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05 Mukavemet PDF
05 Mukavemet PDF
MUKAVEMET
ve
MALZEME
05-
ZET
M. Gven KUTAY
05-mukavemet.doc
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
NDEKLER
1
www.guven-kutay.ch
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Sembol ve Tanmlamalar
Genelde indeks kk harf ise, bu hesaplanan veya hesaplamak iin verilen deeri gsterir. Eer indeks
byk harf ise, bu malzemenin deerini veya karlatrma iin gerekli deeri gsterir.
Byk harfler
Sembol
A
A5 / A10
Ag
Aiz
Atot
C
E
F
F0
FA, FB
Fbk
F
FE
Fm
Fmax
Fmax,min
Fn
Fnom
For
FSR
Fsr
Fx,y,z
G
H
HB
I
KIC
L
Lbk
M
m
Me
Mt
N
NY
P
pEM
phe
Birim
m2
%
m2
m2
%
J/kg/K
N/mm2
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N/mm2
HB
mm4
N/mm3/2
m
m
Nm
kg
Nm
Nm
W
N/mm2
N/mm2
Tanm
Alan
kopma uzama oran
gerilme alan
izdm alan
ekme genlii
zgl s (20-400C)
Elastiklik modl
kuvvet
tutuk srtnme kuvveti
Mesnet veya yatak kuvvetleri
burkma kuvvet
apraz kuvvet
Eme kuvveti
kitle kuvveti
max. kuvvet
maksimum veya minimum kuvvet
normal kuvvet (hesap kesitine dik kuvvet)
nominal kuvvet
ortalama kuvvet
Srtnme kuvveti
Srtnme kuvveti
Kuvvet, X/Y/Z-ekseni ynnde
Kayma modl
sertlik
Birinell-sertlii
atalet momenti
kopma sneklii, CT-deney ubuu
boy
hesapsal burkulma boyu
Moment, indeksine gre
ktle
Eilme momenti
Torsiyon momenti
ykleme says
iletmede ykleme says
G
Emniyetli yzey basma mukavemeti
hesaplanan yzey basnc
www.guven-kutay.ch
4
Sembol
RaB
RbB
Rbw
Rbw
Rd-0,1
RdB
Re/Rp0,2
ReH
ReL
Rm
Rp0,1
RtB
S
S
SBK
Sbk
SGER
She
T
W
Weg
Wt
XS
YS
Z
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Birim
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
mm2
s-1
mm3
mm3
mm3
mm
mm
%
Tanm
kesme mukavemeti
eilme mukavemeti
deiken eilme mukavemeti
deiken /b mukavemeti
% 0,1-ezilme snr
basma mukavemeti
gerinme mukavemeti, 0,2% gerinme mukavemeti
st akma dayankl (mukavemeti)
alt akma mukavemeti
ekme kopma mukavemeti
% 0,1-genlik snr
torsiyon mukavemeti
Arlk merkezi noktas
kesit alan
gerekli burkulma emniyet says
hesaplanan burkulma emniyet says
letme iin gerekli emniyet katsays
letmedeki hesaplanan emniyet katsays
periyod
Mukavemet momenti, indeksine gre
Eilme mukavemet momenti
torsiyon mukavemet momenti
Arlk merkezinin X-deeri
Y-ekseni deeri, indeksine gre
kopma bzlmesi
Tanm
ivme
mesafe, Hertz basncnda yar ap
en, genilik
frenleme ivmesi
Yzey przl katsays
Byklk katsays
Birim
m/s2
m
m
m/s2
mm
mm
mm
m/s2
m
kg
d/dak
N/mm2
Kk harfler
Sembol
a
a
b
b
b1
b2
cB
e
f
fger
g
i
m
n
LETME KATSAYISI
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
ESK YUNAN HARFLER
Sembol
t
0
t
e
en
p
r
0
hes
0
1,2
AKB
AKEG
bc, by
bH
BK
bk
BKEM
BYEM
,b
D,BD
DG
DG ; BDG
Birim
10-6K-1
mm-1
%
%
%
%
%
%
/ deg
W/(mK)
[1]
/ deg
kg/m3
mm2
/ deg
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
Tanm
Isl genleme katsays
entik ekil says
zorlanma katsays
entik katsays
eim says
a
snr deerler oran
Is iletme zellii
narinlik derecesi
narinlik snr
hesaplanan narinlik derecesi
kaygan srtnme katsays
tutuk srtnme katsays
esneklik katsays, Poisson (Puason) says
kaygan srtnme as
zgl arl
zgl elektrik direnci
entik ekil says
tutuk srtnme as
asal normal gerilmeler
basma akma mukavemeti
eilme akma mukavemeti
cidar veya yzey basnc
Hertz yzey basnc
burkulma mukavemeti
burkulma/flambaj gerilmesi
emniyetli burkulma mukavemeti
Emniyetli yzey basma mukavemeti
ekme() veya basma (b) gerilmesi
devaml ekme veya basma mukavemeti
deiken ekme gerilmesi
deiken ekme veya basma mukavemeti
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6
Sembol
DL ; BDL
EM,BEM
SK,BSK
D/D
DG/DG
DL/DL
E
eg
EGD
EGDG
EGDL
EGEM
EGSK
EM/EM
EZ
EZB
kar
KO/KO
KOEG
O/O
SK/SK
tp/tp
X,Y,Z
/
AKT
k,t
KD,TD
KDG,TDG
KDL,TDL
KEM
KO
KOK,KOT
KSK,TSK
TEM
XY
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Birim
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
1/s
Tanm
dalgal ekme veya basma mukavemeti
emniyetli ekme veya basma mukavemeti
ekle gre ekme veya basma mukavemeti
devaml mukavemet
deiken mukavemet
dalgal mukavemet
elastik mukavemet
eilme gerilmesi
devaml eilme mukavemeti
deiken eilme mukavemeti
dalgal eilme mukavemeti
emniyetli eilme mukavemeti
ekle gre eilme mukavemeti
emniyetli mukavemet
ezilme mukavemeti
basmada ezilme mukavemeti
karlatrma gerilmesi
kopma mukavemeti
eilme kopma mukavemeti
orantl mukavemet
ekle gre mukavemet
toplam gerilme
normal gerilme X,Y veya Z ynnde
gerilme
torsiyon akma mukavemeti
kesme veya torsiyon gerilmesi
devaml kesme veya torsiyon mukavemeti
deiken kesme veya torsiyon mukavemeti
dalgal kesme veya torsiyon mukavemeti
emniyetli kesme mukavemet
kayma kopma mukavemeti
kesme veya torsiyon kopma mukavemeti
ekle gre kesme veya torsiyon mukavemeti
emniyetli torsiyon mukavemet
kayma gerilmesi, X ekseni ynnde, Y eksenine dik
asal hz
burkulma katsays
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M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
1 Paralardaki gerilmeler
1.1 nemli zorlanma eitleri
F( 1 )
, ( )
She = SK SK SGER
he , (he )
She = SK / he SGER
F( 2 )
She 1
SGER
F( 3 ) Boyutlama: FORML = EM (EM)
F( 4 ) Kontrol: he (he) = FORML = EM (EM)
F( 5 ) Kuvvet: maksimum
F( 6 ) Srtnme
EM ve EM aada verilmitir.
Fmax = c B F
FSR = Fn
cB iletme katsays
srtnme katsays
F( 7 ) Paradaki gerilmeler
PARADAK GERLMELERE GENEL BAKI
ekme
Eilme
M eg
eg =
Weg
F
, b = n
A
Kesme
F
k =
A
Torsiyon
M
t = t
Wt
= , b + eg
= k + t
Bileik zorlama gerilmesi eitli hipotezlere gre toplanr. Makina elemanlarnda kaynaklar hari btn
hesaplar BEH ne gre yaplr. Kaynak balantlarnda Normal Gerilme Hipotezi NGH kullanlr.
F( 8 )
Zorlanma ekli
Gerilme
ekil deitirme
ekmeye zorlanma
ekme gerilmesi:
Esneme:
y
ekil 1
A
x
Basmaya zorlanma
y
ekil 2
Fn
Basma gerilmesi:
L x
A
x
Fn
EM
A
L x
L
F( 9 )
b =
Fn
Fn
A
x =
F
L x x
=
= n
L
E EA
L
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8
Zorlanma ekli
Gerilme
ekil deitirme
Ortalama kayma
ekil 3
z
or
F( 11 )
e1
e2
(y)
Fr H z ( y = 0 )
max =
I z b ( y = 0)
Kesme gerilmesi
Fr
k =
A
Fr
e2
H z ( y) = y b( y) dy
max
A
ekil 5
Kayma gerilmesi
Fr H z ( y )
( y ) =
I z b( y)
Fr
b(y)
F( 12 )
Sehim:
f = or L
F
or = or = r
G GA
Fr
A
Fr
ekil 4
or
or =
F( 10 )
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
y
ekil 7
Megz
Fr
x
Iz
F( 14 )
Megz
x
e2
ekil 6
e1
F( 15 )
ekil 8
Mt
C
A
r
b O
d
Buru
B
lma e
tkisin
de L
f( x ) = k A
f ( x ) < f max
Fr
x
GA
f max = max
G
Fr
L
GA
kA = Kesit ekil faktr
f ( L) = k A
F
F( 13 )
Kiri sehimi
max
Eilme gerilmesi
M egz
y
eg =
Iz
max. deer:
M egz
e max
eg max =
Iz
Kavis
1 M egz
k= =
emax
E Iz
= kavis yar ap
E Iz
E Wz
=
=
M egz emax M egz
Eilme gerilmesi
M eg ( x )
y
eg ( x; y) =
Iz ( x )
max. deer:
M egz
eg max =
W egz
Torsiyon gerilmesi
Mt
r
t (r ) =
It
max. deer
Mt d Mt
=
t max =
It 2 W t
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F L3
f= r
3 E I
Burulma as
Dz milde:
180 M t L B
=
G It
Kademeli milde:
180 (32 / ) M t Li
4
d
G
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
F( 16 )
Zorlanma ekli
Gerilme
ekil deitirme
Torsiyon gerilmesi
Mt
t max =
Wt
Burulma as
180 M t L B
=
G It
Mt
ekil 9
F( 17 )
ds
Aor
ekil
10
ts
y1
z2
ekil
11
F( 19 )
ekil
12
F( 20 )
F( 21 )
2
4 A or
ds / t (s)
M L
ds / t (s)
= t B
2
G
4 Aor
It =
Mt
2 A or t min
Torsiyon gerilmesi
2 Mt
y
t1 =
I tz
max. deerler eksenlere gre:
M t 2M t b 3 M t
=
=
t max 2 =
I ty 2 b 2 h
Wt
Is gerilmesi
L
= or T
L
t = E or T
L = L or T
pi
x
L
Teetsel gerilme
p d
Kazan
t = i or
forml
2t
Eksenel gerilme:
p d
x = i or
4t
ap deiiklii
d
d or = or t
E
Boy deiiklii
L x
L =
E
Tegetsel gerilme:
Radyal gerilme:
(r / r ) + 1
t = pi d
(rd / ri )2 1
Eksenel gerilme:
ri
Burulma
Mt
3 Mt
=
=
G I ty G b3 h
b3 h
I ty =
3
Bir ucu serbest, uzama
(
rd / r )2 1
r = pi
(rd / ri )2 1
ekil
14
max. deer
t =
It =
ekil
13
D4 d 4
32
Burulma
M L
= t B
G It
t max =
F( 18 )
D4 d 4
16 D
Torsiyon gerilmesi
Mt
t (s ) =
2 A or t (s )
Wt =
pi
Q = ri / rd = di / d d
rd
x = pi
ve
(rd / ri )2 1
ri < r < rd
p
r2
r = i (1 ) Q2 r + (1 + ) i / 1 Q2
E
r
p r 1 + Q2
pi rd 2 Q 2
ri = i i
+
r
=
d
E 1 Q 2
E 1 Q2
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10
F( 22 )
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Zorlanma ekli
Gerilme
ekil deitirme
Tegetsel gerilme:
Radyal gerilme:
(r / r )2 + (rd / r )2
t = pd d i
(rd / ri )2 1
Eksenel gerilme:
ri
ekil
15
yb
Fn
FR0
Fn
FR
FSr
FSr
Burkulma, Flambaj
LK=2.L
IV
F
III
F
II
F
Yzey/cidar gerilmesi:
Fn
yb =
A
F
p he = n
A
zdm alan:
A = dL
Tutuk Srtnme
FSr = 0 Fn
0 = tan 0
FSr = tan 0 Fn
F0 = Fn / cos 0
Kayma Srtnmesi
FSr = Fn
= tan
FSr = tan Fn
F0 = Fn / cos
> 0
bkE =
LK=0,5.L
ekil
19
LK = L
F( 26 )
Srtnme
ekil
18
b
F0
0
x = pd = sabit
ap deimesi:
p d
d d = d (1 )
E
1 + Q2
2
1 Q
Radyal gerilme:
r = pd = sabit
ekil
17
F( 25 )
Eksenel gerilme:
p r
rd = d d
E
p r
2
ri = d i
E 1 Q2
Tegetsel gerilme:
t = pd = sabit
pd
LK=0,7.L
F( 24 )
(rd / ri )2
(rd / ri )2 1
p
r2
r = d (1 ) r + (1 ) i / 1 Q2
E
r
ekil
16
x = pd
rd
t
F( 23 )
(r / r )2 (rd / r )2
r = pd d i
(rd / ri )2 1
2E
2
Tetmajer'e gre burkulma:
bkT = a - b
a ve b, bak Tablo 2
F
BEM
A
, bak Tablo 3,
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Etki alan
Dokunma alan:
A = bL
= L K / i min
i min = I / A
< 0
0 = 2
2 E
O
O 0,8 AK
Sbk = bk / b < SbkEM
SbkEM iin bak Tablo 1
BEM St 37 = 140 N/mm2
BEM St 52 = 210 N/mm2
11
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
SbkEM
68
46
35
Karlatrma momentleri
Tanmlama
Forml
F( 27 )
BEHe gre:
Normal Gerilme Hipotezine,
F( 28 )
M kar = 0,5 M eg +
NGHe gre
Kayma Gerilmesi Hipotezine,
F( 29 )
2 + 0,75 (
0 M t )
M eg
M kar =
2 +( M )
0
Meg
t
2
2 +(
0 M t )
M eg
M kar =
KGHe gre
w0
r1
w1
bH
w2
(1)
b
b
r2
(2)
L
r2
bHSi =
F( 32 )
b=
F( 35 )
r1
F E
2 r L (1 - 2)
8 F r (1 - 2)
EL
F( 33 )
E = E1 E 2
E1 + E 2
bHK =
w0 = 3
1 1,5 F E 2
3
r 2 (1 - 2)
2,25 ( 1 - 2 ) 2 F 2
r E2
1,5 ( 1 - 2 ) F r
E
F( 34 )
a=3
F( 36 )
1 1 1
r r
r= 1 2
= +
veya
r r1 r 2
r1 + r 2
Eer r2 = ise r = r1 alnr.
