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Transient Heat Conduction: Yoav Peles
Transient Heat Conduction: Yoav Peles
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Objectives
When you finish studying this chapter, you should be able to:
Assess when the spatial variation of temperature is negligible,
and temperature varies nearly uniformly with time, making the
simplified lumped system analysis applicable,
Obtain analytical solutions for transient one-dimensional
conduction problems in rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical
geometries using the method of separation of variables, and
understand why a one-term solution is usually a reasonable
approximation,
Solve the transient conduction problem in large mediums using
the similarity variable, and predict the variation of temperature
with time and distance from the exposed surface, and
Construct solutions for multi-dimensional transient conduction
problems using the product solution approach.
Heat Transfer
into the body
during dt
hAs(T-T)dt= mcpdT
(41)
m = mass
h
V = volume
T
= density
Ti = initial temperature
T = T(t)
Q = hAs T T ( t )
d (T T )
hAs
=
dt
(42)
Vc p
T T
Integrating from time zero (at which T=Ti) to t gives
hAs
T (t ) T
t
ln
=
(43)
Ti T
Vc p
Taking the exponential of both sides and rearranging
hAs
T (t ) T
bt
=e
; b=
Ti T
Vc p
(1/s)
(44)
There are several observations that can be made from this figure and
the relation above:
1. Equation 44 enables us to determine the temperature T(t) of a
body at time t, or alternatively, the time t required for the
temperature to reach a specified value T(t).
2. The temperature of a body approaches the ambient temperature T
exponentially.
3. The temperature of the body
changes rapidly at the beginning,
but rather slowly later on.
4. A large value of b indicates
that the body approaches
the ambient temperature
in a short time.
(kJ)
(47)
(kJ)
(48)
hLc
(49)
k
It can also be expressed as
Lc
Conduction resistance within the body
Rcond
k
Bi =
=
=
Convection resistance at the surface of the body
1
Rconv
h
Rconv
T
h
Ts
Rcond
Tin
Bi 0.1
Boundary conditions:
Initial condition:
2T 1 T
=
2
x
t
(410a)
T ( 0, t )
=0
x
(410b)
k T ( L, t ) = h T L, t T
( )
T ( x, 0 ) = Ti
(410c)
Non-dimensional Equation
A dimensionless space variable
X=x/L
A dimensionless temperature variable
(x, t)=[T(x,t)-T]/[Ti-T]
The dimensionless time and h/k ratio will be obtained through the
analysis given below
Introducing the dimensionless variable into Eq. 4-10a
L T 2
L2 2T
1 T
X
( x / L)
Ti T x
Ti T x
Ti T t
Boundary conditions:
Initial condition:
( 0, )
=0
X
(412b)
(1, ) = Bi 1,
( )
X
( X , 0) = 1
(412c)
Exact Solution
Several analytical and numerical techniques can be
used to solve Eq. 4-12.
We will use the method of separation of variables.
The dimensionless temperature function (X,) is
expressed as a product of a function of X only and a
function of only as
(414)
( X , ) = F ( X ) G ( )
Substituting Eq. 414 into Eq. 412a and dividing by
the product FG gives
1 d 2 F 1 dG
=
(415)
2
F dX
G d
F
=
0
;
+
F =0
2
dX
d
whose general solutions are
F = C1 cos ( X ) + C2 sin ( X )
2
G=C3e
(416)
(417)
= FG = C3e
C1 cos ( X ) + C2 sin ( X )
(418)
A cos ( X ) + B sin ( X )
where A=C1C3 and B=C2C3 are arbitrary constants.
Note that we need to determine only A and B to
obtain the solution of the problem.
