- V cuc sng v sinh hot ca ngi Ph Nam : Nh s c Trung Quc miu t cch ngi
thoi mi ca ngi Ph Nam : Vua ngi nghing, chn phi co ln, chn tri bung thng
xung t..
- Tang l : S c Trung Quc ghi ngi chu tang phi co ru, tc, mai tng c 4 cch :
Thy tng, Ha tng, a tng, iu tng.
- Nhng cn nhiu phong tc, tp qun, li sng, sinh hot, lng thc chnh ca ngi Ph
Nam th vn cn nhiu iu cha r, v d nh ht c ph c pht hin khi khai qut...
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VN MINH SNG NC
1. Nhng yu t hnh thnh VMSN
Yu t t nhin :
- Nam b l vng t nm trn vn trong lu vc 2 dng sng ng Nai v Cu Long, li
phn h lu ca 2 sng ny, gn ca sng. Tc l t ca sng gip bin
- Ni n Nam b ngi ta ngh ngay n cnh ng tt tp tn chn tri, thin nhin khong
t v h thng knh rch chng cht.
- Ngoi sng Tin v sng Hu, theo gio s L B Tho Nam b c ti 5700 km ng
sng. Nu tnh tng chiu di sng, knh, rch...BSCL ln n 20.000 km
- H thng knh rch, knh o, v sng ln ni thng cc vng vi nhau, ta nh dng
lng chim, khp mt vng rng ln t TPHCM ti tn mi C Mau, c th di chuyn bng
ng sng t ni ny n ni khc .
- Sng rch thng ra bin thun li cho vic hnh thnh cc hi cng.
Yu t lch s :
- Ngay t bui u i khai ph vng t phng nam, tn ti v pht trin, cuc sng ca
ngi dn phi thch nghi vi vng sng nc, nn gn lin vi vng sng nc knh
rch.
- Du n lch s li l tn lng, tn xm gn lin vi sng (Tin giang, Hu giang, Kin
giang), bn (bn Lc, bn Tre), rch (rch Gi, rch Si, rch Miu)
- Do nm trong vng sng nc nh vy, nn t xa con sng, bn nc gn lin vi cc
hot ng kinh t, vn ha, tinh thn, tn ngng, l hi ca ngi dn, hnh thnh nt vn
minh c o VMSN.
- BSH v cc ni khc khng c.
2. Nhng sinh hot trn vng sng nc
Nh :
- Nt c o nht l kin trc nh , th theo mng li sng rch (BSH tp trung
thnh cm dn c)
- Nh lun quay mt ra sng mt tin sng. Knh rch cng chnh l ng ph, bnh d
th mng lng chi, bn nc.
- Ngoi ra cn c nh trn sng, phn chm trong nc l lng nui c hoc thy sn khc,
gi chung l nh nui c lng hay nui c b.
Ch ni :
- H thng knh rch chng cht to nn thy giao l, t hnh thnh nhng ch ni, mt
nt sinh hot c o c trng ca ring vng sng nc Nam b.
- Tnh trung bnh : 1 th trn ln c 1 ch ni ln 2 ch ni nh.
- 4 ch ni quan trng ca BSCL: PHNG HIP, PHONG IN, CI B, CI RNG.
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CA NHC TI T
1. Khi nim:
- Ti t : L lm vic do s t gic, theo thch ring, khng bt buc, khng tnh ton v
li trong cng vic.
- Ca nhc ti t : Theo nh vn Sn Nam th n ca ti t l phong lu, khng t danh li
trong lc lm ngh thut, n ca di dng tnh tnh, giao ho vi ngi tri m.
2. S ra i ca n ca ti t Nam b
- Nam b l vng t mi, ch c khai thc mnh vo th k 19, a s l lu dn trn xu,
lu thu, lu y, nhng ngi c chiu m i khn hoang, nhng ngi lnh...
- C dn vng Ng Qung vo khai khn, lp lng, lp p.
- Bui u khai hoang, nhng chiu nh qu, ct cao li ca, iu n t min Bc, min
Trung gii su.
- n ca ti t l dp bn b gp nhau, ting n cu ca thay cho li tm s, t tp n ca
nh mt sinh hot thng l ca nhng ngi dn y.
- Gia TK 19 thc dn Php chim Nam b, ngi dn li phi chu nhiu cnh p bc bt
cng, iu n xa qu cng thm ai on trong cnh nc mt, nh tan.
3. Nt c o ca ca nhc ti t
- S hnh thnh ban nhc ti t mt cch t nhin : Ngi ta m t, mt bui chiu vm
sng, trn nhng chic tu ch con nc ln, vng vng u y ting n do khc Lu
thy trng nghe m , thit tha, khch ng cc chng trai, cc c gi, trong xm, ly
n ha cng v ngu nhin hnh thnh nhm n ca ti t ngay trn sng .
