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W1 Telecom Infra PowerPlant
W1 Telecom Infra PowerPlant
SILVER
CERTIFICATION COURSE
TELECOM SUPPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
OVERVIEW OF TELECOM
INFRASTRUCTURE & POWER PLANT
Version 2 June 2014
INDEX
1.1
Introduction ................................................................................ 2
1.2
Objective ..................................................................................... 3
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
Summary ................................................................................... 20
1.12
1.13
Page 1 of 23
INTRODUCTION
1.2
OBJECTIVE
1.3
TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE
1.4
1.5
SOURCES OF POWER
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
SUMMARY
1.12
1.13
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Telecom Network consists of many elements such as switching network,
transmission network, civil infrastructure, electrical items etc. Proper functioning of this
infrastructure is necessary for delivery of quality services to the customers which in turn
leads to profitability of the operators business.
Telecommunication systems require electrical energy for transmission of signals
energization of subscribers telephone transmitters and for many miscellaneous functions.
A telephone exchange requires a considerable large amount of energy, as the common
exchange power plants required to feed currents for the subscribers transmitters, for
signaling and for control and operation of exchanges switches. It is therefore, necessary
that a power source should not be only economical but adequate to meet the needs of a
particular type of the installation.
Failure of power supply system in any installation renders the communication
facilities offered by it to be instantly paralyzed.
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1.2 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this chapter is:
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Active
Infrastructure
Passive
Infrastructure
Key Components
- Power supply
- Battery bank
- Invertors
- Diesel enerator (DG)
- Air conditioner
- Earthing
-Fire extinguisher
- Security cabin, etc.
-Steel tower
- mounting structures
-shelter
Backhaul
The backhaul part
of the network
consists of the
intermediate links
between the core of
the network and the
various subnetworks
Key Components
-Spectrum
- Base tower station
- Microwave radio
- Switches
- Antennas
- Transceivers
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Large weight
Lower efficiency
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1.4.2 BATTERY
These days, most of the Battery used in mobile network are VRLA (Valve Regulated
Lead Acid Battery) type. Various capacities of Batteries are 120 AH, 400 AH, 600 AH,
1000AH, 1500 AH, 2000 AH, 2500 AH, 3000 AH, 4000 AH & 5000 AH.
LIFE OF A BATTERY:
1.4.3 INVERTER
In most of the telecom installations, inverters are installed to provide uninterrupted AC
supply to OMC terminals. Capacity of invertors used varies from 1KVA to 10KVA
depending on the connected AC load. The basic precautions for installation is that
inverter should be installed as close to battery room as possible so as to reduce DC
voltage loss due to cabling. The inverters may not be loaded beyond 80%of its rated
capacity and initial start up load also needs to be taken into account. Only essential
equipment may be connected to inverter output.
Protection of costly apparatus and persons against foreign voltages and leakage
currents from power wirings touching the metallic frame of the equipment.
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source). By name we can define Normal source is one which supplies power to the load
round the clock and secondary source is one which supplies power to the load only
during the absence of power from normal source. Hence it is a must to convert AC from
commercial mains to D.C.
In communication network, D.C. power is widely used. It has been found that relays
/ discrete components used in these systems could be designed to work on D.C. with
greater degree of sensitivity than an A.C. In telecom systems D.C. Power supply is only
used due to the following reasons:
Harmonics of A.C may affect the speech signals.
Relays/discrete components used in telecom systems are more sensitive to D.C than
A.C
Transistors and I.Cs etc. being unidirectional devices, the use of D.C has become
necessary.
Arranging standby source to A.C is difficult compare to D.C for which secondary
cells can be used as S/B source.
Not hazardous to human life.
However, for certain auxiliary functions like lighting up of busy lamps, alarm
lamps etc. or for running teleprinter, motors, A.C. is also used as a measure of economy.
Power for the communication system is derived from various sources, of which the
important ones utilized in the department are detailed below:
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AC
DC to LOAD
Battery set-A
Battery set-B
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Step down
Transformer steps down the 3 phases A.C voltage from 440V to around 80 volts.
b)
Rectification
Filtering
Here multi-stage L.C. Filters are used for filtering the A.C. Ripples.
d)
Regulation
i) What is Regulation?
-As far as Float Rectifier is concerned, Regulation is the mechanism by which the output
of a float rectifier is kept constant at 51.5 _+0.5V irrespective of input voltage variations
of 12%. Output load variations of 5% to 105% and input frequency variations of 4%
or 48-52 Hz.
ii) Why Regulation is required?
Float rectifier should not only supply power to the load but also takes care of its battery
sets, which are floated across its output.
If the float rectifier output voltage is 51.5v, the cells are floated at 2.15v/cell and hence
they are continuously trickle charged and this compensates losses due to self discharge
or local action. If FR output is 49.2V, the battery set is not trickle charged; hence trickle
charging is to be given once in a fortnight.
