Vol.03, No.

01

Tp ch Khoa hc K thut
Journal of Science and Technology

11-2011

PHN TCH MNG CC CHU TI TRNG NGANG V K

THUT LP M HNH TNG TC CC-T PHI TUYN
PHM NGC THCH
Khoa Cng Trnh Giao Thng, Trng i Hc GTVT-TPHCM

Tm tt
M hnh cc - l xo cng vi khi nim v cc ng p-y, t-z v q-w ngy cng c ng dng rng ri
trong cc bi ton kt cu bn trn v mng cc lm vic ng thi. Trong khi , cc tng ng l
m hnh truyn thng c ng dng ti Vit Nam hn hai thp k qua. Da trn cc ti liu chuyn ngnh
v mt vi nghin cu gn y ca tc gi, bi bo tho lun mt s kha cnh quan trng i vi hai m
hnh ny v k thut lp m hnh cc thnh phn tng tc cc t trong phn mm SAP2000.
T kha: tng tc cc-t, cc tng ng, m hnh

ANALYSIS OF PILE FOUNDATIONS UNDER LATERAL LOADING AND

MODELING OF NONLINEAR SOIL-PILE INTERACTION
PHAM NGOC THACH
Faculty of Transportation Engineering,
HoChiMinh University of of Transport and Communications
Abstract
The model pile- soil springs with the concepts of p-y, t-z and q-w curves has increasingly been applied to
structural problems that consider superstructure and pile foundation working simultaneously. Meanwhile,
equivalent piles is the model that has conventionally been used in Vietnam over the last two decades.
Based on recent studies of the author, this paper discusses some important aspects for these two models
and the technique to simulate nonlinear pile-soil interaction in the structural program SAP2000.
Keywords: pile-soil interaction, equivalent pile, lateral load, modeling

1. GII THIU
lp m hnh mt mng cc th tnh cht cc thnh phn sau cn c bit r: Ti trng tc ng; Kt
cu b cc; Lin kt gia b v cc; Cc; Tng tc
2
1
cc-t; t nn; iu kin bin. Cc thnh phn ny
c minh ha trn hnh 1. Trong , t nn cn
c x l nh l mi trng lin tc c cc lp t
4
3
5
c c trng bng cc m hnh ng sut - bin
dng m c kh nng m t c bn cht bin dng
phi n hi ca t nn, v d nh Mohr-Coulomb, 7
Drucker-Prager, Modified Cam-Clay l nhng m
7
hnh n hi - do c s dng rt ph bin trong
6
cc ng dng a k thut hin nay [1]. Ngoi ra, do
nn t l mt bn khng gian v hn nn khi lp m
7
hnh s trong cc phn mm phn t hu hn th cn
Hnh 1: M hnh lin tc
phi c bin php x l iu kin bin sao cho m
hnh hu hn trong phn mm lm vic tng
33

