l;kmfl/; kq

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, sf7df8f}+ lzIff SofDk; lzIffzf:q ;+sfo

cGt{ut kf7\oqmd tyf d'Nofg ljefu, :gftsf]Q/ tx ltLo aif{sf]
cf+lzs cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf nflu ;fd'bflos k|fylds laBfnodf
afnaflnsfx?sf] sIff 5f]8\g] cj:yfM 8f]6L lhNnfsf] Ps
cWoog lzif{ssf] zf]wkq k|;L; l;+x dx/fn] d]/f] ;Nnfx / lgb]
{zgdf tof/ ug'{ ePsf] xf] . lghsf] pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf] sfdgf ub}
{ k|:t't zf]wkq cfjZos d"Nofg ;ldlt ;dIf l;kmfl/; ub{5' .

===================
===================
=======
k|f= 8f= k|d] gf/fo0f cof{n
zf]wlgb]{zs

:jLs[lt kq
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, sf7df8f}+ lzIff SofDk; lzIffzf:q ;+sfo
cGt{ut kf7\oqmd tyf d'Nofg ljefu, :gftsf]Q/ tx ltLo aif{sf]
cf+lzs cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf nflu k|;L; l;+x dx/f4f/f k|:t't
;fd'bflos k|fylds laBfnodf afnaflnsfx?sf] sIff 5f]8\g]
cj:yfM 8f]6L lhNnfsf] Ps cWoog lzif{s zf]wkq :gftsf]Q/
pkflwsf nflu ;jLs[t ul/Psf] 5 .

d"Nofg ;ldlt
!= ;+of]hs
===================================
=============
/Tgnfn k|wfg

@= afXo k/LIfs
===================================
ii
=============

s[t1tf 1fkg
lzIff 1fgsf] Hof]lt xf] . o;n] dfgljo hLjgsf x/]s
kIfnfO{ pHofnf] kfb{5 . olb afnjflnsfn] lzIff kfPgg\
eg] plgx?sf] dfgj clwsf/ xgg\ x'G5 . plgx?sf] d'ne"t
Ifdtf / ?rL s'07Lt x'G5 . To;}n] k|To]s b]zsf ;/sf/n]
;a}nfO{ lzIff lbg] lhDj]jf/L lnPsf x'G5g\ . t/ lzIff lng]
cj;/ ;a} gful/sn] kfpg ;s]sf 5}|gg\ . oxL k[i7e"dLdf
;d'bfo b]vL ljZjljBfno:t/af6}] ;a}n] lzIff kfP kfPgg\
eGg] s'/fsf] n]vfhf]vf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;a}sf nflu lzIff
cfhsf] cfjZostf clg cfjfh ag]sf] 5 . lzIffsf] ljZjfJofkL
tYof

s]nfpbf

cem}

klg

u|fdL0f

If]qsf

clwsf+z

afnaflnsf OR5f eP/ klg ljBfnosf] b}nf] ;Dd k'Ug ;s]sf

5}gg\ . hf] ljBfno;Dd k'u]sf 5g\ . ltlgx? dWo] w]/}n]
cfjZos z}lIfs Ifdtf tyf ;Lk xfl;n gub]{ ljBfno 5f]8\g]
u/]sf] kfOG5 .
;fd'bflos k|fylds laBfnodf afnaflnsfx?sf]
sIff 5f]8\g] cj:yfM 8f]6L lhNnfsf] Ps cWoog
lzif{sdf zf]wkq tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . o; zf]wkqsf] zf]w
k|:tfjgf l:js[t ug]{ b]lv zf]wsfo{ ;dfkg;Dd x/kxn ;'emfj
lbO{ xf}+;nf k|bfg u'g{ x'g]

sfo{qmd ;+of]hs

/Tgnfn k|wfgk|lt xflb{s cfef/ k|s6 ub{5' . o;}ul/

zf]wkq tof/ ug]{ qmddf cgj/t ?kdf lgb]{zg, ;Nnfx P+j
/f]rs ;'emfj

lbO{ of] zf]w sfo{ ;Dkfbg

iii

ug{ ;xof]u

ug'{ x'g] cfb/0fLo u'? tyf zf]w lgb]{zs k|f= 8f= k|d]g
gf/fo0f cof{nk|lt x[bob]lv g} s[t1tf JoQm ub{5' .
d]/f] n]vg sfo{nfO{

