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Second Order Circuits: EENG 223 Circuit Circuit Theory I
Second Order Circuits: EENG 223 Circuit Circuit Theory I
EENG 223
Circuit
Theory I
+ a1
dx
dt
+ a o x(t) = f(t)
Solution of a 2nd-order differential equation requires two initial conditions: x(0) and x(0)
All higher
g
order circuits ((3rd, 4th, etc)) have the same types
yp of responses
p
as seen in 1storder and 2nd-order circuits
Since 2nd-order circuits have two energy-storage types, the circuits can have the
following forms:
1) Two capacitors
2) Two inductors
3) One capacitor and one inductor
A) Series RLC circuit
B) P
Parallel
ll l RLC circuit
i it
C) Others
xf = x()
Substituting the general form of the solution Aest yields the characteristic
equation:
s2 + a1s + ao = 0
Finding the roots of this quadratic (called the characteristic roots or natural
frequencies) yields:
s1 , s2 =
-aa1
( a1 )
- 4a o
1)
O d
Overdamped
d response
Roots are real and distinct [ (a1)2 > 4ao ]
Solution has the form:
x n = A1e
s1t
+ A2e
s2t
2)
C iti ll damped
Critically
d
d response
Roots are repeated [ (a1)2 = 4ao ] so s1 = s2 = s = -a1/2
Solution has the form:
xn =
( A1t
+ A2 ) e
st
3)
Underdamped response
Roots are complex [ (a1)2 < 4ao ] so s1 , s2 = j
Show that the solution has the form:
s2 + 2s + wo2 = 0
i(t)
R
Vs
+
_
L
+
C
v (t)
_
P
Parallel
ll l RLC Circuit
Ci
it - develop
d
l expressions
i
ffor and
d wo
t=0
i(t)
+
Is
R
v (t)
_
2.
3.
3.
Determine if the circuit is a series RLC or parallel RLC (for t > 0 with
independent sources killed). If the circuit is not series RLC or parallel RLC
determine the describing equation of capacitor voltage or inductor current.
B)
Obtain the characteristic equation
equation. Use the standard formulas for and wo for
a series RLC circuit or a parallel RLC circuit. Use these values of and wo in
the characteristic equation as: s2 + 2s + wo2.
C)
Find the roots of the characteristic equation (characteristic roots).
D)
Determine the form of the natural response based on the type of characteristic
roots:
x n = A1es1t + A2es2t
A) Real distinct roots:
x n = e t [ A1 cos(( t)) + A 2 sin(( t)) ]
B)) Co
Complex
p e roots:
oots
x n = ( A1t + A2 ) est
C) Repeated roots:
Find the forced response - Analyze the circuit at t = to find xf = x().
Find the initial conditions, x(0) and x(0).
A) Find
Fi d x(0)
(0) b
by analyzing
l i the
h circuit
i i at t = 0- (find
(fi d allll capacitor
i voltages
l
and
d iinductor
d
currents)
B) Analyze the circuit at t = 0+ (use the values for vC and iL found at t = 0- in the
circuit) and find dvC(0+)/dt = iC(0+)/C or diL(0+)/dt = vL(0+)/L.
Find the complete response
A)
Find the total response, x(t) = xn + xf .
B)
Use the two initial conditions to solve for the two unknowns in the total
response
10 V
_
0.1 F
v (t)
_
8A
5H
0 05 F
0.05
v ((t))
_
i(t)
+
6
4u(t) A
01F
0.1
1H
v (t)
_