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Dept of ECE/TCE
T.John Institute Of Technology
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Circuit Diagram
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- M

Staircase out to CRO

D0

D1

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vcc

Output
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8

The capacitor C has to charge through resistance RA. The larger the time constant RAC, the longer
it takes for the capacitor voltage to reach +2/3VCC. In other words, the RC time constant controls
the width of the output pulse. The time during which the timer output remains high is given as
tp = 1.0986 RAC
Where RA is in ohms and C is in farads.
tP = 1.1 RAC

So pulse width,

The pulse width of the circuit may range from micro-seconds to many seconds.

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! 0! ! #
7
" 0
!/! 9
! H!/
7
8
! / 00 ! 0!
7 /; # .1
!/!# /!
!
! / 0 "" ; 8
!9
! "" !7 7 /! ;
!
00
" # !/ ! !/
//! " 0!0 # !:
" 7! 7 !
"
# !
!7 /
9
! 0 ! 7;
0 ! 9 8!1 5 !
!
7
0
/0 ! 1 1 8
! / 00 ! 0!
7 /; #
!
7
/ 0# / !/ 9
! 77!7
7 0 / !7 #/
!
! / 0 "" ;
8
!1
0 8 /;
0 "" ; 8
! 0 ! "" !7
! 00
" # !/ /!0
8 /
0
!
" 7! # ! // !/ 0 ! 9 8!
/7 ! 9
!
7
!7 0
1
!
0
" 7! # ! //! " 0!0 0 8 /;
/7 !
9
!
7
0
1
!
!7 /
!
8!/ 0 ! //! " 0!0
" 7!
7
!7 9 8! 0 0 9
? 1 < =1

!"

&

' ! ),

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Circuit Diagram

0-

9( #
(4 -

-(

.
!

9(

9(

.1
1)1

-1
)1(

!"

.1(
(1.1-

&

?
P
1
1.-(
14)

' !)

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Procedure
! 2
!
" ! 0 0
! !/1
? 0
!7 ;
!
! 9!! 0
! !/ / 7 * 9 C.E(C<" "=
8 /; #/!: ! ; # 0
! !/ / 0
>
$" 0
!71
6 0
/
00 ! 0
00
"!/
1
2! !
!
0 00 9
/
7 /
< =1
9
## ! ? < 7
" = #
7
0
1 ? / // !/ #/!: ! ;
[# I <#/
!0 0
0= #
7
0
1 7J 0 ! // !/ #/!: ! ;
!
>
*$'1 <G!/! # !
! !0
=1
9
!
7
0
7 7J 0
" 7!
C ' 'V ?/!: ! ; .
( 2GH 7
7 0 / !7
" 7!
7
!7 $"1
?!!7
"
P " !0 7
7
0
O " !0 #
*1 *
/ "!H 7 " !/ 0 0 0 9 1
R!!" // !/
" 7!
0
1 C /;
7
8
! < " 7!=
0 !"0
7 ! 0 /! C > 7 C
7
!
7
7!>1
'
! / "
7
0
8!/0 0
7
7!>1

%
'
)
*
/
3

- 4- 5

(
Modulation Index () = (Vmax Vmin )

/ (Vmax + Vmin)

Vm = (Vmax Vmin ) / 2

Vmin

Vmax

Trapezoidal Waveform

Result
0

!"

66

&

' ! )4

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

8 2, . ,2

Aim
(

?4
$

(
. #

Components and Equipments Required

(4
/

9 -

00 /

!0 0 /0

"

/0

A1

. $
6? .4-

. 23

(( 23

-1,23

1.+#

* ,4

'

7!

'

5 /!0

* '/

/7

!0

Theory
4"/ " /
'
0
!'
/

(4 -

( .
!
" 7! # ! !00
/ !/
!
!00
/! ! 8!/ 7! 7
!0 </!
0/
!00 ! 0
1

!
" 7! # !
" 0! 0 " ! 0
!0
!
! #0 "
1 !
!0
0 / 0
!7
/! ! 8!/1
0 / /! 8!/0= ! '
0
!