;xh / ;/n tl/sfn] ;Dkfbg

ug{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g] >Ldfg\ ljho k|sfz dx/f tyf 5f]/fx?

k|h]z dx/f / cfe'if0f dx/fsf] u'0f slxNo} lj;{g ;lSbg .
;fy} ;DalGwt ;Dk'0f{ lzIfs, ljBfly{ ,clejfjs tyf cGo
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?k|lt ;Fw} ;b\efj lbg rfxfG5' . cGtdf
clt s'zn tl/sfn] ;dod} zf]wkq tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g]
hL sDKo'6/sf efO{ ;f}/enfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' .

;f/;\If]k
;fd'bflos k|fylds laBfnodf afnaflnsfx?sf]
sIff 5f]8\g] cj:yfM 8f]6L lhNnfsf] Ps cWoog
gfds lzif{sdf cfwfl/t /x]/ of] cWoog k"/f ul/Psf] xf] .
of] Pp6f ;j]{If0fd"ns cg';Gwfg lyof] . ;fd'bflos k|fylds
ljBfnox?df afnaflnsfsf] sIff 5f8\g] cj:yf / ltgsf] sf/0fx?
af/] cWoog ug{sf nflu 8f]6L lhNnfsf rf/j6f ;fd'bflos
ljBfnox?nfO{ cWoogdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df
ljBfyL{x?n] sIff 5f8\g'sf sf/0fx? af/] a'em\gsf nflu
ljleGg

k|sf/sf

k|ZgfjnLx?4f/f

:jo+

sIff

5f8\g]

ljBfyL{ plgx?sf cleefjsx? tyf ljBfnosf k|wfgWofksx?

af6 ;"rgf ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . tYofsf nflu 3/ tyf
iv

ljBfnodf k|To]s ;DalGwt JolQm;+u e]6 ul/Psf] lyof] .

o; cWoogsf] p2]Zox? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf lyPM s_
;fd''bflos ljBfnosf k|fylds txdf afnaflnsfx?sf] sIff
5f]8\g] cj:yf kl/rfg ug'{ . v_ ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf k|fylds
txdf

afnaflnsfx?sf]

-5fq5fqf_

cjl:ytL

sIff

5f]8\g]

cj:yfnfO{

-uflj;gu/kflnsf_

sf

ln

cfwf/df

t'ngfTds cWoog ug'{ . u_ afnaflnsfx?n] sIff 5f]8\g'sf

sf/0fx? kQf nufpg' / 3_ ;fd'bflos k|fylds ljBfnox?df sIff
5f8\g] cj:yfdf sld Nofpg pkfox?sf] vf]hL ug'{ .
tYof ;+sngsf nflu lj=;= @)^#, @)^$ / @)^%
;fnnfO{ cfwf/ aif{ dflgPsf] lyof] . z}lIfs aif{ @)^#,
@)^$ / @)^% sf] pQm tYof cg';f/ gd"gf 5gf]6df
k/]sf rf/ ljBfnox?df qmdzM *^^, *%! / *(# hgf
ljBfyL{x?

egf{

ePsf]

b]lvG5

tLg

aif{sf]

of]

ljBfyL{ egf{ b/nfO{ ;du|df x]bf{ k|fylds txsf]

ljBfyL{ egf} b/df aif}{ lkR5] vf;} ptf8r9fj gcfPsf]
b]lvGf cfPklg ;fgf] kl/df0fdf ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof 36\a9
ePsf] k|:6 b]lvG5 . o; cg';f/ z}lIfs aif{ @)^#, @)^
% / @)^% df ljBfyL{ egf{sf] qmdzM ($ k|ltzt, ($=%
k|ltzt / (@=% k|ltzt ljBfyL{ lgoldt pkl:yt eO{ clGtd
kl/Ifdf ;lDdlnt ePsf] b]lvG5 . gd"gf ljBfnodf ljBfyL{sf]
sIff 5f]8\g] b/ x]g{sf nflu ljBfyL{ k|jfxb/ x]l/Psf]
lyof] . o;df @)^#, )^$ / )^% df cf}ift sIff 5f8\g]
b/ ;du|df ^=#^ /x]sf] kfOof] .
v

