MV Diagrams PDF

4 - 190
BEAM AND GIRDER DESIGN
BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

For Various Static Loading Conditions
For meaning of symbols, see page 4-187
1. SIMPLE BEAMUNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD
Total Equiv. Uniform Load . . . . . . = wl
l
wl
l
2
l
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
Vx
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = w x
l
2
M max (at center) . . . . . . . . . . . .

Shear
Mx
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
max (at center) . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mmax
Moment
wl
2
R=V
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
wl 2
=
8
wx
=
(l x)
2
5wl 4
384 EI
wx
=
(l2 2lx 2 + x3 )
24EI
2. SIMPLE BEAMLOAD INCREASING UNIFORMLY TO ONE END

Total Equiv. Uniform Load . . . . . . =
l
R 1 = V1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R2
R1
.5774 l
V1
Shear
V2
max
Vx
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
M max (at x =
Mx
M max
l
= .5774 l) . . . . . . .
3
158
W Wx 2
2
3
l
2Wl
=
= .1283 Wl
9
3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
max (at x = l 1
Moment
W
3
2W
=
3
R 2 = V2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
= .5193 l) . .
16W
= 1.0264W
9
3
Wx
3l2
(l2 x2 )
= 0.1304
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
Wl 3
EI
Wx
180 EIl2
(3x4 10l2 x2 + 7l4 )
3. SIMPLE BEAMLOAD INCREASING UNIFORMLY TO CENTER
R=V
R
l
2
Vx
l
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
l
2
(when x < ) . . . . . . . . . . =
M max (at center) . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shear
Mx
M max
4W
3
W
=
2
W
Total Equiv. Uniform Load . . . . . . =
(l2 4x2)
l
2
(when x < ) . . . . . . . . . . = Wx
max (at center) . . . . . . . . . . . .

Moment
2l2
Wl
=
6
l
2
(when x < ) . . . . . . . . . . =
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Wl 3
60EI
Wx
480 EIl2
2x 2
3l2
(5l2 4x2 )2
4 - 191

4. SIMPLE BEAMUNIFORMLY LOAD PARTIALLY DISTRIBUTED
l
b
wb
R2
wb
(2c + b)
2l
wb
R 2 = V2 (max. when a > c) . . . . . . . =
(2a + b)
2l
R 1 = V1 (max. when a < c) . . . . . . . =
Vx
V1
Shear
V2
R1
a+ w
M max
Moment
(when x > a and < (a + b)) . . . = R 1 w(x a)
Mx
R1
R1
at x = a + w . . . . . . . . = R 1 a + 2w
(when x < a) . . . . . . . . . = R 1x
Mx
(when x > a and < (a + b)) . . . = R 1x
Mx
(when x > (a + b)) . . . . . . . = R 2(l x)
M max
w
(x a)2
2
5. SIMPLE BEAMUNIFORM LOAD PARTIALLY DISTRIBUTED AT ONE END

R 1 = V1
a
wa
R 2 = V2
R2
V1
R1
w
M max
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=
wa
(2l a)
2l
wa 2
2l
Vx
(when x < a) . . . . . . . . . = R 1 wx
M max
R
at x = 1
w
Mx
(when x < a) . . . . . . . . . = R 1x
Mx
(when x > a) . . . . . . . . . = R 2 (l x)
(when x < a) . . . . . . . . . =
wx
(a 2 (2l a)2 2ax 2 (2l a) + lx 3 )
24EIl
(when x > a) . . . . . . . . . =
wa 2 (l x)
(4xl 2x2 a 2 )
24EIl
V2
Shear
max
. . . . . . . . . .=
Moment
R 21
2w
wx 2
2
6. SIMPLE BEAMUNIFORM LOAD PARTIALLY DISTRIBUTED AT EACH END
a
w1 a
R1
w2 c
R2
R 1 = V1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=
w 1a(2l a) + w 2 c2
2l
R 2 = V2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=
w 2c(2l c) + w 1 a2
2l
Vx
(when x < a) . . . . . . . . . = R 1 w 1x
Vx
(when x > a and < (a + b))
Vx
(when x > (a + b)) . . . . . . . = R 2 w 2 (l x)
= R 1 w 1a
R1
R1
=
at x = w when R 1 < w 1a
2w 1
1
R1
R 22
at x = l w when R 2 < w 2 c = 2w
2
2
V1
Shear
R1
w1
V2
M max
M max
M max
Mx
w 1x2
2
w1a
(when x > a and < (a + b)) . . . = R 1x
(2x a)
2
Mx
(when x > (a + b)) . . . . . . . = R 2(l x)
Mx
Moment
(when x < a) . . . . . . . . . = R 1x
w 2(l x)2
2
4 - 192