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12
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
St37
St50 St60
%5-Ni-elik
Krdkm
amaac
a N/mm2
b N/mm2
310
1,14
335
0,62
470
2,30
bk = 776 12 + 0,053 2
29,3
0,194
0
104
89
86
80
100
20
1,04
1,06
1,08
40
1,14
1,19
1,26
60
1,30
1,41
1,62
80
1,55
1,79
2,20
100
1,90
2,53
3,00
120
2,43
3,65
4,32
140
3,31
4,96
5,88
160
4,32
6,48
7,68
180
5,47
8,21
9,72
200
6,75
10,13
12,00
220
8,17
12,26
14,52
2-Eksenli
3-Eksenli
Bozulma
Hipotez
Gerilme hali
BEH
(1 2 )2 +
+ ( 2 3 )2 +
+ ( 3 1 )2
1 3 = 2.max
1,2,3 = 0
1= 2.max
12 + 22 + 1 2
1,2,3 = 0
1 3 = 2.max
12 + 32 + 1 3
x, y,
1
2x + 2y + x y + 4 2 *)1
1
x + y +
2
2
1
1
2
2 x + y +
+
x y + 4
2
2
2x + 2y + x y + 4 2 *)2
BEH
NGH
KGH
*)2
*)3
Kayarak kopma
KGH
Karlatrma gerilmesi
1,2,3
123
x ,
y = 0
*)1
Kopup ayrlma
NGH
0,5 x + 2x + 4 2
2x + 4 2
2x + 2y + x y + 3 2
2x + 3 2
2x + 2y + x y + 4 2 > x + y
2x + 2y + x y + 4 2 < x + y
Eilme ve torsiyon zorlamasnda BEH - Biim deitirme Enerjisi Hipotezi pratikte ok iyi
sonular vermitir. Bunun iinde hesaplamalarda genelde BEH kullanlr ve kayma gerilmesi
" = 0 . " olarak kabul edilir .
0 = 0,7 Torsiyon statik veya dalgal, eilme deiken
2x + 3 ( 0 )2
0 = 1,0 Torsiyon ve eilme ayn cinsten.
0 = 1,5 Torsiyon deiken veya dalgal, eilme statik
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13
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
max. normal
gerilme
ekerek
kopma
Yumuak malzeme
max. kayma
gerilme
max
F
45
max
ekme
Kayarak
kopma
max =
max = max
2
F
A
F
max
Basma
F
A
max =
ekerek
kopma
olamaz.
Yaylma
olur
45
max
max = max
2
M eg
Eilme
A
M eg
max =
M eg
Weg
max = max
2
Burulma
Torsiyon
Kullanlan hipotez
max = 2 max
Normal Gerilme Hipotezi
Akma kopmas
Zorla kopma
Yorulma kopmas
max =
Mt
Wt
14
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
x
S
x
z
XY-Dzlemine dik
LY
LX
Fz
Burada S konstrksiyonun
arlk merkezi vede X,Y ve Z
eksenleride koordinat sistemi
olarak alnmtr.
F
Fy
LZ
Fx
Sistemi etkileyen F
kuvvetini eksenlere gre Fx, Fy
ve Fz bileenlerine ayralm
Kuvvet bilekenleri tek tek koordinat eksenlerine paralel olarak arlk merkezine kaydrlr.
a) Kuvvetin etki dorultusunda ve paralel olduu eksene gre kaydrlmas.
y
S
x
z
Bu
durumda
hibirsey
deimez. Kuvvet istenilen
noktaya kadar kaydrlr.
Fz
Fy
Fx
15
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
x
z
Fx
Fz
Fy
M egyFx
Fy MegxFy
Fx
Fz
MegyFx
Momentler:
Fx MegyFx = Fx . Lz
M eg = Fx , y, z L Fx , y, z
Meg
Fx,y,z
LFx,y,z
x
z
Yelkovana kar
Eilme momenti
Kuvvet bilekenleri
Kuvvetin ilk bulunduu yer ile yeni
kaydrld yer arasndaki mesafe
Fy MegxFy = Fy . Lz
Yelkovan ynnde
y
x
z
Fx
Fz
x
z
Fy MegxFy
MegxFy
M egyFx
Fy
Fx
M egyFx
Fz
M tzFy
Deien bir ey olmaz. Kuvvet ve moment Xekseni boyunca istenilen noktaya kadar kaydrlr.
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Yelkovana kar
16
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
MegxFy
Fy
Fz
M egxFz
MegxFy
Fy
x
Fz S Fx
Fx
M tzFy
MegyFx
MegyFz
MegyFx
M egyFz
M tzFy
z M tzFx
Yelkovana kar
Bylece btn hesaplanacak kesiti etkileyen d kuvvetleri kesitin ve ayn zamanda konstrksiyonun
arlk merkezine getirmi oluyoruz.
imdi tek tek getirilen kuvvet ve momentleri toplaynca sistemi basite indiririz.
Fx ve Fy kuvvetleri hesaplanan kesit apraz kuvvet
ve Fz kuvvetide normal kuvvet olarak etkilerler.
Fz
Fy
Megy
Fx
Megx
x
z
M tz
www.guven-kutay.ch
17
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
v = 2 + 3 (0 )2
Fy Megx x
Fz S Fx
z
Megx Mtz
= eg + , b
Normalgerilmeler:
= t + k
Kayma gerilmeleri:
Zorlanma katsays " 0 ", pratikte:
0 = 0,7 Torsiyon statik veya dalgal, eilme
deiken
0 = 1,0 Torsiyon ve eilme ayn cinsten.
0 = 1,5 Torsiyon deiken veya dalgal, eilme
statik.
y
Fz S
Megx
Burada alan
A = 0,25 d 2 dir.
Weg =
d3
dir.
32
Fx
A = 0,25 d 2 dir.
Burada alan
Mtz
t =
M tz
Wt
d3
dr.
16
18
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Fy Megx
Fz S Fx
Dkm v = 2 + 3 ( 0 ) 2
BEH
Kaynak v = 0,5 2 + 2 + 4 ( 0 ) 2 NGH
a
x
z
MegyMtz
B
ekil 37, Kapal form, bileik gerilme
Fz Megx
S
a
x
= eg + , b
Kayma gerilmeleri:
= t + k
Normalgerilmeler:
B
W eg =
b
y
Mtz
dr.
S Fx
a
x
B H3 - b h 3
6H
t =
M tz
Torsiyon kar koyma momenti
Wt
Bredt e gre
Wt 2 A or a dr ve
ortalama alan
A or = (b + a ) (h + a ) dr.
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19
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
1.2.4.2.2 Ak form
Fy Megx x
Fz S Fx
z
Megy M
tz
a
v = 2 + 3 ( 0 ) 2
BEH gre
v = 0,5 2 + 2 + 4 ( 0 ) 2
NGH
Normalgerilmeler:
= eg + , b
Kayma gerilmeleri:
= t + k
Megx
Burada alan
F
= z
A
y
Fz
eg =
B
ekil 41, Ak form, ekme gerilmesi ve eilme
gerilmesi
h
a
Fx
M egx
Weg
dr.
A = 2a b + a h
S M z
tz
A = 2 b a dr.
B
ekil 42, Ak form, kesme gerilmesi ve torsiyon
(burulma) gerilmesi
Kuvvet
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FMtz =
M tz
dr ve
h+a
20
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
y
Megx
Fy
Fz S Fx
M egy
M tz
x
z
H/4
L2
F2
Mbx
Fz
F1 = Fmax
L1
yb
L
2 1 2
L1 + L 2
Bylece burada:
FMeg =
Fmax = Fn + FMeg
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21
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
FMt
F6
FMt
F5
Fk = Fx / n
F max Mt =
Bylece burada:
r2
FMt F4
FMt
M tz
FMt
x
z
F3 F
Mt
n
r
r6
Fx F2 2
r8
F7
r3
M tz
r5
Fx 2
F8
r7
FMt 8
FMt F1
r1
r4
M tz rmax
r 2
M tz r1
r
F2Mt = F6Mt = F1Mt 2
r1
r
F4Mt = F8Mt = F1Mt 4
r1
maksimum yklenen bir adann toplam zorlanmas bu sonutan hangisi bykse odur.