9 78
!0 # / 0
'
0
0 / !/
"!!
0
0
/!A
# !7 /
# !'
" 0! 0 0
! ! !/ ; /!: /!7
/ 0
!
" 0!0 0
!00
! ! !/ ; /!: /!7
/ 0
!
0
1
!
!
!/8
! 9!!
! '
" 0!0
; ! # !7 9
0 " !0 #
!/
!00 !0 9
90 0!8!/
!00 !0
! / 0
!7
0
! 0;
!
!V
0 !
: ! 0
!7 (
(- 4 ? # ,. 1
7! 7
! !'
0 ! # / !7 ; 0
/ !1 #0 S ( > #
!"

0
! /
" ! " 0! #/!: ! ; <#0=

&

!00 ! 0
0 ! /! !/

!'

0
! &;: 0

' !-

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Circuit Diagram
.

, (

, ( 6 SS B +

M
# /# E. 2 H

E 1.+# + E .$ <. R H > 1.+#= E *3 C

Procedure

%
'
)
*

6!# /! 9 /
! /
! 20
!
" ! 0 0
! !/1
2! !
!
0 00 9
/
7 / 1
!
! // !/
" 7!
/
7 (C <" "= 7 #/!: ! ;
!/
! # 2GH
. 2GH1
! !0
" 7!
/
7 . C <" "= 7 #/!: ! ; ( 2GH1
!
! *
!!
!/ # ! / 0 0 / 7 0!/8! ! '
9 8!# / 1
& 9
8!/ #; 0 "
! /! 2!!" !
7
0
#/!: ! ;
0 ;(
2GH 7 ! // !/ #/!: ! ;
9 !
#
7
0
#/!: ! ; 7
0!/8! ! $" 9 8!# / 1
!
0 $"
! 7! 7
/ /
7
0!/8! ! 0
#
!0 9
!
7
0
! 0 "
! /!
0 8!/ # !71
! 2 ! 7! 7
!7 $" # / 7 ##!/! #/!: ! !0 # // !/ 9 8!1

Output
.

, (

Result
$
-

!"

(4 #

(
%

&

6- 1
' ! -.

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

58, " . ,2

, 2

8 8

. ,2

Aim
6

?4
-

(
# #

6 4-

Components and Equipments Required

(4

9 -

A1

*"

,-.

"
!/

!0 0 /0
%

"

/0

. 23

. 23

. ( )

( )

(
-

'

7!

5 /!0

.&-

* '/

/7

!0

Theory
' 0! 9 7
7
0 0 2 9
0 " 0! 7 /
7
'
1
5. 0
0
/;
" 7! < 0
; 9 !8! 0=1 ! 9 7
/7 /
# ! " 0!0 8 / !0
/7
!
" 7! # !
0
A
9
8
!0 ! " 0!0 /! // 9V
!
!/
" 7!0 ! " 0!0 ! 9 7!/ 0
0 9
# 1 1 ! 0
! 0 " 9!/ # ! / 0
!/ 8 / !0 9 9 7
#
" 0!01 ? 70 ""
/
/ 9 !/! ! 0"!!7 # !
/ 0
"/ " /
! " 0! 9 7 1
.
! " 0!0
! " 0
/7
!
" 7! # !
0
1 ! " 0!0 /! 8!/; // 9 0 0 9
# 1 1 ! 0
! 0 " 9!/ #
/ 0
!/ /!
0
0
9 97
# " 0!01 0 7 0 78
! 0 ! !!7
# / / 0
!/ /! ! 8!/ 0;
/ H
# / "/ "!/ "!/
1

!"

&

' ! -(

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Circuit Diagram

Output

!"

&

' ! -)

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Design
4

$<
P
<
+
E ( +0 $ .1.