7. SIMPLE BEAMCONCENTRATED LOAD AT CENTER
Total Equiv. Uniform Load . . . . . . . . . . = 2P
l
P
l
2
l
2
R=V
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
P
2
M max
(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . . . =
Pl
4
Mx
Px
1
when x < . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
2
2
max
(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . . . =
Px
1
(3l2 4x2 )
when x < . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
48EI
2
Shear
M max
Moment
Pl 3
48EI
8. SIMPLE BEAMCONCENTRATED LOAD AT ANY POINT

Total Equiv. Uniform Load . . . . . . . . . . =
l
x
Pb
l
R 2 = V2 (max when a > b ) . . . . . . . . . . . =
Pa
l
M max
(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . . . =
Pab
l
Mx
(when x < a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
Pbx
l
max
at x =
Pab (a + 2b)
3a(a + 2b)
27EIl
(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . . . =
Pa 2b 2
3EIl
(when x < a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
Pbx 2
(l b 2 x2 )
6EIl
R2
V1
V2
Shear
M max
Moment
l2
R 1 = V1 (max when a b
3
. . . =
9. SIMPLE BEAMTWO EQUAL CONCENTRATED LOADS SYMMETRICALLY PLACED

l
x
Shear
M max
Moment
8Pa
l
R=V
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =P
M max
(between loads) . . . . . . . . . . . . = Pa
Mx
(when x < a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = Px
max
(at center) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
Pa
(3l2 4a2 )
24EI
(when x < a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
Px
(3la 3a 2 x2 )
6EI
(when x > a and < (l a)) . . . . . . . =
Pa
(3lx 3x2 a 2)
6EI
4 - 193

10. SIMPLE BEAMTWO EQUAL CONCENTRATED LOADS UNSYMMETRICALLY
PLACED
l
P
R2
V1
V2
Shear
M2
M1
Moment
R 1 = V1
(max. when a b ) . . . . . . . . . =
P
(l b + a)
l
Vx
(when x > a and < (l b)) . . . . . =
P
(b a)
l
M1
(max. when a > b ) . . . . . . . . . = R 1 a
M2
(max. when a a and < (l b)) . . . . . = R 1 x P(x a)
11. SIMPLE BEAMTWO UNEQUAL CONCENTRATED LOADS UNSYMMETRICALLY

PLACED
x
P1
P2
R2
V1
V2
Shear
M2
M1
Moment
R 1 = V1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
P1 (l a) + P2 b
l
R 2 = V2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
P1 a + P2 (l b)
l
Vx
(when x > a and < (l b)) . . . . . = R 1 P1
M1
(max. when R 1 < P1) . . . . . . . . = R 1 a
M2
(max. when R 2 < P2) . . . . . . . . = R 2 b
Mx
(when x < a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . = R 1 x
Mx
(when x > a and < (l b)) . . . . . = R 1 x P(x a)
12. BEAM FIXED AT ONE END, SUPPORTED AT OTHERUNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED

LOAD
Total Equiv. Uniform Load . . . . . . . . . . = wl
l
wl
R
R2
V1
Shear
R 1 = V1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
3wl
8
R 2 = V2 max
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
5wl
8
Vx
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = R 1 wx
M max
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
V2
3
l
8
l
4
M1
Moment
M max
wl 2
8
Mx
9
3
wl 2
at x = l . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
128
8
Mx
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = R1x
max
x
wx 2
2
wl 4
l
33
) = .4215 l . . . =
at x = (1 +
16
185 EI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
wx 3
(l 3lx + 2x3 )
48EI
4 - 194

13. BEAM FIXED AT ONE END, SUPPORTED AT OTHERCONCENTRATED LOAD AT
CENTER
l
2
3P
2
R 1 = V1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
5P
15
R 2 = V2 max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
11P
16
M max (at fixed end) . . . . . . . . . . . =
3Pl
16
M1
5Pl
32
Total Equiv. Uniform Load . . . . . . . =
l
2
V1
Shear
V2
Mx
Mx
M1
max
Moment
M max
3
11 l
x
x
x
(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . . =
5Px
l
when x < . . . . . . . . . . . . =
16
2
l 11x
l
when x > . . . . . . . . . . . . = P
2
2 16
3
3
at x = l
15 = .4472 l . . . . . . . = Pl = .009317 PlEI
48EI
5
(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . . =
7PL 3
768 EI
Px
l
(3l2 5x2 )
when x < . . . . . . . . . . . . =
96EI
2
l
P
(x l)2(11x 2l)
when x > . . . . . . . . . . . . =
2
96EI
14. BEAM FIXED AT ONE END, SUPPORTED AT OTHERCONCENTRATED LOAD AT