- Nt c o ca n ca ti t c th k th t : Nht l, nh ngm, tam nam, t an, ng
im, lc xut...bt ng v 10 bi lin han.
- Trong li n ca ti t thng c chia : Ba nam (nam ai, nam xun, nam o), Su bc
(Nga bc, nga nam, kim tin bn, kim tin qu...), T i on (do ng Ba i sng
tc) v hn 100 bi bn ngn: Phng hang, o ng cung, Vn thin tng, Trng thu d
khc, Lu thy hnh vn, Lu thy trng ...
- Nhn vt CAO VN LU vi bn D C HOI LANG sng tc 1920, pht trin
thnh bi VNG C sau ny.
4. T ca nhc ti t n Ci lng
- Nm 1910 M tho c ban nhc ca ng Nguyn Tng Triu (ng T Triu): T Triu
n km, Chn Han c huyn, Mi L thi tiu, By V n c, Hai Nhiu n tranh,
c Ba c ht, c mi sang Php biu din v a ln sn khu cho nhiu ngi cng
xem.
- Ong Tng Hu nh (ph Mi Hai) Vnh Long sng kin ca nhc ti t c ra iu b.
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NH HNG BALAMN : Ngi Khmer Nam b nay l Pht gio, nhng trc kia
o B la mn du nhp vo x hi ngi Khmer. Hin nay hnh nh nhng v thn
Balamn vn cn nh hng su m trong vn ho Khmer : Thn Vishnu (Khmer gi l
Hari), Brahma ( thnPrum), Siva. Cc tng Linga yoni vn cn c bo tn mt s
ngi cha Khmer. Ph bin l cc trang tr cc chac tng Chn (Yak), Thn Kh
(Hanuman), Tin n (Kayno), Chim thn Garhda (Kruct ?).
TH NAK T (ng t) : Miu th thng u lng, bn trong c mt tng (i khi
c vi ph ln), l v thn bo v lng.
Ngoi ra, cn th nhiu v thn khc : Arak wei (thn bo v rung), Arak
Chuorbour (thn bo v dng h), T vada : l tin thnh cu kho mnh, bnh an may
mn...
3. Cc l hi chnh ca ngi Khmer
- Choi chnm thmy : Mng nm mi, thng t chc vo thng 3 lch Khmer ( khong
13/4 m lch), ko di 3 4 ngy. Ngy th hai thi p ni ct ngoi rung, th hin nh
ni la. Ngy th 3 tm Pht v n thp tro Bang skoi cu nguyn cho ngi qu c.
- L Ok Om Bok : L cng trng, thng l 15/ 10 m lch. Cn gi l l nut cm dp,
cng tri cy, , t chc th n trn sng, cc s th n gi ln tri. c bit mt s ni
t chc ua ghe ngo.
- L Xen Dolta : Cng ng b t tin, t 28/ 8 1/ 9 lch Khmer, vo ma ma, lc ma
mng tt ti, gn xa ting chim ku (quan nim chim t tin). Ngy 1 : Dng cm cng
si, mi t tin v hng l, b th ma qu i kht. Ngy 2 :Lm g, vt cng t tin.
Ngy 3 : Cng tin ng b t tin, mang mt t thc n th trn b (ng b c ci n trn
ng ).
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- Tuy vy sng MKng cng mang lng ph sa 1.000 triu tn/ nm (1 t tn ?), gip cho
nhng cnh ng la Nam b lun xanh tt.
- Nhng ging t cao ven sng Tin v sng Hu gip cho vic pht trin cy n tri.
- Gip ng bng ln ra bin hng nm t 80m 100m mi C Mau.
- H thng knh rch chng cht, dng lng chim, gip cho vic giao thng thun li trong
c vng ng bng rng ln , thm ch cn lu thng n tn Phnm pnh.
- H thng sng ngi knh rch chng cht nh vy cn gip iu tit l c thun li .
- Ma kh, lu lng t, thu triu lm cho vng ven bin ngp mn, nh hng n i
sng ngi dn ni y.
TM LI : Sng MKng to nn chu th rng ln Nam b v ch thu vn ca
n nh hng su sc n i sng ca v kinh t ca BSCL c hai mt tch cc v
tiu cc.
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M THO I PH
1. Gii thiu thnh ph M Tho
- Din tch : 50 km2; Dn s (1998) : 149.000 ngi.
- Trung tm kinh t , hnh chnh, vn ho, ca tnh Tin giang, l TP ln, p ca BSCL
cch TPHCM 73 km.
- c tri t ting Khmer Me so M Tho , ngha l ngi con gi p hay mt loi c
thm.
2. M Tho i ph
- Gia nm 1679 nhm ngi Hoa do Dng Ngn ch v Trn An Bnh c Cha Hin
cho vo Gia nh khai khn vng t M Tho .