Applying the boundary conditions in Eq. 412b gives
=e
( 0, )
X
(1, )
X
= 0 e
( A sin 0 + B cos 0 ) = 0
B = 0 = Ae
= Bi (1, ) Ae
cos ( X )
sin = BiAe
cos
tan = Bi
= Ane
n =1
n2
cos ( n X )
(420)
The constants An are determined from the initial condition, Eq. 412c,
( X , 0 ) = 1 1 = An cos ( n X )
n =1
(421)
X =0
cos ( m X ) =
X =1
X =0
cos ( m X ) An cos ( n X )
n =1
cos ( m X ) cos ( n X ) dX
X =0
X =0
cos ( n X ) dX = An
X =1
cos 2 ( n X ) dX
X =0
4sin n
An =
(422)
2n + sin ( 2n )
T ( x, t ) T
12
=
= A1 e
cos ( 1 x / L ) , > 0.2 (423)
Ti T
cyl
T (r , t ) T
12
=
= A 1 e J 0 ( 1r / r0 ) , > 0.2
Ti T
(424)
sph
T (r , t ) T
12 sin ( 1r / r0 )
=
= A1 e
, > 0.2
Ti T
1r / r0
(425)
T0 T
12
=
= A1 e
Ti T
T0 T
12
0,cyl =
= A1 e
Ti T
T0 T
12
sph =
= A1 e
Ti T
(426)
(427)
(428)
Heisler Charts
The solution of the transient temperature for a large
plane wall, long cylinder, and sphere are also
presented in graphical form for >0.2, known as the
transient temperature charts (also known as the
Heisler Charts).
There are three charts associated with each geometry:
the temperature T0 at the center of the geometry at a
given time t.
the temperature at other locations at the same time
in terms of T0.
the total amount of heat transfer up to the time t.
Midplane temperature
Temperature distribution
Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer
The maximum amount of heat that a body can gain (or
lose if Ti=T) occurs when the temperature of the body
is changes from the initial temperature Ti to the
ambient temperature
Qmax = mc p (T Ti ) = Vc p (T Ti )
(kJ)
(430)
(431)
1
= (1 V ) dV (432)
VV
c p (T - Ti ) V
The following relations for the fraction of heat transfer
in those geometries:
Plane wall:
Q
sin 1
= 1 0, wall
1
Qmax wall
(433)
Cylinder:
J1 ( 1 )
Q
= 1 2 0,cyl
1
Qmax cyl
(434)
Sphere:
Q
sin 1 1 cos 1
=
1
3
0, sph
3
Q
1
max sph
(435)
Fourier number
=
t
2
kL (1/ L ) T
2
c p L / t T
3
2T 1 T
=
2
x
t
T ( 0, t ) = Ts
T ( x , t ) = Ti
T ( x, 0 ) = Ti
(410a)
(437b)
(410c)
Similarity Solution
For transient conduction in a semi-infinite medium
x
=
Similarity variable:
4 t
2T
T
=
2T
T
= 2
2
(439a)
; T ( ) = Ti
(439b)
dw
dw
= 2 w
= 2 d ln ( w ) = 2 + C0
d
w
w = C1e
where C1=ln(C0).
Back substituting w=dT/d and integrating again,
T = C1 e
u2
du + C2
(440)
Ti = C1 e
0
u2
du + C2 = C1
2 (Ti Ts ) (441)
+ Ts C1 =
u2
du = erf ( ) = 1 erfc ( )
(442)
Where
erf ( ) =
du
erfc ( ) = 1
e
0
u2
du (443)
x =0
T
2
= k
= kC1e
x =0
1
4 t
=
=0
k (Ts Ti )
t
(444)
The solution:
T ( r , x, t ) T
T
T
Short
Cylinder
T ( x, t ) T
T ( r , t ) T
(450)
X
=
Ti T plane
Ti T infinite
wall
cylinder
Ti T
plane
wall
T ( r , t ) T
cyl ( r , t ) =
T
T
infinite
cylinder
T ( x, t ) T
semi-inf ( x, t ) =
T
T
semi-infinite
solid
(451)
+
1-
(453)
+
1-
(454)