ALKOHOL

(a) Isikan tempat kosong dengan memilih jawapan yang sesuai daripada kotak di bawah.
Hidroksil
kosmetik

bukan hidrokarbon
lebih kuat

alkena
pelarut
jisim molekul
-OH

lebih tinggi
CnH2n+1OH

i) Alkohol ialah salah satu daripada siri homolog dengan kumpulan berfungsi ..
ii) Formula am bagi alkohol ialah .
iii) Takat lebur alkohol .. daripada alkana dan alkena disebabkan kehadiran
.
iv) Ini
kerana
kumpulan
berfungsinya
membentuk
ikatan
hidrogen
yang
.. daripada ikatan antara molekul alkohol.
v) Metanol, etanol dan propanol larut dalam air. Keterlarutan alkohol yang lain menurun
dengan bertambahnya .
vi) Penamaan sebatian alkohol adalah sama seperti ..... . C1 dinomborkan dari karbon
yang paling dekat dengan kumpulan berfungsi.
vii) Alkohol digunakan sebagai bahan api, ........., dalam perubatan, dalam
pembuatan .
Dan sebagai komponen utama dalam minuman beralkohol.
viii) Alkohol ialah sebatian ...
(b) Lengkapkan jadual di bawah.

i) Nama :
iv) Formula struktur

Name : Propan-2-ol

ii) Nama:

iii) Nama:

v) Formula struktur

vi) Formula struktur

Name : Butan-1-ol

Name : Pentan-2,3-diol

(c) Lukiskan struktur formula dan namakan semua isomer bagi

(i)
propanol (C3H7OH)

(ii)

butanol (C4H9OH)

(d) Rumuskan sifat fizikal etanol dalam jadual di bawah.

Sifat fizikal
Keadaan fizikal pada suhu bilik

Penerangan

Bau dan warna

Kelarutan dalam air
kemeruapan
Takat didih
(e) Etanol boleh disediakan dengan dua cara, penapaian dan penghidratan.
1. Dalam proses penapaian,

(i)

Apakah fungsi yis?

...............

.........................

(ii)

Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang menunjukkan proses penapaian.

..............................................................................................

(iii)
Nyatakan suhu, mangkin dan keadaan lain yang diperlukan untuk proses
penapaian.

..................................................................................
.
(iv)
Nyatakan keburukan proses ini.
...............................................................
.......................
2. Proses penghidratan melibatkan penghidratan etena. Etena diperoleh daripada
ydration process involves hydration of ethene. Ethene is obtained from the
cracking of petroleum fractions.
(i)

Write the chemical equation for hydration process.

..

(ii)

State the temperature, pressure and catalyst needed for hydration process.

(f) Lengkapkan jadual berikut.

1

The Products of Combustion of ethanol

In excess oxygen:
2

In limited oxygen :

The products of Oxidation reaction of alcohol with acidified potassium dichromate(VI)

solution or acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution

Oxidation of ethanol

Oxidation of propanol

Dehydration of alcohol.

Draw and label the set of apparatus to show the dehydration process of propanol.

(g) State True or False for every statement below.

1

Ethanol is an alcoholic drinks

Ethanol acts as a depressant on central nervous

system.
Alcoholic drinks only slow down physical activity,
not affect mental activity.

4
5
6
7

8
9
10

Alcoholism create social problems for the family

and society.
Methanol is a very toxic chemical and can cause
permanent blindness when consumed
Alcohol is not addictive
Long- term excessive consumption of alcohol
drinks
can cause chronic liver disease and brain damage.
Because of alcohol is miscible with water, it cannot
be used as a solvent in toiletries.
Alcohol is one of the raw materials in manufacture
of explosive
Alcohol is an antiseptic

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Learning outcomes
You should be able to :

state the general formula of carboxylic acids,

identify the functional group of carboxylic acids,

list the names and molecular formulae of the first four members of carboxylic acid,

draw structural formulae of the first four members of carboxylic acid and name them
using the IUPAC nomenclature,

describe the preparation of ethanoic acid in the laboratory,

state the physical properties of carboxylic acids,

state the chemical reactions of ethanoic acids with other chemicals,

predict the chemical properties for other members of carboxylic acid,

explain with example the uses of carboxylic acids in everyday life

Uses :
a

Functional group :

Activity 13

(a) Complete the diagram below.

c
d ..

General formula:

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Ethanoic acid normally prepared by of an alcohol

names end with

.. . Eg. ethanoic acid.