ng vi m hnh thc c bn cht l v hn [2]. Mc d vic lp m hnh mng cc chi tit nh trn
c chnh xc cao v hon ton c th thc hin c vi s tr gip ca cc b phn mm ni ting
nh ABAQUS, FLAC, PLAXIS, nhng vic m t mi trng t phi tuyn v iu kin bin v hn
qu phc tp nn hn ch rt nhiu vic ng dng kiu m hnh ny vo trong thit k mng cc.
Chnh v l do , cc nh nghin cu s dng mt s gi thit nhm n gin ha m hnh tnh, ch
yu l nhm trnh vic trc tip m phng mi trng t v x l iu kin bin trong m hnh. Nh vy
phc tp ch cn ph thuc vo cc thnh phn 1 ti 5 bn trn. iu ny to c hi cho ngi thit k
s dng cc phn mm kt cu thng dng lp nhng m hnh n gin ha ny.
Hin nay Vit Nam, phn mm kt cu SAP2000 [3] c s dng rng ri lp m hnh s cc cng
trnh xy dng nh vo kh nng mnh m trong phn tch tnh ln phn tch ng. i vi mt cng
trnh c xy dng trn mng cc th vic m t tt cc m hnh tng tc cc - t trong SAP2000
gi vai tr quan trng quyt nh tin cy ca kt qu phn tch t phn mm. Da trn mt s nghin
cu gn y, [4-13], bi bo ny tho lun nhng c trng chnh cng nh k thut lp m hnh trong
SAP2000 ng vi hai m hnh c s dng ph bin hin nay: m hnh cc - l xo phi tuyn v m
hnh cc tng ng.
2. M HNH CC - L XO PHI TUYN
M hnh ny da trn gi thit bin dng ca nn l nh so vi bin dng ca cc v t xung quanh mi
cc c thay bng mt dy cc l xo nm ngang t dc theo chiu di cc nh trn hnh 2 (m hnh
Winkler), chng i din cho tng tc cc-t theo phng ngang. M hnh vt liu ca mi l xo l
ng quan h ti trng - chuyn v ngang, thng c gi l m hnh p-y. Hin nay c nhiu m
hnh p-y c xut, xem trong [14-16], cho cc iu kin t nn v ti trng khc nhau. Phn ln
nhng m hnh ny c kim chng qua th nghim hin trng hoc cng trnh thc t nn c tin
cy cao v c a vo nhiu tiu chun, quy phm v hng dn thit k, v d nh [17-19].
lp m hnh mng cc nh trn hnh 2 trong SAP2000 th cn phi gii quyt c vn : lm th
no m phng c tng tc cc - t trong phn mm. Trong mt vi nghin cu v cc phng
php phn tch ng t cho mng cc, [4,5], tc gi nhn ra rng phn t tip xc im c tn
SUPPORT cng vi kiu ng x vt liu Multi-linear elastic trong SAP2000 hon ton c th c
s dng m phng cc l xo phi tuyn vi ng p-y c hnh dng bt k, v sau k thut m
phng ny c bo co chi tit trong [6].
2.1 Tm tt cc bc xy dng m hnh cc - l xo t trong SAP2000
Bc 1. Chia nh nn ra thnh cc lp t con (hnh 3), chiu dy mi lp k hiu l Z 1 , Z 2 ,
Bc 2. Nhn dng cc su Z1, Z2, t mt t xung ti v tr gia ca mi lp t con nh trn
hnh 3. Cc su ny nh ngha v tr ca cc l xo t.
Mt nn

Z 1
Z 2

Z1

Z2

Z3

Hnh 3: nh ngha cc lp t con v v tr l xo

Hnh 2: M hnh cc-l xo

Bc 3. T l thuyt m hnh p-y chn, tnh ton cc ng p-y cho cc l xo. ng p-y thu c
cho mi l xo t phi c 2 nhnh i xng qua gc ta nh trn hnh 4.

34

Lu : th
heo l thuyt th p chnh l p lc t trn 1m dii
(KN/m),, tuy nhin, y mi l
xo trn hn
nh 3 i din
n
cho cng
c
ca c mt
m lp t con nn p c
a l xo phii
c nh
hn thm chiu dy Z ca lp t con tng
g
ng (KN
N).
Bc 4. To m hnh phn t hu hn ch
ho cc trong
g
t c v tr t
ng ng vi
SAP2000 sao cho cc nt phn t
cc v tr l xo t bc 2.
Bc 5. Dng cc phn
p
t SUP
PPORT trong
g phn mm
m
nh ngha cc l
xo t. Tro
ong , kiu
u ng x caa
mi phn t SUPP
PORT l M
Multi-linear elastic v
ng p-y
p tng n
ng, tnh to
on bc 3,
3 c khaii
bo vo trc tip cho
o phn t ny. Hnh 5 v 6 minh haa
cch n
nh ngha v gn
g mt phn
n t SUPPOR
RT vo cc.
Kinh ngh
him tnh ton, [4-6], cho
o thy cc b
c
t 1 ti 3 d dng c

t ng
g ha trn bng
tnh Exccel hoc Mattlab, v cc bc
b
4 v 5 ch
thun ty
y v mt thaao tc trong SAP2000.
S
C
ng
cn lu l s phn
n b ca p lc t ln cc
c
v bn cht l phi tuyn, vic thc hin cc
bc 1 ti
t 3 ng ngha
n
vi gii nh rng s
phn b
p lc t trong mi lp t con
n l
hng s.. Tuy nhin sai s sinh ra do gi nh

ny s kh
hng ng k
k nu chiu dy ca cc lp
t con nh. M
t s kinh nghim
n
v chia
c
nh lp t, hay ch
n khong cch l xo,
c
trnh by
y trong [6].

