:

(Cr)
12%


12%

(O2)

(12%)

10~50 , 1 = 0.1 nm

3 mm

3mm

10

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y100%

10

30%

 Cr
Cr2O3


1995

452 m4000
300

8,000

2,000

1,500
800

3,000

1,400
800

300

450
CRU


"
100%

"

1,000 390
300 250 ,
150
150
100
130
- ,
200

ARCELOR
Acerinox
Krupp Thyssen Stainless (KTS)
AvestaPolarit
POSCO
AK Steel

2,500
2,250
2,200
1,750
1,250
1,020

13.23%
11.90%
11.64%
9.26%
6.61%
5.40%

YUSCO
Allgeheny Ludlum
NSC
Nisshin

1,000
870
780
600

5.29%
4.60%
4.13%
3.17%

CRU, AvestaPolarit, YUSCO

1.
300
600
600
300
300

304316

2.
400
2.5%
400
300
400
300

 SUS
304304L316L
SUS-430

1.

14mm14mm

2.


SUS 304

SUS 304

 No. 1

(1)2B
2D(2)BAL
BA


No.12D2BNo.3No.4#400HLBA

No.12D2B
BA

 2B

BA

 Austenitic series

AISI 300
200302
18%8%
304

304

73%SUS304
SUS304

Type

Austenite

GB
(CHINA)

Austenite

ASTM

JIS
(JAPAN)

DIN
(GERMANY)

1Cr17Ni7

301

SUS301

X12CrNi177

1Cr18Ni9

302

SUS302

X12CrNi188

Y1Cr18Ni10

303

SUS303 X12CrNiS188

0Cr18Ni9

304

00Cr19Ni10

304L

0Cr17Ni12Mo2

316

00Cr17Ni14Mo2

316L

SUS304 X5CrNi189
SUS304
X2CrNi189
L
Anticorrosion
X5CrNiMo181
Heat-resistant
SUS316
0
SUS316 X2CrNiMo181
0
L
SUS316
JIL
X10CrNiTi18
SUS321
9

(AMERICA
N)

00Cr18Ni14Mo2Cu2

0Cr18Ni10Ti

321

0Cr19Ni13Mo3

317

0Cr19Ni13Mo3
5Cr21Mn9Ni4N
5Cr21Mn8Ni2N
2Cr21Ni12N
0Cr18Ni11Nb

317L
21-2N
21-12N
347

SUS317
SUS317
L

Use

X2CrNiMo181
6

SUH35
SUH37
SUH37
X10CrNiNb1
SUS347
89

Exhaust pipe
High pressure
stove pipe

 Martensitic series

AISI 400
500410

13%

The microstructure of martensite as seen through a

microscope

Martensite
Type

Martensite

GB

ASTM

JIS

DIN

(CHINA)

(AMERICAN)

(JAPAN)

(GERMANY)

1-6Cr13

410

SUS410

X10Cr13

1Cr17Ni2

431

SUS431

X22Cr17Ni17

7Cr17

440A

SUS440A

9Cr18

440C

SUS440C

9Cr18Mo

440C

SUS440C

9Cr18MoV

440B

SUS440B

X90CrMoV18

SUS11,SUH1

X90CrMoV18

4Cr9Si2
4Cr10Si2Mo

HNV3

SUH3

X105CrMoV17

 Ferritic series

AISI 400
430
16~18%

Ferrite
GB

Type

Ferrite

ASTM

JIS

DIN

(CHINA)

(AMERICA
N)

(JAPAN)

(GERMANT)

1Cr17

430

SUS430

X8Cr17

0Cr13Al

405

SUS405

X7CrAl13

Y1Cr17

430F

SUS430F

X12CrMo17

0Cr18Mo2C
a

1Cr17Mo

434

SUS434

X6CrMo17

Use

Have a range
heatresistance
anti-pitting
corrosion ,
always use in
exhaust
system

 Precipitation-hardenable series

AISI 600630

CuAlMo
CoTiNb

Precipitation-hardening

Type

Precipitat
ion
hardening

GB

ASTM

JIS

DIN

(CHINA)

(AMERICAN)

(JAPAN)

(GERMANY

0Cr17Ni4Cu4N
b

630

SUS630

0Cr17Ni7Al

631

SUS631

0Cr15NiMo2Al

632

SUS632

X7CrNiAl
177

Use

anticorrosion
very strong

300430

2205

Duplex
Type

Duplex
stainless
steel

GB

ASTM

JIS

DIN
(GERMANY)

(CHINA)

(AMERICA
N)

(JAPAN)

0Cr26Ni5M
o2

A240

4304

1Cr18Ni11Si
4AlTi

00Cr18Ni5
Mo3Si2

SWEDEN
3RE60

Use

kerosene ,
petroleum ,
always use in
heatresistance
and acidresistance
system

2205 DSS

 Duplex stainless steel is a stainless steel that is composed

of two types of compounds, austenite (white part) and
ferrite (gray part).

