Fluid Mechanics

SurfaceFlow

Introduction

Although the theory of fluid flow is

reasonable well understood, theoretical
solutions are obtained for few simple
cases such as fully developed laminar
flow in circular pipe.
Experimental results and empirical
relations are still very much important
than closed-form analytical solutions.
Since there no two exactly systems even
under careful controlled experimental
environment, an error of 10% or more in
friction factor calculated using the
empirical relations is normal.

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Introduction

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Laminar and Turbulent Flows

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Laminar and Turbulent Flows

The transition from laminar to turbulent flow does not

occur suddenly; rather, it occurs over some region in
which the flow fluctuates between laminar and turbulent
flows before it becomes fully turbulent.

Most flows encountered in practice are turbulent.

Laminar flow is encountered when highly viscous fluids

such as oils flow in small pipes or narrow passages.

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Reynolds Number

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Reynolds Number

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Reynolds Number

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The Entrance Region

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The Entrance Region

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The pressure drop is higher in

the entrance regions of a pipe.

The effect of the entrance region

is always to increase the
average friction factor for the
entire pipe.

This increase may be significant

for short pipes but is negligible
for long ones.

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Entry Lengths

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Entry Lengths laminar flow

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Entry Lengths turbulent flow

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