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COMPLEMENTARY NOTES
Prof. Dr. enol BAKAYA
PART-1
GENERAL CONCEPTS
Utilization Factors:
Demand for electricity varies from hour to hour and from season to season. Depending on the energy
demand and the economical conditions a power plant may be loaded at its full capacity or at partial load
or shut down.
FT =
FC =
Capacity Factor:
FL =
Actual production
Annual max imum production
Reserve Calculations:
t
E (t ) = E0 .e t
a
tD =
R
ln 0 + 1
E0
Q B = Q F . B
TPP Efficiency:
TPP =
Pel
.
QF
kWhel
[kWt ]
kg
a
AFC =
=
kWhel a
kWht
HU
TPP
kg F
kWht
PART-2
COST ANALYSIS
General energy conversion system:
Profit spoon:
Fuel Cost:
TL F
g
kg F
CF =
kWh
kWhel
t
HU
TPP
kg
F
kWht
TL Amr
YA
=
kWhel
E
TL
kWel
Amortization Ratio: AR =
F (F + 1)n A
(F + 1)
nA
TL F
kWhel
TL Amr
kWhel
1
Yearly Amortization: YA = TIC [TL Amr ]. AR
TL
kWhel
TL Amr
[TL]
1
a
Example 1.
For a TPP the following data are given:
PIC=300 MWe, SIC=1,5x109 [TL/kWe], TPP=0,30 [kWhe/kWht], Hu=4305 [kcal/kg], gF=100x106
[TL/t], FL=0,75 [-], F=15 [%], nAmr=10 years, nEC=30 years, nphs=40 years, use linear amortization
a)
b)
c)
d)
Answer:
.
t
h t
a) AFC = M F .FL [].8760 =
h
a a
.
300.000[kWe ]
PIC [kWt ]
kg F
tF
= 200.000
MF =
=
= 200
h
h
kWht
kWhel
4305 kWht
HU
.TPP []
0,30
861 kg F
kg F
kWht
.
t F
h
t F
AFC = 200
.0,75[].8760 = 1,314 x106
h
a
a
h
b) E = PIC [kWel ].FL [].8760
a
kWhe
h
E = 300.000[kWe ].0,75[].8760 = 1,971x10 9
a
a
TL
TL F
t
gF
100 x10 6
kWh e
kWhe
kWhel 4305 kWht
kWht
LHV
x0,3
TPP kWh
861 kg F
kg F
t
kWht
C Amr
TL Amr
YA
a
,
=
kWhel
AEG
YA = TYxAO
TL
12
TY = PIC xSIC = 300.000kWe x1,5 x10 9
= 450 x10 [TL ]
kWe
0,15(0,15 + 1)10
F (F + 1) A
1
0,2
=
AO =
nA
10
(F + 1) 1 (0,15 + 1) 1
a
n
1
TL
YA = 450 x1012 [TL ]x0,2 = 90 x1012
a
a
TL Amr
90 x1012
TL Amr
a
C Amr =
= 45,7 x10 3
kWhe
kWhe
1,971x10 9
a
TL
CT = C F + C Amr + C Pers + COth = 112,4 x10 3
kWhe
d)
TL kWhe
3
3
9
12
C profit n Amr = [C sell CT ]
xE
xn Amr [a ] = 140 x10 112,4 x10 x 1,971x10 x10 = 544 x10 [TL ]
kWh
a
TL/kWhe
][
Csell
CPro.-nAmr-nEC
CProfit-nAmr
CF=CT
CT
CAmr
CF
n [a]
C F C FnAmr
xEx(nEC n Amr )
C Pr ofit n Amr nEC = C sell C Fnec + nec
15
C Pr ofit total = C Pr ofit n Amr + C Pr ofit n Amr nEC = 2,484 x10 [TL ]
PART-3
COMBUSTION AND EMISSION ANALYSIS
Combustion analysis:
Fuel Demand:
kg
m& fuel
Q[kWt ]
=
kWht
LHV
. B []
kg F
6
m& fuel =
Pel [kWel ]
kWhel
kWht
. PP
LHV
kg F
kWht
a
fuel
a
h kg F
Nm 3 A
a = n. at
kg F
[Nm3-A/ h]
h
kg F
Nm 3 G
fg = fg dry + H 2O
n
H 2O = ( H 2 + Cm H n ) , [Nm3/ Nm3fuel] gas fuels
2
m3 &
T + 273
&
fg T = fg 00 C .
