EMISSION AND EFFICIENCY IN RELATTON TO EQUIVALENCE

RATIO

a. Adiabatic Flame Temperature

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The adiabaticflametemperature
willdecreaseas the equivalenceratio
digressesfromthe stoichiometric
. Inthefuel rich region,theexcess fuel
acts as a diluentmaterial,
absorbingenergy.Intheleanregion,theexcess
air acts as an inertdiluent,absorbingenergy.

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b. Oxygen 02

Excess air can notbe foundin thefuel rich region.

Excess air can be foundin thefuellean region.The amountof the oxygen
dependson the }"-value.

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c. Carbonmonoxid GO

The fuelwillburnonlypartlyin thefuelrichregionand becauseof thatCO

is formed.
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lf the > ? in thefuel lean region,Co is producedtoo.lts reasonsis, that
the (adiabaticflame)temperature
is decreased.

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d. Hydrocarbons HC

T.hereason for producingHC are the o|lowing:

lnsufficientair is providedto fully oxidize the hydrocarbonfuel (fuelrich
region)
Fuel adjacentto relativelycold surfaces can not react because of the
low temperature(e.9. cold wall of the combustor)

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e. Oxides of nitroqen NOx (NO + NOZ)

NO > 90%
Thermo oxides of nitrogenare producedat high temperature.Nitrogen
contentof the air reactswiththe oxygencontentof the air to form thermo
NO. The amountof NOy depends on the temperatureand the reaction
The
time (the time,which reactivespecies spend at high temperature)'
velocityof the NO formationis slow"Excess oxygendoesn'texist in the
fuel rich regionand because of that the amountof NOx is decreased.
Excess oxygencan be foundin the fuellean region,but if the i > 1.5,the
is too low for theformationof NO'
(adiabaticflame)temperature

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f. Efficiencv rl

The energy losses are cdased:

in the fuel rich region the fuel is burnedonly partly
-- the temperatureof the exhaust gas is generallyhigherthan the air
, more air is neccessary than the stoichiometric
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q. Soot
The soot particles in the flame are formed duB to the thermal
decompositionof the hydrocarbons.The reason of the soot formation is
similarto the CO formation.
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