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Electromagnetism PDF
Electromagnetism PDF
What is a
magnetic field
pattern?
Determine the
direction of the
magnetic field
around a
currentcarrying wire
Straight Wire
Procedure
Activity 1
Aim Draw the magnetic field pattern due to a current in a 1.straight wire,
2. coil 3. solenoid
Determine the direction of the magnetic field.
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Coil
Solenoid
Note:
The right hand grip rule for a
solenoid:
The thumb points towards north
pole of the magnetic field while the
other fingers indicate the direction
of the current in the solenoid.
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State the
factors that
affect the
strength of the
electromagnet.
Describe application of Electromagnet
Electric Bell
When the bell push is
pressed, a current flows in
the coils of the
electromagnet, causing it to
be magnetized.
The magnetized
electromagnet attracts the
soft-iron armature, causing
the hammer to strike the
gong.
The movement of the
armature breaks the contact
and causes the
electromagnet to lose it
magnetism.
The cycle is repeated so long as the
The light spring pulls the
bell push is pressed and continuous
armature back, remaking the
ringing occurs.
contact and completing the
circuit again.
Magnetic Relay
A solenoid switch worked by
an electromagnet. It is used
in a circuit which controls the
operation of another circuit,
especially if the current is
large in the second circuit.
Circuit 1 requires only a
small current.
When the switch is closed,
causing the soft-iron core to be
current flows in the coil,
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Telephone Ear-piece
The varying current from the
microphone flows through
the coils of an electromagnet
in the earpiece.
This pulls the iron diaphragm
towards the electromagnet
by a distance which depends As a result, the diaphragm moves in
on the current.
and out and produces sound waves that
are replicas of those that entered the
microphone.
Circuit Breaker
Acts as an automatic switch
that breaks open a circuit
when the current becomes
too large.
In a household circuit, the
current may become
excessive when there is a
short circuit or an overload.
The strength of the magnetic This results in the spring pulling
apart the contacts. The circuit is
field of the electromagnet
broken and the current flow stops
increases suddenly.
immediately.
The soft iron armature is
After repairs have been made, the
pulled towards the
reset button is pushed to switch on
electromagnet.
the supply again.
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3.2
Describe
what
happens to
currentcarrying
conductor
in a
magnetic
field
What is
Flemings
Left
Hand Rule
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Observation
Procedure
step 1
Step 4
step 2
step 3
The direction of magnetic field is parallel
to the direction of current.
The short wire stays at rest.
67
Conclusion
Describe
how a
currentcarrying
conductor
in a
magnetic
field
experiences
a force.
68
Draw a pattern of resultant magnetic field or catapult field for a currentcarrying coil in a magnetic field.
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Describe
how a
direct
current
motor
works
70
Show
the
direction
of the
two
forces
acted on
the coil.
Factors
1. Increasing the size of the
current
2. Increasing the strength of
the magnetic field
3. increasing the number of
turns
4. Increasing the area of the
coil
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3.3
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Lenzs Law:
The direction of the induced current in a solenoid is
such that its magnetic effect always oppose the change
producing it.
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Magnet is
moved
towards the
solenoid
Magnet is
moved away
from the
solenoid
Lenzs Law
for solenoid
Principle of
Conservation Lenzs law is an example of the Principle of
Conservation of Energy. When the magnet or solenoid
of Energy
is moved against the opposing force, work is done.
Therefore mechanical energy is converted to electrical
energy.
75
Explain
factors that
affect the
magnitude of
the induced
current.
Faradays Law:
The size of the induced e.m.f is directly proportional to
the rate at which the conductor cuts through the
magnetic field lines.
The size of the induced e.m.f. and thus the induced
current and be increased by:
1. moving the magnet or the solenoid at a higher speed
2. increasing the number of turns on the solenoid
3. increasing the strength of the magnetic field through
the use of a stronger magnet.
Show the correct direction of the induced current when the magnet is
moved in the direction shown.
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Current Generator
Current generator functions by converting
mechanical energy to electrical energy.
Current generator works based on electromagnetic
induction and uses the Flemings Right hand rule.
Current generator is divided into: direct current
generator and alternate current generator.