E(

<
P6
+0 $ < 1 .+# > .1.=

+ < 3 =C

Procedure

%
'
)
*
/
3

6!# /! 9 /
! /
! 2
2! !
!
0 00 9
! ! // !/
" 7!
/
! !0
" 7!
/
* 0!/8! !
" 0
"
8 /
" 0! 9 7
; 8 /;
/ 9 '5 9 8!# / 1
# !/ 0!/8
'5
"
0!/8! ! ''
$" "
* 0!/8! ! 8 /
#/!: !
/ 9 '' 9 8!# / 01

!
" ! 0 0
! !/1
/
7 / 1
7 - C <' '= 7 #/!: ! ; S . 2GH1
7 ( C <' '= 7 #/!: ! ; Q. 2GH1
1
# 0!
7 "
" 7 0
!
7
0
" 7!1
! '5
!/ [)I #
; 7
0

$"
! ''
!/ 1
" 0! 9 7 1

0!/8!

"

Result
0

5.
-

$ E \\\\\\\\\\\\\

.
-

!"

1A\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

6 ;-

1A\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

$ E \\\\\\\\\\\\\

6 ;-

&

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Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

;-

1.

Aim
, #
3 %3

$ (
4 1 $

6 (

?4 (
? TUV

.
$ 6 4

$ 0

#8
T& V

Components and Equipments Required

(4

9 -

5 8!# /

D! !/

!0 0 /0

. 23

((23

-,23

(23
%

"

A1

/0

. #

. #

'

5 /!0

* '/

/7

!0

Theory

!"

&

' !-

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Circuit Diagram

Procedure

%
'
)
*
/
3

6!# /! 9 /
! /
0 ! 2
!
" ! 0 0
! !/1
2! !
!
0 00 9
/
7 /
"" ; B 8! <B .(C= 7 N 8! < .( C= 8
!0
!
0 C < < = *??=1
7 0!/8! ! 9 8!# /
"
14 ) 7 (
*
0 0: /! /
/
7 0 ! 9 8! /!0"! 8! ;1
! 0 /! 0 ! 9 8!
" 7! 7 #/!: ! ;1
9
! ! #/!: ! ; # // !/
9 8!1
9
!#
! !/ / 7 "" ;
7
0
# C <" "= E ( C
<' '= 7 #/!: ! ;
!/
! # . 2GH . 2GH /
/
00 9 1
* 0!/8! ? 9 8!
"
" (1
/ 9
" 9 8!# /
7
! 7 9
# > 7# 1
!
7
7!> ] 7 / 0 00
79 7 6 1

!"

&

' !-

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Design
For RA = RB = R,
1.
2.
3.
4.

The circuit operates at a frequency given by

The pk-pk amplitude of symmetrical triangular wave
The pk-pk amplitude of square wave
The pk-pk amplitude of sine wave

Let R = 10 K

=
=
=
=

0.3 / RC
0.33 x ( Vcc on pin3)
Vcc on pin 9
0.22 x (Vcc on pin2)

and F = 30 KHz

C = 0.3 / (F x R)
= 0.3 / (30 K X 10 K)
C = 1nf
FM is called narrow band if NN

6 U SS

To calculate modulation index ]

f = (fmax fmin ) / 2 =

_______________Hz

For fm = 5 KHz
] = f / fm = _____________
Transmission Bandwidth
BT = 2 ( f + fm) = ______________
Output
Am
Message
Signal

Ac
Carrier
Signal

FM
Signal

Ac

Fmin

Fmax

Result
0

.5

!"

]E\\\\\\\\\\\\

&

& < QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ">

' ! -,

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

% " 65

Aim
#
(4

$ 6

4
$

# 2 /'

Components & Equipments Required

(4
*"

"

9 -

+ ,-.

*"

!0 0 /0

. 23

7!