F2 Hesaplanr
F3 Hesaplanr
F4 = Fk + F4 t Hesaplanr
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22
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
x
u
b
y
Iu = b . h3 / 12
Iv = b . h3 /4
Ix = b . h3 /36
Iy = b3 . h /36
Wx = b . h2 /24
Wy = b2 . h /24
ex = 0,2887.b
ey = 0,5.b
Rombus
ey
y
y
b
ey
x S
Ix = 0,01804.b4
Iy = Ix
A=b.h/2
ex = h / 2
ey = b / 2
Wx = b . h2 / 24
Wy = b2 . h / 24
Dikdrtgen
Ix = b . h3 / 12
Iy = b3 . h / 12
Iu = b . h3 / 3
Iv = b3 . h / 3
x
ex = h / 2
ey = b / 2
u yb u
v
Wx = 0,03125.b3
Wy = 0,03608.b3
Ix = b . h3 / 48
Iv = b3 . h / 48
A=b.h
ex
gen
A=b.h/2
ex = h / 3
h = 0,8660.b
A = 0,4330.b2
ex
ekil 49
Ekenar
gende:
ekil 50
Formller
ex
ekil 48
Kesit
Wx = b . h2 / 6
Wy = b2 . h / 6
ex
ekil 51
Dikdrtgen, ortas bo
y ey
A = b.(Hh)
ex = H / 2
ey = b / 2
Ix = b.(H3 h3) / 12
Iy = b3.(H h) / 12
Wx = b.(H3 h3) / (6.H)
Wy = b2.(H h) / 6
y ey
h
ex
A = h2
ex = e y = h / 2
x
k1
k2
ekil 52
k1
k2
Kare
h
2
2
ek1 = ek2 = 0,7071 . h
e k1 = e k 2 =
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Ix = Iy = h4 / 12
Ik1 = Ik2 = h4 / 12
Wx = Wy = h3 / 6
h3
2
12
Wk1 = Wk2 =0,11785.h3
Wk1 = Wk 2 =
23
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Kesit
k2
ek
H
h
H
k2
ek
e k2
ex
k2
R
y
k1
k1
y ey
H
k2
x
k1
k2
Ry R
ex
ekil 53
k2
d
y
k1
y ey
H
k1
ekil 54
e k2
ex
h
y
k1
ekil 55
Formller
ekil 56
ex
k2
h
ey y
c
ekil 57
2
R=e k
k2
k2
x
x
k2
b
y
e k2
y ey
a
Sekizgen, Sekizke
A = 0,8284 . h2
s = h / 1 + 2 = 0,4142.h
t = s 2 / 2 = 0,2929.h
ex = e y = h / 2
e k1 = e k 2 = s 2 + h 2 / 2
ek1 = ek2 = 0,5412 . h
Yamuk
h a + 2b
ex =
3 a+b
ey = a / 2
1 H4 h4
Wx = Wy =
6
H
2 H4 h4
Wk1 = Wk 2 =
12
H
Wx = Wy =
1 4 3 d4
H
16
6 H
Wk1 = Wk 2 =
Ix =
I k1
0,7071 H
5 3 4
h = 0,06014 . h4
144
5 3 3
h = 0,12028.h3
72
5 3
Wy = Wk 2 =
h = 0,10417 . h3
48
Wx = Wk1 =
R2 3 3
2
Ix = Iy = Ik1 = Ik2
Ix =0,05473 . h4
A=
Wx = Wy = 0,1095 . h3
Wk1 = Wk2 = 0,10107 . h3
h3 a 2 + 4 a b + b2
Ix =
36
a+b
h
I y = a 3 + a 2 b + a b 2 + b3
48
Wx = Ix / ( h ex )
Wy = Iy / ey = 2 . Iy / a
Ix = Iy = . d4 / 64 = . R4 / 4
Ix = Iy 0,05 . d4 0,7854 . R4
x
R
ekil 58
Altgen, altke
3 2
A=
h = 0,866 . h2
2
h =R 3 R =h/ 3
ex = h / 2
ey = R
Ix = Iy = Ik1 = Ik2
Daire
A = . R2 = . d2 / 4
U = evre = . d
y
x
Kare, ii yuvarlak bo
A = H2 .d2 / 4
ex = e y = H / 2
ek1 = ek2 = 0,7071.H
Ix=Iy=Ik1=Ik2
Ix=( H4 3..d4 / 16) / 12
A=h.(a+b)/2
ex
A = H2 h2
ex = e y = H / 2
ek1 = ek2 = 0,7071.H
Ix = Iy = Ik1 = Ik2 = (H4 h4)/12
ex = e y = d / 2 = R
y
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Wx = Wy = . d3 / 32 = . R3/4
Wx = Wy 0,1 . d3 0,7854 . R3
24
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Kesit
Formller
ex
ekil 59
x
R
ex
S
r
x
R
ekil 60
y
x
t
yd
m
Daire yarm
A = . R2 / 2 = . d2 / 8
A = 1,57080 . R2
8 4
4
Ix =
R = 0,1098.R
8 9
Iy = .R4 / 8 = 0,3927.R4
ex = 4.R/(3.) = 0,4244 . R
ey = R
Wx = 0,1907.R3
Wy = .R3 / 8 = 0,3927.R3
x
y
4
R
Ix=Iy= .(R4 r4) / 4
2
Eer kalnlk apa oranla ok kk ise, yani (t/dm) 1 ise
I1 = I2 =
d3m s
8
W1 = W 2 =
d 2m s
4
e1 e2
e2 = R - e1
ekil 61
I y = 1,1098 ( R 4 - r 4 ) - 0,283 R 2 r 2
W1,2 =
(R -r)
R+r
e1 =
( R 2 + R r + r 2)
0,75 ( R + r )
Iy
e1,2
e2
ey
k2
e1
e3
k1
x S
R
y
k1
e k2
ex k
ek
e2
e1
e2
k1
ex
ek
r
u
ekil 63
e k2
k1
Daire eyrek
ekil 64
2
W b = 0,1 D (D - 1,7d)
d
D
ekil 62
u
v
A = . R / 4 = 0,7854 . R
ex = ey
ex = 0,4244 . R
e2 = 0,5756 . R
ek1 = 0,6002 . R
ek2 = 0,7071 . R
Ix = Iy = 0,05488 . R4
Iu = Iv = 0,05488 . R4
Wx = Wy = 0,09534.R3
Wk1 = 0,1009.R3
Wk2 = 0,06399.R3
Ke dikii
Ix = Iy = 0,00755.R4
Iu = Iv = 0,1370.R4
Ik1 = 0,011980.R4
Ik2 = 0,003105.R4
Wx = Wy = 0,00972.R3
Wk1 = 0,016950.R3
Wk2 = 0,007937.R3
25
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Kesit
b
s
A = b . R / 2 = . R . / 360
b = . R . / 180
180 o b
R
s = 2 sin( / 2) R
o =
ex =
ex = 2 . R . s /(3.b)
em
ex
ekil 66
b
y
S
Wx max =
ey = s / 2
I x = Is
ex
ekil 65
Formller
2
360o R
sin ( / 2)
3
o
Ix
R ex
I
Wx min = x
ex
R 2 o
A=
sin
2 180
A = (R (b s ) + s h ) / 2
360
sin ( / 2)
R 4 o
Iy =
sin
8 180
R 4 o
Is =
+ sin
8 180
Wy =
Iy
ey
4 R4
9
2 Iy
s
em = s /(12.A)
ex = em R. cos(/2)
ey = s / 2
s = 2.R. sin(/2)
s = 2 h (2 R h )
h = R.(1- cos(/2))
s2 h
+
s
8h 2
h = r R 2 (s / 2)2
b = . R . / 180
tan(/2) = s/(2.(R.h))
b = 0,01745.R.
20 R 4 (1 cos )3
R 4 o
y = R 2 z2 R + h
Ix =
sin(2)
o 180 sin
16 90
4
o
2 Iy
I
R
z = 8.sin() sin(2)
Wy =
Wx = x
Iy =
s
h ex
48 30
R=
A = 0,61418.R2
S
a x
y
ex
am
b1
bm b2 s
P1 1
ekil 68
ey
ekil 67
2
P2
a2 s
a1
ex = 0,2050.R
Ix = 0,01066.R4
Elips A = .a.b
ey = b
ex = a ;
3
Ix = . a . b/4= 0,7854. a3.b
evre
= .(a+b)
(a-b)/(a+b)
0,10
3,1495
0,50
0,60
3,3412
3,4314
Elips, kaval, ii bo
I1 = ( a13 b1 - a 32 b 2 ) / 4
Wx = 0,03613.R3
Iy = . a . b3/4= 0,7854 . a . b3
Wx = .a2.b / 4 = 0,7854. a2.b
Wy = .a.b2 / 4 = 0,7854.a.b2
a + b + 3 a 2 + b2
0,20
0,30
0,40
3,1731
3,2127
3,2686
0,70
0,80
0,90
3,5401
3,6691
3,8208
W1 = ( a13 b1 - a 32 b 2 ) / ( 4 a1 )
www.guven-kutay.ch
26
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Kesit
Formller
Elips, yarm
S
ex
x
u
A = .a.b/4 = 0,7854.a.b
ex
x
u
A = .a.b/2 = 1,571.a.b
ex = 4.a / (3.) = 0,4244. a
Elips, eyrek
y v
ey
S
x
u
by v
x
ey
A = (1/4).a.b = 0,2146.a.b
ex = 0,7766. a
ey = 0,7766. b
y b
x
ex
y v
ey
S x
x
u
A= 4.a.b/3
ex = 2.a/5
Ix = 16.a3.b/175 = 0,09143.a3.b
ex
u
b yv
Ix = 0,00755. a3.b
Iy = 0,00755. a.b3
Wx = Ix / ex = 0,00972. a2.b
Wy = Iy / ey = 0,00972.a.b2
Iy = 4.a.b3/15 = 0,2666.a.b3
Iu = 32.a3.b/105 = 0,3048.a3.b
Wx = 16.a2.b/105 = 0,1524.a2.b
Wy = 4.a.b2/15 = 0,2666.a.b2
Parabol, yarm
A= 2.a.b/3
ex = 2.a/5
ey = 3.b/8
Ix = 8.a3.b/175 = 0,04571.a3.b
Iy = 19.a.b3/480 = 0,03958.a.b3
Iu = 16.a3.b/105 = 0,1524.a3.b
Iv = 32.a.b3/105 = 0, 1333.a.b3
Wx = 8.a2.b/105 = 0,07619.a2.b
Wy = 19.a.b2/300 = 0,0633.a.b2
y
xS
x
ey
ex
ekil 72
ekil 73
ekil 74
Ix = 0,05488. a3.b
Iy = 0,05488. a.b3
Iu = 0,1963. a3.b
Iv = 0,1963. a.b3
Wx = Ix / (aex) = 0,09534. a2.b
Wy = Iy / (bey) = 0,09534.a.b2
Parabol
y
x
Ix = 0,1098. a3.b
Iy = . a.b3/8 = 0,3927. a.b3
Iu = . a3.b/8 = 0,3927. a3.b
Wx = Ix / (aex) = 0,1907. a2.b
Wy = .a.b2/8 = 0,3927.a.b2
y
xS
ex
x
u
ekil 71
ekil 70
ekil 69
y b
A= a.b/3
ex = 7.a/10
ey = 3.b/4
Ix = 37.a3.b/2100=0,01762.a3.b
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Iy = a.b3/80 = 0,01250.a.b3
Iu = 19.a3.b/105 = 0,1810.a3.b
Iv = a.b3/5 = 0, 2.a.b3
Wx =37.a2.b/1470=0,0252.a2.b
Wy =a.b2/60 = 0,01667.a.b2
27
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Formller
Tam parabolle dik kenarlar arasnda kalan para
eitli profiller
ekil 76 ve ekil 78 iin: b = b1 + b2
W1 =
B H3 + b h 3
6H
e1 =
1
b
B2
B H2 + b h 2
2 (B H + b h)
h1
h1
I1
e1,2
B2
B
h
B
ekil 79
B1
B H3 + b h 3
( B H + b h ) e12
3
b
I1 =
W1 =
B H3 - b h 3
6H
B1
B H3 + b h 3
12
h
H
e2 e1
e2 e1
b2
B
h
H
h
H
ekil 77
b1
W1 =
b1 B b2
I1 =
b
B
b1 B b2
I1 =
e 2 = H e1
B H3 - b h 3
12
ekil 78
b
B
I1 =
ve
h
H
e2 e1
ekil 76
h
H
B = B1 + B2
h
H
h
H
h
H
Ix = Iy = 0,00524.a4
Iu = Iv = 47.a4 / 420
Iu = Iv = 0,1119.a4
Wx = Wy = 11.a3/1680
Wx = Wy = 0,00655.a3
ex
b = c/2 ise
A= a2/6
c = a 2 /2
ex = ey = 4.a/5
Ix = Iy = 11.a4 / 2100
h
H
y
x S
b
ekil 75
Kesit
B (H3 - h 3) + b (h 3 - h13)
12
www.guven-kutay.ch
W1 =
B (H3 - h 3) + b (h 3 - h13)
6H
28
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Kesit
Formller
Daire
It =
2
d2
ekil 80
Wt =
d3 r 3
=
16
2
W t = 0,2 d32
I t = 0,15 d 42
max d evrededir
2
1
ekil 81
d4 r 4
=
32
2
dm
d3m s
4
Wt =
d 2m s
2
ekil 82
I t = 0,006 ( D + d )
ekil 84
d1
2.e
1
ekil 85
b 2
W t = 0,024 ( D + d )
I t = 0,02 D3 ( 5D - 8,5d )
W t = 0,2 D 2 ( D - 1,7 d )
W t = 0,162 d13
Kare
P2
P1
Mil kesiti
d2
ekil 83
W t = 0,2 d3
It = 0,1 d4
I t = 0,141 a 4
W t = 0,208 a 3
Altke
A = 0,83 b 2
2
I t = 0,133 b A
I t = 0,115 b
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W t = 0,217 b A
W t = 0,188 b3
29
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Kesit
Formller
ekil 86
Sekizke
1
x
1P
I t = 0,130 b 2 A = 0,108 b 4
Elips
ekil 87
2
P2
It =
2a
P1 1
ekil 88
2b1
2b2
2
P2
2a 2
2a1
P3
P1
b
ekil 89
W t = 0,223 b A = 0,185 b3
a 3 b3 n 3 b 4
=
a 2 + b2
n2 + 1
Wt =
a b 2 n b3
=
2
2
Elips boru
art: a1 / b1 = a2 / b2 = n 1 , max , P1 de ve P2 de 2 = max / n
It =
n 3 ( b14 b 42 )
Wt =
n2 + 1
n ( b14 b 42 )
2 b1
I t = c1 h b3 = c1 n b 4 ; W t = c2 h b 2 = c2 n b3
Eer h / b = n 1 ise
h/b
1,5
10
c1
0,141
0,196
0,229
0,263
0,281
0,298
0,307
0,312
0,333
c2
0,208
0,231
0,246
0,267
0,282
0,299
0,307
0,312
0,333
c3
1,000
0,858
0,796
0,753
0,745
0,743
0,743
0,743
0,743
dor
Aor
I t = d or t / 4
ekil 90
or
It =
2 (bor h or )2 t
bor + h or
or
Aor
W t = d or t / 2 = 2 Aor t
ekil 91
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W t = 2 bor h or t = 2 Aor t
30
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Tablo 8, elik ile aadaki malzemeler veya aadaki malzemeler ile elik
Malzeme
srtnme katsays
yal
slak
sabunlu
elik
0,15-0,2
0,1
0,12-0,15
0,05-0,1
---
---
0,18-0,25
0,1
0,15-0,2
0,05-0,1
---
---
Tesfiyeli bakr
---
---
0,35
---
---
---
Al-Cu-Mg cilalanm
---
---
0,15
---
---
---
Al-Cu-Mg cilalanmam
---
---
0,22
---
---
---
Al-Si-Mg zmparalanm
---
---
0,16
---
---
---
Al-Si-Mg
---
---
0,21
---
---
---
G-Al-Si
---
---
0,1-0,15
---
---
---
Mee
0,50-0,6
0,02-0,1
0,2-0,5
0,2-0,08
0,24-0,26
0,2
Buz
---
---
0,014
---
----
---
Akik ta
---
---
0,20
0,12
---
