Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Data Booklet
Data Booklet
Booklet
CHEMISTRY 12
Work done in this booklet
will not be marked.
Ministry of Education
CONTENTS
Page
Table
Acid-base Indicators
REFERENCE
D.R. Lide, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 80th edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1999.
30
12
13
(226)
(223)
(227)
Actinium
Ac
Yttrium
(261)
Rutherfordium
Rf
104
178.5
Hafnium
Hf
72
91.2
Zirconium
Zr
40
47.9
Titanium
Ti
Values in parentheses
are the masses of the most
stable or best known isotopes for
elements which do not occur naturally.
Radium
Francium
89
88
138.9
Barium
137.3
Cesium
132.9
Ra
Lanthanum
56
Ba
55
Cs
87
57
La
87.6
85.5
Fr
88.9
Strontium
Rubidium
39
38
45.0
Scandium
Sr
40.1
39.1
37
Calcium
Potassium
Sc
Rb
20
Ca
24.3
23.0
Magnesium
Sodium
19
12
Mg
11
Na
25
91
Pa
Protactinium
231.0
90
Thorium
232.0
140.9
Th
Praseodymium
Cerium
140.1
60
238.0
Uranium
92
144.2
Neodymium
Nd
59
Pr
58
Ce
Bohrium
Bh
107
186.2
Rhenium
Re
75
(98)
Technetium
Tc
43
54.9
Manganese
Mn
(262)
Seaborgium
Sg
106
183.8
Tungsten
74
95.9
Molybdenum
Mo
42
52.0
Chromium
Cr
(263)
(262)
Dubnium
Db
105
180.9
Tantalum
Ta
73
92.9
Niobium
Nb
41
50.9
Vanadium
28.1
26
(237)
Neptunium
Np
93
(145)
Promethium
Pm
61
(265)
Hassium
Hs
108
190.2
Osmium
Os
76
101.1
Ruthenium
Ru
44
55.8
Iron
Fe
27
(244)
Plutonium
Pu
94
150.4
Samarium
Sm
62
(266)
Meitnerium
Mt
109
192.2
Iridium
Ir
77
102.9
Rhodium
Rh
45
58.9
Cobalt
Co
(243)
Americium
Am
95
152.0
Europium
Eu
63
195.1
Platinum
Pt
78
106.4
Palladium
Pd
46
58.7
Nickel
Ni
(247)
Curium
Cm
96
157.3
Gadolinium
Gd
64
197.0
Gold
Au
79
107.9
Silver
Ag
47
63.5
Copper
Cu
(247)
Berkelium
Bk
97
158.9
Terbium
Tb
65
200.6
Mercury
Hg
80
112.4
Cadmium
Cd
48
65.4
Zinc
Zn
(251)
Californium
Cf
98
162.5
Dysprosium
Dy
66
204.4
Thallium
Ti
81
114.8
Indium
In
49
69.7
Gallium
Ga
31
27.0
Aluminum
Al
Boron
13
29
11
10.8
28
10
9.0
Atomic Number
Symbol
Name
Atomic Mass
Beryllium
Silicon
Si
14
6.9
24
Lithium
23
22
Be
21
Li
1.0
Hydrogen
(252)
Einsteinium
Es
99
164.9
Holmium
Ho
67
207.2
Lead
Pb
82
118.7
Tin
Sn
50
72.6
Germanium
Ge
32
28.1
Silicon
Si
14
12.0
Carbon
14
(257)
Fermium
Fm
100
167.3
Erbium
Er
68
209.0
Bismuth
Bi
83
121.8
Antimony
Sb
51
74.9
Arsenic
As
33
31.0
Phosphorus
15
14.0
Nitrogen
15
(258)
Mendelevium
Md
101
168.9
Thulium
Tm
69
(209)
Polonium
Po
84
127.6
Tellurium
Te
52
79.0
Selenium
Se
34
32.1
Sulphur
16
16.0
Oxygen
16
(259)
Nobelium
No
102
173.0
Ytterbium
Yb
70
(210)
Astatine
At
85
126.9
Iodine
53
79.9
Bromine
Br
35
35.5
Chlorine
Cl
17
19.0
Fluorine
17
(262)
Lawrencium
Lr
103
175.0
Lutetium
Lu
71
(222)
Radon
Rn
86
131.3
Xenon
Xe
54
83.8
Krypton
Kr
36
39.9
Argon
Ar
18
20.2
Neon
Ne
10
4.0
Helium
He
18