.&-

5 /!0

'

* '/

/7

A1
"

.
(

!0

Theory
+

6
/! # !
!7
!! /
7!8 !
!/
,
"/ !00 2 9 0
6
/! # !/
Y /! #; 0
0 0
!/
/!0 7<
8
! # 7 7!= 9
7
/01 !/!# /!
8! 0
9 < 9 7 9,
6 9
9 < 9
6 9
!
0
"
#
8!
/!
! 9

! 0 /! 0
0 /!
1 /! # !/ 0
//!
/!
//!
! 0!/ !0 7 7! 0 ! 00
0 9 # /9 /7 8
! 1,C
0 ! 8!/
! !# /! ""/!
!
/!0 7 9! 8!
W 9,
X 9,
# !/ 0 7 0 / !7 0 0 9
!#

6 9
# ; / !>"! !7
" 7!
! 0 9 0.
C^ *"
"0
!
/!0 !1 $ -4
4
6
(
#
6
0
# /
!7 9
"!/
" # !/
/7!/
8!
/
! 8
2!
7! 7 7! / /! # !/1 '/! 0
/! # !/ 0
" ! ! !7 0
"
"
7
7!0 !
$ 6
0 =
4
! /!0 7 8
! 0 7 8 7!7 ; ! "!
"
# !
" # !/1 5
!
/!0 7 8 /
;!
!7
0 " 00 ! /! #;
8 0
01

!"

&

' !-

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

# M
! 0!# # /
"/! 0
0
"/ !00 1
0 /
0 !
! !#
! "
" !8!/ !0 0 /
0
!
;
##!
0 #/!: ! ; /!0" 0! 0
!
" #
7
!
79 7
"/ 7 1
! 78
! # "
" /
0 !0
!/
;
"! 0 ! # /
! / 7!8 !0
! #!!7 2
"1
! /! #;
#
7 7! 9
!
/ ; #
"
"
0 /
/! !0 "/! 0
/! # !/1
'/! 0
/! # !/0 /!
/!
9 !/! !/! 0 0 ! 7! /!! # " 0
"/ !00
!!7!7 #!!7
! 0 7!
#
"/!00 /0 7
!/0 /
7/ 8! 7
! !/01
(

M
!

! 0 0"!!7

"

9 /2 9! 9

#/!: ! ; 0

01

! !0
#/!: ! ; "!/# /
! <. RGH
/!= /!: /!0
8!/; # 0 " "
7 /!7 !0 ! /!0 0 / 8 !01 5 ! ! 0! #
2;
< / !/
= 7 7!0 9
"/ 8! 9 !8!
7$ /
#/!: ! ;
"!/# /
!
0
/! 0
!
!>"! "!/#!
! / ; #/
;
/! # !/ /
!> /! ! ; 9 !8! 01
Circuit Diagram

R1

RF

Note:
If you want to keep the positive-going portion of the input signal instead of the negativegoing portion, simply reverse the two diodes. The result will be a negative-going copy of the
positive part of the input signal.
!"

&

' ! -4

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Working
/
! !
8!
# ; ! # 0 ! 9 8! "
!
" 0
7 !
" 0 8!1
/
! " 0 8!
# ; ! !
" 0
7 ! H!/ 1 ! /
" 0 !0
0
H
#!
20 2! ! 8!/
" # !/ 9
" ! # 7 7!0 77!71 5 ; 9 ^ * ; !
; 7 !0 ! /! #;
1
!
!/ 0 " ; 2!!"0 ! "
"
/ 9 ! !0
"
70
H!/ 1 ? / ! !
8!
# ; ! "
! "
"
"
!0 " 0 8! # /
.
/ *& 7 ( 0
*??1

D1 OFF

D2

20 7
0 J 0 2! ! 8!/
! "
"Y0
" " 16
!/ < ; ! 7 7!Y0 # /9 /7 8
! C 1 ! 00
8!/
!:

" # !/ !> !" # / 7 7!