273
h
n=
21
21 O2
Emission analysis:
Total Emission:
Nm 3 fg dry
kg pol.
&
&
m pol = M
. fg dry
3
h
Nm fg dry
[kg-pol/h]
kg pol
kg pol
kWhel
kg Fuel
m& pol = M F
.m& fuel
m& pol = M kWhel
.EG
h
kg fuel
kWhel
Nm 3 Em 6
Volume based Emission Factor: V V
10 = [ ppm]
3
Nm fg dry
Mass Based Emission factor:
kg Em
M
Nm3 Em
kmol Em = ppm M
= V
3
6
3
Nm fg dry V Nm Em 10 Vkmol
kmol
kmol Em
kg Em
3
Nm fg dry
kg. pol
M
ppm Nm pol
kmol. pol
= 6
fg dry
10 Nm 3 fg Dry
Nm 3 . pol
Vkmol
kmol. pol
kg pol
kg F
kg pol
1 kg F 1
[]
kg F LHV kWht B
kg pol
kWht
]
]
M Q = M F
kg pol
1
Emission Emitted Per kWhel : M El = M F
kg F LHV
kg F 1
kWht PP
kg pol
kWhel
Example 2.
Make the following emission calculations for the TPP given in Example 1. The following data is given:
SO2=2000 [ppm], O2=7 [%], VHth=VGth-dry=5 [Nm3/kg-F].
a) Calculate SOel [kg-SO2/kWhel].
b) Calculate annual SO2 emission ASO2 [t-SO2/a].
Answer:
a)
SO el
2
n=
kg.SO2
M
Nm 3 fg Dry 1 kg F 1
ppm Nm SO2
kmol.SO2
= 6
fg dry
10 Nm 3 fg Dry
kg F H u kWht TPP
Nm 3 .SO2
Vkmol
kmol.SO2
]
]
kWht kg SO2
kWh
e
kWhe
21
= 1,5
21 7
Nm 3 fg dry wet
fg dry wet = fgt dry wet + (n 1). at = 5 + (1,5 1) = 7,5
kg F
SO el
2
kg.SO2
64
Nm 3 fg Dry 1 kg F 1 kWht
kmol.SO2
200 ppm Nm SO2
7,5
=
x
106 Nm 3 fg Dry
Nm 3 .SO2 kg F 4305 kWht 0,3 kWhe
22,4
861
kmol.SO2
kg SO2
kWhe
SO el = 0,02857
2
b)
kg SO2 kWhe
kg SO2
1 t SO2
9 kWhe
= 0,02857
A SO2 = SO2 el
xE
x1,971x10
a 1000 kg SO2
kWhe a
kWhe
t SO2
A SO2 = 56311,5
PART-4
THERMAL POWER SYSTEMS, SYSTEM STRUCTURE,
ENERGY CONVERSION AND APPLICATIONS
Rankine PC (ST-TPP):
Pel = PT . M . G
RPC =
PT PP
QB
PT = PTi
i =1
kJ
1-2s (Isentropic specific pumping work)
kg
P
wp,s = h2 s h1 = P
kJ
1-2 (Actual specific pumping work)
kg
wP = h2 h1
wP =
wP , S
PP
W . P
kg kJ
Pel = m& water .wP = [kWel ]
s kg
kJ
q SG = q B = h3 h2
kg
.
.
kJ
kg
Q& B = m 3 (h3 h2 ) = m F .LHV . B []
s
kg
10
[kW]
wT = h3 h4 = T .wT , S
wT .S = h3 h4 s
T =
h3 h4
h3 h4 s
qCond = h4 h1
q SG = q PH + q EV + q SH
q PH = h2 h2
q EV = h2 h2
Reheat Pressure:
q SG = h3 h2 = Tm (S 3 S 2 )
11
q SH = h3 h2
12
13
14
Example 3.
The flow diagram of a TPP- steam power cycle is given below.