Symbol
Atomic
Number
Atomic
Mass
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Db
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Md
89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
5
35
48
20
98
6
58
55
17
24
27
29
96
105
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
101
(227)
27.0
(243)
121.8
39.9
74.9
(210)
137.3
(247)
9.0
209.0
10.8
79.9
112.4
40.1
(251)
12.0
140.1
132.9
35.5
52.0
58.9
63.5
(247)
(262)
162.5
(252)
167.3
152.0
(257)
19.0
(223)
157.3
69.7
72.6
197.0
178.5
4.0
164.9
1.0
114.8
126.9
192.2
55.8
83.8
138.9
(262)
207.2
6.9
175.0
24.3
54.9
(258)
Element
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Plutonium
Polonium
Potassium
Praseodymium
Promethium
Protactinium
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Rutherfordium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulphur
Tantalum
Technetium
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
2
Symbol
Atomic
Number
Atomic
Mass
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rb
Ru
Rf
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
37
44
104
62
21
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
92
23
54
70
39
30
40
200.6
95.9
144.2
20.2
(237)
58.7
92.9
14.0
(259)
190.2
16.0
106.4
31.0
195.1
(244)
(209)
39.1
140.9
(145)
231.0
(226)
(222)
186.2
102.9
85.5
101.1
(261)
150.4
45.0
79.0
28.1
107.9
23.0
87.6
32.1
180.9
(98)
127.6
158.9
204.4
232.0
168.9
118.7
47.9
183.8
238.0
50.9
131.3
173.0
88.9
65.4
91.2
Aluminum
Pb4+
NH4+
Ammonium
Li+
Lead(IV), plumbic
Lithium
Ba2+
Barium
Mg2+
Magnesium
Ca2+
Calcium
Mn2+
Manganese(II), manganous
Cr2+
Chromium(II), chromous
Mn4+
Manganese(IV)
Cr3+
Chromium(III), chromic
Hg 22+
Mercury(I)*, mercurous
Cu +
Copper(I)*, cuprous
Cu2+
Hg2+
K+
Copper(II), cupric
Mercury(II), mercuric
Potassium
Hydrogen
Ag+
Silver
Hydronium
Na+
Sodium
Fe 2+
Iron(II)*, ferrous
Sn2+
Tin(II)*, stannous
Fe 3+
Iron(III), ferric
Sn4+
Tin(IV), stannic
Pb 2+
Lead(II), plumbous
Zn2+
Zinc
Bromide
OH
Hydroxide
CO3 2
Carbonate
ClO
Hypochlorite
ClO3
Chlorate
Cl
Chloride
HPO 42
ClO2
Chlorite
NO3
Nitrate
Chromate
NO2
Nitrite
H+
H 3 O+
Negative Ions
(Anions)
Br
CrO4 2
CN
Cr 2O7 2
Dichromate
H2 PO4
Dihydrogen phosphate
CH3 COO
F
HCO3
C 2O 42
Cyanide
O 2
ClO4
MnO4
Ethanoate, acetate
Iodide
Monohydrogen phosphate
Oxalate
Oxide**
Perchlorate
Permanganate
Fluoride
PO 43
Phosphate
SO 42
Sulphate
S2
Sulphide
HC2O 4
HSO4
SO 32
Sulphite
HS
SCN
Thiocyanate
HSO3
or
or
Positive Ions
(Cations)
Solubility of
Compounds
All
Soluble
All
Hydrogen ion: H +
Soluble
All
Ammonium ion: NH 4 +
Soluble
Nitrate, NO3
All
Soluble
All others
Soluble
Chloride,Cl
Bromide, Br
Iodide, I
Sulphate, SO4 2
Sulphide, S2
Ag+ , Pb 2+ , Cu +
Low Solubility
All others