8f]6L lhNnfsf zx/L If]qsf ljBfnox?df cf};t sIff

5f]8\g] b/ ;du|df $=$% k|ltzt kfOof] . ;fy} u|fdL0f
If]qsf ljBfnox?df ljBfyL{x?sf] sIff 5f]8\g] cf}ift b/
&=(@ k|ltzt kfOof] . h;af6 zx/L If]qsf] t'ngfdf u|fdL0f
If]qdf ljBfyL{x?sf] sIff 5f]8\g] b/ a9L ePsf] b]lvG5 .
tLg aif{sf] ljBfyL{ egf{sf] of] cj:yfnfO{ lnsf] cfwf/df
ljZN]fif0f ubf{ s"n @ xhf/ ^!) hgfdf %@=% k|ltzt -!
#&) hgf_ 5fq / $&=% k|ltzt -!@$) hgf_ 5fqfx? /x]sf
b]lvG5 . 5fqf egf{sf] of] b/ uf=lj=;=sf ljBfnox?sf]
t'ngfdf gu/kflnsfsf ljBfnox?df /fd|f] /x]sf] cWoogsf
qmddf tYofdf kfOPsf] 5 . tYof cg';f/ @)^# b]lv )^
% ;Ddsf tLg z}lIfs aif{x?df egf{ ePsf -hDdf $ j6f
ljBfnox?df_ hDdf @ xhf/ ^!) ljBfyL{x?df To;sf]
(#=^#

k|ltzt

ljBfyL{x?dfq

clGtd

kl/Iffdf

;fd]n

eO{ afFsL ^=#^ k|ltzt ljBfyhL{x?n] aLr}df sIff

5f8]sf] b]lvg cfFp5 . @)^# b]lv )^% ;Ddsf tLgj6f
z}lIfs aif{df egf{ ePsf s'n @ xhf/ ^!) ljBfyL{x?df
uflj; If]qdf ! xhf/ !&# hgf -$$=($_ k|ltzt / gu/kflnsf
If]qdf ! xhf/ $#& hgf -%%=)^ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;af6 uf=lj=; eGbf gu/kflnsf If]qdf ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof
w]/} /x]sf] k|:6 b]lvG5 . tYofsf] cfwf/df ljBfyL{x?sf]
ljBfno 5f8\g] cj:yfsf] cWoog ubf{ uf=lj=; If]qaf6 s'n
egf{sf] &=(@ k|ltztn] cfkm"n] cWoog z'? u/]sf]
sIffsf] k9fO{ k"/f gu/L aLr}df ljBfno 5f8]sf] b]lvG5 .
csf{lt/ gu/kflnsf If]qaf6 eg] s'n egf{sf] $=$% k|
vi

ltztn] dfq sIff 5f8]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L sIff 5f8\g]

cj:yfdf klg gu/klnsf If]qdf s'n sIff 5f8]g] ^$ hgfdf
$@=!*

k|ltzt 5fq . afFsL %&=*! k|ltzt 5fqf /x]sf]

b]lvG5 . To;}u/L of] b/ uf=lj=;= If]qdf s'n sIff

5f8\g] ;+Vofsf] $# k|ltzt 5fq / afFsL &% k|ltzt 5fqf
5g\ . To;}n] of] tYofaf6 uf=lj=;= If]qsf] t'ngfdf
gu/klnsf If]qaf6 #=$& k|ltzt sd ljBfyL{n] sIff 5f8\g]
u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] 5fqx?sf] t'ngfdf 5fqfx?n] g} a9L
sIff 5f8]sf] klg b]lvG5 .

vii

laifo;"rL (Contents)
k]h g+

l;kmfl/;kq

:jLs[ltkq

ii

s[t1tf 1fkg

iii

;f/;\If]k

iv

laifo;"rL

vi

tflnsf ;"rL

viii

kl/R5]b PsM kl/ro (Introduction)

!#
!=! k[i7e"ld
!=@

;d:ofsf] syg
@

!=#

cWoogsf] cf}lrTo
@

!=$ cWoogsf] p2]Zo

#
!=%

cWoogsf kl/;Ldfx?
#

kl/R5]b b'O{M;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg (Review of Related

Literature)

$!@
viii

@=!

sIff 5f8\g] cj:yf ;DaGwL ljZjJofkL b[li6sf]0f

$
@=+!=! g]kfndf sIff 5f8\g] ;DaGwdf b[li6sf]0f
%
@=!=@ sIff 5f8g' kgf{sf sf/s ;DaGqdf b[li6sf]0f
^

@=@

;}4flGts vfsf

!)
kl/R5]btLgMcg';Gwfg ljlw (Research Methodology)
!#!^
#=!

cg';Gwfg 9fFrf
!#

#=@

tYofsf] k|s[lt / >f]t

!#

#=@=! k|fylds ;|f]tx?