Hnh 4:
4 Hnh dngg ng cong
g p-y cho
mtt l xo

2.2 V d minh ha
nh ha vic lp m hnh
h v
V d saau nhm min
gii mtt mng cc theo cc b
c trn. M
ng
gm c 4 cc nh trrn hnh 7. Chiu
C
di tro
ong
t ca cc
c cc l 30
0m, chiu di t do ln l
t
l 2m, 4.857m,
4
7.71
14m v 10.5
571m. Cc cc
c
ng thp c ng knh ngo
oi l 0.508
8m,
-4
4
momen qun tnh l 3.149x10 m , modun n

hi l 2x
x108 KN/m2 , v cc
c gi nh l
bin dn
ng do hon ton
t
khi mom
men t ti Mgh
= 291.4K
KNm. t nn l st yu c trng l
ng
th tch = 5KN//m3, sc ch
ng ct kh
ng
Hnh 5: n
nh ngha phn t SUPPO
ORT
thot nc Cu = 1.01
1z + 4.33, v
i z l chiu su
t mt t,
v m hnh
h
p-y caa Matlock [2
20]
c gi nh cho t
ng tc cc--t. B cc tuyt i c
ng. Ti trng
g l mt lc ngang gi tnh c gi tr
tng dn
n t 0 n 200 KN, nghaa l phi gii nhiu bi ton tnh vi gi
g tr tng dn ca lc ng
gang.
i vi mi cc, tt nn c ch
hia nh thn
nh nhiu lp, chiu dy mi
m lp con ll 0.5m trong
g phm vi t

mt t xung
x
ti
su 10m v l 1m i v
i nhng su trn 10m
m. p dng ccc bc t 1 ti 3, trong
g
mc II.1
1, s thu
c cc n
ng p-y. Hnh 8 minh haa cc ng p-y cho mt s su.. Lu , ccc
ng p-y phi c 2 nhnh, hnh
h 8 ch minh ha
h nhnh d
ng. Ngoii ra, do cc ccc c mt ct ngang, vtt
liu, chiu di trong t v iu kin t nn
n nh nhau nn
n ch cn tnh ton cc ng p-y cho
c 1 cc v
dng chu
ung cho cc cc cn li. Tip theo l xy dng m
m hnh mn
ng cc trongg SAP2000. S
S dng ccc
bc 4 v
v 5 hon
n tt vic m
phng tn
ng tc cc - t,
v dng
g mt lin kt chng chuy
yn v thng
g
ng khai bo u kin t do
o chuyn v ngang
n
v xoay ti mi cc. nh nghha ti trng tc dng v
chn kiu phn tch l tnh v n hi phi tu
uyn. Lu , nhm quan st
s din binn ph hoi c
a mng ccc
khi ti trrng tng dn
n t 0 n 20
00KN, phn t tip xc NLINK
N
[21]] c s dng n
nh ngha ng
g
x do ca
c cc khi momen
m
trong
g cc t ti gi
g tr gii hn Mgh = 291
1.4KNm.
35

Hnh 6: Gn ph
hn t SUPPO
ORT vo cc

H
Hnh
7: V d

Hnh 9 trnh
t
by ktt qu tnh ton lc ct - chuyn v ngang
n
ti 4 u
cc.
ng trn cng
g trong hnh
h
biu th quan h tii trng - chu
uyn v ngan
ng ca b, ng

ny cho
c ta bit kkhi lc tc dng
d
khong
g
147KN th
t bin dang
g do xut hiin ti u c
c 1, v khi lc
l tng lc tc dng lnn khong 191
1KN th bin
n
dng do
o tip tc xu
ut hin ccc 2. Trong th
hit k cng trnh chu ti trng ngg t, cc ng quan h
trn hnh
h 9 cn cc gi l
ng cong y
y dn (push
hover curve)), chng gi vai tr quan
n trng trong
g
vic xcc nh kh nng chng ng

t v trong
t
c mtt s phng php tnh toon lc v bin
b
dng do
o
ng tt gy ra [5,19
9,22].
12
10

3.25m

Luc (KN)

2.75m
m

6
2.25m
m

1.75m
m

2
0

1.25m
m
0.75m
m
0.25m
m

0.1

0.2
0
0.3
0.4
Chuyen vi (m)