EETP/ BSNL Silver Certification Course/Ver.02/June2014
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For Restricted Circulation
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If FR output is <49.0V, the battery starts discharging. If FR output >51.5, the floating
voltage of each cell will be > 2.15V and the battery will be over charged. Hence
regulation is required.
iii) How Regulation is done
1) By Transduction or saturable reactor or magnetic amplifier method.
2) By varying the secondary of the main transformer automatically depending on output
voltage.
3) By SCR method.
4) SMPS method.
-Second method was used in olden days but not used nowadays due to mechanical
involvement in regulation. The forth method is discussed in detail chapter 2
-Any of the other three methods,. Controls the portion of the input A.C cycle to feed to
rectifier so that output voltage gets regulated.
1) Transductor Method:
-Normally this principle is used in small exchange power plants.
- In this a transductor is placed in series with the rectifier and uses the principle that the
impedance of an iron cored coil can be varied by varying the degree of saturation of the
core.
-By varying the series impedance to rectifier, we can vary the portion of input cycle that
is fed to Rectifier.
2) SCR Method
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Figure 3. SCR Method.
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-In this the SCR is used as rectifying element.
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-Let ~us recapitulate the working of SCR.
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EETP/
~ BSNL Silver Certification Course/Ver.02/June2014
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For Restricted Circulation
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-SCR can be switched on by applying the positive pulse to the gate. Once if the SCR is
switched on, it will be in ON condition as long as the current flowing through SCR is
above a threshold value called Holding current.
-In a Float rectifier, across each half cycle one SCR is connected. Hence for 3 phases i.e.
R, Y, B totally 6 SCRs are connected.
-Let an SCR be connected across the positive half cycle of a phase. The total time period
of a half cycle is 10 ms. Within this half cycle triggering pulses can be given at any time.
Assume that triggering pulse is given to SCR at PointA after 4 ms of starting of the half
cycle, the SCR will be on. Even though the triggering pulse is removed, the SCR will
remains on. But the current flowing through SCR depends on the amplitude applied
across its terminals. At 9 ms say at point B let the current flowing through the SCR is
just below the holding current. The SCR will be switched off. That means switching on
of SCR is in our hands, but swg off of SCR is not in our hands, it is automatic. In this
case the portion of half cycle between the points A and B is rectified.
-The output voltage of the FR depends on both the input AC voltage and output DC load.
Input AC voltage
Increased
Decreased
O/P DC load
Decreased
Increased
O/P DC Vol
Increases
Decreases
-Look at the above table. Whenever the input voltage increases or output load decreases
the output DC voltage increases and vice versa. Hence if we monitor output voltage, it is
sufficient to regulate it.
-If the output voltage is increased, then the triggering pulse to the SCR will be delayed or
retarded, point A moves towards B, hence the portion of AC cycle rectified will be
reduced, hence output voltage will be automatically reduced and brought to the specified
value.
-If the output voltage is decreased, then the triggering pulse to the SCR will be advanced,
hence output voltage will be automatically increased and brought to the specified value. This is how regulation is achieved by using SCR.
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Current
Transformer
AC INPUT
10 V 50 c/s
1.9.2
BATTERY CHARGER
1.9.3
SWITCHING CUBICLE
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except for the battery on charge, other batteries remain connected across the exchange
during or after any switching operation.
In addition, the Switching Cubicle provides facilities for:
a)
b)
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control. This control method provides zero voltage switching condition for all primary
side power semiconductors effectively reducing switching losses and electromagnetic
interference. An advanced solution reduces the stresses of the output rectifier diodes.
Proper operation of the power converters is managed by individual controller
circuits and supervised by the housekeeping electronics. Remote commanding and
monitoring of the modules are possible through a power system controller housed in the
system.
1.10.3
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1.11 SUMMARY
This unit has given you the sufficient knowledge of different telecom infrastructure
components and the necessity of power supply. It also makes you aware of different
power supplies & their sources, use of DC power in telecommunication, earthling of one
DC pole, and various sources from where DC power is derived for operation of
equipments. The working of conventional and SMPS power plant and troubleshooting in
case of problems is also explained.
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1.13
www.tec.gov.in
www.tnd.bsnl.co.in
intranet.bsnl.co.in/digital library
www.wikipedia.org/
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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Answers
1. To receive three phases 440 V AC and to give a constant 51.5 Volts D.C without AC
ripples.
2
Harmonics
3. Uni directional
4.
5.
Positive electrode
Cross talk
7. The subscribers transmitters, signaling and control and operation of exchanges and
switches
8 Multi-stage L.C. Filters
9 False
10.True
11 Switching
12. 0.5
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