0!/ !0
!!7 9 //; !
" "
7J 0 0 0! #
!
1 C=
!
!/
8
!
"" !01

9 < + B+ Y9
? / .E (E. 2 7C E .C !
"
//! /
/
. 7 ( 0
2! ! 00
8!/
" # !/ ! "
<8 /
/
7=1 ? / ! " 0 8!
# ;
!
8! # /
(
/ *& 7 . 0

0 C E . 2 $ . 2 > . E B. C1 !
E C $ . E . $. 2 E 1.
1 7
"
70 ! !
8! " C
C
! "
! "
"
"
!0
*??1

D1

D2 OFF

! # /0 : !0
20
!0 /
0 7 !0 0 J
#
;
! C EC E
/
. EC
"Y0
" 09
7 7!1
!"

02 0 9
0 !
" 8
!C ^
! /
!
"
;0 0
C1
0 0 ! 0! ! "
"
7
C
C1 7 ! 0! !/!Y0
//!
/
(
C1 !
;
!#
/! 2 9
0 ! //! /
$ . E B. $ . 2 E 1.
1
/
0
# ; ! ! "
0 !
8!
/
.!
"
1.
/
!

&

' !

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Before wiring the circuit, check all the components using multimeter.
Make the connection as shown in the diagram.
Set the signal generator (input voltage) amplitude 0.5V peak to peak sine wave.
Observe the input and rectified output signal waveform on the CRO.
Plot the waveform.

Design
$

+6 <+ <
# C

=C

4 <

E 1 C"2 "2

C E
C E

# $ . <C =
1 C"2 "2

Output

Transfer Characteristics

Result
" 6
$

4 (4

4
!"

&

' ! .

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

'

- 5

Aim
#

(4

6-

4
$

# 2 /'

Components & Equipments Required

(4
*'

'

9 -

+ ,-.

*'

!0 0 /0

. 23

7!

.&-

5 /!0

'

* '/

/7

A1
'

. ( ) ,

(
(

!0

Theory
!
# 9 8! /! # !/ 2!"
;
0! " / 0 # ! /
" 0
9!/! " 0 8! < / !
8!=1 0 !/! 9 ;
2!!"
8!0 # ! "
0
7 ;! /! 7!/ !
9
!0 !
" " / ;^
0 0 !
! 8 / # # 9 8! /! # !/ ! 0! !
" 8
! 0 9 ;0 " 0 8!
/! /7 !00 # 9 ! !/ ! " 0
0 " 0 8! / !
8! ! # 9 8!
/! # !/ 0 0
!7 0 - 1
!
" 8
! 9
!
! !/A
9 < : F9 F
9 < : F9 F
!"! 7
! 7 /!
# 7 7!0 9
! /
1
! # 9 8! /! # !/ 7!"! 70
!#
!
# 9 8! /! # !/
! 0
" # !/ /! "/! 0
/
01
"!/ !0 ; "/ 7
8!/ !7
# 9 8! /! # !7 0
7 !
77
0
7
" 7!
! /
0
!0
" # !/1
9 < 9 K 9 < 9
! /!0
0 /!8!/0
# ! 0! ! !7 " / ; # ! " 0
1 ! /!0 0
8 !0 0 9
/! /! 0
!V ! /!0 0 /0 ! 0! 8!0
0 ! #
"/! 0
/7!/ 2!!" ! /! #
"/ !00
/ !1 # # / 0 ! /! 0
;
0
70
/
9
7 ##!/! 0! # /!0 0
! 8 !0 ;
! 7
!7 (A. /!0 0
!/
7;
0 0
0! "/! 0
/!0 0 /0
/7!/
/ ! /!0 01

!"

&

7
!
/
0

' ! (

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Circuit Diagram

Design
0! + < + <+%<+'<

=C

9 < F9 F

Procedure
6!# /! 9 /
! /
! 2
2! !
!
00 9
% ! !0
! !/ / < " 8
' * 0!/8! ! "
7 /! # !7
) '
! 9 8!# / 1

!
" ! 0 0
! !/1
!7 / 1
!=
" 7! 1 C"2 "2 0 ! 9 8!1
" 0
9 8!# /
! *1

Output

vout

vin

Result
$

4 (4

4
!"

&

' ! )