---
Ta
---
---
0,3-0,7
---
---
0,5-0,6
0,3
0,28-0,6
0,2
0,36
---
Tablo 9, Bronz ile aadaki malzemeler veya aadaki malzemeler ile bronz
Malzeme
Bronz
Pik dkm
Mee
Srtnme katsays
kuru
yal
kuru
yal
slak
sabunlu
---
---
---
0,20
---
---
0,22-0,26
0,16
0,15-0,2
0,10
---
---
0,5-0,6
0,02-0,1
0,2-0,5
0,02-0,08
0,24-0,26
0,2
Tablo 10, Pik dkm ile aadaki malzemeler veya aadaki malzemeler ile pik dkm
Malzeme
Pik dkm
Bakr
srtnme katsays
kuru
yal
kuru
yal
slak
sabunlu
0,22-0,26
0,16
0,15-0,2
0,10
0,31
---
---
---
0,38
---
---
---
0,5-0,6
0,03
0,28-0,6
0,20
0,36
---
www.guven-kutay.ch
31
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Malzeme
Srtnme katsays
Srtnme tutukluluu
katsays 0
kuru
yal
kuru
yal
sabunlu
slak
0,50-0,70
0,2
0,20-0,40
0,05-0,15
0,04-0,16
0,25
---
---
0,38-0,75
---
---
0,31
---
---
0,27-0,47
---
---
---
0,6
0,25
0,25
0,12
---
---
Tahta ile ta
---
---
0,40
---
---
---
---
---
0,53
---
---
0,33
---
---
0,25-1,00
---
---
---
---
---
1,00
---
---
---
---
---
0,31
---
---
---
---
---
0,81-1,11
---
---
---
---
---
0,51
---
---
---
---
---
0,33
---
---
---
---
---
0,60-0,70
---
---
---
Tablo 12, elik, pik dkm, elik dkm ile eitli malzemelerden yaplm Fren ve kavrama
Malzeme
Srtnme katsays
Srtnme tutukluluu
katsays 0
kuru
yal
kuru
yal
sabunlu
slak
0,20-0,40
0,08-0,13
0,18-0,30
0,06-0,09
---
---
0,30-0,50
---
0,28-0,40
0,06-0,10
---
---
www.guven-kutay.ch
32
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Tanmlama
F( 37 )
Forml
Hooke kanunu
Rm
Yumusak elik
Rm
Rm
Orantili gerilme
ekil 92
= E
G=
= %0,2
E
2 (1+ )
Statik zorlama
max = n t
Dinamik zorlama
max = n t
entik gerilmesi
t = t he
E = tan = /
F( 38 )
E
=
Elastiklik modl/kayma
modl bants
E=
Gerilme [N/mm 2 ]
Alisimli elik
Rm
[%]
Birim uzama
; R p0,2
Malzeme deerleri
Malzemenin devaml mukavemet
deeri
DG (DG )
(1 + ) (1 K1 ) AK (AK )
1
2 K1
DG ( DG ) K1 R m
AK ( AK ) K 2 R e R p0,2
D (D ) =
F( 39 )
F( 40 )
F( 41 )
D = M G
D = M G
M
F
D b1 b 2
t SDGER
EM =
D b1 b 2
t SDGER
EM =
SK
SGER
EM =
SK
SGER
K1
K2
DG/Rm (DG/Rm)
AK/Rp0,2 (AK/Rp0,2)
ek/Bas
Eilme
Torsiyon
malat elii
0,44
0,50
slah elii
0,40
0,48
Eilme
Torsiyon
1,40
0,58
1,25
0,65
Sementasyon elii
0,45
0,50
1,25
0,58
0,35
0,40
0,23
1,0
1,30
0,58
0,30
0,50
0,28
1,0
1,30
0,80
Hafif metal
0,30
0,40
0,25
0,3
www.guven-kutay.ch
ek/Bas
1,0
33
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
2.2
entik says
nominal gerilme
t = t . n
gerilme dag1l1m1
A1 - Alan1
A - Alan1
n=F/A1 ( t -1).n
kuvvet izgileri
( t -1). n
=F/A
max = t .n
Tanmlama
Forml
entik says
F( 42 )
t = 1 + t ( t - 1 )
Thum'a gre:
t =
F( 43 )
F( 44 )
t =
F( 45 )
Destek katsays
F( 46 )
1
8
R
1 + 1 e
r Rm
HV0 = 40 HV 10
t =
t
1 + * *0
1 + * *
www.guven-kutay.ch
HV 0
* =
HV
34
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
2.3
III
II
= -1
=0
-0,5
400
1E
N/mm2
300
= +1
+0,5
100
3A
0
3E
200
100
2E
45
200
1A
2A
40
300
400
N/mm2
-3A
50
2.3.1
DM-Diyagramnn konstrksiyonu
DG (DG )
()
AK (AK )
O
R
2.
+DG Y-ekseninde A noktas olarak ve DG X-eksenine gre simetrii G noktas olarak iaretlenir.
XA = 0 YA = +DG
XG = 0 YG = -DG
E
OR (OR )
45
3.
F
4.
A (A )
DG ( DG )
40
+ DG ( DG )
1.
www.guven-kutay.ch
35
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
5. (AK =+1 ve F) dorularnn kesitii D noktasndan X eksenine izilen dikin OR-dorusunu kestii
nokta E noktasdr.
( AK DG ) (2 K1 )
2 (1 K1 )
XD =
YD = AK = K 2 R e
( AK DG ) (2 K1 )
2 (1 K1 )
YF = AK 2 ( AK X F )
zm: St 50-2 iin yaplm olan devaml ekme mukavemet diyagram alnr. Byle bir diyagram
yoksa bunun kontruksiyonu yaplmaldr. Burada aranlan tam dalgal mukavemet deeri
olduuna gre A = 0 ve > 0 dr.
III
II
I
Snr deerler orann bulacak olursak:
= -1
= +1
=0
+0,5
-0,5
= A / = 0 / = 0
AK = 295
N/mm2
300
= 0
215
200
147,5
100
147,5
100
A= 0
200
300
N/mm2
-100
Diyagramda = 0 benzerlik dorusu bulunur. Bu dorunun mukavemet st snr izgisi ile kesime notasnn Y
eksenindeki deeri, aranlan tam dalgal ekme mukavemeti deeridir.
DL = AK = 295 N/mm2
1.2. Genlik mukavemet deeri
-200
-215
Burada genlik mukavemet deeri ile ortalama mukaveekil 96, St 50 iin devaml ekme mukavemet met deeri ayndr. nk: A = 0 dr. Ortalama mukavemet deerini okuyacak olursak:
diyagram
OR = 147,5 N/mm2 okunur, buda G = 145 N/mm2 dir
D = 290 N/mm2
st mukavemet snr:
= 290 N/mm2
A = OR - G = 145 - 145 = 0
A =
www.guven-kutay.ch
0 N/mm2
36
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
2.3.3
ekme zorlanmasnda kopma mukavemeti KO, aplar 16 mm den kk deney ubuklar ile bulunmu
minimum deerlerdir. ISO ya gre yeni sembol Rm dir.
2.3.3.2 ekme zorlanmasnda akma snr mukavemeti AK
ekme zorlanmasnda akma snr mukavemeti AK, aplar 16 mm den kk deney ubuklar ile
bulunmu minimum deerlerdir. Byklkler devaml mukavemet diyagramndaki 2E noktasnn
deerlerini gsterir. ISO ya gre yeni sembol Re vede Rp0,2 dir.
2.3.3.3 Elastiklik modl deeri " E "
Elastiklik modl deeri iin 100C ile 600C aras bilinen deerler Tablolara alnmasna karn, burada
s etkisindeki elastiklik modl deiimi eit tipik elik grubu iin bir Tabloda gsterilmitir. Bu
Tabloda verilen deerler %5 doruluundadr. Kayma modl deeri Tablolarda:
E
G=
2 (1 + )
formul ile hesaplanmtr.
Tablo 14, Elastiklik modlnn sya gre deiimi
3
E -10 N/mm
220
210
2
Edin
200
190
Edin
E sta
180
E sta
170
160
Burada:
20
100
200
300
400
500
600 C
www.guven-kutay.ch
37
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Tablo 15, Isl genleme katsays " " nn sya gre deiimi
-6
OR .10 1/K
18
18
16
16
14
14
12
12
10
10
20
100
200
300
400
500
600 C
Burada:
50
40
30
40
30
20
20
10
10
20
Burada:
100
200
300
400
500
600 C
38
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Yapay eskime
Malzemenin belirli bir syla stlmas veya belirli bir sda soutul-mas, malzemenin
ekillendirilmesi ( bu arada s doar ) ve dier etkenler ile eskimesidir.
2.3.5 ekillendirme
Malzemenin ekillendirilmesi eitli yollarla yaplabilir. Talal imalat burada anlatlmtr.
rnein : ; Kaynak ; Dkm ; Dvme iin burada bilgi verilmemitir. Ayrca geni olarak
baka bir kitapta anlatlmtr.
www.guven-kutay.ch
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
39
Bu gruptaki malzeme gayet kolay ilenen ve ilenmesi iin hi bir ekilde n ilem
ve hazrlk istemeyen malzemedir. Btn talal imalat yaplan makinalarda ve
ilemlerde malzeme olarak kullanlabilinir. Bu malzemelerin almnda kkrt ve
kurun vardr. Bu elementler malzemenin talal imalata uygun olmas zelliidir.
rnein : Otomat elikleri.
2.Grup malzeme
3.Grup malzeme
4.Grup malzeme
2. Grup malzeme
3. Grup malzeme
4. Grup malzeme
40
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
W-Nr.
GGG-40
GGG-50
GGG-60
GGG-70
GGG-80
0.7040
0.7050
0.7060
0.7070
0.7080
T
C
20
20
20
20
20
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
370
500
600
700
800
240
320
380
440
500
0.285
0.285
0.285
0.285
0.285
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
K1
K2
W-Nr.
T
C
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
GS-38
GS-45
GS-52
GS-60
1.0420
1.0446
1.0552
1.0558
20
20
20
20
380
450
520
600
200
230
260
300
[ ]
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
W-Nr.
GS-C 25
1.0619
G-X 22 Cr 1.0619
Mo V 12 1
T
C
20
20
W-Nr.
ST33
UST37-2
ST37-2
RST37-2
ST44-2
St50
ST50-2
ST60-2
ST70-2
ST37-3
ST44-3
St37-2 K
ST37-2K
1.0035
1.0036
1.0037
1.0038
1.0044
1.0050
1.0050
1.0060
1.0070
1.0116
1.0144
1.0159
1.0161
T
C
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Torsiyon
0.26
0.50
ekme
0.35
1.00
166
Eilme
0.40
1.30
Torsiyon
0.23
0.58
Edin
or
ekme
0.45
1.00
Ok
C
Eilme
0.50
1.60
Ok
C
Torsiyon
0.25
0.75
Edin
or
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
440
225
0.30
22
160
7.85
211
530
740
540
0.30
15
240
7.75
219
700
K1
ekme
0.44
Eilme
0.52
Torsiyon
0.25
K2
1.00
1.40
0.58
DIN-smi
Eilme
0.50
1.63
Edin
or
7.20
DIN-smi
ekme
0,29
1.00
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
290
290
340
340
410
470
490
570
670
340
410
440
460
175
185
205
205
275
295
245
335
365
235
275
285
315
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
18
140
26
26
120
20-16
20
160
160
180
www.guven-kutay.ch
Edin
or
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
211
210
211
211
210
210
211
210
210
210
210
211
210
Ok
C
Ok
C
530
530
530
530
530
41
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
DIN-smi
W-Nr.
St37.0 N
ST50-2K
ST60-2K
St52-3 N
ST70-2K
1.0254
1.0533
1.0543
1.0570
1.0633
T
C
20
20
20
20
20
K1
ekme
0.44
Eilme
0.52
Torsiyon
0.25
K2
1.00
1.40
0.58
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
340
590
690
490
780
225
420
490
315
560
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
25
120
22
180
180
DIN-smi
W-Nr.
C 10
C 15 G
Ck 10
Cm 15
Ck 15
15CrNi6
18CrNi8
17CrNiMo6
15Cr3
1.0301
1.0401
1.1121
1.1140
1.1141
1.5919
1.5920
1.6587
1.7015
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
20 640
20 490
20 640
20 740
20 740
20 780
20 1230
20 1180
20 780
390
245
390
440
440
490
835
835
510
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
T
C
A5
min %
W-Nr.
17Cr3
16MnCr5
16MnCrS5
20MnCr5
20MnCrS5
20MoCr4
20MoCrS5
1.7016
1.7131
1.7139
1.7147
1.7149
1.7321
1.7323
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
20 780
20 880
20 880
20 1080
20 1080
20 880
20 880
510
635
635
735
735
635
635
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
T
C
W-Nr.