Effect of Nickel Additions

Fe-Cr-Ni equilibrium diagram
(schematic)
1000C

Austenite

400C

200C
0

Ferrite or
martensite
2

% nickel

Stabilises austenite
More than 8% in
austenitic stainless
steels
4 to 7% in duplex
austenite-ferrite
steels

stabilizer : CrMo Si
stabilizer : NiCMnN

Tensile
strength
(KSI)

Yield
strength
(KSI)

Elongation
(%)

90

37

55

108~151

92~132

13~43

75

45

30

130

125

2~30

75

40

30

135~160

118~188

104~148

17~22

360~455

DSS (329) Annealing

105

80

25

277

PHS
(631)

Annealing

130

40

35

190

Hardening

200~265

185~260

2~9

Items
Series
ASS (302) Annealing
CR
FSS (430) Annealing
CR
MSS (410) Annealing
Tempering

:
1.: PHS>MSS>DSS>ASS>FSS
2.: ASS>FSS>DSS>MSS>PHS
3.: PHS>MSS>DSS>ASS>FSS

Hardness
HB

HRC

187
10~35
183

22~41

43~49

Schaeffler diagram
Nickel Equivalent = Ni + 30 C + 0.5 Mn

30

Austenite

Austenitic alloys

A+M

A+F

Duplex alloys
Martensitic alloys
A+F+M
Martensite
0
0

M+F

Ferritic alloys

Ferrite
40

Chromium Equivalent = Cr + Mo + 1.5 Si + 0.5 Nb

Nickel Equivalent = Ni + 35C + 20N + 0.25Cu

WRC 1992 Diagram

18

16
15

2 4

17

10
8

14

20

24
30

AF

40
50
60

14

FA

80
90

13
12

100

11

70

10
9
17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25 26

27 28

Chromium Equivalent = Cr + Mo + 0.7 Nb

29

30 31

The Schaeffler-Delong Diagram

Nickel Equivalent

904
Martensitic-Austenitic

316

304

Ferritic-Austenitic

2304

410
Martensitic

Austenitic

430

2507

2205

Ferritic

Chromium Equivalent
Chromium Equivalent = %Cr + 1.5%Si + %Mo
Nickel Equivalent = %Ni + 30(%C + %N) + 0.5(%Mn + %Cu + %Co)


Heat input (KJ/mm) =

Volts Amps

60

Travel Speed (mm/min) 1000

Heat input mm (KJ/mm)
Volts E (V)
Amps I (A)
Travel Speed mm/min

Note : 2205:0.5~2.5KJ/mm

2205

200X

200X

200X

AAF:
Creq/Nieq 1.48
FA:
1.48 Creq/Nieq1.95
F : 1.95 Creq/Nieq

Increasing Cr/Ni

40

30

20

10
0
2mm

4mm

6mm

ferrit content (wt%)

2mm

ferrit content (wt%)

50

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

2mm

4mm

6mm

-Cu
nm-Cu

30-50

0.001wt%0.3wt%
1.0wt%

High Nitrogen Stainless Steels

(HNSS)

Introduction
Shortage of Ni for civil industry during the War II.
The nickel is expensive so far.
Thus the steelmaker used nitrogen to instead of
nickel, and found many excellences more than nickel,
so the steel also known as high nitrogen stainless
steels (H.N.S).

Nitrogen Contents in Austenitic

Stainless Steels
Low Nitrogen Contents
(0.05%~0.10%).
Middle Nitrogen Contents
(0.10%~0.40%).
High Nitrogen Contents
(Above 0.40%).

Nitrogen solubility diagram

Nitrogen Contents in Austenitic

Stainless Steels
Generally speaking:
For ferritic materials
the limit is about 0.08
w.t% N.
For austenitic materials
the limit is about 0.40
w.t% N.
Austenite-Ferrite V.S N2 diagram

:
1.
2.
3.
4.

-ferrite
/

increase nitrogen content

Thanks for your attention