- Cui TK 17 M Tho tr thnh trung tm thng mi ln Nam b, theo Gia nh thnh
thng ch Trnh Hoi c m t : Ch ph ln M Tho, c nh ngi ct chm, nh cao,
cha rng, ghe thuyn cc ng sng, bin n u ng c, lm thnh chn phn hoa,
hi ng c...
- Thng nhn cc nc : Hoa, Ty dng, Nht bn, Ch v...n y bun bn.
- Hng ho, sn vt : sn phm nng nghip, hng th cng nghip.
- Ch M Tho nm ng 3 sng : sng Tin v sng Bo nh (do Nguyn Cu Vn o
nm 1705).
- 1781 di l s dinh Trn nh v Ging Kin , thuc x Tn L Ty, huyn Chu Thnh ,
tnh Tin Giang ngy nay.
- 1785 trong trn Rch Gm Xoi mt, qun Xim tn ph M Tho , nn phn ln c dn
chuyn v vng Bn Ngh.
- 1788 xy dng li thng cng M Tho, nhng khng cn c nh xa.
- Khu ph c M Tho hin nay cn li trn ng Nguyn Hunh c, thuc phng 2 v
Phng 8 Tp M Tho .
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MIU B CHA X L HI VA B
1.
-
Lch s xy dng
1825 xy dng miu B bng tre, l
1870 xy li bng ming, lp ngi.
1972 xy dng nh hin nay, ch cn bc vch sau lng B l ca miu c. Do kin trc
s Hunh Kim Mng thit k, nhng cha xy dng hon thnh nh bn v.
2. Truyn thuyt
Cch y gn 200 nm c mt ton ngi gp tng B trn ni Sam, nhng mang
xung khng ni. Sau B p ng ln t xng l cha x, biu chn 9 c gi ng
trinh ( c thuyt cho rng 40 c), mang xung mi ni, khi n v tr hin nay th khng i
c na, t ngi ta lp miu th B y.
Khong nm 1820, Thoi Ngc Hu dp gic Chn Lp quy nhiu bin gii Ty Nam,
nh b Chu th T cu nguyn cho ng thng trn tr v. Khi v ng nghe chuyn nn
cho rc tng B v lp miu gn ni ca ng cho tin vic nhang khi.
Theo nh kho c L. Mallaret, nm 1941 nghin cu tng B , ng cho rng y l
tng thn Vishnu c tc t TK th 6 7. Tng c khun mt n ng , thn th n
b, ca ngi Khmer b qun lu i trn sn ni, c ngi Vit mang v t sn li,
mc o gm, i mo, eo dy chuyn vng...tr thnh B Cha X.
3. L hi B Cha X
L mc dc : ( tm B ) vo lc 00 gi ngy 24/4 m lch.
- Dng mn che kn tng, hai ph n c chn trc, tm thay cho B ( nc tm l
nc ma nu vi qu v hng hoa ).
- Sau phn pht nc tm cho khch ly phc.
- Y phc ca b c ct nh phn pht cho mi ngi ly lc
L sc phong : 25/4 m lch .
- L l rc b t lng Thoi Ngc Hu v miu B, c nghi tng, nghi vt, ma ln...
- n 00 gi l Tc yt mi b d l. Sau l l xy chu, ht bi vi nhng nghi thc :
dng heo ( tng trng l huyt heo v lng heo ), dng hng, dng ru, c vn t,
cui cng l dng 2 tun ru 1 tun tr .
- Tip theo : Chnh bi, ca cng (i din ht bi) lm l v c :
Nht si thin thanh ! (ry ln tri xanh )
Nh si a minh ! (ry xung t mnh mng )
Tam si nhn trng ! (ry cho loi ngi trng th )
T si qu dit hnh ! ( ry dit qu d )
- Sau l mt hi trng v t chc ht bi.
L cu an, cu phc : 04 gi sng ngy 26/4 m lch
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- Trong l cu phc c cng bi, thnh xim, xc th, xin ba, vay tin...
- Ban ngy ma v, ca nhc, ma bng .. .. ..
- L hi cu phc ca khch c th ko di c thng.
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Hn nhn v gia nh
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- Ngi con trai i ci v, c ngi mai mi, ngy ci ngi con gi Chm Nam b
c ph din nhan sc, o qun cho mi ngi nhm nhn.
- Cu trc gia nh v dng h Chm Nam b c lp theo pha bn cha, t tn con km
theo tn thnh Hi gio.
- Ch a th c lut Hi gio cho php (ti a 4 v), song thc t ch c ngi giu
mi ly c nhiu v, Nhng Chm Nam b cng theo ch 1 v 1 chng, tun th
php lut Vit Nam .
- Hin tng hp hn Vit Chm cng ph bin BSCL.
Tang ma
- m ma ngi Chm Nam b n gin, v sinh, th v chn trong ngy, khng cng kin
n ung.
- Khi a tang khng thiu xc, khng ku khc.
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