!#
#=@=@

l4lto ;|f]t

!$
#=#

hg;+Vof tyf gd"gf 5gf]6

!$

#=$

tYof ;+sngsf cf}hf/x?

!$

#= %

tYof ;+sng k|lqmof

!%
ix

kl/R5]b rf/M tYofsf] JofVof tyf ljZN]if0f

(Analysis

and Interpretation) !&!*

$=!

cWoog If]qsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro

!*

$=@

ljBfnodf ljBfyL{x?sf] egf{ cj:yf

@)

$=#

ljBfyL{x?sf] sIff 5f8\g] cj:yf

@)

$=$

sIff 5f8\g] k|j[lQsf] n}+lus / cjl:ytLut t'ngf

@!

$=%

ljBfnox?sf] ljBfyL{ k|jfx b/

@#

$=^

ljBfyL{x?n] ljBfno 5f8\g] sf/0fx?

@$

$=^=! cfly{s sf/0f

@^
$=^=@ ;fdflhsf sf/0f
@&
$=^=# ljBfno;+u ;DjlGwt sf/0fx?M
@&
$=^=$ :jf:y ;DalGw sf/0fx?
@*

cWofo kfFrM ;f/f+z, lgisif{ / ;'emfjx? (Conclusion and

Recommendations)

%=!

#)#$

;f/f+Zf
#)

%=@

k|flKt
#!

%=#=

lgisif{

#@
%=$

;'emfjx?

##
;Gbe{;"rL
#%#*
cg';'rL

#(

$*

xi

tflnsf ;"rL (List of Tables)

k]h
tflnsf !M ljBfyL{ egf{sf] cj:yf
!(
tflnsf @M sIff 5f8\g] ljBfyL{ ;+Vofsf] cj:yf
@)
tflnsf #M lnsf] cfwf/df sIff 5f]8\g] b/
@!
tflnsf $M If]qsf cfwf/df sIff 5f8\g] b/
@@
tflnsf %M %( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] ljBfno 5f]8fOsf] cj:yf
@#
tflnsf ^M ljBfyL{ k|jfx b/
@$

xii

;fd'bflos k|fylds laBfnodf afnaflnsfx?

sf] sIff 5f]8\g] cj:yfM
8f]6L lhNnfsf] Ps cWoog

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno sf7df8f}+ lzIff SofDk;

lzIffzf:q ;+sfo kf7\oqmd tyf d'Nofg ljefu,
:gftsf]Q/ tx ltLo aif{sf] cf+lzs
cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf nflu k|:t't

zf]wkq

k|:t'tstf{
k|;L; l;+x dx/f
Pd\= P8\= bf];|f] aif{
/f]n g+ @^*))#^
lq=lj= btf{ g+=@!&@)*%
xiii

sf7df8f}+ lzIff SofDk;

/fdzfxky, sf7df8f}+
@)^*

xiv

 k|;L; l;+x dx/f -@)^*_

;fd'bflos k|fylds laBfnodf afnaflnsfx?sf] sIff 5f]8\g] cj:yfM 8f]6L lhNnfsf] Ps cWoog

;fd'bflos k|fylds laBfnodf afnaflnsfx?

sf] sIff 5f]8\g] cj:yfM
8f]6L lhNnfsf] Ps cWoog

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno sf7df8f}+ lzIff SofDk;

lzIffzf:q ;+sfo kf7\oqmd tyf d'Nofg ljefu,
:gftsf]Q/ tx ltLo aif{sf] cf+lzs
cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf nflu k|:t't

zf]wkq

k|:t'tstf{
k|;L; l;+x dx/f
Pd\= P8\= bf];|f] aif{
/f]n g+ @^*))#^
lq=lj= btf{ g+=@!&@)*%
xv

sf7df8f}+ lzIff SofDk;

/fdzfxky, sf7df8f}+
@)^*

xvi