Physical properties
a ..
b ..
c
d ..
e ..

(b)

( c)

Draw the structural formula of

Methanoic acid

Ethanoic acid

Propanoic acid

Butanoic acid

2-methylbutanoic acid

Methyl propanoic acid

A carboxylic acid, X has an empirical formula CH2O. Experimental determination

shows that it has a molar mass of about 59 g mol -1
(i)

What is the general formula of carboxylic acid?

(ii)

Calculate the molecular formula of X

[ Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; C, 12 ; O, 16 ]

(iii)

Draw the structural formula of X and give name.

Activity 14
a)

Figure shows a series of conversion starting from ethene to ethyl ethanoate.

Ethene I

Ethanoic acid

II

Ethanol

Based on the figure above, state

Reaction I
:
Reaction II
:
b)

c)

Draw the set up of apparatus to prepare ethanoic acid .in laboratory

Write the chemical reaction that involve.

Write the observation of every test for ethanoic acid below.

Test
1

Observation

a. Ethanoic acid + metal

carbonate

b. Gas released + lime water

2

a.
Ethanoic
magnesium

acid

b. Gas given off + lighted

splinter

3
Ethanoic acid +
copper (II)oxide

Inference

Glacial
ethanoic
acid
+
ethanol
+
concentrated
sulphuric acid + heat

Then the boiling contents are

poured into a beaker half
filled with water.

ESTER

Learning outcomes:
You should be able to:
state the general formula of esters

identify the functional group of esters

List the names and molecular formulae of simple esters.
Draw structural formulae of simple esters and name them using the IUPAC nomenclature,
Describe the preparation of ester in the laboratory,
State the physical properties of ethyl ethanoate.
Predict the ester produced from the esterification reaction.
Write equations for the esterification reactions,
state the natural sources of ester, state the uses of ester in everyday life.

Activity 15
(a) Name the following esters and give the alcohols and carboxylic acids required to synthesise
the esters name.
Formula
Example :HCOOC2H5

Name

Carboxylic acid

Alcohol

Ethyl methanoate

Methanoic acid

Ethanol

a) CH3 COOCH3

b) CH3 COOC3H7

c) C2H5 COOCH3

d) C3 H7COOC3H7

b) Draw the structural formula for the compound form in the reaction between alchol and
carboxylic acid
below.
(i)

methanol and propanoic acid

(ii)

ethanol + butanoic acid

(iii)

propan-1-ol + ethanoic acid

Activity 16
(a)

Complete the diagram below

Ester is a
product of an . reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

the functional group is COO- or . group

cont

ESTERS
uses of ester,
a) ..
b) ..
c)
d)

The of fl

P
1
2
the name of an ester consists of two words. The first word originates from., the secon
3
All of them end with ..
4
5

b)

Write the fruit flavour for each of the ester below

(i) n-pentyl ethanoate : .
(ii) Octyl ethanoate
: .
(iii) Ethyl butanoate
: .

Order in homologous series

Learning outcomes:
You should be able to :
describe the systematic approach in naming members of homologous series.
describe the order in the physical and chemical properties in homologous series.

Activity 17

Butan-1-ol
C4H9OH

Porcelain chips

Compound P

II
I
Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution

Compound R

IV
ethanol

Compound S

a)

Name the homologous series for

(i)
Butan-1-ol
: ..
(ii)
Compound P : .
(iii)
Compound R :
(iv)
Compound S : ..

b)

Write the molecular formula of

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

compound
compound
compound
compound

III
Compound Q
Hydrogen
chloride

P : ..
Q :
R : ..
S : .

FATS

Learning outcomes:
You should be able to:
State what oils are
State what fats are
State the importance of oils and fats for body processes
State the sources of oils and fats
List the uses of oils and fats
State the differences between oils and fats
Identify structural formulae for fat molecules of certain fatty acids
State what saturated fats are
State what unsaturated fats are

Compare and contrast between saturated and unsaturated fats

Describe the effects of eating food high in fats on health

Describe the industrial extraction of palm oil

Justify the use of palm oil in the food production

Activity 18
(I)

Fill in the blank by choosing the correct answer from the table below.