C 22
C 35
C 60
20Mn 5 V
1.0402
1.0501
1.0601
1.1133
T
C
20
20
20
20
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
400
490
650
490
230
245
380
295
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
K2
1.00
1.25
0.58
HB
[ ]
20
215
Edin
or
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
210
211
210
210
210
211
210
210
210
Ok
C
530
530
K1
ekme
0.45
Eilme
0.50
Torsiyon
0.30
K2
1.00
1.25
0.58
HB
[ ]
Edin
or
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
Ok
C
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
K1
ekme
0.40
Eilme
0.48
Torsiyon
0.30
K2
1.00
1.25
0.65
HB
[ ]
20
160
20
180
www.guven-kutay.ch
530
K1
140
A5
min %
530
Torsiyon
0.30
DIN-smi
211
210
210
211
210
Eilme
0.50
25
A5
min %
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
Ok
C
ekme
0.45
DIN-smi
Edin
or
Edin
or
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
210
211
210
211
Ok
C
530
530
42
Cm 22
Ck 22
Cm 35
Ck 35
Cm 45
Ck 60
Cm 60
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
1.1149
1.1151
1.1180
1.1181
1.1201
1.1221
1.1223
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
550
550
630
600
700
800
850
350
370
430
410
500
550
580
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
20
160
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
210
210
210
211
210
210
210
530
K1
ekme
0.40
Eilme
0.48
Torsiyon
0.30
K2
1.00
1.25
0.65
Edin
or
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
1.4713
1.6580
1.6582
1.6932
20 420
20 1250
20 980
20 880
220
1050
880
880
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
20
12
14
14
160
280
310
310
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
206
211
211
211
750
530
530
530
1.6957
20
800
700
0.30
18
280
7.85
211
530
1.7006
1.7025
1.7035
1.7039
1.7213
1.7218
20 900
20 900
20 1000
20 1000
20 900
20 900
650
650
800
800
700
700
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
210
210
210
210
210
210
DIN-smi
W-Nr.
X10CrAl 7
30CrNiMo8
34CrNiMo6
28NiCrMo
V85
26NiCrMoV
14 5
46Cr2
46CrS2
41Cr4
41CrS4
25CrMoS4
25CrMo4
T
C
DIN-smi
W-Nr.
34CrMo4
42CrMo4
42CrMoS4
50CrMo4
50CrV4
1.7220
1.7225
1.7227
1.7228
1.8159
T
C
20
20
20
20
20
K1
ekme
0.40
Eilme
0.48
Torsiyon
0.30
K2
1.00
1.25
0.65
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
900
900
900
900
900
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
15
15
220
220
DIN-smi
W-Nr.
StE255
StE255
StE315
StE380
StE460
StE500
1.0461
1.0463
1.0505
1.8900
1.8905
1.8907
T
C
20
20
20
20
20
20
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
360
360
440
500
560
610
255
255
315
380
460
500
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
A5
min %
25
www.guven-kutay.ch
Ok
C
Edin
or
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
211
211
210
210
210
Ok
C
530
530
K1
ekme
0.45
Eilme
0.52
Torsiyon
0.25
K2
1.00
1.40
0.58
HB
[ ]
Edin
or
7,85
211
211
210
210
210
210
Ok
C
43
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
DIN-smi
W-Nr.
9SMn28
9SMnPb28
10S20
10SPb20
35S20
60S20
35SPb20
60SPb20
1.0715
1.0718
1.0721
1.0722
1.0726
1.0728
1.0756
1.0758
GS-20Mn 5 N 1.1120
T
C
Rm
MPa
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
380
370
360
490
590
780
620
830
500
Re
MPa
215
390
400
540
420
570
260
[ ]
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
A5
min %
K1
ekme
0.44
Eilme
0.52
Torsiyon
0.25
K2
1.00
1.40
0.58
HB
[ ]
23
140
22
180
W-Nr.
X6Cr17
X20Cr13
X46Cr13
X20CrNi 17 2
1.4016
1.4021
1.4034
1.4057
T
C
20
20
20
20
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
450
750
800
800
270
550
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
600
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
W-Nr.
X12CrMoS 17 n
1.4104
1.4301
1.4306
1.4416
1.4541
1.4845
X5CrNi18 10
X2Cr Ni 19 11
X45CrMoV15
X6CrNi Ti 18 10
X12Cr Ni 25 21
T
C
20
20
20
20
20
20
34CrAlMo5
31CrMo12
1.7043
1.8515
15CrNMoV5 9 1.8521
34CrAlNi7
1.8550
530
ekme Eilme
0.44
0.50
1.00
210
219
210
206
270
7,75
K1
ekme
0.44
Eilme
0.50
Torsiyon
0.25
K2
1.00
1.50
0.75
HB
[ ]
690
500
460
900
500
500
440
195
180
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
11
210
7,75
41
170
7,90
40
35
180
180
7,90
7,90
K1
ekme Eilme
0.45
0.50
20 800
20 1000
20 900
20 880
600
800
750
685
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
A5
min %
12
www.guven-kutay.ch
HB
[ ]
300
700
900
Edin
or
A5
min %
[ ]
Ok
C
14
[ ]
Re
MPa
0.75
Edin
or
Re
MPa
200
210
Torsiyon
0.25
1.50
Rm
MPa
Rm
MPa
T
C
530
7,75
K2
W-Nr.
210
211
210
210
210
210
210
210
211
210
DIN-smi
7.85
7,85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
7,85
Ok
C
16
DIN-smi
Edin
or
1.00
205
210
196
210
196
196
850
850
850
1050
Torsiyon
0.30
1.25
Edin
or
7.85
7.85
7.85
7,75
210
210
210
211
Ok
C
0.58
Ok
C
530
44
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
DIN-smi
W-Nr.
1.4922
X12Cr Ni 25 21 1.4845
X22Cr MoV 121 1.4923
X21Cr MoV 12 1 1.4926
X6CrNi
1.4945
WNb 16 16
X12CrNiW
1.4962
Ti 16 13
K1
ekme
0.44
Eilme
0.50
Torsiyon
0.25
K2
1.00
1.50
0.75
Edin
or
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
20
20
20
20
20
700
700
850
910
640
500
500
700
750
490
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
14
14
11
13
17
240
240
280
280
210
7,75
7,90
7.75
7.75
7.92
219
219
219
219
196
700
700
700
700
850
20
590
440
0.30
20
200
7.90
196
850
K1
ekme
0.44
Eilme
0.50
Torsiyon
0.25
K2
1.00
1.50
0.75
T
C
Edin
or
3
kg/dm 103MPa 10-6 K-1
Ok
C
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
20
880
590
0.30
15
300
7.92
200
850
1.4988
20
550
260
0.30
30
200
7.92
196
850
1.7707
1.7709
1.7255
1.7335
20
20
20
20
900
680
640
420
700
590
440
240
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
12
16
17
20
280
240
210
140
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
211
211
211
211
530
550
530
530
K1
ekme
0.40
Eilme
0.45
Torsiyon
0.25
K2
1.00
1.50
0.75
DIN-smi
W-Nr.
X5CrNi
Ti 26 15
X8CrNiMo
VNb 16 13
30CrMoV 9
21CrMoV 5 7
23CrMo 5
13CrMo 4 4
1.4980
T
C
Edin
or
Ok
C
DIN-smi
W-Nr.
T
C
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
X2CrNi
Mo 17 13 2
X6CrNiMo
Ti 17 12 2
1.4404
20
490
190
0.30
35
180
7,92
196
850
1.4571
20
500
200
0.30
35
180
7,92
196
850
K1
ekme
0.45
Eilme
0.50
Torsiyon
0.25
K2
1.00
1.40
0.75
DIN-smi
15Mo3
22 Mo 4
W-Nr.
1.5415
1.5419
23CrNi Mo 7 4 7 1.6749
T
C
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
20
20
20
440
490
640
190
295
490
0.30
0.30
0.30
20
20
18
140
160
210
www.guven-kutay.ch
Edin
or
7,85
7,85
7,85
211
211
211
Ok
C
Ok
C
530
530
530
45
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
DIN-smi
W-Nr.
30CrMo
NiV 5 11
1.6946
26NiCr
MoV 11 5
1.6948
20CrMo
NiV 4 7
1.6979
21CrMo
V 5 11
1.8070
K1
ekme
0.42
Eilme
0.49
Torsiyon
0.24
K2
1.00
1.40
0.75
T
C
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
665
620
590
540
470
340
750
660
610
550
490
600
555
510
470
430
375
255
600
570
530
485
430
0.30
16
240
680
660
620
590
540
470
340
680
660
620
590
540
470
340
590
550
510
470
430
375
255
590
550
510
470
430
375
255
0.30
0.30
0.30
18
16
12
240
240
240
DIN-smi
W-Nr.
Cf45
Cf70
38Cr4
41CrMo4
1.1193
1.1249
1.7043
1.7223
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
20 700
20 780
20 930
20 1080
480
560
740
880
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
T
C
A5
min %
www.guven-kutay.ch
Edin
or
7,85
7,85
7,85
7,85
211
207
200
193
184
175
164
211
207
200
193
184
175
164
211
207
200
193
184
175
164
211
207
200
193
184
175
164
Ok
C
550
11.00
12.00
12.75
13.20
13.50
13.70
550
11.00
12.00
12.75
13.20
13.50
13.70
550
11.00
12.00
12.75
13.20
13.50
13.70
550
11.00
12.00
12.75
13.20
13.50
13.70
K1
ekme
0.45
Eilme
0.50
Torsiyon
0.30
K2
1.00
1.25
0.58
HB
[ ]
Edin
or
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.85
210
210
210
210
Ok
C
46
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
ekme
0.45
Eilme
0.50
Torsiyon
0.25
K2
1.00
1.65
0.75
DIN-smi
W-Nr.
T
C
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
St35 BK
St35 GBK
HI
H II
1.0308
1.0308
1.0345
1.0425
20
20
20
20
440
315
340
400
295
195
205
230
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
6
25
24
22
150
120
110
130
Edin
or
7,85
7,85
7,85
7,85
Ok
C
211
211
211
211
530
530
530
530
Edin
or
Ok
C
W-Nr.
T
C
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
10CrMo 9 10
DIN17243
1.7380
20
K1
450
0.44
ek
270
0.52
Eil
0.30
0.25
Tors
22
K2
160
1.00
ek
DIN-smi
W-Nr.
T
C
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
NiCrTiAl F100
2.4952
20
K1
1000
0.44
ek
600
0.49
Eil
0.30
0.25
Tors
20
K2
260
1.00
ek
DIN-smi
W-Nr.
T
C
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
St35.8
DIN17175
1.0305
20
K1
360
0.42
ek
215
0.50
Eil
0.30
0.25
Tors
25
K2
120
1.00
ek
DIN-smi
W-Nr.
T
C
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
Ck 75 H+A
DIN17222
1.1248
20
K1
1500
0.45
ek
1470
0.50
Eil
0.30
0.25
Tors
K2
480
1.00
ek
DIN17754
7,85
1.40
Eil
211
0.58
Tors
550
Edin
or
Ok
C
8,20
1.40
Eil
183
0.73
Tors
900
Edin
or
Ok
C
7,85
1.60
Eil
211
0.75
Tors
530
Edin
or
Ok
C
7,85
1.25
Eil
211
0.65
Tors
530
Edin
or
Ok
C
W-Nr.
T
C
Rm
MPa
Re
MPa
[ ]
A5
min %
HB
[ ]
NiCo20
Co18Ti
NiCo20Cr15
MoAlTi
NiCr13
Mo6Ti3
St22
(TSt 10 O1)
St12
(USt 12 O3)
USt13
(USt 13 O3)
St14 O5 m
(RRSt 14O4m)
2.4632
20
1180
785
0.30
20
370
8,20
226
2.4634
20
1000
750
0.30
265
8,00
188
950
2.4662
20
1050
765
0.30
10
340
8,15
201
650
1.0320
20
270
765
0.30
20
120
7,85
211
530
1.0330
20
270
0.30
28
110
7,85
211
530
1.0333
20
270
0.30
32
100
7,85
211
530
1.0338
20
270
0.30
38
100
7,85
211
530
www.guven-kutay.ch
14.30
950
47
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
letmenin tanm
Elektrikli makinalar,
trbinler, krkler, emici
vantilatrler, talama
makinalar, v.s
Muntazam alan,
elektrik motoru ile
tahrik edilen makinalar
Is makinalar, planyalar,
pistonlu komprosrler,
vurmal makinalar, v.s.
arpmann (darbenin)
ekli
letme katsays
cB
hafif
1,0-1,1
orta
1,2-1,5
kuvvetli
1,6-2,0
ok kuvvetli
2,0-3,0
Darbeli alan
makinalar
.