ANY POINT
R 1 = V1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
R 2 = V2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
l
x
R
R2
V1
Shear
Pa
2l3
(a + 2l)
(3l2 a2 )
(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . . = R 1 a
M2
(at fixed end) . . . . . . . . . . . =
Mx
(when x < a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . = R 1 x
Mx
(when x > a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . = R 1 x P(x a)
max when a < .414 l at x = l
max when a > .414 l at x = l

Moment
Pa
R2
2l3
V2
M1
Pb 2
M2
Pab
2l2
(a + l)
Pa(l2 + a2 )3
(l2 + a 2)
=
2
2
(3l a )
3EI(3l2 a2 )2
a
..........
2l + a
(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . . =
(when x < a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . =
(when x > a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . =
Pab 2
6EI
2l+ a
Pa 2 b3
12EIl3
Pb x
2
12EIl3
Pa
12EIl2
(3l + a)
(3al 2 2lx 2 ax 2)
(l x)2 (3l2 x a 3 x 2a 2l)
4 - 195

15. BEAM FIXED AT BOTH ENDSUNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS
2wl
3
wl
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
2
Total Equiv. Uniform Load . . . . . . . . =

l
R=V
wl
l
2
l
2
V
V
Shear
.2113 l
M1
Moment
M max
M max
Vx
M max
(at ends) . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
M1
(at center) . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
Mx
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
max
x
wl 2
12
wl 2
24
w
(6lx l2 6x2 )
12
wl 4
384 EI
wx 2
(l x)2
24EI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = w x
(at center) . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
16. BEAM FIXED AT BOTH ENDSCONCENTRATED LOAD AT CENTER

l
Total Equiv. Uniform Load . . . . . . . . = P

P
x
l
2
R=V
R
l
2
V
V
Shear
l
4
M max
Mx
max
M max
Moment
M max
M max
P
2
Pl
(at center and ends) . . . . . . . . =
8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
when x <
P
l
. . . . . . . . . . . = (4x l)
8
2
Pl 3
(at center) . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
192 EI
when x <
l
Px 2
(3l 4x)
. . . . . . . . . . . =
2
48EI
17. BEAM FIXED AT BOTH ENDSCONCENTRATED LOAD AT ANY POINT

R 1 = V1 (max. when a b ) . . . . . . . . =
l
R1
R2
V1
V2
Shear
Ma
M1
Moment
M2
Pb 2
l3
Pa 2
(3a + b)
(a + 3b)
l3
Pab 2
M1
(max. when a b ) . . . . . . . . =
Ma
(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . =
Mx
(when x < a ) . . . . . . . . . . . = R 1 x
max
2Pa 3b 2
2al
. . . . =
when a > b at x =
3a + b
3EI(3a + b)2
(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . =
(when x < a ) . . . . . . . . . . . =
l2
Pa 2 b
l2
2Pa 2b 2
l3
Pab 2
l2
Pa 3 b3
3EIl3
Pb 2 x2
6EIl2
(3al 3ax bx)
4 - 196

18. CANTILEVER BEAMLOAD INCREASING UNIFORMLY TO FIXED END
8
3
Total Equiv. Uniform Load . . . . . . . . = W

l
R=V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =W
Vx
R
x
M max (at fixed end) . . . . . . . . . . . . =

V
Shear
Mx
M max
Moment
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
max (at free end) . . . . . . . . . . . . . =

x
x2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =W
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
l2
Wl
3
Wx 3
3l2
Wl 3
15EI
W
60EIl2
(x5 5l4 x + 4l5 )
19. CANTILEVER BEAMUNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD

Total Equiv. Uniform Load . . . . . . . . = 4wl
R = V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = wl
wl
Vx
R
x
Shear
M max
Moment
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = wx
M max (at fixed end) . . . . . . . . . . . . =
wl 2
2
Mx
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
wx 2
2
max (at free end) . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
wl 4
8EI
w
(x 4 4l3 x + 3l4 )
24EI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
20. BEAM FIXED AT ONE END, FREE TO DEFLECT VERTICALLY BUT NOT ROTATE
AT OTHERUNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD
l
R = V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = wl
wl
M
R
Vx
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = wx
Shear
M max (at fixed end) . . . . . . . . . . . . =
wl 2
3
Mx
w 2
(l 3x2 )
6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
.4227 l
M1
Moment
8
wl
3
max (at deflected end) . . . . . . . . . . =
wl 4
24EI
w(l2 x2 )2
24EI
M max
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
4 - 197

