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Debye Length: 1 Particle Number Density
Debye Length: 1 Particle Number Density
Adrian Down
January 22, 2007
1
1.1
q(r)
kT
1.2
ne (r) = n0 e+ kT
The sign of the exponent indicates that there is an enhancement of the number of electrons in the region of the potential. This can be seen physically
from the electric field, which is the gradient of the potential. In all space,
the electric field points outwards from the peak of the potential, so the electrons, having negative charge, are drawn towards the potential, opposite of
the electric field.
1
2
2.1
The previous example is not very physical. As soon as the distribution starts
to evolve, the change in the density n changes the potential . To find the
potential, we need Poissons equation,
E=
0
E = 2 =
0
is the charge density, which must take into account all species of particle.
Assuming the charge of the electrons and ions to be equal and opposite,
X
=
n s qs = n i e n e e
s
E
| {z } 0
D
2.2
We can consider a test change s placed in the plasma. Using the expressions
for the number density derived previously to express the number density,
= ni e ne e + s
e
e
=
e
e
+s
x2
0
2
2.3
Linearization
e
kT
i
ex 1 + x
e
1
kTi
x1
e
e kTe 1 +
e
kTe
0 kTeff
n0 e2
3
3.1
Interpretation of D : shielding
Introduction
2
kT
vth
kT m v
m
Because of the dependance on the mass, the thermal velocity of the heavier ions is often much less than that of the electrons. Hence if there is a wall
in a container, the flux of electrons onto that wall will often be much higher
than that of ions. The accumulation of negative charge will form a sheath.
This effect is known as sheath theory, and it is presented in chapter 8 of the
text.
3.2
3.2.1
Differential equations
Possions equation
|x|
(x) = Ae D + Be D
where A and B are normalization constants. As a boundary condition, we
require that 0 as x , so A = 0.
3.2.2
Electric field
We can obtain an expression for the potential from the electric field E. To
do so, we assume that the test charge is actually a sheet that is infinite in
4
E(O+) E(O) =
0
2E =
0
The constant B in the expression for is then fixed by the relationship
between E and . Taking x = 0, which corresponds to the location of the
sheet of charge,
x
B 0
=
e
20
D
D
B=
20
D |x|
(x) =
e D
20
E=
3.3
Collective behavior
ND = n 0
4 3
3 D
1
D L
where L is the characteristic scale of the system.
Note. The Debye length is the smallest natural scale in the plasma.
This is because every particle in the plasma is effectively shielding
every other plasma on the Debye scale.
1
is the characteristic frequency of the system, and is the time between collisions. The meaning of this will become more clear later in
the course.
Some examples of plasma parameters are in table 1.
6
Interstellar space
Solar wind
Ionosphere
Corona
Fusion
Stellar interior
n (cm3 ) T (eV)
B (G)
1
1
105
10
5
104
105
0.1
0.5
106
100
5
11
4
10
10
104
27
3
10
10 unknown