,
C ISLETME
B KATSAYISI
8 h
24 h
3 h
1 h
vidal1 redktr
disli
, (h ),
disli
, (R m),
kavrama
fazla
orta
maksimum yk
seyrek
ag1r veya
s1k
orta
hafif veya
seyrek
islemeye
baslama
,
,
zincir, kasnak
darbeli
darbesiz
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,7
1,5
PATLARLI MOTOR
1 silindirli
1,3
1,2
1,1
2 silindirli
4 silindirli
0,9
buhar makinas1
su trbini
0,8
0,7
buhar trbini
elektrik motoru
0,6
48
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Yeni
N1
N2
N3
N4
N5
Ra m 0,025 0,05
0,1
0,2
0,4
Rz m 0,063 0,16 0,25 0,63
1,6
N6
0,8
2,5
N7
1,6
6,3
N8
3,2
16
N9
6,3
25
N10
12,5
63
N11
25
160
N12
50
250
R z mm olarak
1,0
1,6
b 1
3,2
0,9
6,3
0,8
D
12,5
m
0,7
,d
25
ve
ha
0,6
dd
50
el
iy
ey
le
100
r
200
2000
1500
1000
800
600
500
400
300
0,5
R
b1 = 1 0,22 lg R z lg m 1
20
F( 48 )
b1 = 0,575 b1 + 0,425
www.guven-kutay.ch
49
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
kg
kt
k
eki / bas1
1,0
1
1
1
geometri katsays
technoloji katsays
entik katsays
kg = 1
imalat elikleri k t = 1
1,0
kg
kt
0,9
0,9
(
egilme / burulma
300
d mm olarak
100
30
40
50
7,5
10
300
200
100
30
40
50
20
7,5
10
d mm olarak
200
0,8
20
0,8
lg(d / 7,5)
lg 20
k t 1 0,25
lg(d / 7,5)
lg 20
k = k
1,0
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
4,0
5,0
k
0,9
k 1 0,2 lg k
lg(d / 7,5)
lg 20
300
200
100
30
40
50
20
7,5
10
0,8
d mm olarak
ap edeeri
d = 2.s
d = 2.t
Kesit ekli
d=a
d = 2hb/(h+b)
www.guven-kutay.ch
50
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
PARANIN EKL
Yklenme hali
ekme/basma
eilme
torsiyon
evresel fatural
mil
Tablo 40/
Tablo 40/e
Tablo 40/t
evresel entikli
mil
Tablo 41/
Tablo 41/e
Tablo 41/t
Tablo 42
Tablo 42
Tablo 42
Tablo 43/
Tablo 43/e
Tablo 44/
Tablo 44/e
Delikli lama
Tablo 45/
Tablo 46/
Tablo 47
Boyuna kama
alm mil
Keskin dipli entikli
mil
Tablo 47
Tablo 47
Tablo 48/e
Tablo 48/t
Tablo 50
Tablo 50
Tablo 49
Mile sk gemeli
gbek
www.guven-kutay.ch
51
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
d=2.a
di
Meg ; M t
Meg ; M t
ekil 103, evresel fatural mil
entik ekil says forml :
1
t = 1 +
1+
A
+ B
K
t
a
a
R
a
R
a
R
+ C
M
t t
a
+
R R R
ekme
eilme
torsiyon
0,44
0,40
0,40
B
C
2,00
0,30
6,00
0,80
25,0
0,20
0,60
0,40
0,45
2,20
2,75
2,25
1,60
1,50
2,00
0.3
0.25
R/d
0.2
0.15
0.1
1,05
0.05
1,1
1,2 1,3
1,4
1,5
D/d=1,01
0
1
www.guven-kutay.ch
Alfat
52
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
0.3
0.25
R/d
0.2
0.15
0.1
1,3
1,2
0.05
D/d=5
1,4
1,1
1,5
1,05
D/d=1,01
0
1
Alfa t
R/d
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
D/d=5
D/d=1,01
1,1
1,05
1,2
www.guven-kutay.ch
Alfa t
53
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
di
d=2.a
M eg ; M t
M eg ; M t
t = 1 +
1+
A
+ B
K
t
a
a
R
a
R
a
R
+ C
M
t t
a
+
R R R
ekme
eilme
torsiyon
0,10
0,12
0,40
1,60
4,00
15,0
0,11
0,10
0,10
0,55
0,45
0,35
2,5
2,66
2,75
1,5
1,20
1,5
0.3
0.25
R/d
0.2
0.15
0.1
1,05
1,1
0.05
D/d=1,01
0
1
www.guven-kutay.ch
Alfa t
54
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
0.3
0.25
R/d
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
D/d=5
D/d=1,01
1,05
1,1
1,2
Alfa t
11
0.3
0.25
R/d
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
D/d=5
D/d=1,01
0
1
1.5
1,05
2.5
1,1
1,2
3.5
www.guven-kutay.ch
Alfa
4.5 t
55
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Tablo 42, Segman fatural milde entik ekil says t Y-Ekseninden okunacaktr
D
di
D
di
D-d
<3
2t
t*
w=
16
ekme
13
12
14
D
di
Alfa
15
eglme
11
11
10
10
torsiyon
9
8
7
8
Alfa
6
5
4
ekme
3
5
1
0
0
10 11 12
(t/R)(0,5)
torsiyon
3
0
t = 1,14 + 1,08 t / R
t = 1,48 + 0,45 t / R
www.guven-kutay.ch
10
56
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
b = 2.a
1+
0,55
+ 1,1
0,8
t
a
a
R
a
R
2, 2
a
R
+ 0,2
1,33
t t
a
+
R R R
0.3
0.25
R/b
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
B/b=1,01
1,05
1,2
1,1
1,3
1,4
www.guven-kutay.ch
Alfa t
1,5
57
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
R
b = 2.a
Meg
M eg
a
a
1+
0,40
R
R
+ 3,8
+ 0,2
0,66
1,33
a
a
t t
t
a
R
R
R R R
R
0.3
0.25
R/b
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
B/b=1,01
1,05
1,2
1,1
1,3
1,4
www.guven-kutay.ch
1,5
Alfa t
58
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
b = 2.a
B
F
h
1+
0,1
+ 0,7
t
a
R
R
a
R
a
R
a
R
+ 0,13
1, 25
t t
a
+
R R R
0.3
0.25
R/b
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
1,05
B/b=1,01
0
1
www.guven-kutay.ch
Alfa t
59
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
b = 2.a
B
Meg
Meg
ekil 109, Eilme zorlanmasnda ift taraf entikli lama
Eilme zorlanmasnda ift taraf entikli lamada entik ekil says forml :
1
t = 1 +
2, 25
a
a
1+
0,08
R
R
+ 2,2
+ 0,2
0,66
1,33
a
t t
a
t
a
+
R R
R R R
R
0.3
0.25
R/b
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
B/b=1,01
1,1
1,05
www.guven-kutay.ch
Alfa t
60
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
F
b
3
2.9
2.8
2.7
Alfa
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2
1.9
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
www.guven-kutay.ch
0.7
0.8
0.9 a/b 1
61
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
L/2
2.b
F
R
L/2
Alfa
3.2
3
2.8
b/R=4
2.6
1
2.4
2.2
2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
www.guven-kutay.ch
0.6
0.7
R/L
0.8
62
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Tablo 47, Radyal delikli milde entik ekil says t Y-Ekseninden okunacaktr
Meg ; M t
F
M eg ; M t
3
2.8
2.6
Alfa
2.4
2.2
ekme-basma
2
eilme
1.8
1.6
torsiyon
1.4
1.2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
www.guven-kutay.ch
d/D
0.4
63
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Tablo 48, Boyuna kama alm milde entik says t Y-Ekseninden okunacaktr
Rmin= D/4
ekil 113, A
Rmin= D/4
ekil 114, B
ekil 115, C
1
400
600
800
Rm
1000
1200
1,5
1
400
600
800
Rm
1000
1200
64
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Tablo 49, Keskin dipli entikli milde entik ekil says t Y-Ekseninden okunacaktr
180
=
R
d/
10
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
=60
d/R=20
2
ekil 117, ekme zorlanmasnda entik ekil
says = 60 iin
10
t/R
- ekme zorlanmasnda entik ekil says = 60 iin
a/t
10
1,0
15
12
0,8
0,6
tw
b
0,4
0,2
30
60
90
120
150
180
Okuma rnei:
Tek entik iin
d = 48 mm ; t = 1,0 mm ; R = 0,5 mm = 60
d/R = 48/0,5 = 96 t/R = 1,0/0,5 = 2,0
t 4,9
ok entik iin d = 48 mm ; t = 1,0 mm ; R = 0,5 mm ; a = 3 mm = 90
a/t = 3/1 =3 b = 7,8 tw = b . t = 7,8 . 1 = 7,8
d/R = 48/0,5 = 96 t/R = 7,8/0,5 = 15,6 eri uzatlrsa t60 7,5
t90 4,2
www.guven-kutay.ch
65
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
ekil 120, H8 / u8
Rm
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
te
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,5
2,7
2,9
tt
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,8
1,9
1,2.d
ekil 122, H8 / u8
Rm
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
te
1,0
1,0
1,1
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,3
1,4
1,4
tt
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,1
1,1
1,2
1,2
1,2
tt
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,8
1,9
ekil 119, H8 / u8
Rm
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
te
2,5
2,6
2,7
2,8
2,9
3,1
3,4
3,7
4,0
tt
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,4
2,7
3,0
3,4
te
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,5
2,7
2,9
ekil 121, H8 / u8
Rm
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
te
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,1
2,2
tt
1,0
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,3
1,4
1,4
1,5
ekil 118, H8 / u8
Rm
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
di
Tehlikeli kesitler bir ok ile gsterilmitir. Veriler Mather ve Baines gre. te = eilme, tt = torsiyon
Rm
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
f - Kaygan yatak
teorik t 2 ; pratikte t 1,5 2,0
www.guven-kutay.ch
te
1,5
1,5
1,6
1,6
1,7
1,7
1,8
1,9
2,0
66
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
t =
1,0
0,8
0,6
R p0,2 /R m= 0,6
0,2
4 5 6
r mm olarak
r
kle
400
eli
150
k
e > 00
iti
R
n
2
te
os
250
ler
elik
k
300
us,a
y um
1,8
1,6
2,0
400
R e >400
1,0
yay elikleri
900
Re >900
4
D+d
4
D+d
2
D
2 1
+
D
2
D
2
D
2 4
+
D
2 3
+
D
2
b
ekme
basma
0
2
d
2
d
eilme
eilme
10
torsiyon
Dinamik destek says
torsiyon
eilme
torsiyon
eim says
Siebel'e gre destek says eim says yardmyla yukardaki diyagramdan okunur.