ester

solid

saturate
d,

este
r
link

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

g)
h)
i)
j)

k)
l)

heart
attac
k
lipid

hydrogenati
on

harden

strok
e

carbo
n

trigleycerid
es

Chlorofo
m

liquid

glycer
ol

high
blood
pressure
energy

margerine

fatty acid

Fats , oils and waxes are from a large family of organic compound called ...
They are natural ..
They are product of the reaction between . and
Fats are usually found in animal and they are .while oil is fat from plant
and also from animal but they are at room condition.
Fatty acids are long straight-chain containing between 12 to 18 atoms per
molecule.
A molecule of glycerol may combine with one, two or three fatty acid to form a
monoester, diester or trimester. A Molecule of water is eliminated when a fatty acid
joins to the glycerol molecule and the resulting bond formed is called an (COO-).
Most fats and oils are .
As a group, oil and fats tend to dissolve in organic solvents such as .
Fats are an important source of for our body.
fats may cause cholesterol to deposit on the blood vessels and making them
.. . This can lead to , .and
..
Unsaturated fats can be converted to saturated fats by a process called .
is made by hydrogenating some of the carbon-carbon double bond in
vegetable oil.

Compare fats and oils

Comparison
Source
Melting point o C
Physical state at room
temperature
Cholesterol content
Examples
Molecular structure

Oils

Fats

< 20 / lower

> 20 / higher

Peanut oil, soybean oil

Butter , lard

(III) Write the Similarities of fats and oils

In terms of
Molecular formula

Similarities

10

Type of compound

Type of bond
.

Activity 19
a) Complete the flow chart below to show the Extraction Process of Palm Oil.

Oil palm fruit bunches

The fresh fruit bunches are sterilized ia large pressure vessels at 140o C
The heat from the steam kills fungus and bacteria

Stripping

Breaking down the oil-bearing cells. Crush the palm oil fruit

Pressing

The mixture is filtered to remove solid or coarse fibre and allow to settle in an a large clarification tank. The

b) State 5 benefits of palm oil compared to other vegetable oils

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
I

..
.
.

NATURAL RUBBER

Learning outcomes:
You should be able to :
List examples of natural polymers and their monomers,
Draw the structural formula of natural rubber,
State the properties of natural rubber,
State the uses of natural rubber

11

Describe the coagulation process of latex

Describe the method used to prevent latex from coagulating,
Describe the vulcanization of rubber,
Describe how the presence of sulphur atoms changes the properties of vulcanised
rubber,
Compare and contrast the properties of vulcanised and unvulcanised natural rubber.

Activity 20
a) Give explanation for every situation below:
i) Latex coagulate slowly when it is exposed to the air.

ii)

iii)

When 20 cm3 latex is added with 5cm3 methanoic acid, latex coagulate rapidly.

When 5 cm3 ammonia solution is added to latex, latex does not coagulate.

b) Compare the unvulcanized and vulcanised rubber in the table below.

Aspect
Structure

Unvulcanised rubber

Oxidation
Resistance of heat
Strength
Elasticity

ACTIVITY 21

Base on the diagram above,

(a)

Name the product formed in step I.

12

Vulcanised rubber

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(i)
State the reagents needed for step II.

(ii)
Write the chemical equation for the reaction in step II.

(i)
Name the type of reaction occurring in step III.
.
(ii)
A catalyst is needed for the reaction in step III. Name the catalyst.

(i)
Describe briefly how to carry out the reaction in step IV.
.
(ii)
What do you expect to observe when the reaction in step IV is carried out?

Draw the possible structural formulae of C3H7OH formed in step V.

Name the type of reaction occurring in step VI.

.
(ii)
Give one use for ( C3H6)n formed in step VI.
.
(g) Compare and explain the sootiness of C3H6 and C3H8 when each of these
hydrocarbons is burnt in excess air.
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12) [4]

(i)

Diagram below shows the molecular formulae of 4 carbon compounds.

C4H10

(a)

Write the general formula of the homologous series of compound B.

(b)

..
State the functional group of compound A and compound D
Compound A : ..
Compound D : ..

(c)

Compound B shows isomerism. Draw the structural formula of all isomers of

compound B.

13

C4

(d)

Compound D and compound C react in the presence of the concentrated

sulphuric acid.
(i)
Name the product formed from the reaction.

(ii)

.
State one special characteristic of the product formed.
.

(e)

Compound A burns in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

(i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
.................................................................................................................
(ii) 11.2 g of compound A burns in excess oxygen, calculate number of carbon
dioxide molecules formed.
[Relative atomic mass C = 12, O = 16 and
Avogadro number = 6.02 x 1023]

14