H
Hnh
8: n
ng p-y ti mt s su

Hnh 9: kt qu
u phn tch llc - chuyn v
v ngang

ng hp c cc xin trong mng

2.3 Tr
Trong trrng hp c
cc xin th
h cc s huy ng c ba
b thnh ph
hn sc khhng: ngang, ma st hng
g
v mi cc.
c Khi m
m hnh cc - l xo s c dng nh
trn hnh 10.
1 Cc l xoo dc t d
c theo chiu
u
di cc i
din cho tng tc ma
m st gia c
c v t, c trng lc - chuyn v cca cc l xo
o ny thng
g
c gii l m hnh t-z. Sc khng mi cc i din bng mt l xo
o t ti mi cc v c trng
t
ca n

thng c

gi l ng

cong q-w.
q
Mt s m hnh t-z v
v q-w thng
g dng c trnh by tro
ong [15,16].
Khi m t
t tng tc cc - t nh
trn hnh 10
1 trong SAP
P2000 th m
i phn t SU
UPPORT s i din cho
o
2 l xo ngang
n
(p-y) v
v dc (t-z). Nh
N vy, ch vic b sun
ng thm tnh ton v khaii bo cc
ng t-z trong
g
bc 3 v
v 5 mc II.1
1. i vi l
xo q-w ti mi
m cc th s
s dng mt phn t SUP
PPORT v th
hc hin ccc
bc 1 ti 5 mc II.1
1.
N TCH M
NG CC THEO
T
TCX
XD205-1998 V 20TCN2
21-86 [23,244]
3. PHN
36

M hnh
h cc n ch
hu lc ngang
g v momen
n theo [23,24
4] thc
cht l mt
m trng hp
h n gin
n ca m hnh
h cc - l xo
x vi
cc n
ng p-y c dng tuyn tnh
h. S n giin ca m hnh
h

gip pht trin

c li gii gii
g tch caa momen, l
c ct,
chuyn v
v ngang v p lc t ln
l cc nh trnh by
y trong
tiu chun. Tuy nhin, m hnh li
l b hn ch
h trong khu
n kh L xo p-y
L xo t-z
L
cc v t
nn lm vic n h
i tuyn tnh
h, ngha l kt
k qu
tnh ton
n lc v chuy
yn v ca c
c phi tha mn cc iu kin
gii hn
n sinh ra t gi
g thit ny.. Chi tit v cc iu kin gii
hn c th
h xem trong
g [25].
Phng php truyn thng ph
hn tch mn
ng cc theo [23,24]
[
nhn chu
ung c th ch
hia thnh 2 giai
g on. u tin, h cc-t
c
c thaay bng cc cc tng ng c chiu di chu un
u v
L xo q-w
chiu di chu nn, hnh
h
11, ri tin hnh ph
hn tch tm
t ni
lc v ch
huyn v tro
ong h. Ngoi ra, do l kt
k cu thanh
h thun
ty nn vic lp m hnh cc tng n
ng trong SA
AP2000 Hnhh 10: Cc xinn v ba thnh phn tng
i n gin. Giai
G on th
h hai, i v
i mi cc, gii
g hai
tng
bi ton cc n ch
hu lc ngang
g (Q) v mom
men (M) v cc n ch
hu lc dc ttrc (N) nh
hnh 12.
y, Q, M v N chn
nh l ni lc thu c t vic phn tch h cc t
ng ng giai on th
t nht. Bii
ton th
nht l xc
x nh gi tr thc c
a cc biu
momen, chuyn
c
v v p lc t ca
c phn ccc
trong t, ri t mi kim tra cc iu kin
k
gii hn
n nh nu
u. Bi ton tth hai chnh
h l bi ton
n
kim tra sc chu ti dc trc caa cc. Phn
ng php truyn thng ny tn ti hai vvn :
1. Cc biu momen,
m
chuy
yn v v p lc
l t thu c

t vic gii bi tonn cc n chu lc ngang

g
v momen, hnh 12, ch mang tn
nh xp x do
o lc ngang v
v momen ny
n c ly ra t kt qu
u php phn
n
tch trn h cc tn
ng ng.
2. L
i gii gii tch ca mom
men, chuyn v v p lc t trong [23,24] c ttnh ton theo
o 4 h s Ai,
Bi, Ci v Di. Ngi th
hit k phi thc hin m
t lng ln
n cc php tn
nh ton v traa bng v cc biu

ri tm cc
c gi tr ln
n nht ca momen
m
(Mmaxx) v p lc t (pmax) t
nhng biuu ny, nh
vy s mtt
nhiu th
i gian v c
ng sc.
M