Soluble
Low Solubility
Soluble
All others
Hydroxide, OH
Low Solubility
Alkali ions, H + , NH 4 + , Sr 2+
Soluble
Low Solubility
All others
or
Phosphate, PO4 3
Carbonate,
or
Alkali ions, H + , NH 4 +
Soluble
CO32
Sulphite, SO3 2
All others
Low Solubility
Formula
K sp
Barium carbonate
BaCO3
2.6 10 9
Barium chromate
BaCrO4
1.2 1010
Barium sulphate
BaSO4
1.1 10 10
Calcium carbonate
CaCO3
5.0 10 9
Calcium oxalate
CaC2 O4
2.3 109
Calcium sulphate
CaSO4
7.1 105
Copper(I) iodide
CuI
1.3 10 12
Copper(II) iodate
Cu IO 3
6.9 10 8
Copper(II) sulphide
CuS
6.0 10 37
Iron(II) hydroxide
Fe OH
4.9 1017
Iron(II) sulphide
FeS
6.0 10 19
Iron(III) hydroxide
Fe OH
2.6 10 39
Lead(II) bromide
PbBr2
6.6 10 6
Lead(II) chloride
PbCl2
1.2 105
Lead(II) iodate
Pb IO3
3.7 1013
Lead(II) iodide
PbI2
8.5 109
Lead(II) sulphate
PbSO4
1.8 108
Magnesium carbonate
MgCO3
6.8 10 6
Magnesium hydroxide
Mg OH 2
5.6 10 12
Silver bromate
AgBrO3
5.3 105
Silver bromide
AgBr
5.4 10 13
Silver carbonate
Ag2 CO3
8.5 1012
Silver chloride
AgCl
1.8 1010
Silver chromate
Ag2 CrO4
1.1 10 12
Silver iodate
AgIO3
3.2 10 8
Silver iodide
AgI
8.5 1017
Strontium carbonate
SrCO3
5.6 10 10
Strontium fluoride
SrF2
4.3 10 9
Strontium sulphate
SrSO 4
3.4 10 7
Zinc sulphide
ZnS
2.0 10 25
( )2
( )2
( )3
( )2
( )
STRONG
Name of Acid
Perchloric
HI
Hydrobromic
HBr
STRENGTH OF ACID
Ethanoic, acetic
Dihydrogen citrate ion
Hexaaquoaluminum ion, aluminum ion
Carbonic (CO 2 + H 2 O)
Monohydrogen citrate ion
Hydrogen sulphite ion
Hydrogen sulphide
Dihydrogen phosphate ion
Boric
Ammonium ion
Hydrocyanic
Phenol
Hydrogen peroxide
1.0
1.7 10 1
5.9 10 2
1.5 10 2
1.2 10 2
+
H 3 PO 4
H + H 2 PO 4
3+
2+
+
Fe(H 2 O)6
H + Fe(H 2 O)5 (OH)
+
H 3C 6 H 5 O 7
H + H 2 C 6 H 5O 7
+
HNO
H + NO
2
HF
H +F
+
HCOOH
H + HCOO
3+
2+
+
Cr(H 2 O)6
H + Cr(H 2 O)5 (OH)
+
C H COOH
H + C H COO
6
2
+
HC 2 O 4
H + C2O4
+
CH 3COOH
H + CH 3COO
2
+
H C H O
H + HC H O
2
Al(H 2 O)6
7
3+
H 2 CO 3
HC 6 H 5O 7 2
5 7
2
+
HSO 3
H + SO 3
+
H 2S
H + HS
+
H PO
H + HPO
2
2
4
C 6 H 5OH
H + C 6 H 5O
2
+
HCO 3
H + CO 3
+
H O
H + HO
2
2
Water
Hydroxide ion
OH H + + O 2
HPO 4
NH 3 H + NH 2
Ammonia
6
7.5 10 3
6.0 10 3
7.1 10 4
4.6 10 4
3.5 10 4
1.8 10 4
1.5 10 4
6.5 10 5
6.4 10 5
1.8 10 5
1.7 10 5
1.4 10 5
4.3 10 7
4.1 10 7
1.0 10 7
9.1 10 8
+
H 3 BO 3
H + H 2 BO 3
+
NH 4 +
H + NH 3
+
HCN
H + CN
2+
+
H + HCO 3
3
+
H +C H O
3
+
H + PO 4
+
H2O
H + OH
very large
6.2 10 8
7.3 10 10
5.6 10 10
4.9 10 10
1.3 10 10
5.6 10 11
2.4 10 12
2.2 10 13
1.0 10 14
very small
very small
STRONG
WEAK
very large
STRENGTH OF BASE
very large
WEAK
Benzoic
very large
+
H2C2O4
H + HC 2 O 4
+
H 2 SO 3
H + HSO 3
2
+
HSO
H + SO
Sulphurous (SO 2 + H 2 O)
Oxalic
Methanoic, formic
H + Br
H 2 SO 4 H + HSO 4
+
H 3O +