21. CANTILEVER BEAMCONCENTRATED LOAD AT ANY POINT
R=V
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =P
M max (at fixed end) . . . . . . . . . . . . = Pb
8Pb
l
(when x > a) . . . . . . . . . . . . = P(x a)
Mx
max (at free end) . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
Pb 2
(3l b)
6EI
(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . . =
Pb 3
3EI
(when x < a) . . . . . . . . . . . . =
Pb 2
(3l 3x b)
6EI
(when x > a) . . . . . . . . . . . . =
P(l x)2
(3b l + x)
6EI
Shear
Mmax
Moment
22. CANTILEVER BEAMCONCENTRATED LOAD AT FREE END

l
Total Equiv. Uniform Load . . . . . . . . = 8P
R=V
R
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =P
M max (at fixed end) . . . . . . . . . . . . = Pl

Mx
Shear
M max
Moment
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = Px
max (at free end) . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
Pl 3
3EI
P
(2l3 3l2x + x3 )
6EI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
23. BEAM FIXED AT ONE END, FREE TO DEFLECT VERTICALLY BUT NOT ROTATE
AT OTHERCONCENTRATED LOAD AT DEFLECTED END
Total Equiv. Uniform Load . . . . . . . . = 4P
R=V
P
M
x
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =P
M max (at both ends) . . . . . . . . . . . . =
Mx
l
2
l
2
Moment
M max
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = P x
Shear
M max
Pl
2
max (at deflected end) . . . . . . . . . . =
pl
12EI
P(l x)2
(l + 2x)
12EI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
4 - 198

24. BEAM OVERHANGING ONE SUPPORTUNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD
R1
w(l +a)
a2
l
1 2)
2 (
l
a
x1
R 2 = V2 + V3 . . . . . . . . . . . =
w
(l + a)2
2l
V2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = wa
V3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
V3
Moment
(between supports) . . . . . = R 1 wx
M2
a 2
w
l
2
2
1 2 . . . . . = 2 (l + a) (l a)
2
8l
l
wa 2
(at R 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . =
2
M 1 at x =
M2
M1
a2
l (1 2 )
l
w 2
(l + a2 )
2l
Vx 1 (for overhang) . . . . . . . = w(a x 1)

V2
Shear
w 2
(l a2 )
2l
Vx
R2
V1
R 1 = V1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
M x (between supports) . . . . . =
wx 2
(l a 2 xl)
2l
M x1 (for overhang) . . . . . . . =
w
(a x1 )2
2
wx
(l4 2l2 x2 + lx 3 2a 2l2 + 2a 2x 2)
24EIl
(between supports) . . . . . =
x 1 (for overhang) . . . . . . . =
wx 1
(4a2 l l3 + 6a 2 x1 4ax 21 + x31 )
24EI
25. BEAM OVERHANGING ONE SUPPORTUNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD ON

OVERHANG
R 1 = V1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
wa 2
2l
R2
wa
(2l + a)
2l
V1 + V2 . . . . . . . . . . . . =
V2
l
a
x1
wa
R1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = wa
Vx 1 (for overhang) . . . . . . . = w(a x 1)
R2
V2
V1
M max (at R 2) . . . . . . . . . . . =
wa 2
2
M x (between supports) . . . . . =
wa 2 x
2l
M x1 (for overhang) . . . . . . . =
w
(a x 1)2
2
Shear
max between supports at x =

Moment
M max
wa 2 l2
l
wa 2 l2
= 0.03208
=
EI
18
3 EI
3
max (for overhang at x1 = a ) . . . =
wa 3
(4l + 3a)
24EI
wa 2x 2
(l x 2)
12EIl
(between supports) . . . . . =
x 1 (for overhang) . . . . . . . =
wx 1
(4a2 l + 6a 2x 1 4ax 21 + x31)
24EI
4 - 199

26. BEAM OVERHANGING ONE SUPPORTCONCENTRATED LOAD AT END OF OVERHANG
Pa
l
P
= (l + a)
l
=P
= Pa
Pax
=
l
= P(a x 1)
R 1 = V1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
l
a
x1
R 2 = V1 + V2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P
R2
R1
V2
V2
M max
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(at R 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mx
(between supports) . . . . . . . . . .
M x1
(for overhang) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pal 2
l
Pal 2
= .06415
between supports at x =
. . . . . =
EI
9
3 EI
3
max
V1
Shear
max
M max
Moment
x
x1
Pa 2
(l + a)
3EI
Pax 2
(between supports) . . . . . . . . . . =
(l x2)
6EIl
Px 1
(for overhang) . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
(2al + 3ax 1 x21 )
6EI
(for overhang at x1 = a) . . . . . . . . =
27. BEAM OVERHANGING ONE SUPPORTUNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD

BETWEEN SUPPORTS
Total Equiv. Uniform Load . . . . . . . . . . = wl
l
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
Vx
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = w x
x1
wl
l
2
M max
Mx
V
V
Shear
M max
wl
2
R=V
max
(at center) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
(at center) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
x1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
Moment
wl 2
8
wx
(l x)
2
5wl 4
384 EI
wx 2
(l 2lx 2 + x3)
24EI
3
wl x1
24EI
28. BEAM OVERHANGING ONE SUPPORTCONCENTRATED LOAD AT ANY POINT

BETWEEN SUPPORTS
R 1 = V1 (max. when a b ) . . . . . . . . . . . =
x1
R2
a
V1
V2
Shear
M max
Moment
M max
(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . . . . =
Mx
(when x < a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
max
at x =
(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . . . . =
(when x < a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
(when x > a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
x1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
a(a + 2b)
when a > b
3
. . . =
8Pab
l2
Pb
l
Pa
l
Pab
l
Pbx
l
Pab (a + 2b)
3a(a + 2b)
27EIl
Pa 2b 2
3EIl
Pbx 2
(l b 2 x2 )
6EIl
Pa(l x)
(2lx x 2 a2 )
6EIl
Pabx1
(l + a)
6EIl
4 - 200

29. CONTINUOUS BEAMTWO EQUAL SPANSUNIFORM LOAD ON ONE SPAN
wl
R1
R2
R3
V1
V3
V2
7l
16
Shear
Total Equiv. Uniform Load
49
wl
64
R 1 = V1 . . . . . . . . . . .
7
wl
16
R 2 = V2 + V3 . . . . . . . . .
5
wl
8
R 3 = V3 . . . . . . . . . . .
V2
. . . . . . . . . . . . =
M max at x =
M max
M1
7
l
16
. . . . . =
1
wl
16
9
wl
16
49
wl 2
512
M1
(at support R 2) . . . . =
1
wl 2
16
Mx
(when x < l) . . . . . =
wx
(7l 8x)
16
Moment
max (at 0.472 l from R 1 ) . .
= .0092 wl 4 / EI
30. CONTINUOUS BEAMTWO EQUAL SPANSCONCENTRATED LOAD AT CENTER

OF ONE SPAN
l
2
R1
l
2
R2
R3
V1
Total Equiv. Uniform Load
13
P
8
R 1 = V1 . . . . . . . . . . .
13
P
32
R 2 = V2 + V3 . . . . . . . . .
11
P
16
R 3 = V3 . . . . . . . . . . .
V3
Shear
V2
V2
. . . . . . . . . . . . =
M1
M1
Moment
19
P
32
13
Pl
64
(at support R 2) . . . . =
3
Pl
32
M max (at point of load) . . .
M max
3
P
32
max (at 0.480 l from R 1 ) . .
= .015 Pl 3 / EI
31. CONTINUOUS BEAMTWO EQUAL SPANSCONCENTRATED LOAD AT ANY POINT

P
R1
R2
V1
Shear
V2
R3
R 2 = V2 + V3 . . . . . . . . .
R 3 = V3 . . . . . . . . . . .
V3
V2
. . . . . . . . . . . . =
M max (at point of load) . . .
M max
M1
Moment
Pb
R 1 = V1 . . . . . . . . . . .
M1
(at support R 2) . . . . =
4l3
Pa
2l3
(4l2 a(l + a))

(2l2 + b(l + a))
Pab
4l3
Pa
4l3
(4l2 + b(l + a))
Pab
4l3
Pab
4l2
(l + a)
(4l2 a(l + a))

(l + a)
4 - 201

32. BEAMUNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD AND VARIABLE END MOMENTS
M1
wl
M >M
R1
wl M 1 M 2
+
2
l
R 2 = V2
. . . . . . . . . . .
wl M 1 M 2
2
l
l
2
Vx
Shear
. . . . . . . . . . .
R2
R 1 = V1
V2
l M 1 M 2
M 3 at x = +
. .
wl
2
M3
M2
M1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . = w x +
Mx
. . . . . . . . . . . . . =
M1 M2
l
2
wl 2 M 1 + M 2 (M 1 M 2)
+
8
2
2wl 2
wx
(l x) +
2
M M
2
1
x M1
l
Moment
M + M M M
l
+
4
w
wl
2
(to locate inflection points) =
x =
wx
24EI
8M 1l 4M 2l
4M 1 4M 2 2 12M 1
3
2
x 2l + wl wl x + w x + l w w
33. BEAMCONCENTRATED LOAD AT CENTER AND VARIABLE END MOMENTS
M1
l
P
l
2
M1 >M
M2
R 1 = V1
. . . . . . . . . . . =
P M1 M2
+
2
l
R 2 = V2
. . . . . . . . . . . =
P M1 M2
2
l
R2
Pl M 1 + M 2
4
2
M 3 (at center) . . . . . . . .
l
M x when x < . . . . . .
2
P M1 M2
x M1
= +
l
l
M x when x > . . . . . .
2
V2
Shear
M3
Moment
M1
M2
(M 1 M 2)x
P
(l x) +
M1
2
l
8(l x)
l
Px 2
3l 4x2
x when x < =
[M 1 (2l x) + M 2 (l + x)]
2
48EI
Pl
4 - 202