Direct Current
Generator
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Describe how does a direct current generator work. Show the direction
of movement of the coil AB and CD. Mark the direction of the induced
current in the coil and the galvanometer.
mark.
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The induced
current varies from
a maximum to
zero, it flows in
one direction only.
Hence, the induced
current is called a
direct current.
Alternating
Current
Generator
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1. An alternating current is a
current which flows to and fro in
two opposite directions in a
circuit. It changes its direction
periodically.
Both the direct current and alternating current have a heating effect on
the filament of a bulb and can light up the bulb.
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83
8.4 TRANSFORMERS
What is a
transformer?
Describe the
structure of a
simple
transformer
Why does the A current is induced in the secondary coil only when
transformer
there is a changing magnetic flux due to a changing
not work with
primary current. (changes direction and magnitude)
a d.c power
A d.c. power supply gives a constant current in the
supply?
primary circuit
A constant direct current whose magnitude and
direction is constant does not create a changing
magnetic flux in the secondary coil.
Therefore electromagnetic induction does not take
place.
State the
relationship
between
number of
turns in coils
with voltage
in a
transformer,
(Vp, Np, Vs
and Ns)
Compare and
contrast a
step-up
transformer
and a stepdown
transformer
Step-up transformer
If Ns is greater than Np, then Vs is greater than Vp
VN
V = kN
V
=k
N
Vp
Np
Vs
Ns
Step-down transformer
If Ns is lower than Np, then Vs is lower than Vp
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What is the
relationship
between
output power
and input
power of an
ideal
transformer?
Step-up transformer
Step-down transformer
Ns > Np
Vs > Vp
Ns < Np
Vs < Vp
VpIp = VsIs
Describe the
energy loses
in a
transformer
Efficiency of
a transformer
Magnetization and
demagnetization of the core
the alternating current flowing
through the transformer
continually magnetizes and
demagnetizes the core
work has to be done to change
the magnitude and direction of
the magnetic field in the core
which contributes to energy
loss
87
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8.5
Non-renewable energy
Describe
Electricity is produces using generators
the various A generator has a huge magnet that is turned by
ways of
a turbine.
generating As the magnet turns inside a coil of wire,
electricity
electricity is produced by electromagnetic
induction.
Many sources of energy are used to turn these
turbines.
Coal-fired
power
station
Gas-fired
power
station
Hydroelectric
power
station
Biomass
Solar
Wind
generator
I=
P
V
2. Electric power is
transmitted from a power
station to a town by a
transmission cables with a
total resistance of 50 . If
the power station
generates 8 MW of power,
calculate the power loss in
the cables if power is
transmitted
(a) at 80 kV
(b) at 400 kV
What is the
National
Grid
Network
State the
importance
of the
National
Grid
Network
Transmission issues
Alternating
An alternating current is used in the
current, a.c
transmission of electrical energy at a high
voltage because its voltage can be easily
increased or decreased with transformers.
A transformer cannot function with a direct
current.
High voltage or
Electrical power is transmitted at a high voltage
low voltage?
so that
The current in the cables is smaller
The loss of power due to heating of the cables
is minimized.
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Overhead or
underground?
Cost of cables
Charge leakage
between the
cables and the
earth
Danger of being
struck by
lightning
Danger of being
struck by light
aircraft
Theft
Coal
Nuclear
Plenty of resources
available for up to 200
years
Can be transported to
the location where it is
to be used
A small amount uranium
can release a large
quantity of energy
Minimum discharge of
carbon dioxide
Reactor in nuclear
power stations can be
used to produce useful
radioisotopes to be
used in industry,
medicine and
agriculture
Biomass
Renewable energy
Reduces problem of
disposal of organic
waste
Wind
Renewable energy
Clean and does not
pollute environment
Non-renewable energy
Discharges harmful
gases that can pollute
the environment
High cost of building
Waste in the form of
used fuel rods which are
very hot and highly
radioactive
Hot water discharged
causes thermal
pollution to the
environment
Risk of accidents which
may lead to the leakage
of large amounts of
radioactive substances
to the environment.
Requires large storage
space far from human
population if the
biomass is animal dung
or sewage.
Requires many
windmills which cover a
larger area
Generates high level of
noise
96