M t
Mt

M t
Mt

Hnh
H
12: Hai bi ton ccc n chu lcc ngang v
n v cc chu lc dc tr
c
momen

Hnh 11: Cc
C tng
ng

Hnh 13: nh

ngha ph
hn t
JOIINT SPRING

Hnh
H 14: m hn
nh cc - l xxo tuyn tnh
37

Trong nm 2004 v 2005, mt s nghin cu c thc hin gii quyt 2 vn ny [8-13,26]. C th

l trong [8,9,10] cc tc gi pht trin li gii ca momen, lc ct, chuyn v v p lc t trong tiu
chun [23,24] thnh nhng dng n gin hn nhiu v quan trng l tm ra li gii gii tch cho Mmax v
pmax [11,12], cc li gii u c lp thnh bng tra gip cho vic tnh ton nhanh v tin li hn rt
nhiu so vi trc. Vic nng cp chnh xc ca m hnh cc tng ng c trnh by trong [13].
Ngoi ra, cc kt qu trong [9,12,26] to tin cho mt s nghin cu quan trng khc [27,28] khi
phn tch cc chu lc ngang theo tiu chun [23,24].
Mt phng php khc phn tch mng cc theo tiu chun [23,24] l lp m hnh phn t hu hn
cc - l xo tuyn tnh trong SAP2000 s dng 5 bc nh trong phn II.1. Do y l cc l xo tuyn
tnh nn phn t c tn JOINT SPRING, xem hnh 13, c th s dng thay cho phn t SUPPORT
khi m t cc l xo trong phn mm. Lu , chiu di chu nn phi c s dng nh l chiu di cc,
hnh 14. Bng cch ny, momen, lc ct, chuyn v v p lc t c xc nh trc tip m khng phi
chia hai giai on cng nh gii b sung bi ton cc n chu lc ngang v momen nh i vi phng
php truyn thng cp bn trn.
4. KT LUN V KIN NGH
Bi bo ny tho lun mt s kha cnh quan trng i vi hai m hnh c s dng ph bin hin nay
trong phn tch mng cc chu ti trng ngang, m hnh cc - l xo phi tuyn v m hnh cc tng
ng, cng nh k thut m t chng trong phn mm kt cu SAP2000. Mt s kt lun v kin ngh
c rt ra nh sau:
1. M hnh cc - l xo phi tuyn c kh nng m t c bn cht ng x phi tuyn ca tng tc
cc-t nn phm vi ng dng ca n kh rng, c th dng c trong nhng trng hp m d kin l s
xy ra bin dng ln ca cng trnh, v d nh cng trnh chu ng t, sng, giDo c tin cy cao
nn m hnh ny c a vo trong nhiu tiu chun v quy phm thit k trn th gii. Qua c th
thy, kin thc v m hnh dng ny nn c sinh vin v k s xy dng Vit Nam trang b t sm
phc v hiu qu cho cng tc thit k mng cc trong giai on hi nhp hin nay.
2. Phn tch mng cc chu lc ngang theo tiu chun xy dng (TCXD) [23,24] mc d n gin v
hiu qu, nhng ch p dng c trong iu kin cc v t nn lm vic n hi tuyn tnh. iu ny
lm hn ch rt nhiu phm vi ng dng ca m hnh, v d nh trng hp t nn qu yu, hoc ti
trng ng, hoc ti trng c bit gy bin dng ln trong kt cu.
3. Khi phn tch cc n chu lc ngang (M) v momen (Q), hnh 12, theo tiu chun [23,24] th mc
ch quan trng nht l xc nh cc gi tr ln nht ca momen (Mmax), p lc t (pmax) v chuyn v
ngang ti mt t (y0). Cc nghin cu [9,12,13,26] pht trin cc cng thc nu trong tiu chun
[23,24] thnh nhng dng mi gn hn, gip xc nh trc tip hoc gin tip nhng i lng ni trn
mt cch chnh xc m ch thng qua mt vi php tnh ton n gin. Cc nghin cu ny c ngha
quan trng i vi thit k v vic tnh ton Mmax, pmax v y0 theo nhng cng thc hin ti trong tiu
chun [23,24] s mt nhiu cng sc v phi thc hin mt lng ln cc php tnh ton, tra bng, v biu
ri xc nh chng t nhng biu ny.
4. SAP2000 l mt phn mm quen thuc i vi sinh vin v k s xy dng Vit Nam do giao din
thn thin v mnh m trong lp m hnh v phn tch kt cu. Khi lp m hnh kt cu bn trn v
mng cc lm vic ng thi trong SAP2000 th ngi thit k thng gp kh khn khi phi m t
tng tc cc t phi tuyn. Ni dung trnh by trong phn II cng vi [6] s gip gii quyt vn ny
mt cch hiu qu.

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[2]
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[4]
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