34. CONTINUOUS BEAMTHREE EQUAL SPANSONE END SPAN UNLOADED
wl
wl
RA = 0.383 w l
RC = 0.450 w l
RB = 1.20 w l
RD = 0.033 w l
0.033 w l
0.583 w l
0.383 w l
0.617 w l
Shear
0.033 w l
0.417 w l
0.1167 w l 2
+0.0735 w l 2
0.0333 wl 2
+0.0534 w l 2
Moment
0.383 l
0.583 l
max (0.430 l from A) = 0.0059 wl 4/ El
35. CONTINUOUS BEAMTHREE EQUAL SPANSEND SPANS LOADED

wl
wl
RA = 0.450 w l
RB = 0.550 wl
RC = 0.550 w l
RD = 0.450 w l
0.550 wl
0.450 wl
0.450 w l
0.550 w l
Shear
0.050 w l 2
+0.1013 w l 2
+0.1013 w l 2
Moment
0.450 l
0.450 l
max (0.479 l from A or D) = 0.0099 wl 4/ El
36. CONTINUOUS BEAMTHREE EQUAL SPANSALL SPANS LOADED

wl
l
wl
l
RA = 0.400 w l
wl
RB = 1.10 w l
0.400 w l
RD = 0.400 w l
0.600 w l
0.400 w l
0.500 w l
0.600 w l
0.100 w l 2
0.100 w l 2
+0.080 w l 2
R C = 1.10 w l
0.500 w l
Shear
+0.080 w l 2
+0.025w l 2
Moment
0.400 l
0.500 l
0.500 l
0.400 l
l4
max (0.446 l from A or D) = 0.0069 w / El
4 - 203

37. CONTINUOUS BEAMFOUR EQUAL SPANSTHIRD SPAN UNLOADED
wl
wl
RA = 0.380 w l
wl
l
R D = 0.598 w l
0.620 w l
Shear
RE = 0.442 w l
0.442 w l
0.040 w l
0.397 w l
0.058 w l 2
0.0179 w l 2
0.1205 w l 2
+0.0977 w l 2
+0.0611 w l 2
+0.072 w l
0.558 w l
0.603 w l
0.380 w l
RC = 0.357 w l
RB = 1.223 w l
Moment
0.603 l
0.380 l
0.442 l
max (0.475 l from E) = 0.0094 wl 4/ El
38. CONTINUOUS BEAMFOUR EQUAL SPANSLOAD FIRST AND THIRD SPANS

wl
wl
RA = 0.446 w l
R D = 0.572 w l
0.482 w l
RE = 0.054 w l
0.054 w l
0.518 w l
0.0536 w l 2
0.0357 w l 2
0.0536 w l 2
+0.0996 w l
0.054 w l
0.554 w l
Shear
RC = 0.464 w l
RB = 0.572 w l
0.018 w l
0.446 w l
+0.0805 w l 2
Moment
0.518 l
0.446 l
max (0.477 l from A) = 0.0097 wl 4/ El
39. CONTINUOUS BEAMFOUR EQUAL SPANSALL SPANS LOADED

wl
wl
RB = 1.143 w l
RA = 0.393 w l
+0.0772
D
RD = 1.143 w l
+0.0364 w l 2
0.393 w l
0.536 w l
0.1071 w l 2
+0.0364 w l 2
+0.0772 w l 2
Moment
0.393 l
0.536 l
E
RE = 0.393 w l
0.607 w l
0.464 w l
0.0714 w l 2
0.1071 w l 2
wl 2
0.607 w l
Shear
wl
RC = 0.928 w l
0.464 w l
0.536 w l
0.393 w l
wl
0.536 l
max (0.440 l from A and D) = 0.0065 w l 4/ El
0.393 l
4 - 204

40. SIMPLE BEAMONE CONCENTRATED MOVING LOAD
x
P
R2
R1
l
R 1 max = V1 max (at x = 0) . . . . . . . . . . .
=P
1
M max at point of load, when x = . . . . .
2
Pl
4
41. SIMPLE BEAMTWO EQUAL CONCENTRATED MOVING LOADS