www.guven-kutay.ch
*
2
2 2
+
b
2
2 2
+
b
2 1
+
b
2
4
2
+
D+d
4
1
+
D+d
eilme
ekme
basma
eri
1,2
elikl
islah
*0
zorlama
ekme
basma
torsiyon
350
1,4
pi
e k dk
lik
d m (G
k
G)
m
R
m=
(G
S) R 3150
0
m= 0
30
0
2,2
R 600
e>
20
0
8 R p 0, 2
1 + 1
r
R m
0,4
67
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
2.6
Tablo 53, Gnlk almalarda nerilen emniyet katsays SDGER iin diyagram
En yksek yk yklenme yzdesi "EYY"
iin deerler:
2,0
EYY %100
1,8
EYY %75
1,6
EYY %50
1,4
EYY %25
degisken
blge
,
= -1
-0,5
dalgal1 blge
1,2
%100
=0
+0,5
% 25
= +1
F
= min = U = min
Fmax A max
2,00
1,90
1,80
1,50
1,35
4,00
3,80
3,60
3,00
2,70
75
1,75
1,67
1,60
1,40
1,30
3,50
3,35
3,20
2,80
2,60
50
1,50
1,45
1,40
1,30
1,25
3,00
2,90
2,80
2,60
2,50
25
1,25
1,23
1,22
1,21
1,20
2,50
2,48
2,45
2,43
2,40
1,20
100
2,40
Tablo 54, Dinamik yklenmede kopmaya kar gerekli devaml emniyet katsays
Esnek malzemeler iin 'ya bal SDGER
Gevrek malzemeler iin 'ya bal SDGER
HL
%
-1
-0,5
0
+0,5
0,75
+1
-1
-0,5
0
+0,5
0,75
+1
T > T
T
Emniyet katsays
Kopmaya kar
SKO
Deformasyona kar
SAK
Stabiliteye kar
SBR
1,2 - 4,0
1,2 - 2,0
3,0 - 5,0
evre ss , T letme ss
S AK = 2 -
AK > 1,2
A 5 > 1,2 veya
S AK = 2
50
KO
www.guven-kutay.ch
68
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
69
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
ekme
Rm
N/mm2
370
385
400
Rockwell
HRB
Brinell
Vickers
HB
266
271
276
HV 30
280
285
290
Rockwell
HRC
27,1
27,8
28,5
950
965
995
1030
1060
1095
280
285
295
304
314
323
295
300
310
320
330
340
29,2
29,8
31,0
32,2
33,3
34,4
1125
1155
1190
333
342
352
350
360
370
35,5
36,6
37,7
1220
1255
1290
361
371
380
380
390
400
38,8
39,8
40,8
91,5
1320
1350
1385
390
399
409
410
420
430
41,8
42,7
43,6
205
210
215
92,5
93,5
94,0
1420
1455
1485
418
428
437
440
450
460
44,5
45,3
46,1
209
214
219
220
225
230
95,0
96,0
96,7
1520
1555
1630
447
456
475
470
480
500
46,9
47,7
49,1
755
770
785
223
228
233
235
240
245
98,1
20,3
21,3
1700
1775
1845
494
513
532
520
540
560
50,5
51,7
53,0
800
820
835
238
242
247
250
255
260
99,5
22,2
23,1
24,0
1920
1995
2070
551
570
589
580
600
620
54,1
55,2
56,3
850
865
880
252
257
261
265
270
275
608
640
660
680
57,3
58,3
59,2
Brinell
Vickers
HB
109
114
119
HV 30
115
120
125
415
430
450
465
480
495
124
128
133
138
143
147
130
135
140
145
150
155
510
530
545
152
156
162
160
165
170
560
575
595
166
171
176
175
180
185
610
625
640
181
185
190
190
195
200
89,5
660
675
690
195
199
204
705
720
740
HRC
66,7
ekme
Rm
N/mm2
900
915
930
71,2
75,0
78,7
81,7
85,0
87,1
101,0
102,0
24,8
25,6
26,4
2145
HB
Kre
10 mm
apnda
29 420 N
basma kuvvetiyle
HV 30
elmas piramit
136
tepe al
294 N
basma kuvvetiyle
HRB
Kre
1/16 in
apnda
980 N
basma kuvvetiyle
HRC
elmas piramit
120
tepe al
1 471 N
basma kuvvetiyle
70
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Profilin ap mm olarak
d = 50
L = 150
Malzeme
St 50-2
Profilinin tanm:
Ix = Iy = . d4 / 64 = . R4 / 4
Ix = Iy 0,05 . d4 0,7854 . R4
Wx = Wy = . d3 / 32 = . R3/4
Wx = Wy 0,1 . d3 0,7854 . R3
ap
mm
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
15
16
18
20
22
25
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
KesitArl
Ix
alan A
mI
103mm4
2
mm
kg/m
0.79
0.001 0.049.10-3
3.14
0.002 0.785.10-3
7.07
0.006 3.976.10-3
12.57
0.010 12.57.10-3
0.15
0.031
19.63
0.22
0.064
28.27
0.39
0.201
50.27
0.62
0.491
78.54
113.1
0.89
1.018
176.7
1.39
2.485
201.1
1.58
3.217
254.5
2.00
5.153
314.2
2.47
7.854
380.1
2.98
11.5
490.9
3.85
19.2
615.8
4.83
30.2
706.9
5.55
39.8
962.1
7.55
73.7
1256.6
9.86
125.7
1590.4
12.48
201.3
1963.5
15.41
306.8
2375.8
18.65
449.2
2827.4
22.20
636.2
3318.3
26.05
876.2
3848.5
30.21
1178.6
4417.9
34.68
1553.2
5026.5
39.46
2010.6
Wx
103mm3
-3
0.098.10
0.785.10-3
2.651.10-3
6.283.10-3
0.012
0.021
0.050
0.098
0.170
0.331
0.402
0.573
0.785
1.045
1.534
2.155
2.651
4.209
6.283
8.946
12.3
16.334
21.2
26.961
33.7
41.4
50.3
ap
mm
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
www.guven-kutay.ch
Arl
KesitmI
alan A
2
mm
kg/m
5674.5
44.54
6361.7
49.94
7088.2
55.64
7854.0
61.65
9503.3
74.60
11309.7
88.78
13273.2
104.19
14313.9
112.36
15393.8
120.84
16513.0
129.63
17671.5
138.72
18869.2
148.12
20106.2
157.83
22698.0
178.18
25446.9
199.76
28352.9
222.57
31415.9
246.62
34636.1
271.89
38013.3
298.40
41547.6
326.15
45238.9
355.13
49087.4
385.34
53092.9
416.78
57255.5
449.46
61575.2
483.37
66052.0
518.51
70685.8
554.88
Ix
103mm4
2562.4
3220.6
3998.2
4908.7
7186.9
10178.8
14019.8
16304.4
18857.4
21699.1
24850.5
28333.3
32169.9
40998.3
51530.0
63971.2
78539.8
95465.6
114990.1
137366.6
162860.2
191747.6
224317.6
260870.5
301718.6
347185.7
397607.8
Wx
103mm3
60.3
71.6
84.2
98.2
130.7
169.6
215.7
241.5
269.4
299.3
331.3
365.6
402.1
482.3
572.6
673.4
785.4
909.2
1045.4
1194.5
1357.2
1534.0
1725.5
1932.4
2155.1
2394.4
2650.7
71
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
2.8 Profiller
Tablo 59, Boru deerleri
Boru
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
d = 100
s = 10
Malzeme
St 50-2
Borunun tanm:
ap
D
mm
Borunun d ap mm olarak
mm
Kesit
alan
A cm2
Ar-lk
m
kg/m
Ix
cm4
104mm4
Wx
cm3
103mm3
10
12
14
10
12
14
16
10
12
14
16
10
12
14
16
18
10
12
14
16
18
10
12
14
16
18
12
14
22.0
25.6
29.0
25.1
29.4
33.4
37.2
28.3
33.2
37.8
42.2
31.4
36.9
42.2
47.2
52.0
34.6
40.7
46.6
52.3
57.7
37.7
44.5
51.0
57.3
63.3
48.3
55.4
17.3
20.1
22.8
19.7
23.1
26.2
29.2
22.2
26.0
29.7
33.1
24.7
29.0
33.1
37.1
40.8
27.1
32.0
36.6
41.0
45.3
29.6
34.9
40.1
45.0
49.7
37.9
43.5
137.4
152.8
165.2
204.2
228.9
249.5
266.5
289.8
327.1
359.0
385.9
396.6
450.2
496.8
537.0
571.5
527.0
601.0
666.2
723.5
773.5
683.3
782.3
870.6
949.2
1018.7
996.9
1113.3
34.36
38.20
41.29
45.38
50.87
55.45
59.23
57.96
65.42
71.79
77.18
72.11
81.85
90.32
97.63
103.91
87.83
100.16
111.04
120.58
128.91
105.12
120.35
133.95
146.03
156.73
142.42
159.05
ap
D
mm
150
160
170
180
www.guven-kutay.ch
s
mm
Kesit
alan
A cm2
Ar-lk
m
kg/m
Ix
cm4
104mm4
Wx
cm3
103mm3
16
18
20
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
14
16
18
20
22
24
14
16
18
20
22
24
14
16
18
20
22
24
62.3
69.0
75.4
52.0
59.8
67.4
74.6
81.7
88.5
95.0
64.2
72.4
80.3
88.0
95.4
102.5
68.6
77.4
86.0
94.2
102.3
110.1
7301
8244
9161
10053
10920
11762
48.9
54.2
59.2
40.8
47.0
52.9
58.6
64.1
69.4
74.6
50.4
56.8
63.0
69.1
74.9
80.5
53.9
60.8
67.5
74.0
80.3
86.4
57.3
64.7
71.9
78.9
85.7
92.3
1217.9
1311.5
1394.9
1247.8
1397.6
1533.4
1656.0
1766.4
1865.3
1953.7
1726.7
1899.3
2056.5
2199.1
2328.2
2444.6
2104.0
2319.6
2517.2
2697.8
2862.6
3012.4
2533
2798
3042
3267
3474
3663
173.99
187.36
199.27
166.38
186.35
204.45
220.80
235.51
248.71
260.49
215.84
237.41
257.06
274.89
291.02
305.57
247.53
272.89
296.14
317.39
336.78
354.40
281.4
310.9
338.0
363.0
386.0
407.0
72
ap
D
mm
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
s
mm
Kesit
alan
A cm2
Ar-lk
m
kg/m
Ix
cm4
104mm4
Wx
cm3
103mm3
190 14
16
18
20
22
24
200 16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
210 16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
220 16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
230 16
18
20
22
24
26
230 28
30
240 18
7741
8746
9726
10681
11611
12516
9249
10292
11310
12302
13270
14213
15130
16022
9752
10857
11938
12994
14024
15029
16010
16965
10254
11423
12566
13685
14778
15846
16889
17907
10757
11988
13195
14376
15532
16663
17769
18850
12554
60.8
68.7
76.4
83.8
91.1
98.3
72.6
80.8
88.8
96.6
104.2
111.6
118.8
125.8
76.5
85.2
93.7
102.0
110.1
118.0
125.7
133.2
80.5
89.7
98.6
107.4
116.0
124.4
132.6
140.6
84.4
94.1
103.6
112.9
121.9
130.8
139.5
148.0
98.5
3016
3338
3636
3912
4167
4401
3944
4303
4637
4947
5234
5499
5743
5968
4619
5047
5447
5819
6166
6487
6786
7062
5367
5872
6346
6789
7203
7589
7948
8282
6192
6784
7340
7861
8351
8809
9237
9637
7785
317.5
351.4
382.8
411.8
438.6
463.3
394.4
430.3
463.7
494.7
523.4
549.9
574.3
596.8
439.9
480.7
518.7
554.2
587.2
617.9
646.3
672.5
487.9
533.9
576.9
617.2
654.8
689.9
722.6
752.9
538.4
589.9
638.2
683.6
726.2
766.0
803.2
838.0
648.7
ap
D
mm
250
260
270
280
290
300
320
340
360
380
400
www.guven-kutay.ch
s
mm
20
22
24
26
28
30
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
34
20
26
30
20
26
30
20
26
30
20
30
20
40
20
40
20
40
20
40
20
40
20
40
Kesit
alan
A cm2
Ar-lk
m
kg/m
Ix
cm4
104mm4
Wx
cm3
103mm3
13823
15067
16286
17480
18648
19792
13119
14451
15758
17040
18297
19528
20735
23072
15080
19113
21677
15708
19930
22619
16336
20747
23562
16965
24504
17593
108.5
118.3
127.8
137.2
146.4
155.4
103.0
113.4
123.7
133.8
143.6
153.3
162.8
181.1
118.4
150.0
170.2
123.3
156.5
177.6
128.2
162.9
185.0
133.2
192.4
138.1
256.5
148.0
276.2
157.8
295.9
167.7
315.7
8432
9042
9615
10154
10659
11133
8880
9628
10335
11002
11630
12222
12778
13789
10933
13244
14578
12350
15001
16540
13886
16907
18673
15544
20982
17329
28262
21300
35186
25836
43165
30976
52276
36757
62593
43216
74192
702.7
753.5
801.3
846.2
888.3
927.8
710.4
770.3
826.8
880.2
930.4
977.7
1022.2
1103.1
841.0
1018.7
1121.4
914.8
1111.1
1225.2
991.8
1207.6
1333.8
1072.0
1447.0
1155.3
1884.1
1331.2
2199.1
1519.8
2539.1
1720.9
2904.2
1934.6
3294.4
2160.8
3709.6
32673
18850
35186
20106
37699
21363
40212
22619
42726
23876
45239
177.6
335.4
187.4
355.1
73
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
b/4
y
R1
R2
Ksa tanm
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
425
450
475
500
550
600
h = 200
Malzeme
St 37-2
1.0037
I-Profilinin tanm:
14%
y
veya
eitli boyutlar
h
R1
R2
mm
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
425
450
475
500
550
600
mm
42
50
58
66
74
82
90
98
106
113
119
125
131
137
143
149
155
163
170
178
185
200
215
mm
3,9
4,5
5,1
5,7
6,3
6,9
7,5
8,1
8,7
9,4
10,1
10,8
11,5
12,2
13,0
13,7
14,4
15,3
16,2
17,1
18,0
19,0
21,6
mm
5,9
6,8
7,7
8,6
9,5
10,4
11,3
12,2
13,1
14,1
15,2
16,2
17,3
18,3
19,5
20,5
21,6
23,0
24,3
25,6
27,0
30,0
32,4
mm
3,9
4,5
5,1
5,7
6,3
6,9
7,5
8,1
8,7
9,4
10,1
10,8
11,5
12,2
13,0
13,7
14,4
15,3
16,2
17,1
18,0
19,0
21,6
mm
2,3
2,7
3,1
3,4
3,8
4,1
4,5
4,9
5,2
5,6
6,1
6,5
6,9
7,3
7,8
8,2
8,6
9,2
9,7
10,3
10,8
11,9
13,0
x-x
y-y
A
mI
Iy
Wy
Ix
Wx
ix
iy
mm2 kg/m 106
103
106
103
mm4 mm3 mm mm4 mm3 mm
757 5,94 0,778 19,5
32 0,063
3
9,1
1 060 8,34 1,71 34,2 40,1 0,122 4,88 10,7
1 420 11,1 3,28 54,7 48,1 0,215 7,41 12,3
1 820 14,3 5,73 81,9 56,1 0,352 10,7 14,0
2 280 17,9 9,35 117
64 0,547 14,8 15,5
2 790 21,9 14,5 161
72 0,813 19,8 17,1
3 340 26,2 21,4 214
80
1,17 26,0 18,7
3 950 31,1 30,6 278
88
1,62 33,1 20,2
4 610 36,2 42,5 354 95,9 2,21 41,7 22,0
5 330 41,9 57,4 442 104 2,88 51,0 23,2
6 100 47,9 75,9 542 111 3,64 61,2 24,5
6 900 54,2 98,0 653 119 4,51 72,2 25,6
7 770 61,0 125,1 782 127 5,55 84,7 26,7
8 670 68,0 157,0 923 135 6,74 98,4 28,0
9 700 76,1 196,1 1 090 142 8,18 114 29,0
10 700 84,0 240,1 1 260 150 9,75 131 30,2
11 800 92,4 292,1 1 460 157 11,6 149 31,3
13 200 104,0 369,7 1 740 167 14,4 176 33,0
14 700 115,0 458,5 2 040 177 17,3 203 34,3
16 300 128,0 564,8 2 380 186 20,9 235 36,0
17 900 141,0 687,4 2 750 196 24,8 268 37,2