H + H2O
+
HIO
H + IO
Iodic
Hydrofluoric
Hydronium Ion
Nitrous
very large
HNO 3 H + NO 3
Sulphuric
Citric
H +I
very large
Nitric
HCl H + Cl
Hydrochloric
Phosphoric
H + + ClO 4
HClO 4
Hydriodic
Ka
Base
ACID-BASE INDICATORS
Indicator
pH Range in Which
Colour Change Occurs
Colour Change
as pH Increases
Methyl violet
0.0 1.6
yellow to blue
Thymol blue
1.2 2.8
red to yellow
Orange IV
1.4 2.8
red to yellow
Methyl orange
3.2 4.4
red to yellow
Bromcresol green
3.8 5.4
yellow to blue
Methyl red
4.8 6.0
red to yellow
Chlorophenol red
5.2 6.8
yellow to red
Bromthymol blue
6.0 7.6
yellow to blue
Phenol red
6.6 8.0
yellow to red
Neutral red
6.8 8.0
red to amber
Thymol blue
8.0 9.6
yellow to blue
Phenolphthalein
8.2 10.0
colourless to pink
Thymolphthalein
9.4 10.6
colourless to blue
Alizarin yellow
10.1 12.0
yellow to red
Indigo carmine
11.4 13.0
blue to yellow
Reducing Agents
+ 2.87
+ 2.01
+1.78
+1.51
+1.50
+1.48
+1.39
+1.36
2( g )
+
3+
Cr2 O 7 2 + 14 H + 6e
2Cr + 7H 2 O
+
1
O
+ 2H + 2e H O
2( g )
+1.23
+1.23
2+
MnO 2( s ) + 4 H + + 2 e
Mn + 2 H 2 O
1
IO 3 + 6H + + 5e
I
2 2( s ) + 3H 2 O
Br2(l ) + 2 e
2 Br
AuCl 4 + 3e
Au
( s ) + 4Cl
+
NO 3 + 4 H + 3e NO ( g ) + 2 H 2 O
Hg 2 + + 2 e
Hg (l )
+
7
1
+
O
+
H
M
e
2
10
2
H2O
2 2( g )
2 NO + 4 H + + 2 e
N O + 2H O
+1.00
+ 0.96
+ 0.85
+ 0.82
+ 0.80
Ag + + e
Ag ( s )
2+
1
+ e
Hg (l )
2 Hg 2
2+
Fe 3 + + e
Fe
SO 4 2
S( s )
(s)
+ 0.80
+ 0.80
+ 0.77
+ 0.70
+ 0.60
+ 0.54
+ 0.52
+ 0.45
Cu 2 + + 2 e
Cu ( s )
+ 4H + + 2e
H 2 SO 3 + H 2 O
+
Cu 2 + + e
Cu
+ 0.34
+ 0.17
+ 0.15
2+
Sn 4 + + 2 e
Sn
+ 2H + + 2e
H
S
+ 0.15
+ 0.14
(g)
2H + + 2e
H 2( g )
Pb 2 + + 2 e
Pb ( s )
Sn 2 + + 2 e
Sn
(s)
0.14
Ni ( s )
0.26
H 3 PO 3 + H 2 O
0.28
Co ( s )
0.28
H 2 Se
0.40
Ni 2 + + 2 e
H 3 PO 4 + 2 H + + 2 e
Co 2 + + 2 e
Se ( s ) + 2 H + + 2 e
Cr 3 + + e
Cr 2 +
+ 0.00
0.13
7
2H 2 O + 2e
H 2 + 2OH 10 M
Fe 2 + + 2 e
Fe
(s)
2
Ag 2 S( s ) + 2 e
2 Ag (s) + S
Cr 3 + + 3e
Cr
(s)
Zn 2 + + 2 e
Zn
(s)
Te ( s ) + 2 H + + 2 e
H 2 Te
2H O + 2e
+ 2OH
H
2( g )
2
2+
+ 2e
Mn ( s )
3+
Al + 3e
Al
Mn
(s)
Mg 2 + + 2 e
Mg ( s )
Na + + e
Na
(s)
(s )
K+ + e
K (s )
Rb + + e
Rb (s)
Cs + + e
Cs
(s)
Li + + e
Li ( s )
0.41
0.41
0.45
0.69
0.74
0.76
0.79
0.83
1.19
1.66
2.37
2.71
2.87
2.89
2.91
2.93
2.98
3.03
3.04
STRONG
Ca 2 + + 2 e
Ca ( s )
Sr 2 + + 2 e
Sr(s)
Ba 2 + + 2 e
Ba
Overpotential
Effect
+1.20
+1.09
O 2( g ) + 2 H + + 2e
H2O2
MnO 4 + 2 H 2 O + 3e MnO 2( s ) + 4OH
I 2( s ) + 2e
2I
Cu + + e
Cu
(s)
H SO + 4 H + + 4e
S + 3H O
Overpotential
Effect
WEAK
+1.22
WEAK
STRONG
F2( g ) + 2 e
2F
2
S2 O 8 + 2 e 2SO 4 2
H 2 O 2 + 2H + + 2e
2H 2 O
2+
MnO 4 + 8H + + 5e
Mn + 4 H 2 O
Au 3 + + 3e
Au
(s)
1
BrO 3 + 6H + + 5e
2 Br2(l ) + 3H 2 O
ClO 4 + 8H + + 8e
Cl + 4 H 2 O
Cl
+ 2 e 2Cl
E (Volts )