R 1 max = V1 max (at x = 0) . . . . . . . . . . .
a
l
= P 2
when a <, (2 2 ) l . . . . . = .586 l

x
under load 1 at x
a
P
R1
P
R2
M max
1
l
2
a
. .
2
P
l
2l
when a > (2 2 )l . . . . . = .586 l
with one load at center of span =
Pl
4
(Case 40)
42. SIMPLE BEAMTWO UNEQUAL CONCENTRATED MOVING LOADS

R 1 max = V1 max (at x = 0) . . . . . . . . . . .
under P1 , at x =
P1 > P2
a
P1
R1
P2
R2
M max
P 2a
1
l
2 P1 + P2
= P1 + P2
= (P1 + P2 )
x2
l
M max may occur with larger
load at center of span and other

l
la
l
load off span (Case 40) . . . =
P1 l
4
GENERAL RULES FOR SIMPLE BEAMS CARRYING MOVING CONCENTRATED LOADS
P1
a
C.G.
R1
P2
R2
b
l
2
Moment
The maximum shear due to moving concentrated loads occurs at

one support when one of the loads is at that support. With several
moving loads, the location that will produce maximum shear must be
determined by trial.
The maximum bending moment produced by moving concentrated
loads occurs under one of the loads when that load is as far from one
support as the center of gravity of all the moving loads on the beam is
from the other support.
In the accompanying diagram, the maximum bending moment
occurs under load P1 when x = b . It should also be noted that this
condition occurs when the centerline of the span is midway between
the center of gravity of loads and the nearest concentrated load.
4 - 205

Design properties of cantilevered beams
Equal loads, equally spaced
No. Spans
System
a
M1
M1
M1
M3
M3
M2
M2
M3
M1
M1
M1
M1
M4
M1
M1
M1
D
M1
M1
M3
M3
H
M3
H
M3
C
M1
M5
4
P
P
2
P
2
5
P
P
2
P
2
Moments
D
M1
M3
3
P
2
M2
d
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
0.086PL
0.096PL
0.063PL
0.039PL
0.051PL
0.167PL
0.188PL
0.125PL
0.083PL
0.104PL
0.250PL
0.278PL
0.167PL
0.083PL
0.139PL
0.333PL
0.375PL
0.250PL
0.167PL
0.208PL
0.429PL
0.480PL
0.300PL
0.171PL
0.249PL
Reactions
M3
H
P
2
M3
M3
M3
2
P
2
M3
M3
M3
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
0.414P
1.172P
0.438P
1.063P
1.086P
1.109P
0.977P
1.000P
0.833P
2.333P
0.875P
2.125P
2.167P
2.208P
1.958P
2.000P
1.250P
3.500P
1.333P
3.167P
3.250P
3.333P
2.917P
3.000P
1.667P
4.667P
1.750P
4.250P
4.333P
4.417P
3.917P
4.000P
2.071P
5.857P
2.200P
5.300P
5.429P
5.557P
4.871P
5.000P
Cantilever
Dimensions
Typical Span
Loading
M3
M5
M2
M3
H
e
M3
M3
M3
M3
M3
M3
M3
M3
M3
M1
F
M3
M1
M5
F
M5
e
M3
M2
M3
M1
A
M3
M5
F
M2
M3
H
e
M3
M1
A
M3
M3
M3
M1
M3
M3
D
f
M3
M2
C
M2
7
(odd)
M3
M3
M5
6
(even)
e
M3
a
b
c
d
e
f
0.172L
0.125L
0.220L
0.204L
0.157L
0.147L
0.250L
0.200L
0.333L
0.308L
0.273L
0.250L
0.200L
0.143L
0.250L
0.231L
0.182L
0.167L
0.182L
0.143L
0.222L
0.211L
0.176L
0.167L
0.176L
0.130L
0.229L
0.203L
0.160L
0.150L
P
2
4 - 206