550 C
360 [t/h]
100 [bar]
m4= 0.05 m3
m5= 0.10 m3
m6= 0.15 m3
MF
PelGr
6
7
Pex 4
CT
TP=0
1
200 C
11
10
35 C
22 C
mCW
9 TP=0
8
150 C
100 C
38 C
Answer:
a)
15
b) Condenser:
Extraction Pressures:
T(C)
4
Tc=205, Pex4=16bar
Tc=155, Pex5=5,5bar
200
Tc=105, Pex6=1,2bar
150
100
38
11
10
9=8
A(m2)
m& 3 = 360t / h = 100kg / s , m& 4 = 0,05m& 3 = 5kg / s , m& 5 = 0,10m& 3 = 10kg / s , m& 6 = 0,15m& 3 = 15kg / s
c)
16
d)
7
35C
22C
8
38C
m& 7 (h7 h8 ) (m& 3 m& 4 m& 5 m& 6 )(h7 c pw x38) (100 5 10 15)(2450 4,18 x38)
=
=
= 2951kg / s
c pw (35 22)
c pw (35 22)
4,18(35 22)
m& cw
= 29,51
m& 3
e) M F =
QJG
m& (h h ) 100(kg / s)(3500 4,18 x 200)(kJ / kg )
= 3 3 2 =
= 62682kg / h = 62,7t / h
H u x B
H u x B
5(kWht / kg F ) x0,85
Example 4.
For a coal fired TPP the following data are given:
360 t/h
40 bar, 550 0C
Pel
31
~~
32
4
B
MF
1
7
HE1
Wp~0
T~0
29 0C
CT
20 0C
HE2 321
311
a) Calculate steam pressures P4, P31, P32 [bar] and condensate outlet temperatures t311, t321 [oC] (For all
pipes and HEs: P~0, Q~0).
b) Sketch the steam power cycle on h-s diagram and determine h3, h31, h32, h4 [kJ/kg].
c) Calculate extraction mass flow rates m31, m32 and m4 [kg/s].
d) Calculate power generated Pel [MWe] (m=1, G=0,98).
e) Calculate coal consumption MF [t/h] (B=0,85, Hu=4305 kcal/kg).
17
Answer:
a)
b)
18
m& 32 = 100
Pel= [ m& 3(h3-h31) + ( m& 3- m& 31)(h31-h32) + ( m& 3- m& 31- m& 32)(h32-h4)] . M.G
=100(3560-3195) + ( 100-8.38) (3195-2925) + (100-8.38-12.89) (2925-2565)
Pel=89.6 MWel
d)
M& F H u B = m& 3 (h3 h2 )
100kg / s (3560 4.18 165)kj / kg
= 18.77 kg / s
M& F =
4305kcal / kg 4.18kj / kcal 0.85
M& = 67.6[t / h ]
F
19
BPC =
wT wC
qCC
GT = BPC . CC . M . G
net
kJ
1-2s (Isentropic Compression work)
kg
wC , S
P
= h2 s h1 = c p1 .T1 . 2
P1
k 1
k
wC , S = C P1 2 S (t 2 S t1 )
wC , S
kg kJ
PCom = m& G .wC
s kg
= C P1 2 (t 2 t1 )
[kW]
kJ
kg
qCC = C p 23 (t 3 t 2 )
wT , S = h3 h4 s = C P3 4 s (t 3 t 4 s )
wT , S
k 1
4
= c P 3 .T3 . 1
P3
3-4(Poly.Exp.Work)
wT = h3 h4 = C P3 4 (t 3 t 4 ) = T .wT , S
[kJ/kg]
20
[kJ/kg]
Example 5.
The flow diagram of a simple GT-Power plant is given below.
3
2
CC
1
4
NO=1000 [ppm]
O2 = 15 [%]
Answer:
a) h-s diagram
b)
c)
21
d)
e) ...............
22
WH HE =
T2 T2
T4 T2
Example 6.
A gas turbine system to generate electricity and process steam for a textile industry is given below.
VNG
2
M
Pel
T
O2 = 15%
NO = 350 ppm
5
WHHE
Process Steam
GT =
WT WC
400 250
CC . M . G =
0.97 0.98 1 = 22.6%
630
qCC
b)
qCC
1 s
Nm 3
kcal
kj
h
&
.H u .
4.18
= V NG .
3 CC
&
h
kcal 3600 s M G kg
Nm
q 3600 M& G
630 3600 100
V&NG = CC
= 6430.4 Nm 3 / h
=
H u CC 4.18 8610 0.98 4.18
c)
n=
21
= 3.5
21 15
23
GT with Reheat
WT1 =
WC
( )
GT =
wT 2
. M . G
q cc1 q cc2
+
cc
Co-Generation PP:
CPP =
Combined Cycle PP
24
cc
Pel GT + Pel ST
m& F .LHV
Waste Heat Recovery
CCPP =
Texhaust
min.
> Tdew
25
26
27
28