21 200 166,0 991,8 3 610 216 34,9 349 40,2
25 400 199,0 1 390 4 630 234 46,7 434 43,0
www.guven-kutay.ch
74
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
x
S
h = 200
Malzeme
St 37-2
1.0037
I-Profilinin tanm:
I-Profili DIN 1025 - St 37-2 - IPB200
I-Profili DIN 1025 - 1.0037 - IPB200
veya
h
mm
b
mm
s
mm
t
mm
R
mm
100
100
100
6,0
10,0
12
2 600
20,4
4,5
89,9
41,6
1,67
33,5
25,3
120
120
120
6,5
11,0
12
3 400
26,7
8,64
144
50,4
3,18
52,9
30,6
140
140
140
7,0
12,0
12
4 300
33,7
15,1
216
59,3
5,5
78,5
35,8
160
160
160
8,0
13,0
15
5 430
42,6
24,9
311
67,8
8,89
111
40,5
180
180
180
8,5
14,0
15
6 530
51,2
38,3
426
76,6
13,6
151
45,7
200
200
200
9,0
15,0
18
7 810
61,3
57,0
570
85,4
20
200
50,7
220
220
220
9,5
16,0
18
9 100
71,5
80,9
736
94,3
28,4
258
55,9
240
240
240
10,0
17,0
21
10 600 83,2
112,6
938
103
39,2
327
60,8
260
260
260
10,0
17,5
24
11 800
93
149,2 1 150
112
51,3
395
65,8
280
280
280
10,5
18,0
24
13 100 103
192,7 1 380
121
65,9
471
70,9
300
300
300
11,0
19,0
27
14 900 117
251,7 1 680
130
85,6
571
75,8
320
320
320
11,5
20,5
27
16 100 127
308,2 1 930
138
92,4
616
75,7
340
340
300
12,0
21,5
27
17 100 134
366,6 2 160
146
96,9
646
75,3
360
360
300
12,5
22,5
27
18 100 142
431,9 2 400
155
101,4
676
74,9
400
400
300
13,5
24,0
27
19 800 155
576,8 2 880
171
108,2
721
74
450
450
300
14,0
26,0
27
21 800 171
798,9 3 550
191
117,2
781
73,3
500
500
300
14,5
28,0
27
23 900 187
1 072 4 290
212
126,2
842
72,7
550
550
300
15,0
29,0
27
25 400 199
1 367 4 970
232
130,8
872
71,7
600
600
300
15,5
30,0
27
27 000 212
1 710 5 700
252
135,3
902
70,8
eitli boyutlar
Kesit Aralan l
A
mI
2
mm kg/m
www.guven-kutay.ch
Ix
106
mm4
x-x
Wx
103
mm3
mm
Iy
106
mm4
y-y
Wy
103
mm3
mm
ix
iy
75
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
h = 200
Malzeme
St 37-2
1.0037
I-Profilinin tanm:
x
S
Ksa tanm
IPE
yb
veya
eitli boyutlar
Kesit
alan
A
mm2
Ar
l
mI
kg/m
y-y
Ix
Wx
Wy
Iy
6
4
3
4
3
3
10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 10 mm3
h
mm
b
mm
s
mm
t
mm
R
mm
80
80
46
3,8
5,2
764
59
80.1
20
8,5
3,7
100
100
55
4,1
5,7
1030
79
171
34,2
16
5,8
120
120
64
4,4
6,3
1320
102
318
53
27,7
8,65
140
140
73
4,7
6,9
1640
126
541
77,3
45
12,3
160
160
82
5,0
7,4
2010
155
869
109
68,3
16,7
180
180
91
5,3
8,0
2390
184
1320
146
101
22,2
200
200
100
5,6
8,5
12
2850
220
1940
194
142
28,5
220
220
110
5,9
9,2
12
3340
257
2770
252
205
37,3
240
240
120
6,2
9,8
15
3910
301
3890
324
284
47,3
270
270
135
6,6
10,2
15
4590
353
5790
429
420
62,2
300
300
150
7,1
10,7
15
5380
414
8360
557
604
80,5
330
330
160
7,5
11,5
18
6260
482
11770
713
788
98,5
360
360
170
8,0
12,7
18
7270
560
16270
904
1040
123
400
400
180
8,6
13,5
21
8450
651
23130
1160
1320
146
450
450
190
9,4
14,6
21
9880
761
33740
1500
1680
176
500
500
200
10,2
16,0
21
11600
893
48200
1930
2140
214
550
550
210
11,1
17,2
24
13400
1032
67120
2440
2670
254
600
600
220
12,0
19,0
24
15600
1200
92080
3070
3390
308
www.guven-kutay.ch
76
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
h = 100
t = 10
Malzeme
St 37-2
1.0037
Ksa
tanm
ey
R1
Kebentin tanm:
Kebent- St 37-2 100x10
y
h
ex = e y
k1
ex
e k2
k1
h
e
k1
e k2
k1
R2
e k1 = h / 2
ek 2 = 2 ex
e k = R 2 + 0,5 2 [h + t 2 (e x + R 2 )]
eitli boyutlar
Ar- Kesital
l
an
20x20x3
h
mm
20
t
mm
3
R1
mm
3,5
m
kg/m
0,88
A
mm2
112
ex / ey
Wx
Ik1
Wk1
Ik2
Wk2
Ix
mm 103mm4 103mm3 103mm4 103mm3 103mm4 103mm3
5,97 3,908 0,28 6,19 0,93
1,5
0,18
25x25x3
25
3,5
1,12
142
7,22
8,016
0,45
12,70
1,51
3,1
0,3
30x30x3
30
1,36
174
8,35
14,0
0,65
22,25
2,16
5,7
0,48
35x35x4
35
2,09
267
10,02
29,5
1,18
46,77
3,95
12,4
0,88
40x40x4
40
2,42
308
11,19
44,7
1,55
70,83
5,17
18,6
1,18
45x45x5
45
3,38
430
12,78
78,3
2,43
124
8,1
32,5
1,80
50x50x5
50
3,77
480
14,03 109,5
3,05
174
10,2
45,9
2,32
60x60x6
60
5,42
691
16,86 227,7
5,28
361
17,6
94,3
3,95
70x70x7
70
7,38
940
19,69 422,6
8,40
670
28,1
176
6,31
80x80x8
80
10
9,63
1144
42
296
9,25
90x90x9
90
11
60
478
13,3
100x100 x10
100
10
12
82
733
28,4
120x120x12
120
12
13
143
1520
31,6
130x130x12
130
12
14
169
1940
37,7
150x150x15
150
15
16
279
3700
61,6
160x160x15
160
15
17
319
4530
71,3
180x180x18
180
18
18
484
7570
105
200x200x20
200
20
18
667
11600
144
www.guven-kutay.ch
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
77
e k12
R2
R2
e k13
k1
ey
h
ex
R1
e k22
k2
k2
t
e k11
e k21
k1
R 1 /2
ller
L-Profilinin
tanm
R1 A
ex
mI
mm mm2 kg/m mm
30x20x4 3,5 1,85 1,45 1,03
40x20x4 3,5 2,25 1,77 1,47
45x30x5 4,5 3,53 2,77 1,52
50x40x5 4 4,27 3,35 1,56
60x30x5 6 4,29 3,37 2,15
60x40x6 6 5,68 4,46 2,00
60x50x5 6 5,54 4,35 1,99
70x50x6 6 6,88 5,40 2,34
75x50x7 6,5 8,30 6,51 2,48
75x55x5 7 6,30 4,95 2,31
75x55x7 7 8,66 6,80 2,40
80x40x6 7 6,89 5,41 2,85
80x40x8 7 9,01 7,07 2,94
80x65x8 8 11,0 8,66 2,47
90x60x6 7 8,69 6,92 2,89
90x60x8 7 11,4 8,96 2,97
100x50x6 9 8,73 6,85 3,49
100x50x8 9 11,5 8,99 3,59
100x50x10 9 14,1 11,1 3,67
100x65x9 10 14,2 11,1 3,32
100x75x9 10 15,1 11,8 3,15
120x80x8 11 15,5 12,2 3,83
120x80x10 11 19,1 15,0 3,92
120x80x12 11 22,7 17,8 4,00
130x65x10 11 18,6 14,6 4,65
150x100x10 13 24,2 19,0 4,80
150x100x12 13 28,7 22,6 4,89
180x 90x10 14 26,2 20,6 6,28
200x100x10 15 29,2 23,0 6,93
ey
mm
0,54
0,48
0,78
1,07
0,68
1,01
1,25
1,25
1,25
1,33
1,41
0,88
0,95
1,73
1,41
1,49
1,04
1,13
1,20
1,59
1,91
1,87
1,95
2,03
1,45
2,34
2,42
1,85
2,01
www.guven-kutay.ch
78
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
xM y
M
x
ey
y
UPro
filin
tanm
h
mm
30x15 30
30
30
40x20 40
40
40
50x25 50
50
50
60
60
65
65
80
80
100 100
120 120
140 140
160 160
180 180
200 200
220 220
240 240
260 260
280 280
300 300
320 320
350 350
380 380
400 400
M
xa
%8
R1
R2
s t=R1
mm mm
4
4,5
5
7
5
5,5
5
7
5
6
5
7
6
6
5,5 7,5
6
8
6
8,5
7
9
7
10
7,5 10,5
8
11
8,5 11,5
9 12,5
9,5 13
10 14
10 15
10 16
14 17,5
14 16
13,5 16
14 18
M t = F.a
S
x
y
ller
b
mm
15
33
20
35
25
38
30
42
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
100
100
112
110
A
cm2
2,21
5,44
3,66
6,21
4,92
7,12
6,46
9,03
11,0
13,5
17,0
20,4
24,0
28,0
32,2
37,4
42,3
48,3
53,3
58,8
75,8
77,3
80,4
91,5
m
kg/m
1,74
4,27
2,87
4,87
3,86
5,59
5,07
7,09
8,64
10,6
13,4
16,0
18,8
22,0
25,3
29,4
33,2
37,9
41,8
46,2
59,5
60,6
63,1
71,8
F
M
x
y
S
y
Tekniine uygun
www.guven-kutay.ch
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
3 Kaynaklar
3.1 Literatr
Bargel/Schulze
Cottin, D. / Puls, E.
Angewandte Betriebsfestigkeit,
VEB-Verlag, Leipzig 1985
Dietmann, H.
Dubbel, H.
Heibach, E.
Neuber, H.
Niemann, G.
MASCHINENELEMENTE, Band I
Springer Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, 2.Auflage 1981
Peterson, R.E.
Tauscher, H.
Wellinger,K. / Dietmann, H.
3.2
Standartlar
VSM 14330
DIN 50100
DIN 50145
DIN-Taschenbuch
79
80
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Beuth-Verlag Berlin/Kln
VDI 2226
VDI 2227
www.guven-kutay.ch
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
81
Konu ndeksi
Hertz ................................................................................11
Hooke...............................................................................32
I
IPB-Profili........................................................................83
IPE-Profili........................................................................84
I-Profili ............................................................................82
Is iletme zellii ...........................................................37
Isl genleme katsays ..................................................37
letme katsays cB ..........................................................56
ekme gerilmesi................................................................ 7
entik duyarllk says .................................................... 75
entik faktr.................................................................. 59
entik says .................................................................... 33
entik ekil says t...................................................... 59
eyrek daire .................................................................... 24
Daire.......................................................................... 23, 28
Daire dik delikli............................................................... 24
Daire dilimi ............................................................... 24, 25
Daire ii bo .................................................................... 24
Daire ii bo .................................................................... 28
Daire kesiti kiriten ......................................................... 25
Daire yarm...................................................................... 24
Daire yarm ii bo .......................................................... 24
Deiken ekmebasma mukavemeti DG ..................... 38
Deiken eilme mukavemeti EGDG ............................... 38
Deiken torsiyon mukavemeti TDG ............................... 38
destek says ................................................................ 75
Devaml mukavemet deeri............................................. 32
Dikdrtgen....................................................................... 22
Dikdrtgen, ortas bo ..................................................... 22
DMD konstruksiyonu...................................................... 34
DMD okuma rnei ........................................................ 35
Doal eskime................................................................... 38
E
flambaj............................................................................. 10
L-Profili ...........................................................................86
M
Neuber..............................................................................33
Normal Gerilme Hipotezi ................................................12
NPI-Profili .......................................................................82
O
Parabol .............................................................................26
Parabol, yarm..................................................................26
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82
M u k a v e m e t ve M a l z e m e
Paradaki gerilmeler.......................................................... 7
Petersen ........................................................................... 33
R
Rombus ........................................................................... 22
U profili.........................................................................87
gen...............................................................................22
Yamuk..............................................................................23
Yapay eskime...................................................................38
Yuvarlak profil.................................................................79
Yzey przl katsays b1...........................................57
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