CONTINUOUS BEAMS
MOMENT AND SHEAR COEFFICIENTS
EQUAL SPANS, EQUALLY LOADED
UNIFORM LOAD
MOMENT
in terms of wl2
SHEAR
in terms of wl
+.07
+.07
.125
+.08
+.025
0 3
8
+.08
.10
.10
.073
.105
0 15
38
+.078
+.078
.106
.077
.077
.086
.106
0 41
104
+.078
+.078
.106
.077
.085
.085
.077
.106
0 36
142
MOMENT
in terms of Pl
+.156
23 20
38
63 55
104
86 75
142
18 19
38
67 70
142
4 0
10
15 17
28
19 18
38
53 53
104
72 71
142
CONCENTRATED LOADS
at center
+.156
5 6
10
13 13
28
43 51
104
0
8
6 5
10
17 15
28
0 11
28
+.078
.073
0 4
10
+.077
+.036
+.036
+.077
.107
.071
.107
+.078
.105
11 0
28
20 23
38
51 49
104
71 72
142
15 0
38
55 63
104
70 67
142
41 0
104
75 86
142
36 0
142
SHEAR
in terms of P
+.157
.31
+.178
+.10
+.175
.15
+.13
+.11
.119
.119
+.222
+.111
+.111
.65
+.171
.50
.50
.65
.35
.158
.34
MOMENT
in terms of Pl
.31
.15
+.11
.138
.69
P
.35
+.171
.69
+.222
.66
.54
.46
CONCENTRATED LOADS
at 13 points
.50
.50
.46
.54
.66
.34
SHEAR
in terms of P
P
.333
.67
+.156
+.244
+.066
.267
+.066 +.156
.267
+.244
P
.73
+.24
+.146
+.076
.281
+.099 +.122
.211
+.122 +.099
.211
+.076 +.146
.281
+.24
P
.72
MOMENT
in terms of Pl
+.258
+.267
+.267
+.022 +.022
+.258
-.465
P
1.28
1.0
1.0
+.155
+.303
+.204
+.155
+.303
+.079 +.006
+.054 +.079
+.079 +.054
+.277
+.006 +.079
-.394
-.296
-.296
-.394
1.97
P P P
P P P
1.11
1.89
.93
.73
1.07
P
1.28
.72
1.87
1.40
P P P
1.97
P P P
1.50
P P P
1.60
SHEAR
in terms of P
P P P
+.314
+.128
+.314
+.097 +.003 +.003 +.097 +.282
-.372
-.372
P
1.27
CONCENTRATED LOADS
at 14 points
1.13
+.277
1.0
P
.93
.67
1.0
1.03
+.282
1.33
1.27
P
1.07
1.33
1.50
P P P
1.50
1.50
1.03
P P P
1.87
1.13
P P P
1.40
1.60
P P P
1.89
1.11

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4 - 190

BEAM AND GIRDER DESIGN

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

M max (at center) . . . . . . . . . . . .

max (at center) . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. SIMPLE BEAMLOAD INCREASING UNIFORMLY TO ONE END

(3x4 10l2 x2 + 7l4 )

3. SIMPLE BEAMLOAD INCREASING UNIFORMLY TO CENTER

M max (at center) . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total Equiv. Uniform Load . . . . . . =

max (at center) . . . . . . . . . . . .

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

R 1 = V1 (max. when a < c) . . . . . . . =

(when x > a and < (a + b)) . . . = R 1 w(x a)

(when x > a and < (a + b)) . . . = R 1x

(when x > (a + b)) . . . . . . . = R 2(l x)

5. SIMPLE BEAMUNIFORM LOAD PARTIALLY DISTRIBUTED AT ONE END

6. SIMPLE BEAMUNIFORM LOAD PARTIALLY DISTRIBUTED AT EACH END

(when x > a and < (a + b))

(when x > (a + b)) . . . . . . . = R 2 w 2 (l x)

(when x > (a + b)) . . . . . . . = R 2(l x)

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

BEAM AND GIRDER DESIGN

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . . . =

(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . . . =

8. SIMPLE BEAMCONCENTRATED LOAD AT ANY POINT

R 2 = V2 (max when a > b ) . . . . . . . . . . . =

(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . . . =

(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . . . =

R 1 = V1 (max when a < b ) . . . . . . . . . . . =

9. SIMPLE BEAMTWO EQUAL CONCENTRATED LOADS SYMMETRICALLY PLACED

(when x > a and < (l a)) . . . . . . . =

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

(max. when a < b ) . . . . . . . . . =

(max. when a > b ) . . . . . . . . . =

(when x > a and < (l b)) . . . . . =

(max. when a > b ) . . . . . . . . . = R 1 a

(max. when a < b ) . . . . . . . . . = R 2 b

(when x > a and < (l b)) . . . . . = R 1 x P(x a)

11. SIMPLE BEAMTWO UNEQUAL CONCENTRATED LOADS UNSYMMETRICALLY

(when x > a and < (l b)) . . . . . = R 1 P1

(max. when R 1 < P1) . . . . . . . . = R 1 a

(max. when R 2 < P2) . . . . . . . . = R 2 b

(when x > a and < (l b)) . . . . . = R 1 x P(x a)

12. BEAM FIXED AT ONE END, SUPPORTED AT OTHERUNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

BEAM AND GIRDER DESIGN

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

M max (at fixed end) . . . . . . . . . . . =

Total Equiv. Uniform Load . . . . . . . =

(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . . =

14. BEAM FIXED AT ONE END, SUPPORTED AT OTHERCONCENTRATED LOAD AT

(at point of load) . . . . . . . . . . = R 1 a